On the Zoogeography of Southern African Decapod Crustacea, with a Distributional Checklist of the Species BRIAN KENSLEY SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 338
On the Zoogeography of SouthernAfrican Decapod Crustacea,
with a Distributional Checklistof the Species
BRIAN KENSLEY
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 338
SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressedby the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, JosephHenry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed topublish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, andof the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This themeof basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issuedin series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with SmithsonianContributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series:
Smithsonian Contributions to AnthropologySmithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics
Smithsonian Contributions to BotanySmithsonian Contributions to the Earth SciencesSmithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences
Smithsonian Contributions to PaleobiologySmithsonian Contributions to Zoo/ogySmithsonian Studies in Air and Space
Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology
In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographsthat report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or ofprofessional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications aredistributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughoutthe world.
Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by theSmithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, onlythrough departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where themanuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and artpreparation are outlined on the inside back cover.
S. Dillon RipleySecretarySmithsonian Institution
S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O Z O O L O G Y • N U M B E R 3 3 8
On the Zoogeography of SouthernAfrican Decapod Crustacea,
with a Distributional Checklistof the Species
Brian Kensley
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
City of Washington
1981
A B S T R A C T
Kensley, Brian. On the Zoogeography of Southern African Decapod Crus-tacea, with a Distributional Checklist of the Species. Smithsonian Contributionsto Zoology, number 338, 64 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables, 1981.—Decapod crusta-cean research in southern Africa is reviewed. The terrestrial and freshwater,pelagic, and benthic decapods are discussed separately. The Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, and endemic components of the benthic fauna are discussed, relatedto neighboring islands, seamounts, and shoals, and compared with othersouthern hemisphere faunas. A checklist for about 700 species, with verticaland geographical distribution information, is provided.
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recordedin the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastreacavemosa (Linnaeus).
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataKensley, Brian Frederick.On the zoogeography of Southern African decapod Crustacea.(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 338)Bibliography: p.1. Decapoda (Crustacea)—Africa, Southern—Geographical distribution. 2. Crustacea—Geo-
graphical distribution. 3. Crustacea—Africa, Southern—Geographical distribution. I. Ti-tle. II. Series.
QLI.S54 no. 338 (QL444.M33] 591s 81-607972 [595.3'840968] AACR2
Contents
Page
Introduction 1Acknowledgments I
Brief Historical Review of Decapod Collecting and Research in South-ern Africa 1
Geographical Limits of the Present Study 3Composition and Zoogeography of the Southern African Decapod
Fauna 4Terrestrial and Freshwater Decapoda 4Pelagic Natantia 5Benthic Decapoda 7Endemic Decapoda 10
Origin of the Southern African Decapod Fauna 13Decapoda from Neighboring Islands, Seamounts, and Shoals 14Comparison of Decapoda with Other Benthic Crustacea from Southern
Africa 15Comparison of the Decapod Faunas of Australia, New Zealand, South
America, and Southern Africa 16Checklist of Southern African Decapoda 16
Sources of Data 16Notes on the Checklist 17
Literature Cited 51
in
On the Zoogeography of SouthernAfrican Decapod Crustacea,
with a Distributional Checklistof the Species
Brian Kensley
Introduction
Since Barnard's (1950) invaluable mono-graphic treatment, no single comprehensive workon southern African Decapoda has appeared. Thedecapod fauna has, however, received consider-able attention, and many new records have beennoted. While much taxonomic work remains tobe done, and while many southern African areashave been poorly collected, it was neverthelessthought useful to review the group as a whole,drawing such zoogeographic conclusions as arepossible from the available data. To this end, aspecies list has been compiled to give some idea,albeit incomplete, of the total fauna known todate and to enable comparisons with other areas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—My sincere thanks aredue to the trustees and director and staff of theSouth African Museum, Cape Town, for assist-ance and hospitality during my visits in 1978 and1979; to the Zoology Department of the Univer-sity of Cape Town for the use of collections anddata; to Dr. F. A. Chace, Jr., and Dr. R. B.Manning of the Smithsonian Institution, and Dr.I. Perez-Farfante and Dr. A. B. Williams of theSystematics Laboratory, National Marine Fish-
Brian Kensley, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museumof Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.20560.
eries Service, National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, for reading the manuscript andfor providing many useful comments and criti-cisms, and for additional data; and to Mrs. Cyn-thia Brown for assistance with maps and figures.
Brief Historical Review of Decapod Collectingand Research in Southern Africa
Probably the earliest serious collector of south-ern African decapods was Sir Andrew Smith,founder of the South African Museum, who, onhis return to England in 1837, gave his collectionof crabs to W. S. MacLeay. This resulted in theearliest report on southern African decapods,"The Annulosa of South Africa" in Smith's Zool-ogy of South Africa of 1838. Several of MacLeay'stypes are now in the Australian Museum, Sydney.
Dr. Ferdinand Krauss spent the years 1838-1840 collecting around the South African coastand published Die Siidafrikanischen Crustaceen in1843. Several expedition vessels subsequently col-lected in southern African waters, including theChallenger, Gazelle, Valdivia, and Gauss, as well asthe United States North Pacific Exploring Expe-dition. Ortmann (1896) based his zoogeographicdiscussions on decapods and included this accu-mulated knowledge in his pioneering work.
I
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
The next important addition to knowledgecame from the work of the Cape Colony researchvessel Pieter Faure from 1897-1907. These collec-tions were first reported on by the Rev. T. R. R.Stebbing, and later by K. H. Barnard, both inthe Marine Investigations of South Africa, and in theAnnals of the South African Museum. The first check-list of South African Crustacea was produced byStebbing (1910) in the Annals of the South AfricanMuseum. The Union government vessel Picklemade several collections during the 1920s, thematerial being examined by Stebbing, Caiman,and Barnard. The culmination of all this workwas K. H. Barnard's Descriptive Catalogue of SouthAfrican Decapod Crustacea published in 1950, inwhich about 500 species were reviewed.
The present list contains about 700 species.The extra species and records have been addedby several workers. Barnard (1954, 1955, 1958)included several new records as a result of thecollecting done by the universities of Cape Townand the Witwatersrand. Several contributionshave since been made to the southern Africandecapod literature, including Forest (1954) onhermit crabs, Hayashi and Miyake (1968) onstylodactylids, Griffin (1968) on majid crabs,Grindley (1961) on Natal crabs, Berry (1969a,b1971, 1979) on palinurans and nephropids, Hay-ashi (1975) on processids, de Freitas (1979) onpenaeids, and Kensley (1968-1980) on a varietyof groups.
Certain areas around the coast, for one reasonor another, have received more attention thanothers, resulting in gaps in distributional knowl-edge. Decapods from Liideritz, South West Af-rica, have been collected by the German SouthPole Expedition, the University of Cape Town,and the South African Museum. Saldanha Bay,and more particularly Langebaan Lagoon, hasbeen extremely well sampled because of the an-nual student camps and surveys of the ZoologyDepartment of the University of Cape Town.Most estuaries have been sampled by the sameinstitution, while False Bay, Cape Province, be-cause of its easy accessibility and position, hasbeen well sampled both intertidally and from
greater depths by the U.S. Exploring Expedition,the Pieter Faure, the John D. Gilchrist, and theThomas B. Davie, the latter two being researchvessels of the University of Cape Town. A com-prehensive checklist of the fauna of False Bayresulted from this work (Day, Field, and Penrith1970). Delagoa Bay and Inhaca Island, Mozam-bique, received considerable attention followingK. H. Barnard's visit in 1914. Up to the early1970s the University of the Witwatersrand con-ducted annual visits to the island's research sta-tion and documented the fauna and flora of theregion (MacNae and Kalk, 1958). The SouthAfrican Museum collected from Inhaca Island toVilanculos and Magaruque Island (22°01'S,35°19'E) in the north during 1971 and 1973.
Until recently the continental shelf beyond the200 m line had been poorly sampled, and only inscattered areas such as Lambert's Bay, SaldanhaBay, Table Bay, False Bay, and the Agulhas Bankin the Still Bay area. Up to 1975, the mostcomprehensive but still very inadequate reporton shelf/slope decapods dealt with a very limitedarea off the Cape Peninsula, which was the resultof the South African Museum-Division of SeaFisheries deep trawling of the R.V. Africana II(Kensley, 1968). In 1975, the South African Mu-seum initiated a five-year program of samplingthe deep benthic and pelagic fauna off the eastcoast from the Mozambique border to Transkei,with the help of the C.S.I.R. R.V. Meiring Naude.The resulting 256 stations form the most compre-hensive if still inadequate collection of decapodsfrom deep water in southern Africa (Kensley,1977a,b, 1980a).
There are areas which have enjoyed little or nosampling, and which accordingly weaken anyzoogeographic conclusions. These include muchof the continental shelf, especially the AgulhasBank, and the entire West Coast; also the Tran-skei-Pondoland-Zululand shallow waters (withthe exception of the Durban area). This latteromission is unfortunate, as the area includes thetransitional zone from the Semitropical EastCoast Province to the Warm Temperate SouthCoast Province.
NUMBER 338
Geographical Limits of the Present Study
The area covered by the present work has notbeen too rigidly defined so as to allow inclusionof as many records as possible. The northern limiton the west coast is taken as the mouth of theKunene River, the brachyurans of the West Af-rican region from southern Angola northwardshaving been dealt with by Monod (1956) andManning and Holthuis (1981). A list of intertidaldecapods is included in a checklist of shore ani-mals from Mocamedes, southern Angola (Ken-sley and Penrith, 1973). On the east coast, Vilan-culos in Mozambique is taken as the northernlimit. (See Figure 1.) Barnard (1950) adopted the15° latitude as his northern limit on both the eastand west coasts in his monographic work on thedecapods, as well as in his earlier work on fish(1925). This corresponds with Mocamedes on thewest and Mozambique Island on the east. With
the exception of Kalk (1959), there are almost nopublished records of decapods north of Vilancu-los. In his work on the Mollusca, Barnard (1974)stated that the 15° latitude seemed too wide anarea, and accordingly placed his limits at theTropic of Capricorn, i.e., Walvis Bay on the westand Inhambane on the east.
As to distance out to sea, almost no limit hasbeen placed in this work. Apart from the 256Meiring Naude stations mentioned earlier, littlework has been done beyond the 200 m line. Avery few Division of Sea Fisheries stations extendfrom about 5° to 45° east and to 45° south. Thesehave been included in this survey, as well as theisolated stations on the seamounts Tripp andVema, and Walter's Shoal. For comparative pur-poses, the decapod faunas of St. Helena Island,Ascension, and the Tristan da Cunha group,Marion and Prince Edward and Gough islands,have also been considered.
15°
20°
25*
3(f
35°
Mofdmede
Cope
Swokopmund
Wolvis Boy
SOUTH-WESTAFRICA
Port
Lambert s
St. Helena Bay^ CAPE PROVINCE
Langebaa
Cope Town
Cape Agulhas
10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45'
FIGURE 1.—Map of southern Africa showing major collecting localities.
50°
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Composition and Zoogeographyof the Southern African Decapod Fauna
In an analysis of any large and heterogeneousgroup of organisms, a knowledge of the modes oflife, life histories, and habitats is essential if non-sensical interpretations are to be avoided. Thusin the following discussion, the decapods are dealtwith in several sections. The terrestrial and fresh-water forms are only briefly mentioned. The ma-rine forms are dealt with in three separate sec-tions, viz., shallow benthic (intertidal to 200 m),deep benthic (beyond the 200 m line), and pelagicforms.
TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER DECAPODA.—Two macruran, one anomuran, and three brach-yuran families have representatives either on landor in freshwater in southern Africa. Freshwatershrimps are found amongst the Atyidae and Pa-laemonidae; the Coenobitidae contain the onlyterrestrial hermit crabs, while the Gecarcinidaeand Grapsidae include the terrestrial crabs. Thefreshwater crabs all belong to the Potamonauti-dae.
