One Health and Cancer: a comparative study of human and canine cancers in Nairobi Kelvin Momanyi 1 , Anne Korir 2 , Erastus Mutiga 1 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya 2 Nairobi Cancer Registry, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya Email:{[email protected]} Twitter:{@ momanyink} 18 th November, 2015 2 nd OHCEA One Health International Conference Speke Resort Munyonyo, Kampala-Uganda
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One Health and Cancer: a comparative study
of human and canine cancers in Nairobi
Kelvin Momanyi1, Anne Korir2, Erastus Mutiga1
1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya 2Nairobi Cancer Registry, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
• Number three killer, with a 7%annual total national mortality [3]
Objectives
1• To determine the most common cancers
affecting humans and dogs in Nairobi area
2• To establish the trend of cancers in human
and canine patients during the study period
3• To determine the dog cancer distribution by
breed, age, and gender within Nairobi area
Approach and Methods
Retrospective study of cancers in humans and dogs in Nairobi (2002-2012)
Study area
Dog data collection:5 veterinary clinics + 2 veterinarylaboratories
Human data collection
Approach and Methods
Data preparation and analysisTopographical and Morphological keys of ICD-O-3 [4]
Ethical considerationsUniversity of Nairobi
Kenya Medical Research Institute
Individual facility consent
Patient record confidentiality
Results: Cases and trend of cancer
Actual increase in cancer cases?
Human cases: 15558 (M-42.2%;F-57.8%)
Dog cases: 367 (M-54.0%;F-46.0%)
Increase in population at risk?
Increase in facilities/awareness?
Results: most common topographical diagnoses
Results: most common morphological diagnoses
In both humans and dogs -> high number of (code 8000), & Unknown staging (88.7%) in humans and with no staging in dogs
Associated with diagnostic approach• Post mortem (41.7%)• Clinical only (25.3%)• Laboratory methods (32.9%)
Results: breed and cancer
13 breeds out of 23
Common utility breed
Effect of breed and cancer more related to the number of cases reported than the dog breed and therefore the effect of breed on the cancer cases in this study was generally not clear.
Results: age and cancerTable 2: Age and cancer distribution in humans and dogsHumanyears Dog years*
HUMAN (n=15542) DOG (n=168) Event**Male Female Total Male Female Total
A reasonable equivalent of an upper age extreme for both species
*Age conversion using the online access tool from Pedigree [5,6]
** Events common to both species as described by Lebeau [7]
The number of cancer cases in both
humans and dogs generally increased with advancing age
Humans: Earlier age onset of breast and cervical cancers infemales and later age onset of prostate cancers in males
Dogs: Partly could be explained by the progressiveincrease in skin cancers in both male and female dogs
Conclusion
Globally, the burden of cancer is continually increasing[13] and Africa is now awake toaddress cancer, evident with the recent increasing publicity and sensitization campaignssuch as the 9th Stop Cervical, Breast & Prostate Cancer in Africa conference[14]
Why the dog is a preferable model & sentinel for human cancer? 1. Naturally develops spontaneous
cancers [8]2. Spectrum of cancers diverse as in
humans [9]3. Approx. all 19000 genes in dog
match to a similar gene [10]4. Tumor initiation & progression
influenced by similar factors [11]5. Share many features i.e. histologic
appearance, therapeutic response, distribution & tumour biology [12]
The commonality of some of the cancers in both humansand dogs fortifies that it may be possible to use dogs asanimal models and sentinels in the study of humancancers in Kenya Africa. Why could this be possible?
Call to action
• Joint human-animal cancer registries & integrated, comparativecancer surveillance systems Possibly lead to accelerated detection of risks of cancer and promote
cost-effectiveness
• Integration of small animals (dogs & cats) into the NationalCensus (will also support other intervention strategies thatrequire a known small animal population)
• Invest in One Health ‘knowledge’ and One Health clubs
We can win the battle against cancer through development of collaborative comparative oncology
research in Africa through:• Intra-Africa collaborations • North-South collaborations
Acknowledgments
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi
Andys Veterinary Clinic, at Loresho &along Ngong road
Central Veterinary Laboratory, Kabete
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and
Pathology, University of Nairobi
Sercombe Veterinary Clinic
Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Nairobi
Contributors
Nairobi Cancer Registry, Kenya Medical Research
Institute
Study team
References (in order of citation)
1. Brian Evans (2010): Global One Health Conference, Melbourne, Australia, January 2010 as quoted in theCanadian Food Inspection Agency presentation available at: http://slideplayer.com/slide/6301017/
2. Zinsstag, J., et al., One Health: The Theory and Practice of Integrated Health Approaches. 2015: CABInternational.
3. GoK, National Cancer Control Strategy 2011-2016, M.o.P.H.a.S.a.M.o.M. Services, Editor. 2011: Kenya. p.38.
4. IARC, International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. Vol. Third Edition. 2013, Online: World HealthOrganization.
5. Pedigree. Dog Age Calculator. 2015 [cited 2015 4/11/2015]; Available from:http://www.pedigree.com/all-things-dog/dog-age-calculator/.
6. Patronek GJ, Waters DJ, Glickman LT. (1997): Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans: implicationsfor gerontology research. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (1997) 52A (3): B171-B178
7. Pedigree. Dog Age Calculator. 2015 [cited 2015 4/11/2015]; Availablefrom:http://www.pedigree.com/all-things-dog/dog-age-calculator/
8. Lebeau, A., Bull. Acad. Vet. France (Paris) 1953. 26: p. 229-232.9. Brønden, L.B., A. Flagstad, and A.T. Kristensen, Veterinary cancer registries in companion animal cancer: a
review Veterinary and Comparative Oncology, 2007. 5(3): p. 133-144.10. Ostrander, E.A., U. Giger, and K. Lindblad-Toh, The dog and its genome. 2006, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.:
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.11. Withrow, S.J. and D.M. Vail, Withrow & MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology. 2007, St. Louis, Mo:
Saunders Elsevier.12. Paoloni, M. and C. Khanna, Comparative Oncology Today. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 2007.
37(6): p. 1023-v.13. Popat, K., K. McQueen, and T.W. Feeley, The global burden of cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol,
2013. 27(4): p. 399-408.14. SCCA, 9th Stop Cervical, Breast & Prostate Cancer in Africa, in Investing to save lives: The role of public &
private sector partnerships. 2015: Nairobi, Kenya.