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One Step at a Time: Presentation 2
TEACHING SPOKEN LANGUAGE: Teaching Systematically
Background
Systematic TeachingCurriculum Framework
Initial Assessment
Differentiated Intervention
Learning Objectives
Incremental Teaching
Lesson Planning
Teaching Method
Assessment of Progress
Consolidation
Vocabulary Work
Links to Literacy
First Steps 1
Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
BACKGROUND
This session:
sets out the requirements for systematic teaching of any sort
describes how One Step at a Time enables the systematic teaching of spoken language
and makes language teaching manageable in the mainstream classroom
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
BACKGROUND
One Step at a Time is:
a structured teaching programme for developing children’s spoken language in the early years and primary school through the active use of spoken language in the classroom
a whole-school programme for children aged 3 and 9, but can also be used with single classes and/or older children
an all-needs programme, providing differentiated teaching for all children in mainstream education
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
BACKGROUND
Schools and staff need something that will:
guide them in what to teach, when to teach it, how to teach it and how to assess children’s development and progress
embody the expertise that teachers need to teach spoken language
and enable them to develop that expertise for themselves through active experience in the classroom
but above all:
be easy to implement and manage in the mainstream classroom
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
BACKGROUND
Spoken language can be made more accessible to schools through a teaching programme that:
identifies the skills most needed for progress in school
and provides explicit teaching and learning objectives appropriate teaching techniques simple ways of assessing development and reviewing progress
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
BACKGROUND
But a teaching programme must also be:
flexible: adaptable to the needs of different schools, different teachers and different children
easily manageable in the classroom: reflecting and supporting the wider curriculum building on existing classroom practice and activities without adding significantly to teachers’ workloads, or requiring
additional resources or special expertise
This is what One Step at a Time aims to do.
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING
Systematic teaching (of any sort) requires:
a curriculum structure or framework
initial assessment
differentiated intervention
learning objectives
incremental teaching
lesson planning
teaching methods
assessment of progress
consolidation of learning
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING
One Step at a Time provides:
initial screens for assessing children’s competence in the relevant skills
skills checklists for guiding intervention and monitoring progress
guidance on lesson planning, classroom intervention and teaching method
wordlists of essential vocabulary
guidance on monitoring progress and moving on
discussion of the links to literacy
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Curriculum Framework
Systematic teaching requires a curriculum structure or framework that will guide staff in:
what to teach
and when to teach it (at what ages, and in what order)
One Step at a Time derives its curriculum framework from an educational model for teaching spoken language.
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Curriculum Framework
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Curriculum Framework
Vocabulary is vast, too extensive to be taught systematically or in detail.
Grammar is complex, difficult to assess, and probably impossible to teach directly.
But the four uses of language:
are fundamental to the development of literacy and other skills
can be used to develop vocabulary, sentence structure and fluency
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Curriculum Framework
Conversation is crucial for communication and social
development, is used for teaching and learning, and underpins most other language skills
Listening is crucial for learning, understanding, and the
development of reading
Narrative or extended talk is crucial for coherent thought and expression, and for the development of writing
Discussion is crucial for the development of thinking skills, social understanding and emotional literacy
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Curriculum Framework
One Step at a Time has five levels of intervention, including a preliminary level:
Getting Started: for children who are not ready for systematic work on conversation
Conversation Skills: for children aged 3 to 4 (or older)
Listening Skills: for children aged 4 to 5 (or older)
Narrative Skills: for children aged 5 to 7 (or older)
Discussion Skills: for children aged 7 to 9 and older
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Curriculum Framework
Classes may vary in how long they need to work at each level, but in general:
Getting Started runs in parallel with Conversation Skills and is expected to last less than a year
Conversation Skills is expected to last a year
Listening Skills is expected to last a year
Narrative Skills is expected to last a couple of years but will still benefit children if it can only be used for a single year
Discussion Skills is expected to last at least two years but will still benefit children if it can only be used for a single year.
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Initial Assessment
Systematic teaching needs to include assessment for learning, as distinct from assessment of learning.
Staff also need to develop a different way of listening to children: not what they say but how they say it and how individual children differ
Simple assessment tools can help staff develop these skills.
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Initial Assessment
In One Step at a Time initial screens enable staff to:
tune-in’ to the relevant skills at each level of the programme
identify children’s current level of development
determine the amount of support they are likely to need
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Differentiated Intervention
Systematic teaching needs to identify children who are:
likely to need a lot of support
likely to need some support
not likely to need much support
and provide the appropriate amounts of intervention.
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Differentiated Intervention
The One Step at a Time initial screens identify children as:
Competent: they seem to be acquiring the relevant skills without too much difficulty and are not expected to need special attention
Developing: they seem to be slower in acquiring the relevant skills and are likely to need some support and attention
Delayed: they seem to be having difficulty in acquiring the relevant skills and are likely to need more intensive support and attention
This identification is flexible and likely to change in the course of a term or year.