Potamonautidae: With the exception of Gecarci-nautes brincki Bott (I960), all the freshwater crabsof southern Africa belong to the genus Potamon-autes, which is exclusively African. Eight speciesoccur south of the Zambesi River. It is postulated(Bott, 1955) that the Potamonautidae originatedfrom marine ancestors of the Tethys Sea in theNorthern Hemisphere. Palaeontological evidenceseems to indicate this origin somewhere near theend of the Cretaceous or the beginning of theTertiary. One section of the ancestors left the seaand migrated onto land, while the ancestors ofthe Potamonautes group entered fresh water andmigrated southward down the African continentvia the major river systems and lakes of the RiftValley complex. This southward migration, alongwith adaptive radiation, led to the formation ofspecies or species-groups, each characteristic of aparticular river or river-system. Where a river-system is relatively isolated, well-defined speciessuch as P. bayonianus (Brito-Capello) of the Ku-nene River have arisen. Where several river-sys-tems interlink or where a large area is drained by
several small closely situated rivers, the definitionof species becomes blurred. Thus the Cape Prov-ince is characterized by P. perlatus (H. Milne-Edwards), and Natal by P. sidneyi (Rathbun), buta wide range of overlap occurs from which tran-sitional forms showing features of both specieshave been recorded. Similarly, where P. perlatus(H. Milne-Edwards) overlaps with P. warreni Cai-man in the Orange Free State and Transvaal,transitional forms are found. These forms leadone to suspect the subgeneric divisions proposedby Bott (1955).
Gecarcinautes brincki Bott, recorded from themountain streams of the southwestern Cape Prov-ince, has its closest relatives in the rivers of Mad-agascar.
Gecarcinidae: There are not many records ofland crabs from southern Africa, the gecarcinidsbeing tropical in distribution and essentially noc-turnal. Cardisoma carnifex (Herbst) has been re-corded northwards from Durban, while C. arma-tum Herklots occurs on the west African coastfrom Mocamedes northwards.
Grapsidae: Geograpsus stormi de Man , being atropical Indo-Pacific species, has also been re-corded northwards from Durban on the eastcoast.
Coenobitidae: Of the land hermit crabs, Coenob-ita rugosus H. Milne-Edwards is known from theeast African coast north of Natal and the Indo-Pacific region, while C. cavipes Stimpson appearsto be restricted to the Indian Ocean.
Atyidae: Of the more than 20 genera of theAtyidae, only Caridina occurs in southern Africa,where it is represented by four species, some ofwhich are of doubtful validity. The uncertaintyof the taxonomic position of the species is due tothe variability of the forms and the paucity ofcollecting. Material, usually only a few specimensfrom isolated localities, is all that is available atpresent. Intensive collecting over a wide area isneeded before reliable specific definitions may bederived.
Caridina typus H. Milne-Edwards, a species sup-posedly found on several Indian Ocean islands,the western Pacific, and Queensland, Australia,has been recorded from several rivers in Natal,
NUMBER 338
including the Umhloti, Umgeni, Illovo, Umbilo,and Uvongo. Caridina nilotica (Roux) varies withregard to egg size, and this has given rise to thedescription of varieties such as C. nilotica var.paucipara Weber (1897) and C. nilotica var. natal-ensis de Man (1908a). Habitat also plays a role inthe degree of variation, as lacustrine and fluviatileforms of this species have been distinguished. Thespecies is widespread, occurring throughout EastAfrica, Egypt, the Indian Ocean area, as well asChina and Australia. Caridina africana Kingsley,recorded from the Amamzimtoti River in Natal,and Zululand, may prove to be a form of C.nilotica. Caridina indistincta Caiman was originallydescribed from Australia, but specimens from theCongo and Zambesi rivers have been assigned toit.
It would seem that the southern African Cari-dina species, like the freshwater crabs, are eithermigrants or derived from migrants from thenorth.
Palaemonidae: The family Palaemonidae hasfreshwater, estuarine, and marine representativesin southern Africa. Again, due to lack of collect-ing, several of the freshwater forms are in uncer-tain taxonomic position.
Palaemon (Palaemon) capensis de Man, the CapeRiver prawn, is a true freshwater form, havingbeen recorded from several rivers, including theGamtoos, Duivenhoks, Buffeljachts, Palmiet,Zonderend, Baakens, and Bree. Its range wouldthus seem to be between the Palmiet River nearHermanus and the Baakens River near Port Eliz-abeth. The species has not been recorded fromany of the west coast rivers.
The genus Macrobrachium contains the rest ofthe freshwater prawns in southern Africa and isrepresented by about seven species. Macrobrachiumvollenhoveni (Herklots), recorded from the KuneneRiver, may be regarded as a true West Africanform, being known from northern Angola, Lib-eria, and the Cape Verde Islands. The Kuneneform may well be on the way to developing aseparate identity, showing more slender pereo-pods than the northern representatives.
Macrobrachium lepidactylus (Hilgendorf) was orig-inally described from northern Mozambique, and
has since been found in Tanzania and Madagas-car. In southern Africa it has spread down theriver systems of the east coast, and is known fromsouthern Mozambique, Zululand, Natal, EastLondon, and the eastern Transvaal. Macrobrachiumequidens (Dana) inhabits the lower reaches andestuaries of rivers in Natal and southern Moz-ambique.
Macrobrachium rude (Heller), M. petersi (Hilgen-dorf), M. scabriculum (Heller), and M. idella (Hil-gendorf) have all been recorded from Natal andsouthern Mozambique. All are typically tropicaleast African and Indian forms. As the southernAfrican material is often immature, and as fewspecimens are collected from any single locality,some of these identifications are still open todoubt.
PELAGIC NATANTIA.—Before any discussion ofthe southern African Natantia can be attempted,some reservations regarding the data on meso-and bathypelagic species must be made.
The single overriding factor that prevents anyfirm conclusions from being drawn regarding ver-tical distribution is that opening/closing netshave not been used for macroplanktonic sam-pling. The earlier collections, including those ofthe Pieter Fame and the Pickle, were made with anassortment of dredges, trawls, and nets, while themore recent collections, such as those made bythe Africana II off Cape Point, the midwater sur-vey of Grindley and Penrith (1965) on the SSNatal, and the South African Museum's MeiringNaude survey, did not use closing nets (althoughthe latter did use temperature/depth recordingdevices). The non-selective sampling is well illus-trated by the deep-sea collection of the Africana IIoff Cape Point. Although a beam trawl was usedto sample the benthic fauna, the samples includedsuch genera as Sergestes, Gennadas, and pelagicAcanthephyra, as well as the mysid Gnathophausia,the jellyfish Periphylla, and a large number ofpelagic fish. In such a case, it may be said thatthese organisms occur in the waters under discus-sion, but correlation with more precisely definedwater-masses is not possible.
The effect of vertical migration in water-masscorrelation will further weaken the available data.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Some species may rise from one water-mass toanother, and, depending on time of capture, maybe associated with either water-mass. Foxton(1972) has shown that in the North Atlantic,mesopelagic species of the genus Acanthephyra tendto execute considerable vertical migrations, whilethe deeper-living bathypelagic species apparentlydo not migrate.
The term "pelagic," when used in relation toa species, is here understood to imply the inhabit-ing of the main water body of the sea, livingneither in the upper 200 meters (epipelagic) noron the sea bed (benthic). "Mesopelagic" indicatesliving in the depth range 200-500 meters; "bathy-pelagic" indicates living in the depths beyond500 meters (Briggs, 1974). In this study, somemembers of the caridean families Oplophoridaeand Pasiphaeidae and the penaeidean familiesAristeidae, Sergestidae, and Penaeidae are re-garded as pelagic.
Kensley (1974c) attempted to demonstrate sta-tistically the presence of species-groups signifi-cantly associated with specific water-masses, us-ing data available up to 1974. An inherent weak-ness of this analysis was the diverse and non-selective collecting methods used, which necessi-tated a subjective decision to be made for eachsample as to water-mass of origin. It was never-theless thought useful to carry out the analysis forany information it might yield. The Mc-Connaughey coefficient (McConnaughey, 1965),which reveals homogeneous groups within heter-ogeneous systems and employs as variables theoccurrences of species A, occurrences of species B,and co-occurrences of species A and B, along witha generalised sorting strategy (Lance and Wil-liams, 1966), was used to generate a dendrogram.Interpretation of the dendrogram could not begiven any great significance; rather it was used asthe starting point for discussion. The most inter-esting facts to emerge from this analysis were thatthe Aristaeomorpha foliacea was linked to SouthIndian Central Water and that a much largergroup of 20 species, containing several species ofSergestes, Sergia, and Gennadas, and the commonAcanthephyra quadrispinosa Kemp and Systellaspis
debilis (A. Milne-Edwards), was loosely connectedto South Atlantic Central Water. Beyond thisvery broad statement, the analysis gave some(admittedly dubious) weight to subjective conclu-sions arrived at mainly by direct observation. Forexample, the Aristeidae, described by Burkenroad(1936) as containing mainly oceanic forms, con-tains the genus Gennadas, which the analysisshowed to be truly oceanic, being found only inthe South Atlantic Central Water, as is the relatedBentheogennema intermedia (Bate).
Chace (1940) noted that several of the Oplo-phoridae are truly bathypelagic (sensu latu)oceanic forms. The analysis bore this out, thegenera Oplophorus, Acanthephyra, Systellaspis, andHymenodora being found only in South AtlanticCentral Water or in Antarctic Intermediate Wa-ter. Foxton (1972) showed that Acanthephyra pelag-ica (Risso) and A. purpurea A. Milne-Edwards werealways associated with North Atlantic CentralWater, whereas A. sexspinosa Kemp and A. acan-thitelsonis Bate were always associated with SouthAtlantic Central Water. Also, A. prionota Foxton,A. curtirostris Wood-Mason, and A. stylorostrata(Bate) were species living in deeper water thanthe four aforementioned species. Foxton was ableto state these facts with some certainty, as hisspecimens were caught with opening and closingnets. It is possible that a similar system prevailsin the south Atlantic and the southwest IndianOcean.
The following remarks may be made regardingthe southern African oplophorids. Three speciesappear to be rare and are found in water deeperthan 2000 m; these are A. corallina (A. MilneEdwards), A. brevirostris Smith, and A. gracilipesChace taken off Cape Point in 2480-3000 meters.Acanthephyra armata A. Milne-Edwards (describedfrom the Lesser Antilles) and A. indica Balss areknown from the Indian Ocean, and have beenrecorded off the east coast to 850 meters. Sixspecies appear to have a wide depth range, beingfound from 250-2000 meters, viz., A. curtirostrisWood-Mason, A. eximia Smith, A. pelagica (Risso),A. prionota Foxton, A. quadrispinosa Kemp, and A.stylorostrata (Bate). Acanthephyra quadrispinosa Kemp
NUMBER 338
and A. pelagica (Risso), members of the purpureaspecies complex, are the two common species offSouth Africa. The former has been recorded fromthe surface to 3800 meters, while the latter hasbeen recorded from 250-3800 meters, but bothappear to be abundant in the 500-600 meterzone.
Amongst the Natantia from deeper waters,many genera are almost cosmopolitan in distri-bution, with the same species occurring in severalwater-masses having similar properties. The re-gion off the Cape is sometimes regarded as acorridor for the Natantia. Burkenroad (1936)showed that many so-called Indo-Pacific speciesfound off the Cape also occurred in the Atlanticoff the Bahamas and the northeast coast of theUnited States. This connection via the Cape wasused to explain the dissimilarity of the oceanicNatantia off the east and west coasts of the U.S.A.
Turning to the zoogeographic relationships ofthe Natantia under discussion, these may be sum-marized as follows: of the approximately 67 spe-cies regarded as truly pelagic, 27 (40%) have beenrecorded from both the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific;17 (25%) are Atlantic forms; and 18 (27%) areIndo-Pacific forms. More interestingly, and inline with the idea of the southern African oceansbeing a corridor area, of the 17 purely Mediter-ranean/Atlantic species, 13 (76%) have been re-corded east of Cape Agulhas, while of the 18Indo-Pacific forms, 10 (55%) have been recordedwest of Cape Point. The presence of these latter10 species may be explained partially by theeddying of warm pockets of Agulhas water on thewest coast (Welsh and Visser, 1970). Whether theforegoing figures indicate genuine penetrationinto neighbouring areas or merely a lack of knowl-edge concerning the distribution of pelagic speciesis difficult to assess.
