On Track Volume 14 Number 1 Spring 2009

7/29/2019 On Track Volume 14 Number 1 Spring 2009

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O N T R A C KSPRING / PRINTEMPS 2009 VOLUME 14, NUMBER

Canada-US Defence Relations After theObama Visit

t Didnt Have to Be This WayCanadian Forces in Afghanistan - Then, Now andBeyond

The Impact of Missile Defence on ChinasMinimum Deterrence Nuclear Posture

Origins of the Strategic Advisory Team -

Afghanistan

Canadian Forces photo by / Photo Forces canadienne par Vic Johnson


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DONOR PATRONS of the CDA INSTITUTE DONATEUR PATRONS de lINSTITUT de la CAD

Mr. Keith P. AmbachtsheerDr. John Scott Cowan

Rear-Admiral (Retd) Roger GirouardJackman Foundation (1964)

Brigadier-General (Retd) Don W. MacnamaraMr. David Scott

Colonel (Retd) John CattoColonel The Hon. John FraserDr. J.L. GranatsteinSenator Colin KennyLieutenant-Colonel W. MorrisonSenator Hugh D. Segal

COMPANIONS of the CDA INSTITUTE COMPAGNONS de lINSTITUT de la CAD

Admiral (Retd) John AndersonMr. M. Corbett

Brigadier-General (Retd) James S. CoxColonel (Retd) Douglas A. Fraser

General (Retd) Paul D. MansonRoyal Military College Club of Canada Foundation

Brigadier-General (Retd) T.H.M. SilvaMr. Robert G.Tucker

Mr. Paul ChapinLieutenant-General (Retd) L.W.F. CuppensMr. John A. EckersleyMajor-General (Retd) Reginald W. LewisColonel (Retd) Gary RiceColonel (Retd) Ben ShapiroLieutenant-Colonel (Retd) Ernest SkutezkyLieutenant-General (Retd) Jack Vance

OFFICER LEVEL DONORS to the CDA INSTITUTE DONATEURS de lINSTITUT de la CAD - NIVEAU dOFFICIER

Major-gnral (Ret) Clive AddyLieutenant-gnral (Ret) Charles H. Belzile

Mr. Paul BrunelleHonourary Colonel Bernard J. Finestone

Mr. Ian D. IsbesterColonel (Retd) Charles R. Keple

Lieutenant-General (Retd) William LeachLieutenant-Colonel Markus C. MartinColonel (Retd) William McCullough

Colonel (Retd) Conrad A. NamiesniowskiThe Hon. David Pratt

Major (Retd) John W. RichmondMajor (Rett) Miroslaw Szulc

Lieutenant-Commander Arnold R. WesterbertBrigadier-General (Retd) W. Yost

Lieutenant-Colonel (Retd) J.A. BlangerBreakout Educational NetworkHonourary Colonel James BurnsHonourary Colonel Blake GoldringColonel (Retd) The Hon. R.A. JacobsonMr. Albert Kranenburg

Colonel (Retd) Brian MacDonaldThe Hon. Dwight MasonColonel (Retd) Donald Bruce McGibbonCaptain (N) (Retd) Charles M. NicholsonMajor (Retd) Angus V. ReadLieutenant-Colonel (Retd) David L. StinsonLieutenant-Colonel (Ret) Lucien VilleneuveGeneral (Retd) Ramsey WithersMr. W. H. Young


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O N T R A C K

VOLUME 14 NUMBER 1SPRING / PRINTEMPS

From the Executive Director...................................................4Colonel (Retd) Alain Pellerin

Le mot du Directeur gnral...................................................4Colonel (Ret) Alain Pellerin

Summary of the CDA Institutes 25th Annual Seminarand the 72nd Annual General Meeting of the CDA..10Colonel (Retd) Brian MacDonald

Canada-US Defence Relations After the Obama Visit ........18Paul H. Chapin

It Didnt Have to Be This Way...............................................20

Colonel George PetrolekasCanadian Forces in Afghanistan -

Then, Now, and Beyond...........................................17Lieutenant-gnral Michel Gauthier

Origins of the Strategic Advisory Team - Afghanistan..........27Roy Thomas

Un dernier tour de piste Fort Bliss.....................................32Lieutenant-colonel (Ret) Gilles Paradis etLeutenant-colonel (Ret) Raymond Taillefer

Dealing with Islamism...........................................................36

General (Retd) Paul MansonEmployer Support................................................................38

Jayson SpiegelOnward Christian Soldiers?.................................................43

Anne Frances CationWhite Phosphorous in Gaza -

New Accusations of War Crimes..............................44Colonel (Retd) Brian MacDonald

The Impact of Missile Defence on ChinasMinimum Deterrence Nuclear Posture...................45

Thomas AdamsR2P as a Doctrine................................................................47

Eric MorseBook Reviews.............................................................49

PRESIDENT PRSIDENT

Dr. John Scott Cowan, BSc, MSc, PhDVICE PRESIDENT VICE PRSIDENTGeneral (Retd) John de Chastelain, OC, CMM, CD

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR DIRECTEUR GNRALColonel (Ret) Alain M. Pellerin, OMM, CD

SECRETARY-TREASURER SECRTAIRE TRSORIERLieutenant-Colonel (Retd) Gordon D. Metcalfe, CD

HONOURARY COUNSELMr. Gavin Freitag

PUBLIC AFFAIRS RELATIONS PUBLIQUESCaptain (Retd) Peter Forsberg, CD

PROJECT OFFICER AGENT DE PROJETMs. Bonnie Butlin, MA

SPECIAL PROJECT OFFICERMr. Arnav Manchanda, MA

Conference of Defence Associations Institute222 Somerset Street West, Suite 400BOttawa ON K2P 2G3

PHONE TLPHONE(613) 236 9903

e-mail courriel: [email protected]

website site web: www.cda-cdai.ca

ON TRACK is published by the Conference of DefenceAssociations Institute (CDA Institute). The views expressed in ON TRACK are those of the authors anddo not necessarily represent those of the CDA Institute

ON TRACK est publi par lInstitut de la Confrence desassociations de la dfense (lInstitut de la CAD). Les pointsde vues exprims dans ON TRACKrefltent les vues des

auteurs et pas ncessairement ceux de lInstitut de la CAD

Copyright 2008. ISSN 1916-6699 ON TRACK(Print)(imprim)

Copyright 2008. ISSN 1916-6702 ON TRACK(Online)(en ligne)

Permission is granted to reproduce, in whole or in part, articles from ON TRACK.A credit line is desired. For inquiries contact the Public Af-fairs Officer, Captain (Retd) Peter Forsberg, CD , at: (tel) (613)236 9903; (fax) (613) 236 8191; (e-mail) [email protected] est accorde de reproduire en tout ou en partie des articles de ONTRACK. Nous souhaitons que la source soit mentionne. Pour demander des ren-seignements, contactez lagent des affaires publiques, le Capitaine (ret.) Peter Fors-

berg, CD au (tl) 613-236-9903; (fax) 613-236-8191; (courriel) [email protected]

COVER PHOTO: A CH-147 Chinook helicopteprepares to sling bridge segments during a com

bat engineering exercise at Camp WainwrighAB. PHOTO DE LA PAGE COUVERTURE: Unhlicoptre Chinook ch-147 se prpare lingu

er des segments de pont pendant un exercice

dingnierie de combat au Camp Wainwright AB

contents contenu


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FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR MOT DU DIRECTEUR GNRAL

Colonel (Ret) Alain M. Pellerin, OMM, CD

Cest avec plaisir que nouscommenons la 14me anne de publicationde ON TRACK, la publication de lInstitut

de la CAD. Cette revue trimestrielle est unimportant vhicule grce auquel lInstituapporte une valeur significative la discussiondes questions de dfense et de scurit auCanada, avec la prsentation dexcellentsarticles rdigs par des experts de cesdomaines.

Dans la prsente dition de ONTRACKnous prsentons des articles de grande actualitnotamment dans les domaines de la dfense et de la scuritnationale, des relations Canada-U.S., de lAfghanistandu concept chinois de dfense minimum, des munitions

dartillerie et du soutien aux employeurs des tats-Unis.Il est remarquable quOttawa ait t la premire

capitale trangre tre visite pae le prsident des tatsUnis, tt aprs son lection. Paul Chapin crit, dans Canada-US Defence Relations After the Obama Visitque la visite du Prsident Obama Ottawa fut un triomphepolitique dOttawa. Il donne une analyse de limportancedes relations du Canada avec les tats-Unis. M. Chapinest associ de recherche aux Defence Management Studiesde la School of Policy Studies de lUniversit Queens eun des directeurs de lInstitut de la CAD.

Le Colonel George Petrolekas note que, enAfghanistan, des dcisions mal mries prises il y alongtemps sont revenues nous hanter. Dans It didnHave to be this way , le Colonel Petrolekas examine endtail les dcisions en matire de politiques et ce quoielles ont abouti. Il conclut que le moment est maintenanpass de distribuer les reproches et que, ce qui importemaintenant, cest la faon dont nous appliquons les leonsque nous avons apprises, au moment o il faut aller delavant.