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Learning Objectives
Systematic teaching requires specific teaching and learning objectives that:
make it clear what staff need to teach, what children need to learn, and what behaviours they need to demonstrate to show they have learnt it
make it easier to monitor individual learning, and ensure that the relevant skills are learnt by all children, not just by some
help teaching staff become more aware of the nature of the skills, how they develop in different children, and the impact this can have on other learning
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Learning Objectives
One Step at a Time:
takes the four key uses of language
breaks them down into component skills and sub-skills
to provide distinct teaching and learning objectives
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Incremental Teaching
Systematic teaching needs to be incremental teaching that builds one skill on top of another, one step at a time.
In One Step at a Time: each main level has three skills checklists (two in the case of Getting
Started) to focus and guide intervention, and monitor children’s progress
each checklist consists of a number of distinct behaviours or sub-skills grouped together under a few broad types of skill
skills and behaviours are listed in rough developmental order as a guide to intervention
children work through each checklist in sequence, a few behaviours at a time, but usually only one broad skill at a time
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Lesson Planning
Systematic teaching requires lesson planning, including setting objectives, selecting activities and preparing materials.
However: spoken language is an essential cross-curricular skill; it is
needed for every subject and can be taught with any subject language work can be used to teach curriculum topics, and
curriculum topics can be used to teach language skills activities and materials will mostly be available already, in the
existing timetable and the current classroom
So, for One Step at a Time it should not usually be necessary to plan separate language lessons; language work can instead be integrated with the rest of the curriculum.
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Teaching Method
Parents normally teach their children spoken language (usually without realising they are doing it) by:
Highlighting: drawing attention to the word or behaviour by indicating or emphasising it
Modelling: providing an example for the child to copy
Prompting: encouraging him to respond, directing him towards the appropriate behaviour
Rewarding: rewarding any appropriate response with praise and further encouragement
Schools can use the same techniques, but use them explicitly and systematically.
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Teaching Method
One Step at a Time uses a mixture of whole-class work, small-group work, partner work and informal interaction with individual children. The balance varies, but the primary intervention is:
Getting Started: informal interaction with individual children
Conversation Skills: staff-led small-group work and informal interaction
Listening Skills: whole-class and staff-led small-group work
Narrative Skills: whole-class, small-group, and partner work
Discussion Skills: whole-class and independent small-group discussion work
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Assessment of Progress
Systematic teaching needs to include assessment of children’s progress. Assessment:
is essential to effective teaching
needs to be continual, on-going assessment, an integral part of day-to-day teaching (assessment for learning, not assessment of learning)
needs to be individual assessment: whole-class assessment is inadequate and inaccurate
In One Step at a Time, the skills checklists provide a quick and simple way of reviewing and recording individual progress.
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Consolidation
Systematic teaching needs to ensure that children consolidate and generalise basic skills (fluency), so they can use them without trying or having to think about them.
They need to establish fluency in spoken language, to free up capacity for learning and thinking as well as for reading and writing. But:
consolidation needs practice
practice means repetition
repetition takes time Children who are slow to establish a skill are also likely to take longer to consolidate it.
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Consolidation
Schools are increasingly under pressure to keep moving everyone on, but teaching of basic skills needs to be geared to the slowest, not the fastest, learners.
Children who have not consolidated a basic skill: are likely to have greater difficulty later on with more advanced
skills and may even forget the earlier skills they seemed to have
acquired
It is more important that all children: acquire basic skills properly
before being expected to develop more advanced ones, than that they reach a certain standard by a certain time or a certain age.
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Consolidation
In One Step at a Time
Children work through the checklists (usually in groups) at their own pace and with varying degrees of support, one skill at a time and one checklist at a time
Staff should ensure that each behaviour has been properly consolidated and return later to any items that have proved difficult, to check they have been retained
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
SYSTEMATIC TEACHING: Vocabulary Work
One Step at a Time also provides vocabulary work:
Vocabulary work is optional, except for Getting Started and Discussion Skills
Each level of the programme includes a list of 100 essential words chosen from early vocabulary, the vocabulary of properties and relations, and/or the vocabulary of feelings and emotion
These wordlists are intended to be supplemented with essential topic vocabulary
But, except for Getting Started and Discussion Skills, systematic vocabulary work need not be introduced until children and staff are thoroughly familiar with skills teaching
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
LINKS TO LITERACY
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
FIRST STEPS
The first year using One Step at a Time should be a learning year for staff and school as much as children:
Staff need time to familiarise themselves with the programme, adapt it to their needs, and build up suitable teaching activities and resources
They should not proceed any faster than is comfortable for themselves or their children
They need not try to include all aspects of the programme, especially in the first year
All procedures should be interpreted flexibly, in whatever way suits the school, staff and children
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Teaching Spoken Language: Teaching Systematically
and finally
Confidence enables:
children to learn
and teachers to teach
Confidence is:
the first of the ‘first four C’s’ (confidence, curiosity, concentration, communication) which eventually lead to the fifth C, conversation
what children need to demonstrate in their learning (they need to be using a skill confidently, competently and consistently)
And confidence in language learning is what One Step at a Time provides, for children and for staff.