BENTHIC DECAPODA.—Consideration of specieshaving a depth distribution below 200 m, manyof which are single records, has been omittedfrom the following discussion of zoogeographicrelationships.
The overall composition of the southern Afri-can decapods is given in Table 1. The zoogeo-
graphic affinities of the benthic decapods fromless than 200 m are given in Table 2, while thedistribution of the major components of thisgroup around the southern African coastline isillustrated in Figure 3.
The Indo-Pacific component constitutes themajor section of this part of the decapod fauna.Predictably, this component shows a marked in-crease from west to east along the coastline, with73% occurring at Durban and 93% at Maputo/Inhaca Island. There is a dramatic cutoff betweenDurban and East London, which would indicatethe transition from a Subtropical East CoastProvince to a Warm Temperate South CoastProvince. This is obviously a reflection of thechange in the temperature regime of the seas ofthe area. The Indo-Pacific, and more especiallythe Indo-West Pacific, is a predominantly tropi-cal/subtropical marine region, with circulation inthe northern part of the Indian Ocean by theNorth Equatorial Current and the Counter Cur-rent and the South-West and North-East Mon-soon Drift, and in the southern part by the SouthEquatorial Current, communicating with the
TABLE 1.—Composition of the southern African decapodcrustacean fauna
Fauna Families Genera Species
Marine pelagicMarine benthic
> 200 m< 200 m
Terrestrial/freshwaterTotal
463
667
19308
73235
8334
67632107525
23700
TABLE 2.—Zoogeographic components of the southern Af-rican benthic decapod crustacean fauna from less than200 m
Component
Indo-PacificAtlantic/MediterraneanEndemicOther (Austral, wide-
spread, uncertain)Total
Species
34530
10347
525
rA of total
65.75.7
19.68.9
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
western Pacific through the various straits of theEast Indies and northern Australia. (See Figure2.) The westward-flowing North and South Equa-torial currents could bring the larval planktonicor pelagic forms towards the East African coast,both north and south of Madagascar. The partof the North Equatorial Current that is divertedsouthward along the African coast passes downthe Mozambique Channel as the MozambiqueCurrent, to be joined by the westerly componentof the South Equatorial Current, thereby formingthe Agulhas Current. Depending on the widthand direction of the continental shelf, the AgulhasCurrent may be either close inshore, as betweenDelagoa Bay and St. Lucia and between Durbanand East London, or further offshore, as betweenSt. Lucia and Durban and south of East London.
Where this warm southerly flowing body of wateris close inshore, the intertidal and shallow areashave a good chance of receiving larval forms oftropical and subtropical species and of allowingthem to become established. This would accountin part for the high numbers of species recordedfrom Durban and the Delagoa Bay areas. Wherethe Agulhas Current, by virtue of the width ofthe continental shelf, is forced offshore, a coun-tercurrent of cold water flowing in a northeasterlydirection develops, which may even reach theLimpopo River mouth. This countercurrentcould to some extent explain the relative paucityof species in the area between Delagoa Bay andInhambane (although poor collecting in the areacannot be discounted), and is almost certainly alimiting factor to the southward range extension
FIGURE 2.—Major ocean currents around southern Africa. (Stippled area = Agulhas Bank.)
NUMBER 338
of subtropical species. Some subtropical specieshave managed to colonize southern Natal andthe Eastern Cape coastal areas in spite of the coldcountercurrent (prawns of the genus Penaeus reachthe Knysna estuary). This may be explained bythe presence of a southward-flowing inshore cur-rent (Harris, 1961) along the Natal coast, whichis especially noticeable in summer and thoughtto be caused by strong northeasterly sea breezes.On the other hand, the cold inshore countercur-rent, especially noticeable between the AgulhasBank and East London, may assist a few cold-water (i.e., west coast) species to become estab-lished east of False Bay.
Yet another factor controlling the presence orabsence of several decapod species is the presenceor absence of specialized habitats. The three mostnotable of these are coral reefs, mangroves, andshallow-water seagrass beds. The former two arefully, and the latter to some extent, dependent onwarm water for their existence. Thus, coral reefsare not found south of southern Mozambique,and those decapods always associated with corals,including several xanthid crabs and alpheidshrimps, do not occur south of northern Natal.Similarly, mangroves that occur in estuaries, em-bayments, or sheltered areas are noted for theirassociated crab fauna, especially species of Ucaand Sesarma. As one moves down the coast fromMozambique to Natal and the Eastern Cape,under the combined lack of warm water and theinfluence of the cold countercurrent, the treeswhich form the basis of the mangal decrease bothin number and diversity. MacNae (1968) showedthat many of the specialized crabs that inhabitmangroves are dependent on a variety of sub-strates found chiefly in the mangal.
Most shallow-water seagrass beds, along withtheir associated fauna, are controlled by the pres-ence of warm water. Mud flats are colonized byplants such as Cymodocea, Halodule, Halophila, Thal-assia, and Zostera, in the shelter of which decapodgenera such as Diogenes, Hippolyte, Tozeuma, Gnath-ophyllum, Periclimenes, and Periclimenaeus flourish.Only Zostera and Halophila reach southern Nataland the Cape Province, and the associated faunathus decreases.
The Atlantic/Mediterranean component,forming only about 6% of the fauna, shows a peakaround False Bay and Port Elizabeth, taperingoff to the east, but with still an almost 10%presence at Maputo. The low point on the westcoast at Liideritz may be explained by sea tem-peratures. The area of maximum upwelling ofcold Antarctic Intermediate water (9°-12° C) isat Liideritz (Stander, 1964), while northwards inthe area of the Kunene River mouth, and south-wards around the Agulhas Bank area, water closerin temperature to that off Angola is found. Theeffect of the cold Benguela water may be ad-judged by the fact that the only corals occurringoff West Africa are north of the equator in theGulf of Guinea, which is swept by the warmGuinea Current. Upwelling of cold nutrient-richwater on the west coast also contributes to thecharacteristic faunal and floral pattern, viz., fewspecies but large numbers of individuals.
Whether the Atlantic species found east ofFalse Bay are in genetic contact with the rest ofthe Atlantic populations, or whether these repre-sent relict populations from warmer Pleistocenetimes needs to be investigated for the individualspecies. The slightly higher percentage (22.6%) ofAtlantic forms in northern South West Africareflects the presence of a few West African species.Bearing in mind the north-flowing direction ofthe Benguela Current System, it is surprising thatso few Atlantic species manage to migrate andpopulate the southern west coast and the south-east coast. The actual method of migration fromnorth to south is probably a step-by-step andrelatively slow occupation of the continental shelfarea. It is possible that invasion, especially ofpelagic larval forms, is assisted by movement ofAtlantic water around and into the southwestIndian Ocean. This has been demonstrated tooccur in relatively deep water (le Pichon, 1960;Visser and van Niekerk, 1965; Shannon, 1966),and would account for the presence of true Atlan-tic pelagic forms in the southwest Indian Ocean.A similar movement of water, but in the oppositedirection, would account for the presence of In-dian Ocean species in the Saldanha Bay area.Shannon (1966) demonstrated that movement of
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Agulhas water around Cape Point does occur.Only species tolerant of the low temperatures ofthe west coast could survive such migration. Ed-dying of Agulhas water into the South Atlantic(Welsh and Visser, 1970) may also account foreast coast species on the west coast.
A few species of the southern African decapodfauna appear to have a southern oceanic or aus-tral distribution, viz., Plagusia chabrus (Linnaeus),Ovalipes punctatus (de Haan) , Pilumnoides perlatus(Poppig), and Lithodes murrayi Henderson.
Pilumnoides perlatus (Poppig), first recorded fromChile, is also known from Panama, Queensland,Australia, Ireland, and Plymouth, England, andis known in southern Africa from northern SouthWest Africa to False Bay. These localities wouldseem to suggest that the species has a cold-waterpreference. The unusual records from Britain andPanama may be due to transportation on ships'keels, the species having been recorded from suchsites on several occasions. The southern distribu-tion of this crab together with the other threespecies can be explained by the influence of theWest Wind Drift. This current, flowing from westto east, communicates with the west coasts ofSouth America, South Africa, and Australia bymeans of the Peru, Benguela, and Western Aus-tralian Currents, respectively, and also bathes theislands of Tristan da Cunha, Gough, Marion andPrince Edward, St. Paul and Amsterdam, andNew Zealand. Pilumnoides perlatus has a larval lifespan of 43 to 56 days (Fagetti and Campodonica,1973), sufficient for considerable transport byocean currents.
Ovalipes punctatus (de Haan) is a swimming crab,while Plagusia, the rock crab, has been foundfloating on objects far out to sea. There is thus noreason for not invoking the West Wind Drift toexplain the southern distribution of these species.
Lithodes murrayi Henderson, known from Mac-quarie Island, New Zealand, the Crozet Islands,and Prince Edward Islan, has been recorded fromdeep water of Natal and Liideritz, which distri-bution is more difficult to explain.
ENDEMIC DECAPODA.—Any discussion on ende-mism obviously depends on the state of knowl-
edge of the geographic and depth distribution ofthe species in question. Because of its accessibility,the intertidal fauna of any area almost alwayswill be relatively well known, and a species canbe designated "endemic" with some degree ofconfidence. When the infratidal region is consid-ered, however, it soon becomes apparent thatgaps of knowledge exist, as few infratidal areas ofany extent have been thoroughly sampled. Spe-cies from the infratidal thus seldom can be des-ignated "endemic" with any confidence. For thepurposes of the present discussion, an endemicspecies is considered to be confined to the geo-graphic area previously defined and limited tothe depth range 0- ± 200 m, in agreement withSmith (1970). The species of the lower part of thisrange are called endemic with reservation, andonly after consideration of all depth records.
Only seven genera are endemic, and of these,Projasus is known from off the east coast fromdepths of about 600 m. Macropetasma, Eudromidia,and Exodromidia have been recorded from the westcoast, but are not confined to this area. The fourcrab genera all have been recorded on the eastcoast. Of the fifty-three endemic brachyuran spe-cies, twenty-two have been taken in the intertidalzone.
The family Dromiidae is worthy of note, four-teen of the twenty-eight species being endemic;another four species, although from depths ofmore than 200 m, have not been recorded else-where, but may not be endemic. Eleven speciesare found in the Saldanha Bay to Agulhas Bankarea. It would seem that, although basically ofIndo-Pacific affinity, these species tend to bestenothermic and prefer the relatively cooler wa-ter of the south coast, i.e., the area of mixing ofcold west coast and warmer Agulhas water.
Of the 105 species of anomurans, twenty-sevenare endemic, while another thirteen from morethan 200 m are not recorded elsewhere. Fourteenspecies are intertidal dwellers. Seven species havebeen recorded west of Cape Point. A further fourspecies recorded from deep water (+500 m) offthe west coast are known only from the areabetween Saldanha Bay and Cape Point.
NUMBER 338 11
Of the thirty-two species of palinurans, one isendemic, and six are recorded from more than200 m, but not elsewhere. Although Homarus ca-pensis (Herbst) has been recorded four times be-tween the Cape of Good Hope and Port Eliza-beth, no depth information is available (see Wolff,1978). Polycheles demani Stebbing and Willemoesiabonaspei Kensley, both from very deep water, havebeen recorded only from off the Cape Peninsula,the latter species only once.
Twenty-five (12%) of the 208 species of Natan-tia are endemics. Of these, four are intertidaldwellers, viz., Periclimenes delagoae Barnard, Pericli-menaeus uropodialis Barnard, Alpheus edwardsii (Au-douin), and Hippolyte kraussiana (Stimpson). Tenspecies have been recorded from the west coast,and of these, Leontocaris paulsoni Stebbing, Lebbeussaldanhae (Barnard), and Plesiopenaeus nitidus Bar-nard have not been recorded east of Cape Point.The remaining species from the west coast, Hali-poroides triarthrus Stebbing, Metacrangon jacqueti bell-marleyi (Stebbing), Solenocera africana Stebbing,Macropetasma africana (Blass), and Ogyrides saldan-hae Barnard have all been recorded eastward toNatal.