La mission des Forces canadiennes enAfghanistan exige un niveau de coordination et de

cohsion beaucoup plus lev quauparavant entre lesorganismes gouvernementaux qui y ont partie prenante. LeLieutenant-Gnral Michel Gauthier prsente un aperudensemble de ltendue de la prsence des FC dans lethtre afghan, depuis le dbut de 2002 aujourdhui, etil note, dans Canadian Forces in Afghanistan ThenNow, and Beyond , les influences qui auront un effet surlemphase militaire accorde par les FC. Le LieutenantGnral Gauthier est commandant du Commandement dela Force expditionnaire du Canada.

We are pleased to begin the 14thyear of publication of the CDA InstitutesON TRACK. The quarterly journal is

an important vehicle through which theInstitute contributes significant value to thediscussion of defence and security issues inCanada, with the presentation of excellentarticles by experts in those fields.

We feature in this edition of ON TRACKarticles of current significance in the areas of, amongothers, national defence and security, Canada-U.S.relations, Afghanistan, Islamism, the Chinese conceptof minimum defence, artillery ammunition, and U.S.

employer support.It is noteworthy that Ottawa was the first foreign

capital to be visited by the U.S. President soon followinghis election. Paul Chapin writes, in Canada-US DefenceRelations After the Obama Visit, that President Obamasvisit to Ottawa was a policy triumph for Canada. Heprovides an analysis of the importance of Canadasrelations with the United States. Mr. Chapin is a researchassociate with Defence Management Studies at the Schoolof Policy Studies at Queens University, and is a Memberof the Board of Directors of the CDA Institute.

Colonel George Petrolekas notes that inAfghanistan ill-considered decisions long ago have comeback to haunt us. In It didnt Have to be this way ColonelPetrolekas details the policy decisions and their outcome.He concludes that the time for blame is past now; it ishow we apply our lessons going forward that is of importnow.

The Canadian Forces mission in Afghanistandemands a far greater level of coordination and cohesion

among stakeholder agencies of Government than everbefore. Lieutenant-General Michel Gauthier provides anoverview of the extent of the CFs presence in the Afghantheatre from early 2002 to today, and notes, in CanadianForces in Afghanistan Then, Now, and Beyond, theinfluences that will bear on the CFs military emphasis.Lieutenant-General Gauthier is the Commander CanadianExpeditionary Force Command.


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Une initiative canadienne dont nous devrions trefiers, ce fut la cration, par les Forces canadiennes, delquipe consultative stratgique - Afghanistan (ECS-A)Malgr quil y ait eu dans certains lieux un dbatconcernant l-propos du fonctionnement de lECS-Asous le leadership des FC, qui a abouti sa fermeture,Roy Thomas nous donne, dans son article Origins ofthe Strategic Advisory Team Afghanistan , un aperu

historique des circonstances qui ont men la cration delESC-A.

En janvier et fvrier, quelque 3 000 soldats, laplupart de la Base des Forces canadiennes Valcartier, quforment la force oprationnelle prsente en Afghanistanont fait de lentranement au Fort Bliss (Texas), dans desconditions semblables celles auxquelles ils vont faireface en Afghanistan. Dans Un dernier tour de piste Fort Bliss , le Lieutenant-colonel (Ret) Gilles Paradisfait rapport de sa visite dobservation des troupes lentranement.

Nous nous demandons dans quelle mesure le poinde vue des islamistes sur le monde est reprsentatif de lapense de lIslam de tout le monde. Le Gnral (ret.) PauManson nous livre quelques rflexions sur ce problmedifficile dans son article Dealing with Islamism . LeGnral (ret.) Manson est un ancien prsident de lInstitude la CAD et un des directeurs de lInstitut de la CAD.

Dans son article Employer Support , JaysonSpiegel, ancien directeur gnral de la Reserve OfficersAssociation of the United States, dcrit les dfis que lesrservistes aussi bien que les entreprises doivent affronteraux tats-Unis. Mme si M. Spiegel nous donne une

analyse informe de dfis qui sont rpandus aux tats-Unis, il commence se produire au Canada une situationqui nest pas sans ressembler la situation amricaine.

Il ny a pas dathes dans un trou de tirailleur nous rappelle-t-on dans larticle dAnne Frances Cationintitul Onward Christain Soldiers ? Anne dcrit lamission de laumnier militaire et donne un aperu dutravail de nos aumniers. Mlle Cation est associe auConseil international du Canada.

Nous avons vu la photo publie par lAgenceFrance Presse, dun certain nombre de plaquettes

blanches phosphoreuses provenant dune ronde de M875A1 tombant dans une cole des Nations Unies BeitLahia (Gaza). Le Colonel (Ret) Brian MacDonald noudonne une revue du dveloppement et de lutilisation desmunitions fumignes dans White Phosphorous in Gaza New Accusations of War Crimes . Le Colonel (RetMacDonald est lanalyste principal de la dfense de laCAD et un des directeurs de lInstitut de la CAD.

Thomas Adams crit, dans The Impact of MissileDefence on Chinas Minimum Deterrence Nuclear

One Canadian initiative of which we should beproud was the creation by the Canadian Forces (CF) ofthe Strategic Advisory Team Afghanistan (SAT-A).While there has been debate in some quarters regardingthe appropriateness of the SAT-A operating under theleadership of the CF which resulted in its closure,Roy Thomas provides a historical overview of thecircumstances which led to the creation of the SAT-A inOrigins of the Strategic Advisory Team Afghanistan.

Last January and February, some 3,000 soldiers,mostly from Canadian Forces Base Valcartier who form thecurrent operational task force in Afghanistan, underwenttraining in Fort Bliss, Texas, in conditions similar to thosethey will face in Afghanistan. Lieutenant-Colonel (Retd)Gilles Paradis reports on his visit to observe the troops intraining, in Un dernier tour de piste Fort Bliss.

We wonder to what extent is the Islamistsradical view of the world representative of the thinkingof mainstream Islam. General (Retd) Paul Mansonprovides us with some thought on this challenging issue,in Dealing with Islamism. General (Retd) Manson is aformer President of the CDA Institute and is a Member ofthe Institutes Board of Directors.

Jayson Spiegel, former Executive Director of theReserve Officers Association of the United States, outlinesthe challenges that both reservists and business are facingin the United States, in Employer Support. While Mr.Spiegels provides us with an informed analysis of those

challenges that are extensive in the United States, a notdissimilar situation has slowly begun to occur in Canada.

We are reminded that there are no atheists ina foxhole in Anne Frances Cations article, OnwardChristian Soldiers? Anne outlines the mission of themilitarys chaplaincy and provides an overview of thework of our chaplains. Ms. Cation is an Associate at theCanadian International Council.

We have seen the published Agence FrancePresse photo of a number of white phosphorous pads from

an M875 A1 round falling into a United Nations schoolin Beit Lahia, Gaza. Colonel (Retd) Brian MacDonaldprovides us with a review of the development and use ofsmoke ammunition in, White Phosphorous in Gaza NewAccusations of War Crimes. Colonel (Retd) MacDonaldis CDA Senior Defence Analyst and Member of the Boardof Directors of the CDA Institute.

Thomas Adams writes, in The Impact of Missile Defenceon Chinas Minimum Deterrence Nuclear Posture,


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Posture, que certains analystes ont suggr que la dfenseantimissile balistiques va mener un dplacement de ladoctrine nuclaire de dissuasion minimum de la Chineavec une augmentation correspondante dans ses forcesnuclaires stratgiques. Il conteste cette analyse. Thomasest agent dtudes stratgiques au Conseil international duCanada.

Dans R2P as a doctrine . Eric Morse crit que

deux des mythes soutenant la perception que le Canada ade lui-mme dans le monde sont notre histoire et notre rlecomme soldats du maintien de la paix et notre adhsionau soft power dans la prvention et la rsolution deconflits. cela sajoute maintenant le nouveau concept dela responsabilit de protger . Eric donne une analysecritique du concept. Il est directeur des communicationsdu Royal Canadian Military Institute et est un ancienfunctionnaire au Ministre des affaires extrieures.

Arnav Manchanda nous donne un compte rendudu livre de Sally Armstrong, Bitter Roots, TenderShoots: The Uncertain Fate of Afghanistans Women qui dcrit le progrs fait dans les droits des femmes danslAfghanistan daprs les Talibans et les menaces queposent ce progrs les lments rtrogrades de la socitet linscurit. Arnav Manchanda est le nouvel analystedes politiques de dfense de la CAD.

Mme Bonnie Butlin a lu le livre de DavidBercuson, The Fighting Canadians: Our RegimentaHistory from New France to Afghanistan . Bonnie noteque le livre de M. Bercuson introduit trois nouveauxvolets de discussion importants au Canada, quelle dcritdans son compte rendu.

M. David Anido nous donne un compte rendu dulivre The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to9/11 , de Lawrence Wright. David crit que the Road dans le titre du livre, cest la priode de cinq ans danalysedtaille et large de la faon dont Osama Bin-Laden estdevenu un terroriste qui se terre dans une caverne. MAnido est un des directeurs de lInstitut de la CAD.