Further analysis of the endemic componentcasts additional light on the faunal affinities ofthe area. Of the 103 endemic species, thirty-threeare known from the west coast; twenty of theseare distributed eastward beyond Cape Agulhasfor varying distances, some even as far as Moz-ambique. Most of these species are regarded asbeing part of the endemic group of the areabetween the Transkei and Cape Point that haspenetrated to the west coast, especially to thesheltered Saldanha Bay area. Ogyrides saldanhaeBarnard, Paguristes engyops Barnard, Dromidia hir-sutissima Lamarck, and Eudromidia hendersoni (Steb-bing) occur on the west coast and also betweenCape Point and Cape Agulhas, i.e., in the overlapzone. These species, together with Nautilocorystesocellata (Gray), known from Wai vis Bay to PortElizabeth, and Callianassa austral is Kensley, maybe said to be true west coast endemics.
From a perusal of the distribution, the endemicspecies (Figure 3) would seem to reach a maxi-
mum from False Bay to Port Elizabeth (i.e., theAgulhas Bank region), with another peak in theDurban area. The Agulhas Bank maximum mayto some extent be explained by the overlap of afew species from the cold west coast, with a largernumber from the warm-temperate area south ofthe Transkei. The endemic peak found at Durbanmay be due to concentrated collecting, but prob-ably reflects a true peak if compared with otherwell-sampled areas such as Inhaca Island andEast London. This peak may be emphasized bythe presence of a few warm-temperate speciesfrom the south added to the subtropical endemicsof Natal and Southern Mozambique.
The 24% endemism found at Inhaca Islandand Maputo may be more apparent than real, ascollecting north of Delagoa Bay and on the EastAfrican coast generally has been scant. Thesepeaks of endemism are worthy of further com-ment. Day (1973), in a discussion of the affinitiesof the fauna of Morrumbene estuary in Mozam-bique, analyzed the views of various authors onthe East African shallow marine fauna. He de-fined tropical species as those occurring north of20°S, subtropical from 20°S to Transkei, andwarm-temperate south of the Transkei to FalseBay. These definitions are adopted here, and itfollows from the geographical limits of this paperthat all the east coast endemic species north ofthe Transkei and south of Vilanculos should beregarded as subtropical. Ekman (1967) regardedall Natal and Mozambique species as tropical, asdid Kalk (1959) in her analysis of the fauna ofInhaca Island. This is perhaps an oversimplifica-tion for the decapods, but it is thought that thepeak of endemics found at Durban does indicatea distinct faunal component. The situation insouthern Mozambique is uncertain due to lack ofinformation, but it is probable that members ofthe subtropical component are well represented,and that a distinct tropical component is alsopresent as indicated by Day (1973).
The question of faunal provinces around south-ern Africa has given rise to a considerable litera-ture (see Brown and Jarman, 1978), starting inthe mid-19th century and continuing to the pres-
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
TOTALNUMBERS
OF SPECIES
ATLANTICDECAPODA
INDO-PACIFICDECAPODA
0.7 1.0 2.7
ENDEMICDECAPODA
FIGURE 3.—Distribution of decapod Crustacea from less than 200 m, indicated by percentagesat 8 localities (from west to east): Kunene River mouth, Liideritz, Saldanha Bay, False Bay,Port Elizabeth, East London, Durban, Maputo.
NUMBER 338 13
ent. With each separate group of organisms ex-amined, a slightly different picture emerges,which is to be expected when factors such ashabits, reproductive modes, life histories, andphysico-biological requirements are considered.The situation may be briefly described for theshallow benthic decapods.
The Tropical West African Province (Figure 4)barely makes its presence felt in northern SouthWest Africa, such forms as Ocypode cursor (Lin-naeus) , Hippolyte palliola Kensley, and Maja squi-nado (Herbst) being limited in the south by thecold Benguela System and its concomitant up-welling.
The Namaqua or Cold-Temperate West CoastProvince probably extends to Cape Agulhas andis characterized by few Indo-Pacific forms andsome typically Atlantic species. Most of the en-demics of this area are to be found on both sidesof Cape Point, with no marked division at theCape Peninsula, the temperature regime belowabout 30 m being relatively uniform.
The Warm-Temperate South Coast Provincestretching from the overlap area of False Bay/Agulhas to Transkei is characterized by highnumbers of endemics centered around the AlgoaBay (Port Elizabeth) region, by relatively highnumbers of Atlantic forms, and by far fewer Indo-Pacifics than are found from Durban northwards.
The Subtropical East Coast Province extendsfrom Transkei to about Inhambane in Mozam-bique, with a major Indo-Pacific component, butwith a strong endemic element centered aroundthe Durban area.
Origin of the Southern African Decapod Fauna
Good fossil decapod material is nowhere abun-dant in southern Africa; in fact, only five siterecords exist in the literature.
From the Cretaceous of Uitenhage, Cape Prov-ince, Kitchin (1913) recorded the palinuran me-cochirid Meyeria. The genus is known from theLower to Upper Cretaceous of Europe, North
FIGURE 4.—Faunal provinces around southern Africa: (1) Tropical West African, (2) Namaquaor Cold Temperate West Coast, (3) Warm Temperate South Coast, (4) Subtropical East Coast,(5) Tropical East Coast. (Areas of overlap are only approximate.)
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
America, Mexico, West Africa, Angola, and Ant-arctica. The family as a whole has not beenrecorded later than the Cretaceous and thus haslittle bearing on the history of the present-dayforms.
From the lower Miocene of Pemba Island,Stubblefield (1927) recorded the cancrid crabPalaeocarpilius intermedius, and a portunid, Neptu-nus, while from the lower Miocene of Inhambane,Mozambique, Stubblefield (1939) recorded an-other Neptunus as well as the extinct leucosiid crabTypilobus cf. granulosus.
King (1953) mentioned the presence of a "nep-tunid" (= portunid) crab from the lower Miocenedeposits of Uloa, Zululand.
Bohm (1926) recorded Callianassa erecta, Calli-anassa cf. fraasi, and Brachyuridarus sp. (possibly axanthid) from the lower Miocene of Bogenfels,South West Africa.
From such slender records, no useful conclu-sions can be drawn. Any speculations regardingthe present-day distribution and origin of thedecapod fauna must come from a considerationof the geological history of the area.
The southern African subcontinent, togetherwith South America, India, Madagascar, Aus-tralia, and Antarctica formed the southern land-mass of Gondwanaland (Crowson, 1970). Duringthe Jurassic (± 160 X 106 years b.p.) this landmassbegan to split up, with India, Madagascar, andAustralia breaking away from Africa and expos-ing the eastern and southeastern continental edgeof southern Africa. It was only during the upperValanginian of the Cretaceous that South Amer-ica and Africa began to separate, the break beingcompleted during the Lower Turonian of theCretaceous, 70 million years ago. The southeast-ern edge of Africa was thus exposed to oceanicconditions as well as to the faunal pioneers of theearly Indian Ocean long before the North andSouth Atlantic joined and washed the southwest-ern continental margin. From this time on,changes in sea level, whether due to polar iceactivity of the mid-oceanic ridges, accompaniedby marine transgressions and regressions, tookplace especially during the Tertiary and Quarter-
nary eras. These sea-level changes were undoubt-edly reflected in changes in the faunal composi-tion. There is a good evidence that the overallwater-mass and current picture was considerablydifferent from that of today. Micropalaeontolog-ical evidence from the east coast suggests that theAgulhas Current was not the well-marked year-round phenomenon it now is, during the lastPleistocene interglacial (Hutson, 1980). Further,if, as claimed by Prell and Hutson (1979), theIndian Ocean surface waters 18,000 years agowere much cooler than at present, and the Agul-has Current much weaker, the tropical Indo-Pa-cific fauna of the east coast must represent arelatively recent incursion, which is probably stilltaking place. As for the west coast fauna, studiesof the Plio-Pleistocene molluscan fauna of raisedbeaches (Carrington and Kensley, 1969; Kensley,1972, 1974b, 1977d; Tankard, 1975) indicate thata far more tropical and typically warm-waterfauna prevailed up to the last interglacial in anarea which is at present cold-temperate. Relictsof this warm-water fauna may have survived insheltered and therefore warmer pockets such asLangebaan Lagoon, Saldanha Bay, and FalseBay.
Decapoda from Neighboring Islands,Seamounts, and Shoals
Ascension Island, situated at 7°55'S, 14°30'W onthe mid-Atlantic ridge, has little affinity with thesouthern African decapod fauna. The single spe-cies in common is Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus)which is widespread through the Atlantic, andwhich occurs in northern South West Africa.
St. Helena Island, further south and closer to theAfrican continent than Ascension, has a well-developed decapod fauna showing some affinitywith southern Africa. Of the 23 species recorded(Chace, 1966) six are known from southern Af-rica. Of these, Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus) andCalappa gallus (Herbst) are widespread throughthe tropical Atlantic; Planes cyaneus Dana is wellknown from the Indo-Pacific; Plagusia depressaLamarck is known from both sides of the Atlantic;Dardanus arrosor (Herbst) from the eastern Atlantic
NUMBER 338 15
and the Indo-Pacific; and Metalpheus paragracilis(Coutiere) from the Indo-Pacific.
Whereas the fish, molluscs, and echinoderms ofSt. Helena show affinities first with the WestIndies, and then with the Mediterranean andeastern North Atlantic, the decapods seem moreclosely related to the West African and southernAfrican fauna, seven species being common toboth areas. Chace (1966) expressed the view thatonly Planes cyaneus Dana, an oceanic species oftenfound clinging to floating objects, came fromsouthern Africa, having been carried by the tradewind drift.
Seamount Vema, situated 720 km off the coast ofSouth Africa at 31°38'S, 8°20'E lies in the centralregion of the Cape Basin. It has a plateau-likesummit some 7 km in width, at a depth of 45-80m. Of the decapods from Vema, Pseudodromiacacuminis Kensley and Macropodia cirripilus Kensleyare regarded as endemic (Kensley, 1980b), theformer being closely related to Pseudodromia spinos-issima Kensley from the east coast of South Africa.The single palinuran, Jasus tristani Holthuis, isalso known from Tristan da Cunha, while Pseu-dactea corallina (Alcock) has Indo-Pacific affinity.Three species are true mesopelagics, Notostomusauriculatus Barnard, Gennadas gilchristi Caiman,and Funchalia villosa (Bouvier). Of these, the No-tostomus and Funchalia are true Atlantic forms,while G. gilchristi has only been recorded from theAgulhas Basin and the south-west Indian Ocean.Pagurus cuanensis (Bell), Eualus ctenifera (Barnard),and Pontophilus sculpta (Bell) have been recordedfrom southern Africa, while Pagurus chevreuxi Bou-vier, Alpheus macrocheles (Hailstone), and Synalpheushuluensis africanus Crosnier and Forest are knownfrom the Mediterranean and/or West Africa. Theisopod fauna of Seamount Vema shows a muchstronger affinity with southern Africa (Kensley,1980b).
Seamount Tripp is situated at 29°36'S, 14°18'Eoff the coast of Namaqualand, in about 3000 mof water, and rises to about 160-170 m from thesurface. One sample from the Sea FisheriesBranch has yielded two decapods, Paromola cuvieri(Risso) and Eumunida picta Smith. For both spe-
cies, this is the most southerly record. The formerhas been recorded from the Mediterranean, Sen-egal, Cape Verde Islands, Azores, Ireland, Scot-land, the Orkneys, Norway, the Shetlands,Congo, and Angola, and is a true Atlantic form.Eumunida picta Smith is known from the CanaryIslands, Massachusetts, Australia, and New Zea-land. These records suggest a widespread distri-bution.
Tristan da Cunha at 37°OO'S, 12°50'E is an out-lier of the mid-Atlantic ridge and well within theinfluence of the West Wind Drift. It is thus notsurprising that Plagusia chabrus (Linnaeus) andOvalipes punctatus (de Haan), both characteristi-cally austral species, have been recorded here.Jasus tristani Holthuis is confined to this islandgroup and to Seamount Vema. The only otherrecords are a species of Pachygrapsus and a Notos-tomus sp. taken from an albatross' gut.
Walter's Shoal situated on the South Madagas-car Ridge at 33°13'S, 43°51'E lies in about 38-46 m of water, and has been sampled by the R.V.Anton Bruun. The following five species have beenrecorded: Homola barbata (Fabricius) and Macro-podia formosa Rathbun, both of which are knownfrom the Atlantic and the east coast of SouthAfrica; Platypodia granulosa (Riippell), a typicallyIndo-Pacific species; Eualus ctenifera (Barnard),recorded from Maputo to Cape Point and fromSeamount Vema; and Alpheus waltervadi Kensley,known only from this area.
Comparison of Decapoda with Other BenthicCrustacea from Southern Africa
When other crustacean groups from southernAfrica are considered, a picture not too differentfrom the decapods emerges. Griffiths (1977)noted a 46% endemism for amphipod species,concentrated in the south-western Cape Province.Griffiths further suggested that in spite of thefairly high endemism, the region derived its basicstock from tropical and southern temperate areas.J. A. Day (1979), working with the Cumacea,came to a similar conclusion, and in particularnoted the cutoff in numbers somewhere between
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Durban and East London, which she took toindicate the presence of a boundary betweenfaunistic provinces. A similar cutoff has beennoted above for the decapods. From unpublishedrecords I have been able to determine that theisopods follow a pattern similar to that of theCumacea and amphipods, but with even higherendemism centered in the southwestern Cape-Agulhas Bank area. The endemic peak noted forthe decapods in the Durban area was not appar-ent for the abovementioned peracaridan groups.
Comparison of the Decapod Faunasof Australia, New Zealand, South America,
and Southern Africa
Little useful information emerges from com-parison of the decapod faunas of the SouthernHemisphere regions.
The decapod fauna of Australia (Griffin andYaldwyn, 1968) is almost double the size of thesouthern African fauna, and may be broadlydivided into a tropical component and southerntemperate component. In general terms, thefauna of Australia is almost entirely derived fromthe Indo-Pacific. Although there are several gen-era in common with southern Africa, relativelyfew species are shared. Interestingly, of the 10largest decapod families in southern Africa, sevenof these occur in the 10 largest Australian families,with Xanthidae, Majidae, and Portunidae, in thisorder, being the three largest in both areas. TheMajidae of southern Africa have both Atlanticand Pacific components, whereas the Australianmajids (Griffin, 1966a) are almost entirely Indo-Pacific. Nine species are common to South Africaand Australia, with only Achaeopsis thomsoni (Nor-man) not having a tropical distribution. (SeeTable 3.)
The Australian Thalassinidea are richer andhave more endemic species than in southern Af-rica, with no species in common. (See Table 4.)
TABLE 3.—Comparison of the majid crab fauna of southernAfrica, Australia, and New Zealand (Australian figures fromGriffin, 1966a; New Zealand figures from Griffin, 1966b)
Region
Southern AfricaAustraliaNew Zealand
Genera SpeciesEndemic
species
284511
429518
. 11 (26%)37 (39%)12 (66%)
TABLE 4.—Comparison of the thalassinidean fauna of Aus-tralia and southern Africa (Australian figures from Pooreand Griffin, 1979)
Region
Southern AfricaAustralia
Families Genera SpeciesEndemic
species
7
10
18 10 (55%)
40 28 (70%)
The New Zealand brachyuran (Dell, 1968) aswell as the anomuran and natantian (Yaldwyn,1967) forms are oceanic in character with 53%-55% endemism, showing close affinity to the Aus-tralian fauna, and then to the Indo-Pacific ingeneral, and with very little in common withsouthern Africa. Plagusia chabrus (Linnaeus), Lith-odes murrayi Henderson, and Eumunida picta Smithseem to be the only benthic species shared. TheNew Zealand and southern African records forPalaemon (N.) tenuipes (Henderson) need to bereexamined.
Very little information is available from SouthAmerica (see Coelho, Ramos-Porto, and Koening,1978). Ovalipes punctatus (de Haan), Pilumnoidesperlatus (Poppig), and Plagusia chabrus (Linnaeus)from southern Africa and South America havebeen discussed above in relation to austral distri-bution. The South American records of Ogyridesoccidentalis (Ortmann) from Brasil, and Ibacus in-cisus (Peron) from Chile are suspect, while thetaxonomic position of the South American Cyclo-grapsus punctata H. Milne-Edwards needs reap-praisal.
Checklist of Southern African DecapodaSOURCES OF DATA.—Apart from the many pub-
lished records on southern African decapods, forcompilation of the present list I have drawn onthe entire holdings and records of the South
NUMBER 338 17
African Museum, many of which are unpub-lished, as well as those of the Department ofZoology of the University of Cape Town. Collec-tions from the Sea Fisheries Branch of the De-partment of Industry donated to the South Afri-can Museum in 1979 have also been processed,and the records included.
NOTES ON THE CHECKLIST.—The author anddate of publication for each species is provided.A recent (often the only) reference to the species'occurrence in southern African waters is pro-vided. As Barnard (1950) mentions many of thespecies, and is often the most useful reference, forbrevity this reference is indicated by the letter"B."
The depth distribution information (in meters)
pertains only to the southern African records.The geographic range within the defined
southern African region is given from west to east.Where no reference to a southern African rec-
ord is given, the record comes from the SouthAfrican Museum's collections but has not previ-ously been published.
No attempt has been made to separate theIndian Ocean or Indo-West Pacific regions. Theseare included under the broad heading of Indo-Pacific.
Although every attempt has been made toensure that the most recently accepted nomencla-ture is used, inaccuracies may still be present,while taxonomic changes will certainly take placeto alter the list.
VjfTlliS
Funchalia
Macropetasma
Metapenaeopsis
Metapenaeus
Parapenaeopsis
Parapenaeus
Species
villosa (Bouvier,1905b)
woodwardi Johnson,1867
africana (Balss, 1913)
andamanensis (Wood-Mason and Al-cock, 1891)
hilarulus (de Man,1911a)
mogiensis (Rathbun,1902)
quinquedentata (deMan, 1907)
philippi (Bate, 1881)
monoceros (Fabricius,1798)
stebbingi Nobili, 1904acclivirostris Alcock,
1905afissurus (Bate, 1881)
Recentreference
Depthdistribution
Family PENAEIDAE
Kensley, 1977a
Kensley, 1977a
B
Champion, 1973
B
B
B
B; Champion,1973
B
BB
B; Kensley,1977a
200-600
250-500
shallow infratidalto 30
300
shallow infratidal
shallow infratidal
100-120
380
24-76
shallow infratidal25-50
70-90
Southern Africandistribution
Agulhas Bank toNatal
off Cape Penin-sula
Swakopmund toNatal
off Mozambique
Natal
Natal
Natal
Natal
East London toMozambique
MozambiqueNatal to Mozam-
biqueNatal
Worldwidedistribution
NE Atlantic,NW AtlanticMediterra-nean, Carib-bean, S At-lantic
Mediterranean,NE Atlantic,S Atlantic
-
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indian OceanIndian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
KJCTIHS
Penaeopsis
Penaeus
Trachypenaeus
Species
investigatoris Alcock
and Anderson,1899
balssi Ivanov andHassan, 1976
jerryi Perez Farfante,1979
canaliculatus Olivier,1811
indicus H. Milne-Ed-wards, 1837
japonicus Bate, 1888
latisulcatus Kishin-ouye, 1900
marginatus Randall,1840
monodon Fabricius,1798
semisulcatus de Haan,1849
curviroslris (Stimpson,1860)
Recent
reference
B
Ivanov andHassan, 1976
Perez Farfante,1979
B
B
B
Joubert, 1965
Champion, 1973
B
B
Champion, 1973
Depthdistribution
360
280-450
183-766
shallow infratidal,estuarine
shallow infratidal,estuarine
shallow infratidalto 65, estuarine
shallow infratidal
70-320
shallow infratidalto 80, estuarine
shallow infratidalto 80
shallow infratidal,estuarine
Southern Africandistribution
Natal
off Zululand
off Mozambique
Knysna to Moz-ambique
Port Elizabeth toMozambique
Knysna to Moz-ambique
Natal
Natal
Port Elizabeth toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
Worldwidedistribution
Indian Ocean
MozambiqueChannel
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific,Mediterra-nean
Family ARISTEIDAE
Subfamily ARISTEINAE
Anstaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1826) B; Crosnier, 460-920
1978
Ansteus vinlis (Bate, 1888) Kensley, 1977a; 770-1200Crosnier,1978
Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus (John- Kensley, 1977a; 560-1200
son, 1867) Crosnier,1978
mtidus Barnard, 1947 B; Kensley, 490-12601977a
East London toMozambique
off Natal
Cape Point toNatal
Cape Point toNatal
Mediterranean,NE Atlantic,Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
NW Atlantic, EAtlanticIndo-Pacific
Subfamily BENTHESICYMINAE
Bentheogennema
Benthesicymus
intermedia (Bate,
1888)
pasithea (de Man,1907)
expansus Kensley,1977a
B; Crosnier,1978
Crosnier, 1978;Kensley,1980a
Kensley, 1977a
1000-2020
600-660
1000-1200
Cape Point toNatal
off Natal
off Natal
NW Atlantic, EAtlantic,Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
NUMBER 338 19
Genus
Gennadas
Cryptopenaeus
Haliporoides
Haliporus
Hymenopenaeus
Solenocera
Species
investigatoris Alcock
and Anderson,1899
bouvieri Kemp, 1909
brevirostris Bouvier,
1905acapensis Caiman,
1925
gilchristi Caiman,1925
incertus (Balss, 1927)
kempi Stebbing,1914b
parvus Bate, 1881
propinquus Rathbun,1906
scutatus Bouvier,1906a
tinayrei Bouvier,1906b
valens (Smith, 1884)
catherinae de Freitas,1979
triarthrus Stebbing,1914a
taprobanensis Alcock
and Anderson,1899
vittosus Alcock andAnderson, 1894
halli Bruce, 1966
afncana Stebbing,1917b
algoense Barnard,1947
comala Stebbine,
Recentreference
Kensley, 1977a;Crosnier,1978
Kensley 1971b;Crosnier,1978
Kensley, 1971b
Kensley, 1971b;Crosnier,1978
Kensley, 1971b
Kensley 1971b;Crosnier,1978
Kensley, 1971b
Kensley, 1971b;Crosnier,1978
Crosnier, 1978
Kensley, 1971b;Crosnier,1978
Kensley, 1971b;Crosnier,1978
Kensley, 1971b
Depthdistribution
720-1200
250-3400
0-200
250-1000
200-3400
120-700
250-3400
250-1000
200-3400
200-3400
600-1400
100
Family SOLENOCERIDAE
de Freitas, 1979
B; Crosnier,1978
Crosnier, 1978
Kensley, 1968
Crosnier, 1978;Kensley,1980a
B; Crosnier andForest, 1973
B; Crosnier,1978
B; Crosnier,
310-500
320-720
770-820
2790
625-900
40-170
100
60-100
Southern Africandistribution
Transkei to Natal
Cape Point toNatal
off Cape penin-sula
Cape Point toNatal
Cape Point toNatal
Cape Point toNatal
Cape Point toNatal
Cape Point toNatal
off Cape Penin-sula
Cape Point toNatal
Cape Point toNatal
Cape Peninsulato AgulhasBank
Mozambique