Notre 25me sminaire annuel sest tenu le 26fvrier. Son thme, Les Relations Canada-tats-Unis la dimension de la scurit, ne pouvait mieux tomber

tant donn les rcents changements de gouvernementsau Canada et aux tats-Unis. La Salle de bal du FairmonChteau Laurier, o sest tenu le sminaire, tait remplie capacit. La confrence du djeuner a t donnepar le Snateur Hugh Segal. Nous avons entendu deprsentations de lHonorable Lawrence Cannon, ministredes Affaires trangres, du Gnral (ret.) RaymondHenault, ancien prsident du Comit militaire delOTAN, de M. Mark Katz, de George Mason UniversityWashington (D.C.), de M. Michael Hart, Simon Riesman

that some analysts have suggested that ballistic missiledefence will lead to a shift in Chinas nuclear doctrineof minimum deterrence with corresponding increasesin its strategic nuclear forces. He challenges this analysis.Thomas is the Strategic Studies Officer at the CanadianInternational Council.

In R2P as a doctrine Eric Morse writes

that two of the sustaining myths of Canadas perception ofitself in the world are our history and role as peacekeepersand our adherence to soft power in conflict preventionand resolution. To this is now added the new concept ofResponsibility to Protect. Eric provides a critical analysisof the concept. Eric is the Director of Communicationsof the Royal Canadian Military Institute and is a formerofficer of the Canadian Foreign Service.

Arnav Manchanda reviews Sally Armstrongsbook, Bitter Roots, Tender Shoots: The Uncertain Fateof Afghanistans Women, which outlines the progressmade in womens rights in post-Taliban Afghanistan andthe threats posed to that progress by retrograde elementsin society and by insecurity. Arnav Manchanda is the newCDA Defence Policy Analyst.

Ms Bonnie Butlin reviews Dr. David Bercusonsbook, The Fighting Canadians: Our Regimental Historyfrom New France to Afghanistan. Bonnie notes thatBercusons book introduces three important lines ofdiscussion in Canada which she outlines in her review.Ms. Butlin is a Department of National Defence Security

and Defence Forum (SDF) Intern, employed as the ProjectOfficer with the CDA Institute.Dr. David Anido has provided a review of the

book, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to9/11, written by Lawrence Wright. David writes that theroad in the books title refers to the five-decade span ofdetailed and broad analysis as to how Osama Bin-Ladenbecame a cave-dwelling terrorist. Dr. Anido is a Memberof the Board of Directors of the CDAI.

Our 25th Annual Seminar was held on the 26th ofFebruary. Its theme, Canada-U.S. Relations the SecurityDimension, was a timely one, given the recent changes of

Government in Canada and the United States. The Ballroomof the Fairmont Chteau Laurier, in which the seminarwas held, was filed to capacity. The luncheon address wasgiven by Senator Hugh Segal. We heard presentationsgiven by the Honourable Lawrence Cannon, Ministerof Foreign Affairs; General (Retd) Raymond Henault,former Chairman of the Military Committee of NATO;Dr. Mark Katz, George Mason University, Washington,D.C.; Mr. Michael Hart, Simon Riesman Professor ofTrade Policy, Carleton University; Dr. Joseph Jockel,


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Professor of Trade Policy de lUniversit Carleton, de MJoseph Jockel, professeur et directeur du Canadian StudiesProgramme, St. Lawrence University, du Colonel JohnBlaxland, attach de dfense, Ambassade de lAustralieThailande, de M. Jim Boutilier, conseiller en matirede politiques pour lAsie-Pacifique, Forces maritimesdu Pacifique, de M. Norman Friedman, du CommanderJames Kraska, U.S. Naval War College, et de M. Rafal

Rohozinski, du Sec-Dev Group.

Le sminaire, dot dun service dinterprtationsimultane, a soulev un grand intrt chez les mdiasJai le plaisir de noter les commentaires trs positifs quenous avons reus.

Assistaient au sminaire des membres des Forcescanadiennes, des ambassadeurs, des snateurs et desdputs, des attachs militaires, des cadets-officiers duRoyal Military College of Canada et du Collge militaireroyal de Saint-Jean et des membres du public canadienLa journe a t remplie de confrenciers du Canada, delAustralie et des tats-Unis.

Des copies lectroniques des confrencesprononces lors du sminaire sont disponibles ladressehttp://www.cda-cdai.ca/defenceseminars.htm.

Le sminaire a enchan,le 27 fvrier, sur la72me assemble gnrale annuelle de la Confrencedes associations de la Dfense (CAD). Des allocutionsfurent prononces par lHonorable Peter MacKayministre de la Dfense nationale, le Gnral WalterNatynczyk, chef dtat-major de la Dfense, le GnralJames Mattis, commandant suprme des Forces allies de

lOTAN, Transformation, le Gnral Victor E. RenuartJr., commandant de NORAD/US NORTHCOM, leLieutenant-Gnral Andrew Leslie, chef dtat-major delArme de terre, le Vice-Amiral Drew Robertson, chefdtat-major de la Force maritime, et le Lieutenant-GnraAngus Watt, chef dtat-major de la Force arienne.

Le sminaire annuel et lAGA ont tous deux tune vraie russite, qui a t le reflet de lintrt accru dupublic envers le rle que joue le Canada dans les domainesde la scurit internationale et de la dfense nationaleNotre analyste principal de la dfense, le Colonel (ret.)Brian MacDonald, prsente un sommaire des dlibrations

dans le prsent numro de ON TRACK.La prsence de si nombreux confrenciers de tous

les points du globe a t rendue possible grce laidefinancire de General Dynamics Canada, de GeneraDynamics Land Systems Canada, de Pratt & WhitneyCanada, dATCO Frontec, de lOrganisation du Traitde lAtlantique Nord, de ADGA Group Consultants, deBoeing, du programme Forum sur la scurit et la dfensedu ministre de la Dfense nationale, de Bombardier, ainsque du dpartement des Defence Management Studies de

Professor and Director, Canadian Studies Programme, St.Lawrence University; Colonel John Blaxland, DefenceAttach, Australian Embassy, Thailand; Dr. Jim Boutilier,Asia-Pacific Policy Advisor, Maritime Forces Pacific;Dr. Norman Friedman; Commander James Kraska, U.S.Naval War College; and Mr. Rafal Rohozinski, the Sec-Dev Group.

There was significant media interest in theseminar, at which simultaneous interpretation wasprovided. I am pleased to note the very positive feedbackwe have received.

The seminar was attended by members of theCanadian Forces, Ambassadors, Senators and MPs,military attachs, officer-cadets from the Royal MilitaryCollege of Canada and from Collge militaire royal deSaint-Jean, and members of the Canadian public. The daywas filled with speakers from across Canada, Australia,and the United States.

Electronic copies of the addresses that weredelivered at the seminar are available at http://www.cda-cdai.ca/defenceseminars.htm.

The conference, continuing on 27 February, washeld in conjunction with the 72nd annual general meeting ofthe Conference of Defence Associations (CDA). Addressesincluded those of the Honourable Peter MacKay, Ministerof National Defence; General Walter Natynczyk, Chief ofthe Defence Staff; General James Mattis, NATO SupremeAllied Commander, Transformation; General Victor E.

Renuart, Jr., Commander NORAD/US NORTHCOM;Lieutenant-General Andrew Leslie, Chief of the LandStaff; Vice-Admiral Drew Robertson, Chief of theMaritime Staff; and Lieutenant-General Angus Watt,Chief of the Air Staff.

Both the annual seminar and the AGM were trulysuccessful, reflecting the general publics heightenedinterest in Canadas role in international security andnational defence. Our Senior Defence Analyst, Colonel(Retd) Brian MacDonald, presents a summary of theproceedings in this edition ofON TRACK.

The presence of so many speakers form around theworld was made possible through the financial assistanceof General Dynamics Canada, General Dynamics LandSystems Canada, Pratt & Whitney Canada, ATCOFrontec, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, ADGAGroup Consultants, Boeing, the Security and DefenceForum programme of the Department of NationalDefence, Bombardier, and Defence Management Studiesdepartment of the School of Policy Studies at Queens


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la the School of Policy Studies de lUniversit QueensLe caf pour le sminaire a t gnreusement fourni parCSMG dOttawa. Suite la conclusion du sminaireGeneral Dynamics Canada a gracieusement offert unerception lintention des personnes prsentes.

Une des activits majeures du calendrier delInstitut de la CAD est la prsentation annuelle du PrixVimy un Canadien ou une Canadienne qui a fait une

contribution significative et exceptionnelle la dfenseet la scurit de notre pays et la prservation de nosvaleurs dmocratiques. Le programme de lan pass aconnu un succs retentissant, avec un nombre recorddexcellentes candidatures qui ont t considres par lecomit de slection du Prix Vimy. Le programme a euson point culminant avec la remise du prix au Gnra(ret.) Rick Hillier, ancien chef dtat-major de la Dfensepar la Trs Honorable Beverley McLachlin, Juge en chefdu Canada, devant les 630 invits dun dner formel auMuse canadien de la guerre.