Table Bay to Na-tal
off Natal
off Cape Penin-sula
off Natal
Table Bay toPort Elizabeth
Port Elizabeth
East London to
Worldwide
distribution
Indo-Pacific
Caribbean,Indo-Pacific
E Atlantic
Caribbean, EAtlantic, In-dian Ocean,Pacific
Southern In-dian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
NE Atlantic,Caribbean,Indo-Pacific
NE Atlantic,NW AtlanticIndo-Pacific
Mediterranean,E Atlantic,Caribbean
-
-
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
W Africa
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean,
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus Species
1915
membranacea (Risso,
1816)B
Recentreference
1978
Depth
distribution
240-360
Southern African
distribution
Worldwide
distribution
Natal China, JapanTable Bay to Mediterranean,
Agulhas Bank NE Atlantic
Family SICYONIIDAE
Sicyonia
Acetes
Lucifei
Petalidium
Sergestes
Sergio
lancifer (Olivier,1811)
longicauda Rathbun,1906
truncata Kubo, 1949
erythraeus Nobili,
1905anatalensis Barnard,
1955chacei Bowman, 1967orientalis Hansen,
1919penicillifer Hansen,
1919typus H. Milne-Ed-
wards, 1837foliaceum Bate, 1881
obesum (Kr0yer,1859)
arcticus Kr0yer, 1859[= S. sinuolala(Risso, 1816)]
armatus Kr0yer, 1855
atlanticus H. Milne-Edwards, 1830
curvatus Crosnier andForest, 1973
disjunctus Burken-road, 1940
pedmatus Sund, 1920
sargassi Ortmann,1893
creber (Burkenroad,1940)
gardineri (Kemp,1913)
B
B
shallow infratidal
80-600
Family SERGESTIDAE
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971aKensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1971a;Holthuis,1977
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Crosnier andForest, 1973
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1980a
shallow infratidal
shallow infratidal
pelagicpelagic
pelagic
pelagic
250-1260
250-1750
surface to 820
surface to 1000
500-600
surface to 1000
100-1130
surface to 1170
surface to 600
250-500
surface to 1120
Mozambique
East London toNatal
Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Durban
off MozambiquePort Elizabeth to
NatalAgulhas Bank to
MozambiqueTable Bay to
Mozambiqueoff Cape Penin-
sula to NatalTranskei to Natal
Saldanha Bay toAgulhas Bank
off Saldanha Bayto Mozam-bique
off Saldanha Bayto Agulhas Ba-sin
off Saldanha Bayto Mozam-bique
Cape Point toNatal
off Saldanha Bayto Natal
off Saldanha Bayto Agulhas Ba-sin
Cape Point toMozambique
off Natal
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Japan
Indian Ocean
-
Indo-PacificIndo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
N & S Atlantic,Indo-Pacific
Austral Seas toAntarctica
NE Atlantic
Mediterranean,N & S Atlan-tic, Indo-Pa-cific
Mediterranean,N & S Atlan-tic
Mediterranean,N & S Atlan-tic
N & S Atlantic
off New Zea-land
N Atlantic,Caribbean
Mediterranean,N Atlantic,Caribbean
off New Guinea
Indian Ocean
NUMBER 338 21
Genus
Odontozona
Spongiocaris
Stenopus
Acanthephyra
Species
grandis (Sund, 1920)
inequahs (Burken-road, 1940)
laminatus (Burken-road, 1940)
potens (Burkenroad,1940)
prehensilis (Bate,
1881)regalis (Gordon,
1939)scintillans (Burken-
road, 1940)splendens (Sund,
1920)talismani (Barnard,
1947)
spinosissima Kensley,1980a
semiteres Bruce andBaba, 1973
hispidus (Olivier,1811)
armata A. Milne-Ed-wards, 1881
brevirostris Smith,1885
corallina (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883)
curtirostris Wood-Ma-son and Alcock,1891
eximia Smith, 1884
gracilipes Chace,1940
indica Balss, 1925pelagica (Risso, 1816)
pnonota Foxton, 1971
quadrispinosa Kemp,1939
Recent
reference
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1971a
Kensley, 1977a
Depth
distribution
90-750
1150-2166
surface to 1416
surface to 900
surface to 1500
surface to 1120
surface to 1120
surface to 600
surface to 500
Family STENOPODIDAE
Kensley, 1980a
Bruce andBaba, 1973
B
150-200
460
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
Family OPLOPHORIDAE
Kensley, 1977a
Kensley, 1968
Kensley, 1968
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1977a
Kensley, 1968
Kensley, 1977aKensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1968;1980a
770-850
2708
2520-2780
250-1320
700-1200
2269
290-700800-2166
750-1750
250-1700
Southern African
distribution
Saldanha Bay toMozambique
off Natal
off Saldanha Bayto Natal
off Saldanha Bayto Mozam-bique
Saldanha Bay toMozambique
Saldanha Bay toMozambique
Agulhas Basin toNatal
off Saldanha Bay
off Natal
off Transkei
off Durban
Agulhas Bank toMozambique
off Natal
off Cape Point
off Cape Point
off Natal
off Natal
off Cape Point
off Nataloff Cape Point to
Natal
off Natal
off Cape Point toNatal
Worldwidedistribution
N Atlantic
Java Sea
Indian Ocean
New Zealand
Indo-Pacific
S Atlantic
off Sumatra
MediterraneanN Atlantic
NE Atlantic
_
-
Atlantic, Indo-Pacific
W Indies, In-dian Ocean
N & S AtlanticIndo-Pacific
Indian Ocean,N Atlantic
NE Atlantic,Caribbean,Indo-Pacific
N & S AtlanticIndo-Pacific
off Bermuda
Indian OceanMediterranean
N & S Allantic, Indo-Pa-cific
NE Atlantic,Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific, SAtlantic
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Hymenodora
Meningodora
Notostomus
Oplophorus
Systellaspis
Candtna
Species
stylorostrata (Bate,1888)
gracilis Smith, 1887
miccyla (Chace, 1940)
mollis Smith, 1882
vesca (Smith, 1887)
auriculatus Barnard,1950
elegans A. Milne-Ed-wards, 1881
gibbosus A. Milne-Edwards, 1881
gracilirostris A.Milne-Edwards,1881
spinicauda A. Milne-Edwards, 1883
spinosus (Brulle,1839)
typus H. Milne-Ed-wards, 1837
cristata (Faxon, 1893)
debilis (A. Milne-Ed-wards, 1881)
afncana Kingsley,1882
mlotica (Roux, 1833)
typus H. Milne-Ed-wards, 1837
Recent
reference
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1968
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1969
Kensley, 1977a
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1968,1977a
Family
B
B
B
Depthdistribution
870-1700
2200-3000
250-750
840-2160
1120
670-2780
750-1170
1050-1260
750
460-1120
600-640
250-900
150-1500
ATYIDAE
freshwater
freshwater
freshwater
Southern Africandistribution
off Natal
off Cape Point
off Natal
off Natal
off Natal
off Cape Point toNatal
off Natal
off Natal
off Natal to Moz-ambique
off Natal to Moz-ambique
off Mozambique
off Natal
off Natal
Saldanha Bay toMozambique
Natal, Zululand
Orange FreeState, Natal,Transvaal,Mozambique
Natal, Zululand
Worldwidedistribution
N Atlantic,Indo-Pacific
N Atlantic, In-dian Ocean
N Atlantic,Caribbean
N & S Atlantic,Indo-Pacific
NE Atlantic,Caribbean,Indo-Pacific
N & S Atlantic
N & S Atlantic
N Atlantic,Caribbean,Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
N & S AtlanticIndo-Pacific
N & S AtlanticCaribbean,Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
N & S AtlanticIndo-Pacific
N & S AtlanticIndo-Pacific
_
N & E Africa,Madagascar,India, ChinaEast Indies,Australia
Indian OceanIslands, Aus-tralia
Nematocarcinus longirostrts Bate, 1888 B; Kensley,1968
parvidentatus Bate, B; Kensley,1888 1968
Family NEMATOCARCINIDAE
1098-3148
2270-3257
off Cape Point
Cape Point toNatal
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
NUMBER 338 23
Genus SpeciesRecent Depth Southern African Worldwide
reference distribution distribution distribution
Family STYLODACTYLIDAE
Parastylodactylus
Stylodactylus
Eupasiphae
Leptochela
Parapasiphae
Pasiphaea
bimaxillaris Bate,1888
slebbingi Hayashiand Miyake, 1968
gilesii Wood-Masonand Alcock, 1893
pugnax de Man, 1916
robusta Stimpson,1860
sulcatifrons Smith,1884
meiringnaudei Ken-sley, 1977a
sivado (Risso, 1816)
Hayashi andMiyake, 1968;Figueira, 1971
Hayashi andMiyake, 1968
300-600
380-600
Family PASIPHAEIDAE
Kensley, 1977a
Kensley, 1969
Kensley, 1969
B
Kensley, 1977a
Kensley, 1977a
340-770
35
shallow infratidalto 132
1300
560-1200
140-550
Natal to Mozam-bique
Cape Point toEast London
off Natal
off Durban
off Mozambique
off Cape Point
off Natal
off Natal
Indo-Pacific
-
NE Atlantic,Indian Ocean
Mediterranean,Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
N & S Atlantic,IndianOcean, E Pa-cific
-
Mediterranean,NE Atlantic,Indian Ocean
Discias mvitae Bruce, 1976
Family BRESILIIDAE
Bruce, 1976 15 Zululand Kenya, East Af-
Rhynchocinetes durbanensis Gordon ,1936
rigens Gordon , 1936
Family RHYNCHOCINETIDAE
B intertidal Durban
16 Natal N Atlantic,Caribbean,Indo-Pacific
Leander
Macrobrachium
tenuicornis (Say,1818)
equidens (Dana,1852a)
Family PALAEMONIDAE
Subfamily PALAEMONINAE
Barnard, 1955 intertidal, shallowinfratidal
Holthuis, 1950 freshwater
Mozambique
Natal, Mozam-bique
NE, NW & SWAtlantic,Mediterra-nean, Carib-bean, Indo-Pacific
E Africa, Indo-Pacific
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Palaemon
(Nematopalae-
mori)
(Palaeander)
{Palaemon)
Anchistus
Conchodytes
Coralliocaris
Harpiliopsis
Ischnopontonia
Jocaste
Palaemonella
Peridimenaeus
Species
idella (Hilgendorf,1878)
lepidactylus (Hilgen-
dorf, 1878)petersii (Hilgendorf,
1878)rude (Heller, 1862)
vollenhoveni (Herklots,
1857)
tenuipes (Henderson,1893)
elegans Rathke, 1837
capensis de Man,1897a
concinnus Dana,1852a
debilis Dana, 1852a
pacificus (Stimpson,1860)
custos (Forskal, 1775)
tridacnae Peters, 1852
graminea (Dana,
1852a)beaupresi (Audouin,
1826)depressus (Stimpson,
1860)lophos (Barnard,
1962)lucina (Nobili, 1901)
rotumanus (Borra-
daile, 1898)natalensis (Stebbing,
1915)tridentatus (Miers,
1884)uropodialis Barnard,
1958
Recent
reference
B
B
B
B
Kensley, 1970b
Holthuis, 1950
B; Barnard,1955
Bernard, 1955
Barnard, 1955
B; Barnard,1955
Subfamily
B; Barnard,1958
B; Barnard,1958
B; Barnard,1958
B; Barnard,1958
B; Barnard,1958
Barnard, 1962
B; Barnard,1958
Barnard, 1958;Bruce, 1970
Barnard, 1958
Barnard, 1958
Barnard, 1958
Depth
distribution
freshwater
freshwater
freshwater
freshwater
freshwater
estuarine, shallowinfratidal
shallow infratidal
freshwater
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal to shal-low infratidal,estuarine
PONTONIINAE
intertidal, shallowinfratidal
intertidal, shallowinfratidal
intertidal, shallowinfratidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
800
intertidal
intertidal
Southern Africandistribution
Natal, Mozam-bique
East London toMozambique
Natal, Mozam-bique
Natal, Mozam-bique
Kunene River
Natal
Liideritz, Swak-opmund
Hermanus toPort Elizabeth
Natal, Zululand
Natal
northern S.W.A.to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Natal
Mozambique
Mozambique
Worldwidedistribution
E Africa, Mad-agascar, In-dia
E Africa, Mad-agascar
-
E Africa, Mad-agascar, In-dia
W Africa, CapeVerde Islands
Indo-Pacific,New Zealand
Mediterranean,NE Atlantic,W Africa
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Mediterranean,Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
NUMBER 338 25
(jenus
Penclimenes(Harpilius)
(Periclimenes)
Gnathophyllum
Hymmocera
Alpheus
Species
brevicarpalis (Schen-kel, 1902)
demani Kemp, 1915
grandis (Stimpson,1860)
seychellensis
Borradaile, 1915commensalis Borra-
daile, 1915delagoae Barnard,
1958imperator Bruce, 1967lanipes Kemp, 1922
americanum Guerin-Meneville, 1855
picta Dana, 1852c
albatrossae (Banner,1953)
architectus (de Man,1897b)
bisincisus de Haan,1849
collumianus Stimpson,1860