Cette anne, la prsentation du Prix Vimy auralieu le 20 novembre au cours dune rception et dun dnerde gala qui se tiendront nouveau au Muse canadien dela guerre. Pour que le prix ait vraiment une significationlInstitut a besoin de vos candidatures pour dsigner lercipiendaire de cette anne. Mme si nous avons djreu un certain nombre de mises en candidature, lesassociations membres de la CAD ainsi que les individussont encourags nous faire parvenir les dossiers de leurscandidats. Reportez-vous lavis dappel de candidaturequi parat ailleurs dans ce numro et allez en ligne ladresse http://www.cda-cdai.ca/Vimy_Award/2008%20

Award/vimycall09.htm.Ce prix prestigieux, lanc en 2002 en collaborationavec le Canadian Defence & Foreign Affairs Institute(CDFAI), sera remis un ou une journaliste canadien quia fait une contribution significative la comprhensionpar le public des questions de dfense et de scurit qutouchent le Canada. Le prix saccompagne dun prix enargent de 2 500 $. Lavis dappel de candidatures paraaussi dans ce numro et sur notre site Web, http://wwwcda-cdai.ca/Munro_%20Award/munro_media_award_main.htm.

Les deux programmes ont connu un succsretentissant lan dernier. Jai le plaisir de dire que lappuaccord ces programmes par lindustrie canadienne eles particuliers est trs encourageant.

Au cours de la dernire anne, le gouvernemenfdral a donn aux citoyens du Canada un point focal surles besoins de ce pays en matire de dfense et de scuritBien que nous fassions bon accueil une telle initiative

University. Coffee for the seminar was generouslyprovided by CSMG of Ottawa. Following the conclusionof the seminar General Dynamics Canada graciouslyhosted a reception for the attendees.

One of the major events in the CDA Institutescalendar is the annual presentation of the Vimy Award toone Canadian who has made a significant and outstanding

contribution to the defence and security of our nation andthe preservation of our democratic values. Last yearsprogramme was an outstanding success, with a recordnumber of excellent submissions that were considered bythe Vimy Award Selection Committee. The programmeculminated with the presentation of the Award to General(Retd) Rick Hillier, former Chief of the Defence Staff, bythe Right Honourable Beverley McLachlin, Chief Justiceof Canada, before some 630 guests at a formal dinner inthe Canadian War Museum.

This years presentation of the Vimy Award willtake place on 20 November at a gala reception and dinner,again, in the Canadian War Museum. To make the Awardtruly meaningful the Institute needs your nomination forthis years recipient. While we have already received anumber of nominations, CDA member associations aswell as individuals are encouraged to submit nominationsfor their candidate. Please refer to the notice of the call fornominations which appears elsewhere in this issue, and goon line at http://www.cda-cdai.ca/Vimy_Award/2008%20Award/vimycall09.htm.

The Ross Munro Media Award will also bepresented at the Vimy Dinner. The recipient of the Awardfor 2008 was Monsieur Alec Castonguay, ofLe Devoirand of LActualit. This prestigious award, launchedin 2002 in collaboration with the Canadian Defence &Foreign Affairs Institute (CDFAI), will be presentedto one Canadian journalist who has made a significantcontribution to the understanding by the public of defenceand security issues affecting Canada. The Award comeswith a cash prize of $2,500. The notice of the call fornominations also appears elsewhere in this issue and

on our website at http://www.cda-cdai.ca/Munro_%20Award/munro_media_award_main.htm.

Both programmes last year were outstandingsuccesses. I am pleased to report that support for theprogrammes from Canadian industry and individuals isvery encouraging.

Within the past year the federal government hasprovided Canadas citizens with a focus on the defenceand security needs of this country. While we welcomesuch an initiative, there still exist elements within


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LAdjudant Stphane Grenier, R22eR,a rcemment t dcor de la Mdaillede la vaillance militaire (MVM) pour savaillante conduite quand sa section a tprise en embuscade en Afghanistan et sestretrouve sous un tir nourri des troupes delinsurrection. Il sest expos un grand prilquand il a engag lennemi pour rescaper etvacuer les soldats blesss. loccasion

de lassemble gnrale annuelle de laConfrence des associations de la dfense, leChef dtat-major de la Dfense, le GnralWalter Natynczyk, a reconnu et remercilAdjudant Grenier et dautres membres desForces canadiennes pour les services quilsont rendus au Canada.

Warrant Officer Stphane Grenier, R22eR,was recently decorated with the Medalof Military Valour (MMV), for his valiantconduct when his Section was ambushedin Afghanistan and received heavy fire frominsurgents. He exposed himself to great perilwhen he engaged the enemy to rescue andevacuate two wounded soldiers. The Chief ofthe Defence Staff, General Walter Natynczyk,recognized and thanked Warrant Officer

Grenier and other Members of the CanadianForces for their service to Canada, during theannual general meeting of the Conference ofDefence Associations.

il existe encore des lments de la socit canadiennequi ne sont pas bien informs sur les enjeux majeurs desoprations militaires, de lacquisition dquipement pourles FC et des pnuries continues dans les ressources quisont ncessaires pour rpondre aux besoins long termede ce pays en matire de dfense et de scurit. MaislInstitut de la CAD va continuer offrir aux Canadiensune analyse pntrante des vnements et des enjeux qu

ont un impact sur la dfense et la scurit dans ce pays.En terminant, je dsire remercier nos bienfaiteurs

particulirement nos donateurs des niveaux patronscompagnons et officiers, pour lappui financier quilsaccordent au travail de lInstitut de la CAD, ce qui nouspermet de raliser notre mission. Si vous ntes pas djun donateur lInstitut de la CAD, je vous inviterais le devenir et recruter un/e ami/e. Les formulaires dedonateurs sont imprims sur la dernire page de ce journaet on peut aussi se les procurer en ligne ladresse http:/cda-cdai.ca/CDAI/joincdai.htm.

Merci.

Canadian society who are not well informed on the majorissues of military operations, the acquisition of equipmentfor the Canadian Forces, and the continuing shortfalls inthe resources that are required to address long-standingdefence and security requirements of this nation. The CDAInstitute will continue, however, to provide Canadianswith insightful analysis of events and issues that impacton the defence and security of this country.

In closing, I wish to thank our benefactors,particularly our patrons, companions, and officer leveldonors for their financial support for the work of theCDA Institute, without whom we would be hard-pressedto fulfill our mandate. If you are not already a donor tothe CDA Institute, I would ask you to become one andrecruit a friend. Donor forms are printed on the last pageof this journal and are available on line at http://cda-cdai.ca/CDAI/joincdai.htm.

Thank you.

Photo by / Photo par Gord Metcalfe


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Summary of CDA Institute 25th Annual Seminar and72nd CDA AGM

26-27 February 2009, Ottawa

by Colonel (Retd) Brian MacDonald

Colonel (Retd) Brian MacDonald is Senior Defence Analyst,Conference of Defence Associations, and Member of the Boardof Directors of the CDA Institute

Day 1: Canada-US Relations

The Security Dimension

Keynote Address

The Hon LawrenceCannon, Minister of Foreign Affairs,began with a quick review of the

discussions between President Obama and Prime MinisterHarper in which President Obama informed the Prime

Minister of the ways in which he saw US foreign policywould change in order to emphasize a new multilateralism,a new approach to Afghanistan, and an emphasis uponsmart power. He then spoke of the priorities of Canadianforeign policy with particular emphasis on the Canada/US continental bi-lateral, which would see US/Canadacooperation along the defence, security, and economicdimensions and the need to maintain an open border,one open to trade but closed to crime and terrorism.

A second priority was that of the Canadian Arctic,and mentioned meetings with the Arctic Council which

saw Canada as an Arctic power with special interests inArctic resources, climate change, security, and sovereigntyand the purchase of new Arctic Patrol Ships and a heavyice-breaker as important facets of that policy.

Other priority areas included cooperation withthe US in the G8 discussions and actions against terrorismand the existence of international crime, as well as sharedsecurity interests including the protection of NorthAmerica. Canada would continue cooperation with NATOwith a particular emphasis on burden-sharing.

In Afghanistan Canada would continue to focus onsecurity, the training of Afghan National Army elements,

and development and governance, all of which wouldsee a stronger Canadian civilian presence than before. Inaddition Canada would remain engaged in hemisphericmatters including the 5th Summit of the Americas this fall,as well as contributions to non-proliferation, arms control

and disarmament including the 2020 Non-ProliferationTreaty Review.

Special Address: NATO at 60 from a MilitaryPerspective

General (Retd) Ray Henault, former Chair ofthe NATO Military Committee, dealt with three themesNATOs expanding operations, the process of improvingcapabilities, and the development of partnershipopportunities.

He spoke of the increases and number of taskingsin out of area roles and contingency operations and thepractical problems of coordinating the activities of 26 (soonto be 28) nations, particularly while having to deal withthe modernization of forces and development of multi-

national forces, especially when the NATO operationatempo conflicted with NATO Transformations agenda inthe competition for limited national resources.

The European members of NATO have found theshift from operations in Europe to out of area operationsproblematic especially with respect to the availability ofstrategic airlift, and NATO has responded through thedevelopment of a force of shared C-17s. He mentionedpartnership activities which have included the Partnershipfor Peace (including four states in Asia), the MediterraneanDialogue, as well as NATO/UN and NATO/EU relationsand the Canadian interest in helping Ukraine.

Panel I Canada-US Relations Under NewAdministrations

Cross Border Economic Relations

Professor Michael Hart, Carleton Universityobserved that the visit of President Obama had laid thefoundation for progress in the Canada/US relationshipHowever, Professor Hart noted, there were still obstaclesto overcome.


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The Hon. Lawrence Cannon,Minister of Foreign Affairs

Photo by Gord Metcalfe

The global economic situation has no clearsolutions to inspire confidence since the problem has beenbuilding over the last 10 years. While Canada is the bestpositioned of all of the OECD states the situation in theUS will affect us given that cross-border trade amounts to$2 billion every day.

Canada/US trade has been in trouble for the lasteight years. While the NAFTA impact had been completed

by 2000, the events of 2001 created a critical securityissue for the US and the border has become thick due tothe loss of American confidence in Canada as a securitypartner. This is particularly problematic since our pre-NAFTA trading relationship has been replaced by anintegrated dual economy.

The auto industry is a key example of crossborder parts and assembly integration, with the averageauto crossing the border six times in its construction.The thickened border is more costly for Canada thanfor the US and the border is increasingly dysfunctional

with the number of new rules increasing. We need,therefore, to rethink the border and its regulations todetermine whether they are really needed, to reform theborder decision processes, and to reduce the 240 informalnetworks that have appeared.

Continental Defence

Professor Joseph Jockel, St. Lawrence University,is a long time analyst of US/Canada relations, and is nostranger to the CDA. His remarks followed his previouspattern of trenchant realism. His fundamental thesis

was that we have, with the new administration in theUS, a fleeting opening to save and restore NORAD, aninstitution which is now in decline.

NORADs original role was the defence of NorthAmerica from an attack by Soviet bombers and evolvedto one of aerospace warning and defence as the USSRshifted to ballistic missiles. Ballistic missile defence wasintended but the technology of the time was inadequateto the task and the role was abandoned. Later, withadvances in technology, BMD became feasible and theUS deployed a limited system. Canada, under then-Prime Minister Martin, declined to participate and sinceCanadian locations were not required for BMD interceptorbasing, the US transferred the tasking from NORAD toUSNORTHCOM. Since the two have overlapping rolesUSNORTHCOM can handle the US air defence rolewithout the participation of NORAD and Canada, withthe result that there is a danger that USNORTHCOM andNORAD will be split and NORAD allowed to disappear.

With the election of President Obama the anti-Bush feeling in Canada is gone and there is a narrowwindow to rethink Canadian participation in North

American BMD. Without such a decision the future ofNORAD is obsolescence and termination, neither ofwhich is in Canadas national security interest.

Luncheon Speech: Keeping Recession Angstfrom Turning into War: the Civilian-MilitaryChallenge

Senator Hugh Segal reminded the conference of

the lesson of the 1930s when the post-1929 cycle of mid-Depression Europe led irrevocably to reducing militarycapacity as governments re-allocated spending prioritiesand let military preparedness fall by the wayside, withthe result that a war which could have been stopped withlittle risk in 1938 led to 50 million dead. His key questionfor the present was very clear how do we preventglobal recession from turning into global depression, anddepression from once again turning to war.

He warned that this is not the time to let recessiondilute the rebuilding of our forces as some would loveto let happen in Treasury Board, PCO, and Finance

Canada, and bluntly rebuked those who would see aweakened Canada, militarily unable to deploy, politicallyinternalized and parochial, able only follow the lead ofothers and unable to pay its own way or contribute to thedefence of its own interests. Some in the civil service haveand are using process uber alles to dilute the pursuit ofour national objectives. Others simply prefer a quiescentCanada which stands for little, defends less, and has nocore principles or strategic goals.


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The Hon. Hugh Segal,The Senate of CanadaPhoto by Gord Metcalfe

His closing line, This is not what we believe in this hall,got the standing ovation from the audience which it sorichly deserved.

Panel II Asia-Pacific and Canadian Defence andSecurity

Looking West, Not East, to Afghanistan

Colonel John Blaxland, Defence Attach,Australian Embassy, Thailand, began with a review ofAustralias international deployments, which amount to3,000 troops world-wide, including 1,100 in Afghanistan,making Australia the largest non-NATO contributor to thatmission. He noted that Australias geo-strategic interests

are served by its participation in that mission since Australiais located in Asia-Pacific, in a particularly volatile part ofthe world, and cited the cases of the terrorist bombings inBali and of the Australian embassy in Jakarta, as well asthe cases of incidents and insurrections in Timor Leste,the Solomon Islands, and Tonga, as well as the need todeal with the effects of the tsunami in Indonesia.

In such a context Australias strategic policy

pillars include the alliance with the US and a readinessto be engaged in the Asia-Pacific region which relies onthe presence of US forces, and the continuing Americanability and commitment to the management of the US/China bi-lateral, as well as a willingness for engagementin UN-mandated operations in the area.

Trade and Security

Dr. Jim Boutilier, Asia-Pacific Policy AdvisorMaritime Forces Pacific Headquarters, noted that all AsiaPacific nations had been impacted by the global economiccrisis, as well their fears of its possible impact driving aradicalized working class. Chinas exports, for examplewere down 17% and imports down 53%, a measure of

the inter-relationship between the Chinese and Americaneconomies as well as that between China and other Asianstates.

China and India have turned from a strategic focuson their interior space to one focusing on the sea. There areconcerns about an emerging India/China maritime rivalryChina is reliant upon the Indian Ocean energy transportroutes and has moved naval and military assets into thearea to Myanmar and Pakistan which has been worryingthe Indians.

The Chinese navy is experiencing rapid growthwith the launch of destroyers, frigates, submarines, andsupport ships. China is preparing the aircraft carrierVaryag, which it acquired from Ukraine, to go to sea andis planning the construction of three additional carriersin the 50,000 tonne class by 2020, of which one will benuclear-powered.

India has been pursuing the purchase of aformer Russian carrier, though the escalating cost of itsrefurbishment has led to some delay. India has also plannedthe acquisition of modern submarines. Other states in thearea are acquiring submarines as well, including JapanSouth Korea, Malaysia, and Singapore. The US has

moved an increasing number of its naval assets into thePacific.

Regional Balance of Power

Dr. Norman Friedman, defence analyst, NewYork City, posed a series of strategic questions to askwhen looking at regional balance of power issues in thebroader Asia-Pacific region: whether deterrence (and self-deterrence) was still operative, what were the war-fightingcapabilities of states (and their perception by other states)and the probability of conflict actually taking place. Otherfactors were the effects of nationalism, internal stabilityand the Islamic Revolution.

He noted that China was sitting on a volcanowith its regime using nationalism as a means of retainingpopular support.

He observed that the immediate effect of theChristian Reformation was the launch of a 30 year warand posed the question as to whether that might be acorrect analogy for understanding the current situation inIslam. The Islamic Revolution seems to be characterized


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Panel II - Asia-Pacific and Canadian Defence and Security - l-r: Panelists Dr. Norman Friedman, Dr. Jim Boutilier, andColonel John Blaxland; with Moderator Rear-Admiral (Retd) Ken Summers


by a rising religious fervour, lethal factionalism, a demandfor purity on an impossible scale, and gross xenophobia.Under such circumstances we may be in for a 50 yearproblem as we try to ride out the storm.

He argued that past experience points to bleakoutcomes since bad economic times frequently resultin a toxic nationalism in which borders are never just,though nationalism by itself does not finance conquest.

He questioned whether an Asian way to solve disputeswould follow a similar path and suggested that weremember the fate of the League of Nations whendepending on ASEAN to be a panacea.

Turning to the Maritime environment he suggestedthat strategic success rested on the ability to sustainpower projection (a function of aircraft carriers) andexpeditionary operations (a function of naval logistics).Other key factors are ocean surveillance and a unifiedcommand and control system.

He suggested a Chinese operational conceptbased upon the early neutralization of the Taiwaneseair force by missile fire to achieve air dominance, whilesimultaneously eliminating the Taiwanese navy at theoutset, to be followed by an amphibious invasion. He notedthat the Chinese have developed a shore bombardmentcapability and is developing amphibious lift.

Panel III Contemporary Security Concerns

Arctic Security

Commander James Kraska, US Naval War Collegedrew our attention to the fact that US president GeorgeW Bush had issued a National Security Policy Directive/Homeland Security Policy Directive (NSPD-66/HSPD-

25) on January 9, 2009 to deal with US Security policy withrespect to the Arctic. The Presidential Directive includesobjectives for the enhancement of Arctic governancethrough organizations such as the International MaritimeOrganization and the eight member Arctic Council, andencourages the US Senate to confirm the US accessionto the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, suggestingthat the US has sufficient interests that it should proceedto accession to the Treaty.

He cited a CIA study which sees open water insummer by 2025 in both the North East Passage and theNorth West Passage, which will provide much reducedtravel distances, particularly for Asian states, as well asaccess to new resources. This will result in new players athe Arctic table which will have significant implications forUS Homeland Defence (and by extension for Canada).