crassimanus Heller,1865
dissodontonotus Steb-
bing, 1915edwardsii (Audouin,
1826)frontalis H. Milne-
Edwards, 1837longecarinatus Hilgen-
dorf, 1878lottini Guerin-Mene-
ville, 1831malabariais Fabricius,
1798nonalter Kensley,
1969
notabilis Stebbing,1915
Recent
reference
Barnard, 1958
Barnard, 1955,1958
Barnard, 1955,1958
Barnard, 1958
Barnard, 1958
Barnard, 1958
Bruce, 1967Barnard, 1958
Depthdistribution
intertidal, shallowinfratidal
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidalintertidal
Family GNATHOPHYLLIDAE
B
B
intertidal, shallowinfratidal
intertidal
Family ALPHEIDAE
Kensley, 1978
Barnard, 1955
B
Barnard, 1958
B
B
B
B; Kensley,1969
B
B
B
Kensley, 1969;Banner andBanner, 1978
B
30
intertidal
50
shallow infratidal
intertidal, estua-rine
shallow infratidalto 40
intertidal to 26
200
86
shallow infratidal
shallow infratidal
175-200
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
Southern African
distribution
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
MozambiqueMozambique
Transkei to Moz-ambique
Mozambique
off Durban
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
Transkei to Moz-ambique
Bree River toMozambique
Still Bay to PortElizabeth
Natal to Mozam-bique
off Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Worldwidedistribution
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
_
Indo-PacificIndo-Pacific
NE & NW Atlantic, IndoPacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Japan, Philip-pines
-
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
AreteAthanas
Betaeus
Metalpheus
Racilius
Synalpheus
Species
parvirostris Dana,1852a
rapacida de Man,1908b
rapax Fabricius, 1798strenuus Dana, 1852asulcatus Kingsley,
1878
waltervadi Kensley,1969
indica Coutiere, 1905djiboutensis Coutere,
1897minikoensis Coutiere,
1905nitescens Leach, 1814
jucundus Barnard,1947
paragracilis (Coutiere,1897)
compressus Paulson,1875
anisocheir Stebbing,1915
charon (Heller, 1861)jedanensis de Man,
1911b
Recentreference
B
B
BBB, as A. luciae
Kensley, 1969
Barnard, 1958B
B
B
B
Kensley, 1970a;Chace, 1972
Barnard, 1958
B
BB
Depthdistribution
shallow infratidal
shallow infratidalto 50
shallow infratidalshallow infratidalintertidal to shal-
low infratidal
38-46
intertidalintertidal
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
shallow infratidalto 40
intertidal to shal-low infratidal,estuarine
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal to 80
shallow infratidalshallow infratidal
to 8
Southern Africandistribution
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
MozambiqueMozambiqueNatal to Mozam-
bique
Walter's Shoal
MozambiqueMozambique
Port Elizabeth toMozambique
False Bay to Na-tal
Plettenberg Bayto Natal
Mozambique
Mozambique
Saldanha Bay toNatal
MozambiqueMozambique
Worldwidedistribution
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian OceanIndo-PacificEastern Atlan-
tic, Indo-Pa-cific
-
Indian OceanIndo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
MediterraneanNE Atlantic
-
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
_
Indo-PacificIndian Ocean
Ogyrides occidentalis (Ort-mann, 1893)
saldanhae Barnard,1947
striaticauda Kemp,1915
Family OGYRIDIDAE
B
B
Barnard, 1958
9-20
Liideritz
Lamberts Bay toFalse Bay
Mozambique
Brasil, W Africa
Indo-Pacific
Family HIPPOLYTIDAE
A lope
Eualus
Exhippolysmata
orientalis (de Man,1890)
ctenifera (Barnard,1950)
makrognathus (Steb-bing, 1921b)
pax (Stebbing, 1915)
tugelae Stebbing,1915
B
B
B
B
B
intertidal
30-80
shallow infratidal
60
2-52
Natal to Mozam-bique
Port Elizabeth toNatal
Durban
False Bay to StillBay
East London toNatal
Indo-Pacific
SeamountVema; Wal-ter's Shoal
_
NUMBER 338 27
Genus
Gelastocaris
Hippolyle
Latreutes
Lebbeus
Leontocaris
Lysmata
Merhippolyte
Saron
Thor
Tozeuma
Nikoides
Processa
Chlorotocus
Species
paronae (Nobili,1905b)
kraussiana (Stimpson,1860)
palliola Kensley,1970b
ventneosa H. Milne-Edwards, 1837
mucronatus (Stimpson,1860)
pygmaeus Nobili,1904
saldanhae (Barnard,1947)
paulsoni Stebbing,1905
kuekenthali (de Man,1902)
vittata (Stimpson,1860)
agulhasensis Bate,1888
calmani Kemp andSewell, 1912
marmoratus (Olivier,1811)
amboinensis (de Man,1888b)
lanceolalum Stimpson,1860
danae Paulson, 1875
aequimana (Paulson,1875)
austroafricana Bar-nard, 1947
bamardi Hayashi,1975
japonica (de Haan,1844)
sulcata Hayashi,1975
Recentreference
B
B
Kensley, 1970b;Crosnier,1971
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Kensley, 1970a
B
Depthdistribution
4
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
290
260-290
shallow infratidal
intertidal to 18
40-500
500-640
intertidal to 18
intertidal to 10
intertidal
Family PROCESSIDAE
Barnard,1955
Hayashi, 1975
Hayashi, 1975
Hayashi, 1975
Hayashi, 1975
Hayashi, 1975
43
intertidal, estua-rine to 10
50-150
40
30-60
55
Southern Africandistribution
Mozambique
Saldanha Bay toEast London
northern S.W.A.
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
off Saldanha Bay
Saldanha Bay toCape Point
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Saldanha Bay toEast London
off East London
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
False Bay to Na-tal
Port Elizabeth
Mozambique
Natal
Worldwidedistribution
Indo-Pacific
-
Guinea, Congo
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
-
-
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
S Angola
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
-
Indian Ocean,S Australia
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
crassicornis (Costa,1871)
Family PANDALIDAE
Kensley, 1969 112-440 Cape Point toNatal
N & S Atlantic,Mediterra-nean, Indo-Pacific
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Heterocarpus
Pandalina
Parapandalus
Plesionika
Species
dorsalis Bate, 1888laevigatus Bate, 1888
tricarinatus Alcockand Anderson,1894
woodmasoni Alcock,1901
brevirostris (Rathke,1843)
richardi (Coutiere,1905)
acanlhonotus (Smith,1882)
longirostris
(Borradaile, 1900)martia (A. Milne-Ed-
wards, 1883)
Recent
reference
Kensley, 1977aKensley, 1977a
Kensley, 1977a
Kensley, 1969
B
Kensley, 1980a
Kensley, 1969
B
B
Depth
distribution
550-920770-920
490-700
347
300-400
460-980
118
80-880
560-900
Southern Africandistribution
off NatalEast London to
NatalEast London to
Natal
off Natal
Cape Point toEast London
Saldanha Bay toNatal
off Natal
East London toNatal
Saldanha Bay toNatal
Worldwidedistribution
Indo-PacificN Atlantic,
Indo-PacificIndian Ocean
Indian Ocean
MediterraneanN Atlantic
NE & NW At-lantic, Indo-Pacific
MediterraneanN & S Allantic
Indo-Pacific
MediterraneanN & S Allantic, Indo-Pa-cific
Metacrangon
Pontocaris
Pontophilus
Glyphocrangon
jacqueti bellmarleyi
(Stebbing, 1914a)cataphracta (Olivi,
1792)
lacazei (Gourret,1888)
gracilis Smith, 1882
hendersoni, Kemp,1915
megalocheir (Steb-bing, 1915)
occidentals Faxon,1893
pilosus Kemp, 1916sculptus (Bell, 1847)
dentatus Barnard,1926
Family CRANGONIDAE
Crosnier andForest, 1973
Kensley, 1969
Kensley, 1969
B
B
B
Kensley, 1968
Barnard, 1955B; Kensley,
1980a
780-1098
48-118
150-440
360-600
shallow infratidalto 70
shallow infratidalto 50
2760-3560
intertidal60-550
Family GLYPHOCRANGONIDAE
Kensley, 1977a 490-800
Cape Point toNatal
Cape Point toNatal
Table Bay to Na-tal
off Cape Penin-sula
False Bay toMozambique
False Bay toMozambique
off Cape Point
MozambiqueFalse Bay to Na-
tal
Natal to Mozam-bique
SE Atlantic
Mediterranean,N & S Atlan-tic, IndianOcean
Mediterranean,N & S Atlan-tic, Indo-Pa-cific
N & S Atlantic,Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
_
Indo-Pacific
Indian OceanMediterranean,
E Atlantic,SeamountVema
Zanzibar
NUMBER 338 29
Genus
Homarus
Nephropsis
Nephrops
Polycheles
Stereomastis
Willemoesia
Species
longirostris (Smith,
1882)regalis Bate, 1888sculpta (Smith, 1882)
capensis (Herbst,1792)
atlantica (Norman,1882
stewarti Wood-Ma-son, 1873
andamanica Wood-
Mason, 1892
demam Stebbing,1917b
granulatus Faxon,1893
typhlops Heller, 1862
nana (Smith, 1884)
sculpta (Smith, 1882)
suhmi (Bate, 1878)bonaespei Kensley,
1968
Recentreference
B
Kensley, 1977aKensley, 1968
Depth
distribution
1300-1800
580-9201600-2000
Family NEPHROPIDAE
B; Wolff, 1978
B
B
B; Berry, 1969b
300-900
470
200-460
Family POLYCHELIDAE
B
B
B
B
B
BKensley, 1968
500-3000
900-1200
540
400-1800
600-2400
16002800-3520
Southern Africandistribution
off Cape Point
off Nataloff Cape Point
Table Bay toEast London
Natal
Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
off Cape Pointand WestCoast
off Cape Point
off Natal
off Cape Point
Cape Point toNatal
off Cape Pointoff Cape Point
Worldwidedistribution
N Atlantic
Indo-PacificN Atlantic
_
N Atlantic
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
-
N & S Atlantic,Indo-Pacific
Mediterranean,N Atlantic,Indian Ocean
N & S Atlantic,Indo-Pacific
Mediterranean,N & S Atlan-tic, Indo-Pa-cific
S Atlantic-
Jasus
Linuparus
Palinurus
Palinustus
Panulirus
Family PALINURIDAE
lalandii (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837)
somniosus Berry and
George, 1972delagoae Barnard,
1926gilchristi Stebbing,
1900mossambicus Barnard,
1926unicomutus Berry,
1979homarus (Linnaeus,
1758)
B; Paterson,1968
B; Berry andGeorge, 1972
Berry andPlante, 1973
Berry andPlante, 1973
B
Berry, 1979
Berry, 1971
intertidal to 90
230-324
250-400
55-102
406
390
1-36
northern S.W.A.to Port Eliza-beth
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
False Bay to Na-tal
Mozambique
off Natal
Port Elizabeth toNatal
-
-
SE Madagascar
-
-
-
Indian Ocean
30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Projasus
Puerulus
Ibacus
Panibacus
Scyllarides
Scyllarus
Thenus
Calocans
Enoplometopus
Meticonaxius
Scytoleptus
Callianassa
Species
longipes (H. Milne-Edwards, 1868b)
ornatus (Fabricius,1798)
penicillatus (Olivier,1791)
versicolor (Latreille,
1804)parkeri (Stebbing,
1902)
angulatus (Bate,1888)
carinatus Borradaile,1910
incisus (Peron, 1818)
ursus major (Herbst,1793)
elizabethae (Ortmann,1894)
cultrifer (Ortmann,1897)
martensii Pfeffer,1881)
tuberculatus (Bate,1888)
orientalis (Lund,1793)
alcocki McArdle,1900
barnardi Stebbing,1914a
longispinis McArdle,1901
occidentals (Randall,1839)
longispina (Stebbing,1920)
serripes Gerstaecker,1856
gilchristi Barnard,1947
Recentreference
Berry, 1971
Berry, 1971
Berry, 1971
Berry, 1971
George andGrindley,1964
Berry, 1969a
Berry, 1969a
Depthdistribution
1-18
1-25
1-10
1-16
500-800
280-320
320
Family SCYLLARIDAE
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Family
B
B
B
B
B
B
90-400
p
60-100
290
25
415
52
AXIIDAE
880-1000
84-180
1400
0-7
100-104
shallow
Family CALLIANASSIDAE
B 30-40
Southern African
distribution
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Transkei to Moz-ambique
East London toNatal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
East London toMozambique
Natal
Agulhas to Moz-ambique
off Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
off Natal
off Saldanha Bay
off Cape Point
Natal
off East London
Natal, Mozam-bique
False Bay to Na-tal
Worldwidedistribution
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
-
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Australia, Chile
Indo-Pacific
St. Helena Is.