He noted that the US had vital interests in theArctic for strategic defence and conventional deterrence. Ialso had clear national interests in freedom of navigation


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The Hon. Peter MacKay, Minister of NationalDefence


The maintenance of strategic access to the Arctic is a keynational interest of the US, as is the need for increased USsurveillance over the maritime Arctic. The US requires agreater icebreaker capacity than it has at the moment. Healso noted that the US and Russia control access to theWestern Arctic.

Strategic Significance of Cyberspace

Rafal Rohozinski, The SecDev Group, challengedthe audience to begin to understand that in cyberspace thecentre of gravity is not driven by geography but ratherby the population. He noted a crucial difference betweenpopulations in the developing world and the developed,in that the former are using cyberspace for empowermentrather than for security; the fact that cyberspace has fewercontrols than is the case with normal media enhances thisempowerment.

He noted that many of todays governing elitesare digital immigrants who have been introducedto cyberspace through having to cope with it in theirworkspace, but remain limited in their approaches to usingit. Opposed to the digital immigrants are the digitalnatives, who have grown up with access to cyberspacethroughout their entire lives.

He noted that some terrorist organizations arebeginning to make the transition from old Media to theNew Media. Hezbollah, for example, has moved fromOld Media channels such as television, radio, and combatcamera to transitional media such as streaming videoson the internet and to New Media such as internet games

with a strong ideological/propaganda content.He also noted the Russian use of denial ofservice attacks on Georgian government websites duringthe Russo-Georgian war as an example of somethingwhich we must plan for in the future. And he expressedsome scepticism about the possibility of establishing anysort of deterrence in cyberspace since the domain is soinherently anarchic.

The Russian Challenge

Professor Mark Katz, George Mason University,

noted that the Obama administration inherited some of theBush administrations views, which has left Russia withdeep concerns about the US and its policy with respectto Russia. These concerns include perceived Americaninterference in internal Russian affairs, an unwillingnessto accept Russia as a major gas supplier to Europe or toaccept that the former Soviet republics in Asia are withina Russian zone of interest, and NATO expansion into theformer Soviet strategic space. Russia also has difficultyin accepting that it is not the principal focus of American

policy, since the US is central to Russian foreign policy.

Russias policies are equally confusing to theWest. Russia has taken steps to improve its relations withIran and together with China has eased UN pressures onIran. Iran, however, has been less than cooperative andaccordingly Russia has been reluctant to sell advancedweaponry such as the S-300 missiles to Iran. Russia

fears a US/Iran rapprochement and a parallel sale of USnuclear technology to Iran. It also fears the constructionof alternative pipelines through the Caspian/Iran corridoras another development which would make Russia lessinfluential in US policy.

While Russia fears the growth of Americaninfluence in Central Asia it also fears the growth of Islamicinfluence in the area, as well as among its own Muslimpopulation. One consequence has been that Russiasrelations with Israel are closer than before.

Going forward Russia will continue to seek USconcessions through its leverage obtained by allowing thepassage of non-military supplies through its transportationnetwork north of Afghanistan and thereby reducing

pressure on the NATO/US supply line through PakistanRussia and the US have overlapping concerns over thegrowth of radical Islamic influence and this may lead togreater cooperation between the two states.

Day 2: Changing Times, An Evolving CanadianForces, a New Defence Strategy

Introductory Address

The Hon. Peter MacKay, Minister of National


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ON TRACK


Defence, reminded the audience that the fundamental aimof the Canada First Defence Strategy was to rebuild theCanadian Forces over the period of the next twenty yearsby addressing the critical gaps in current capabilitiesand the need to invest in their closure. He noted that theDefence Budget would rise from the current $18 billion toover $30 billion by the end of that period.

The government planned to increase the strengthof the CF to 100,000, of which 70,000 would be regulars

and 30,000 reserves, though he acknowledged that thecurrent effects of early retirements and increased attritionrates would be challenging.

He observed that the re-equipment process wassuccessfully launched, with the purchase of C-17s andCH-47s, and movement was underway on a variety ofother programmes. He acknowledged that there was adeep need to vastly improve the defence procurementsystem.



ON TRACK

General Walter Natynczyk,Chief of the Defence Staff


He noted that the recent meeting betweenPresident Obama and Prime Minister Harper, as well as aseries of other meetings, represented an era of increasedUS/Canada cooperation in defence and security matters.He noted that an expansion of the scope of NORAD toinclude maritime warning, as well as the development ofcloser working arrangements between USNORTHCOMand Canada Command, were aspects of this cooperation.

He drew the audiences attention to the plannedend to the current Canadian Forces mission in Afghanistanmission in 2011, but pointed out that this would not meanan end to Canadian activity there. He remarked that therewas still a fundamental need for security if the otheractivities are to be able to be carried out and suggestedthat Canadian efforts in reconstruction and developmentare paralleled by efforts to train the Afghan NationalPolice and the Afghan National Army, noting that Canadais currently mentoring five battalions of the ANA withsuccess.

Special Address

It was particularly satisfying to see GeneralWalter Natynczyk, Chief of the Defence Staff, continuean innovation of his immediate predecessor, GeneralRick Hillier, in his annual address to the CDA, thatof recognizing the contributions made by individualmembers of the Canadian Forces. This recognition ofthe contributions of individual members of the Forcesby the CDS provides a particularly powerful means ofconnecting Canadians with the CF, and of connecting the

members of the CF with the citizens they have committedto defend and protect.

General Natynczyk began his address witha sweeping overview of the extent of the operationaldeployment of the CF, noting that we were treatingoperations within Canada, under Canada Command, asthose within a Theatre of Operations, mentioning that theCF Search and Rescue operations were now handling SARincidents at the rate of about three per day on a 24/7/52basis.

He flagged the increasing importance of Canadas

Arctic as a part of the Canadian Theatre of Operationswhich relies heavily on the CFs infrastructure andoperations, including the patrolling activities of theCanadian Rangers as a means of demonstrating Canadiansovereignty over the area.

Canada Command has become the Headquarterswhich deals with Canada/US cooperation in suchstructures as NORAD and USNORTHCOM to jointlymanage the continental defence of North America, whichmay include elements of cross-border support in suchnon-military areas as natural disaster operations.

The CF is involved in many other missionsabroad in addition to those in Afghanistan. Traditionablue helmet peacekeeping operations are still a featureof Canadas contribution to international security, asare those involved with Canadian contributions to theinternational naval forces dealing with piracy operationsoff the coast of Somalia.

Afghanistan remains the most prominent andmost difficult of Canadas operations abroad. Whileit will end in 2011, that will not necessarily end all

Canadian military commitments to that country. Civiliancontributions to reconstruction and development and theimproved governance of that country depend on therebeing a secure environment for those activities.

The CDS looked to the future of the CFobserving that while we cannot predict where we aregoing to be going next, we still have to be ready to doso. He praised the governments decisions to improveour equipment capabilities, many of which are already inplace and providing us with the global legs to respond tocontingencies as they may arise. He was pragmatic abou

the diffi

culties that remain since it is diffi

cult to reverserust-out overnight, but was confident that the governmencommitment to the 20 year financial commitment of theCanada First Defence Strategy was a move in the righdirection.

Lastly, he turned to the people dimensionadmitting that the challenge of growing the humanresources of the Department of National Defence remainsa key priority, since the demographic bubble whichcame from the decisions in the 1990s to effectively stoprecruiting has created a difficult experience distribution


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which is being exacerbated by opportunities for individualsto retire after 20, 30 or 35 years of experience. He notedthat the operational tempo impact upon families wasanother contributing factor in the higher attrition ratesdescribed a number of measures being taken to reducethe impact upon families. Part of this required attention tothe way in which injured and wounded CF members arelooked after.

It was a vigourous, optimistic, but realistic address,one which left the audience secure that the CF remains incapable hands and that its future remains bright.

Special Address

General James Mattis, NATO Supreme AlliedCommander Transformation, expressed a deep respectfor the CF and the success of its transformation back tothe force which it used to be, and cited Canada as a rolemodel for much of the rest of NATO in this regard.

He then turned to NATOs Multiple FuturesProject, which seeks to establish what can be agreed aboutfuture threats. While NATO stands supreme in air, naval,and heavy mechanized operations, it is not supreme inirregular warfare, which will become the norm in futurewars among the people, especially when the operationalcentre of gravity remains the will of the people.

He concluded his address by noting that thechallenge for NATO will be the maintenance of a balancebetween military and non-military means, but that there

will always remain a need for strategic expeditionaryforces which can disaggregate into smaller balancedforces to deal with specific tasks and missions, led bycommanders marked by imagination and creativity.

Special Address

General Victor E. Renuart, Jr., CommanderNORAD/USNORTHCOM, spoke of a future in which theability to integrate soft and hard power on the battlefieldwill be a critical force multiplier and will increasingly

force a capability to anticipate events as never before.He noted that NORADs missions had been

changed and now included both space warning and maritimewarning. The addition of the task of maritime warning hasled to the challenge of looking into the maritime domain tounderstand how surveillance, identification, and warningof maritime threats might be undertaken. To complicatethis is the need to understand and anticipate what acts ofwar might be in the cyber domain, which affects both the

space and maritime dimensions, and which is increasinglyvulnerable to denial of service attacks, as we saw in theRusso-Georgia campaign.

He noted that NORAD sees about 13 millionship-borne containers passing through its maritimedomain each year. Consequently there is a profound needfor the recapitalization of NORAD and other military

and naval forces to achieve the development of capableinteroperable forces, even in difficult economic times.

Panel I Environmental Update: Land, Maritimeand Air

Chief of the Land Staff, Lieutenant-General AndrewLeslie, painted a picture of an excellent small army whichwas being pushed to its limit by an extremely high tempoof operations. With an Army of 20,831 full time soldiers19,327 part-time reserve soldiers, and 5,355 civilians

the Army has to man 15,918 positions in support of ourinternational and expeditionary operations and relies onthe Reserves to provide about 22% of the strength of eachrotation.

While recruiting has been going well it hasbeen counter-balanced by an increasing attrition rateapproaching 10% annually, much of which is structuralas members of the Army hit the 20 year, 30 year, 35 yearpoints at which members may leave the Forces to takeadvantage of pensionable service retirement points.

Equipment is becoming a problem while itsquality is good there simply is not enough of it availableto sustain operations at current tempos. With Afghanistanthe priority the vehicle fleet in Canada has suffered. Ofthe 600 vehicles in the LAV fleet about 30-40% are VOR(vehicle off road for necessary repairs and maintenance)The MTVs (the rebuilt M113 APCs) are suffering an 80%VOR rate in Canada. The Coyote fleet is effectively at theend of its useful life with a 70% VOR rate in Canada.

The Army is planning for the future, which the

Army sees as involving both littoral and urban warfarewhich will be impacted by such factors as climate changemass migration and urbanization, rapid technologicalchange, and multidimensional terrorism. These factorswill drive organizational change in the Army as it evolvesfrom the Army of Today (2009-2016), which can bedescribed as a Balanced Medium Weight Army, intothe Army of Tomorrow (2021), which will be a LAV-based Army, and finally into the Future Army (2040)which will include some heavy assault vehicles.


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Chief of the Maritime Staff, Vice-Admiral DrewRobertson, struck a sombre note as he compared thedevelopments in the global maritime strategic space withthe reduced fleet capacity that Canada will experienceover the next ten years, and led the audience to the obviousconclusion that the re-capitalization of the Canadian Navyis central and critical.

He noted that the global strategic maritime spaceis seeing a growth in importance of the Asia-Pacificregion and that ocean politics is growing, especially withthe rise in global oil production and its transportation bysea, developments which may threaten energy supplies.Moreover, while the focus on the implications of Arcticwarming and loss of ice cover has implications for Arcticshipping, there may well be future concerns about thesecurity of Arctic oil and gas deposits.

Canadas Navy remains a forward deployed navy

with such current deployments as those in support ofcounter-narcotics operations, those involved in anti-piracyand convoy escort operations in the Indian Ocean, andthose involved in humanitarian operations in deliveringsupplies to coastal villages in Haiti.

Current critical projects needed to supportthe Future Navy include the Joint Support Ship, theCanadian Surface Combatant, the Arctic Operations

Patrol Ships (which will eventually replace the MaritimeCoastal Defence Vessels), the Submarine mid-life refitand the new Multi-Mission Aircraft which will replacethe Auroras.

Chief of the Air Staff, Lieutenant-General AngusWatt, in his address was both upbeat and worried. On theone hand real progress has been and is continuing to be

made in terms offleet recapitalization. The success ofthe C-17 project has been followed with real progressin the acquisition of C-170Js and CH-47s, as well as theestablishment of an air expeditionary Wing in AfghanistanWhile the average age of aircraft in the fleet is very highat about 25 years, the acquisition of the new aircrafhas meant that average has begun, at last, to decreaseOn the other hand there are serious concerns about theincreasingly dysfunctional pattern of the demographicsof the Air Force as we continue to experience personnelattrition and the attendant drop in experience levels.

Finally, there is the problem of the Air Forcesinfrastructure, 50% of which is over 50 years old. TheAir Force estimates that the bill for replacement of itsinfrastructure is currently around $6 billion and that thecurrent allocations for maintenance amount to about 1.6%annually, whereas the allocation for recapitalization/replacement is only about 1.9% annually.

Paul Chapin is a former head of the political section at theCanadian Embassy in Washington and director general forinternational security at Foreign Affairs. He is currently aresearch associate with Defence Management Studies at theSchool of Policy Studies at Queens University and is a Memberof the Board of Directors of the CDA Institute.

Canada-US Defence Relations after the Obama Visit

by Paul H. Chapin

A policy triumph

arack Obamas visit to Ottawa was a publicrelations success for the United States, but it was a policytriumph for Canada. The media, ever shallow, missed

it. Not so the senior offi

cials who travelled back toWashington with the President. In a briefing on Air ForceOne, Deputy Secretary of State Jim Steinberg describedthe tone of the discussions as really excellent. It was

their content, however, that most impressed. It was a verystrategic discussion, Steinberg said, heavily focused onthe economy and then next on Afghanistan and Pakistan.There had not been the narrow focus on little issue . . the kind of smaller-level bilateral kinds of problemstypical of previous meetings between presidents and

prime ministers.Clearly, Prime Minister Stephen Harper had no

heeded the public advice of many experts on Canada-USrelations to be friendly but keep a safe distance, to push forhassle-free trade at the border and cooperation on climatechange, and to do something distinctive to demonstrateCanadas independence, including not succumbingto US pressure to extend Canadas military mission inAfghanistan beyond 2011. Instead, there was high-leveldiscussion of the high-level economic and security issues


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testing both countries and agreement to work togetheron the global agenda. The outcome, rare in the annals ofCanada-US relations, was US recognition that Canadatoday is an international player with a performance recordto be envied, views worth listening to, and influence tobe taken account of in the lead-up to the G20 meetingin London on April 2, the NATO summit in Strasbourgon April 3-4, and the Summit of the Americas in Port of

Spain on April 17-19.

Learning from the past

There is scant evidence that a strategy of keepingyour distance has ever served Canada well, whatever itspolitical attractions. The reason is that there is nothingin it for the United States and no benefits for Americanpoliticians in spending scarce political capital onCanadian issues. It is an iron law of international politicsthat every states interests come first, and a successful

relationship between states requires both sides seeing therelationship as serving their interests. The corollary is thatonce it is no longer obvious to one side or the other thatthere is a gain to be made or a loss to be avoided, therelationship will quickly atrophy, and then sour if one sidecontinues to press. If the win/win is not evident, it is notgoing to happen.

Adopting such an attitude this time could haveproved disastrous for Canada. With the enormous problemsthey have to deal with, the new leaders in Washingtonhave little reason to take the slightest interest in anyone oranything not helping to lighten their burden.

Some history can be instructive. April 2004 wasa bad month for the President of the United States. UScasualties in Iraq had suddenly spiked to their highestmonthly level since the war began; the media wascarrying photos of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib; GeorgeW. Bushs job approval rating had dropped below 50%;and the polls showed him in an unexpectedly tight racefor the presidency in November. That was when the newPrime Minister of Canada came to Washington to discusssoftwood lumber, mad cow disease, and Devils Lake.A year later, touring Bushs ranch, Paul Martin really

went after him on how drilling for oil in the Arcticmight imperil migrating caribou. When the President ofthe United States needed a friend and counsellor on greataffairs of state, he got a provincial satrap with grievances.Why anyone in the Prime Ministers Office thought Bushwould respond positively to Canadian concerns remainsa mystery. He did not, of course, and Canadian interestssuffered and so eventually did Paul Martin.

The emerging defence agenda

The Harper government came to office threeyears ago determined to restore Canadas internationalcredentials, to better protect and promote Canadianinterests. Eschewing the grandiose policy reviews typicaof new governments, it moved directly to address the mospressing foreign and defence policy issues of the times

not least the nature and extent of Canadas strategyin Afghanistan and the political, economic and militarymeans required to pursue such a strategy successfullyOther matters it put aside for more propitious timesincluding the systemic issues undermining NATOsability to conduct out-of-area operations such as inAfghanistan, and the institutional architecture requiredfor the future defence of North America.

With the advent of a new administration inWashington and with Europeans more confused than everabout how to address the security challenges confrontingdemocratic states, the time is right for Canada to assumea leadership role on allied defence issues.

Afghanistan

There is a new Afghanistan strategy comingDuring his visit to Ottawa, Obama confirmed that theadministration had commenced a strategic review of USpolicy on Afghanistan and Pakistan whose findings areto be ready within 60 days, in other words by the timeof the NATO summit. The US would be seeking inputfrom its allies, the President said, so that the result could

be a comprehensive strategy for which we all takeresponsibility.

The objectives of the new strategy will not differmarkedly from those pursued to date: protect populatedareas, reduce the flow of insurgents from Pakistan, trainAfghan military and police, secure major highwaysimprove governance, and accelerate economic growth. Butmanagement and tactics are likely to evolve to incorporatemore of the counterinsurgency lessons learned in Iraq andin Afghanistan. Richard Holbrooke, the new US speciaenvoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, outlined some of themanagement challenges to be overcome at a conferencein Munich in early February: better coordination withinthe US government, better coordination within NATOattainable objectives with adequate resources instead ofthe reverse, and a regional approach that engages all theneighbours, especially Pakistan.

Canada needs to be an author of the new strategynot just a consumer. Canada is among NATOs half-dozen most experienced participants in the Afghanistancampaign and must not lose the opportunity to share theknowledge it has acquired in designing the new tactics



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The Canadian Forces (CF) have earned Canada the rightto be listened to on how to win the war in Afghanistan,and Canadian diplomats, development assistance officersand police officers on how to win the peace.

Obama also confirmed that the administrationintends to send 17,000 additional troops to the regionwithin the next few months, with another substantialcomplement likely to follow. The net effect would beto double the number of US troops to around 60,000and increase the number of US combat brigades fromtwo to six. With NATO and other coalition memberscontributing a further 30,000 troops, this would makesome 90,000 foreign troops available to support the newstrategy. Afghan security forces would also be available,of course. This is an encouraging increase in militaryresources for an enterprise only recently being written offas a lost cause, but the total remains modest compared tothe commitment made to Iraq. As Michael OHanlon ofthe Brookings Institution has noted, 90,000 foreign troops

is only two-thirds of what the US alone deployed in Iraqbefore the surge; and Afghanistans 150,000 military andpolice forces, only a third of whom can be consideredcombat ready, pale in comparison to the 400,000 Iraqiforces that supported the surge in 2007 and 2008.

A conclusion easily drawn is that Canada wilindeed face pressure to maintain its military presence inAfghanistan beyond 2011. For the time being, howeverWashington appears little interested in making an issueof it. On the contrary: as Jim Steinberg observed, [in]relative terms, the commitment up to 2011 is a muchlonger-term commitment than anyone else has givenMany other allies have existing commitments for sixmonths to a year.

But as planners begin to think about Canadasengagement after 2011, a continued military componentcannot be ruled out. First, the Government motion ofMarch 14, 2008 spoke of ending Canadas militarypresence in Kandahar, not in all of Afghanistan. Secondthere are indications that the new Liberal leadership maybe rather more open to the idea of a future role for the CFeven in Kandahar, perhaps to provide ongoing protectionfor the Canadian Provincial Reconstruction Team andto continue training and mentoring the Afghan Nationa

Army. As Defence Minister Peter MacKay recently toldthis years annual meeting of the Conference of DefenceAssociations, We can reconfigure the mission . . . butwith the full support of Parliament. Finally, July 2011 isstill two years away, and two years can be a long time ininternational politics.

George Petrolekas represented the Chief of the Defence Staffand Commander CEFCOM to NATOs Operational Commandof the ISAF mission from 2003 to 2007. He assisted every USand NATO/ISAF commander in preparing for their Afghanmission and functioned as a trusted agent for them frequently.He was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal for his efforts.

It Didnt Have to be This Way

by Colonel George Petrolekas

In Afghanistan, as with the global financial crisis,ill-considered decisions long ago have come back to hauntus, and now require a sustained effort to correct them. Sowe must run to keep up, when we should be walking toget ahead. Richard Holbrooke, the new US envoy to theregion, told a conference in Munich: I have never seenanything like the mess we have inherited. Problem is thatits a mess of our making.

In 2003, NATO began its mission centered inKabul whilst the US was responsible for the rest of the

country. At the time, there was a real sense of optimism: aconstitution was crafted, the international community wascommitting development funds, elections were to be held,and the country as a whole was relatively safe. Certainly,

there were daunting challenges: opium production wasgrowing, the infrastructure was in serious disrepair, andwarlords held considerable sway.

However, the fates intervened on many planes andthe great chance was lost. The principal ill fate was IraqAmerican forces and political attention were diverted asthe military victory turned bad, and Afghanistan becamea casualty.

America pressed NATO into taking responsibilityfor Afghanistan. This turnover was supposed to be

conditions based (meaning that only when there weresufficient resources available would NATO assumeresponsibility). The minimum levels for troop strengthequipment (such as helicopters) and robust ProvincialReconstruction Teams (PRTs) that NATO set as conditionsprior to assuming control were never met. This resultedin wide swaths of territory having minimal or no NATOpresence. Furthermore, throughout this turnover, NATOnever fully grasped that military presence and action hadto be linked to development activity.


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Shortly after assuming leadership of the AfghanTransitional Authority, Hamid Karzai clearly identifiedthe obstacles before it. First, the physical threat presentedby a dormant Taliban in its sanctuaries; second, the lack ofhuman capital (literate and trained people) which thwartedimprovements in governance and security; and lastly, theabsence of unified action by the multitude of governments

and organizations which diluted development efforts and,correspondingly, potential effects.Ironically, some of the very same people who

now argue in favour of limited but achievable goals,tighter integration of the international effort, more troops,a regional approach and more effective governance anddevelopment were the cause of the problem a mere fiveyears ago.

Donald Rumsfeld, the former US Secretary ofDefense, frequently painted the Taliban as a spent forcenumbering no more than 600 to 1,000 adherents. Thesepronouncements demonstrated that it was a movement

whose dynamics and roots we little understood. Notclearly knowing why the Taliban did things confoundedour ability to defeat it.

It is entirely possible that senior American andNATO officials publicly underplayed the threat to easeand facilitate NATOs involvement so that America couldturn its attention elsewhere. But that strategy led to anunder-resourced NATO mission, which recent surgetalk now seeks to remedy. Denial of the threat alsoextended to the US Embassy in Kabul, which equallyunderplayed the menace, and, in both military and non-military endeavours, constrained the potential authorityof Commander International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) and the NATO Senior Civilian Representative.

This was manifest in command arrangementswhich made integration and coordination difficult. On thediplomatic front, different G8 nations retained lead roleswhich were never made subordinate to a senior alliancecivilian authority. On the military front, two separatemissions continued to operate, though some steps weregrudgingly taken to achieve a semblance of unity incommand. Without unity in command on the diplomatic,development or military fronts, it is difficult to imagine

how unity of purpose could ever be achieved.The warning signs were certainly present. Aftereliminating many hundreds of Taliban with no effect andonly superficially understanding tribal relationships, theUS and NATO were hard pressed to explain the lingeringinsurgency. Where was this magical fount of Taliban?Of course, it was Pakistan and disaffected Afghans.Many US intelligence officers on the ground knew thatthe refugee camps and sanctuary provided in Pakistansfrontier provinces were fertile ground for recruitment andregrouping.

Furthermore, the failure of development topenetrate the countryside created the accidental insurgentand poppy continued to grow. The Pakistan problem hadexisted for decades we just refused to acknowledge itin higher circles. In not doing so, we failed to confront iuntil recently. It has become impossible to ignore, leadingto the conclusion that a military solution is no longerpossible. Only now, with the production of opium firmlylinked to the financing of the insurgency, is concertedaction being envisioned against those who protect, moveand profit from it.But it did not have to be this way.

In 2004, Canadas Rick Hillier becameCommander ISAF. En route to taking command, hisfirst stop was Pakistan, in recognition that there was aregional conflict at play. In Kabul, building on lessonsfrom Bosnia, a roadmap was prepared which sought

to unify development, governance and military action(now euphemistically termed whole of government)Hilliers ISAF V planners sought to harmonize efforts ona strategic level within a structure called the InvestmentManagement Framework, synchronizing separate andsometimes divergent mandates into one common vision forthe country designed to move from a position of recoveryto that of sustainable development. From a financiastandpoint, this meant moving towards programmefinancing inexorably tied to national developmenplanning, as opposed to shotgun style project financingon which national signature projects and NGO efforts, tothis day, are based.

This first approach to integration was rebuffedby not only NATO but also by Hilliers own nationaauthorities, for whom the whole of government approachhad not moved much beyond a marketing slogan. NoGeneral, NATOs remit is simply to provide securityThe rest is for development specialists, diplomats andpoliticians, not for the military to do. This was heardwhilst demands for support from other governmendepartments lay unanswered or unfilled.

In 2006, Britains General Sir David Richards

in his turn as ISAF commander, also tried to demolishthe walls which prevented the international communityfrom achieving synchronized effort, only to be similarlyrebuffed. However, he did succeed in instituting a PolicyAction Group (PAG) which at least put all the major actorsin Kabul around a table on a regular basis.

But during Richards term, the Taliban beganto make its presence felt in more substantial waysparticularly in the South, leading Richards to pleadpublically for a few thousand more troops, (less than aquarter than is being asked for in the upcoming surge) so


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that he might nip the insurgency in the bud. But even theexistence of a PAG in Kabul could not answer his pleasfor more troops, freedom of action or strategic adjustmentif his NATO superiors were not listening.

Without reinforcement, Richards developed aninkspot strategy which sought to provide security anddevelopment in key populated areas, not everywhere

On Track Volume 14 Number 1 Spring 2009

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