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
-
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
_
Indian Ocean
NUMBER 338 31
Callichirus
Species
kraussi Stebbing,1900
natalensis Barnard,1947
pixn Kensley, 1975
rotundicaudata Steb-bing, 1902
australis Kensley,1974a
adamas (Kensley,1974a)
Recent
reference
B
B
Kensley, 1975
B
Kensley, 1974a;de Saint Lau-rent and leLoeuff, 1979
Kensley, 1974a;de Saint Lau-rent and leLoeuff, 1979
Depth
distribution
estuarine, interti-dal
•>
estuarine
intertidal to 75
10-180
intertidal to 35
Southern African
distribution
Olifants Rivermouth to Na-tal
Natal
Kowie River est-tuary
Saldanha Bay toNatal
Liideritz to Sal-danha Bay
Orange Rivermouth to Oli-fants Rivermouth
Worldwidedistribution
-
_
-
Ceylon
-
West Africa,Cape VerdeIs.
Family UPOGEBIIDAE
Upogebia
Pomatocheles
africana (Ortmann,1894)
assist Barnard, 1947
capensis (Krauss,1843)
cargadensis Borra-daile, 1910
savignyi Strahl, 1862
balssi Stebbing,1914a
estuarine, interti-dal to 18
intertidal
estuarine, interti-dal to 80
•>
40-80
Family PYLOCHELIDAE
B 160-260
Olifants River toNatal
False Bay to Na-tal
Liideritz to Mos-sel Bay
Natal
Plettenberg Bayto Mozam-bique
off East London
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean,Red Sea
Aniculus
Calcinus
aniculus (Fabricius,1793)
strigatus (Herbst,1804)
elegans (H. Milne-Edwards, 1836)
gaimardii (H. Milne-Edwards, 1848)
laevimanus (Randall,1839).
latens (Randall,1839)
Family DIOGENIDAE
B intertidal
B intertidal
B intertidal
B intertidal
B intertidal
B intertidal
Mozambique
Mozambique
Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Cancellus
Clibanarius
Dardanus
Diogenes
Paguristes
Species
makrothrix Stebbing,1924
clibanarius (Herbst,1791)
euryslernus Hilgen-dorf, 1878
longitarsus (de Haan,1849)
padavensis de Man,1888a
striolalus Dana,1852a
virescens (Krauss,1843)
arrosor (Herbst, 17%)
asper (de Haan,1849)
deformis (H. Milne-Edwards, 1836)
euopsis (Dana,1852a)
gut talus (Olivier,1811)
megistos (Herbst,1804)
pedunculatus (Herbst,1804)
setifer (H. Milne-Ed-wards, 1836)
avarus Heller, 1865
brevirostris Stimpson,1859c
costatus Henderson,1888
custos (Fabricius,1798)
extricatus Stebbing,1910
senex Heller, 1865
agulhasensis Forest,1954
bamardi Forest, 1954
engyops Barnard,1947
Recentreference
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
MacNae andKalk, 1958;Barnard, 1955
B
B
Barnard, 1955
B
B
Forest, 1954
Forest, 1954
Forest, 1954
Depthdistribution
34-80
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal to 180
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal to 48
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal to 90
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal, estua-rine
55
intertidal
intertidal
Southern Africandistribution
False Bay to EastLondon
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
False Bay toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
False Bay toMozambique
Saldanha Bay toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Saldanha Bay toNatal
Saldanha Bay toMozambique
Mozambique
False Bay to PortElizabeth
Natal to Mozam-bique
Agulhas Bank
False Bay to PortElizabeth
Liideritz to FalseBay
Worldwidedistribution
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
MediterraneanN & S Allantic, Carib-bean, Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
_
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
_
Indo-Pacific
_
_
_
NUMBER 338 33
Genus
Paguropsis
Species
gamianus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1836)
macrotrichus Forest,1954
lypica Henderson,1888
Recentreference
Forest, 1954
Forest, 1954
Depthdistribution
intertidal to 24
90-155
110-230
Southern Africandistribution
Liideritz to Plet-tenberg Bay
False Bay to Na-tal
Natal
Worldwidedistribution
Indo-Pacific
Coenobita
Family COENOBITIDAE
cavipes Stimpson, B1859c
rugosus H. Milne-Ed- Bwards, 1837
terrestrial
terrestrial
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Family PAGURIDAE
Anapagurus
Nematopagurus
Pagurus
Pylopagurus
Spiropagurus
Troglopagurus
hendersom Barnard,1947
gardineri Alcock,1905b
squamichelis Alcock,1905b
cuanensis (Thompson,1844)
deprofundus (Steb-bing, 1924)
placens Stebbing,1924
spinulentus Hender-son iftfifi
zebra Henderson,1893
liochele Barnard,1947
ungulatus (Studer,1882)
spiriger (de Haan,1849)
jousseaumi Bouvier,1897
B
Kensley, 1969
Kensley, 1969
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Barnard, 1955
MacNae andKalk, 1958
20-800
138
347
intertidal to 45
500-600
40-110
50-200
60-102
20-75
100
intertidal
intertidal
Lamberts Bay toNatal
off Natal
off Natal
False Bay to PortElizabeth
off East London
False Bay toKnysna
Mossel Bay toNotol
Agulhas Bank toEast London
Orange Rivermouth to PortElizabeth
Table Bay
Mozambique
Mozambique
-
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
MediterraneanN Atlantic,W Africa,SeamountVema
-
-
-
Indo-Pacific
-
W Africa, ?Caribbean
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Parapagurus dimorphus (Studer,1882)
kilbumi Kensley,1973
Family PARAPAGURIDAE
B; de Saint 160-440Laurent, 1972
Kensley, 1973 270
Saldanha Bay toAgulhas
Off Natal
S Atlantic
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus Species
pilosimanus bouvieri
Stebbing, 1910
Lithodes
Neolithodes
Paralomis
murrayi Henderson1888
asperrimus Barnard1947
capensis Stebbing,1905
roeleveldae Kensley,1980a
Recent
reference
de Saint Lau-rent, 1972
Depth
distribution
260-800
Family LITHODIDAE
Kensley, 1977b 600-800
B 900-1200
B 1000-3000
Kensley, 1980a 625-900
Southern African
distribution
Table Bay toEast London
Liideritz, off Na-tal
Saldanha toCape Point
off Cape Point
off Natal
Worldwidedistribution
subantarctic is-lands
Family GALATHEIDAE
Galathea
Munida
Munidopsis
dispersa Bate, 1858
elegans Adams andWhite, 1848
intermedia Liljeborg,1851
incerta Henderson,1888
sanctipauli Hender-son, 1885
semoni Ortmann,1894
bamardi Kensley,1968
chacei Kensley, 1968dasypus Alcock, 1894rostrata (A. Milne-
Edwards, 1880)simplex (A. Milne-
Edwards, 1880)
B
B
B
B
B
B
Kensley, 1968
Kensley, 1968Kensley, 1977bB
B
26-100
intertidal to 8
intertidal to 84
17-500
500-1050
180
2960-3320
30009001800-3000
500-2000
False Bay toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
False Bay toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Cape Point toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
off Cape Point
off Cape Pointoff Nataloff Cape Point
off Cape Point
MediterraneanN Atlantic,W Africa
Indo-Pacific
MediterraneanN Atlantic,W Africa
Philippines
N Atlantic
Indian Ocean
-
-Indian OceanN Atlantic, W
IndiesN Atlantic, W
Indies
Uroptychus edwardi Kensley,1980a
foulisi Kensley,1977b
mtidus (A. Milne-Ed-wards, 1880)
simiae Kensley,1977b
undecimspinosa Ken-
sley, 1977b
Family CHIROSTYLIDAE
Kensley, 1980a 900
Kensley, 1977b 1000-1200
Kensley, 1977b 160-920
Kensley, 1977b 400-450
Kensley, 1977b 360-430
off Natal
off Natal
East London toNatal
off Natal
-
-
N Atlantic, WIndies
_
off Natal
NUMBER 338 35
Genus
Eumunida
Hapaloptyx
Species
picla Smith, 1883
difjicilis Stebbing,1920
Recent
reference
Kensley, 1980b
Depth
distribution
800
Southern African
distribution
off Liideritz, Sea-mount Tripp
Worldwide
distribution
NW Atlantic,Cuba, Flor-ida, Aus-tralia, NewZealand
Family INCERTAE SEDIS
B 180 off Natal
Family PORCELLANIDAE
Pachycheles
Petrolisthes
Polyonyx
Porcellana
Porcellanella
natalensis (Krauss,
1843)alobatus Laurie, 1926coccineus (Owen,
1839)lamarcki (Leach,
1820)militaris (Heller,
1862)ornatus Paulson, 1875virgatus Paulson,
1875biunguiculatus (Dana,
1852c)dehaanii Krauss, 1843
delagoae Barnard,1955
serratifrons Stimpson,1859c
streptocheles S t imp-
son, 1859cquadrilobata Miers ,
1879atriloba White, 1852
B
Kensley,Kensley,
B
Kensley,
BBarnard,
B
B
Barnard,
Barnard,
B
B
B
1970a1970a
1969
1955
1955
1958
intertidal
intertidalintertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidalintertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal to 63
•>
27
Natal to Mozam-bique
MozambiqueMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
MozambiqueMozambique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Mozambique
False Bay to Na-tal
Mozambique
Mozambique
Indian Oceanand Red Sea
Indian OceanIndian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian OceanIndian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
-
-
Indo-Pacific
-
Australia
Indo-Pacific
Family RANINIDAE
Cosmonotus
Ranina
Raninoides
Albunea
grayi Adams andWhite, 1848
ranina (Linnaeus,1758)
bamardi Sakai, 1974
symnista (Linnaeus,1758)
B
B
Sakai, 1974
Family
B
112
shallow infratidalto 48
68
ALBUNEIDAE
intertidal
Natal Indo-Pacific
Natal to Mozam- Indo-Pacificbique
Natal Japan
Natal Indo-Pacific
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Emerita
Hippa
Species
austroafricanaSchmitt, 1937
adactyla Fabricius,1787
B
B
Recent
reference
Family
Depth
distribution
HIPPIDAE
intertidal
intertidal
Southern African
distribution
East London toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Worldwide
distribution
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Homolodromia bouvieri Doflein, 1904
Family HOMOLODROMIIDAE
Kensley, 1977b 500-700
Family DROMIIDAE
off Natal Indian Ocean
Conchoecetes
Cryptodromia
Cryptodromiopsis
Dromia
Dromidia
Dromidiopsis
Eudromidia
Exodromidia
arttficiosus (Fabricius,1798)
bullifera Alcock,1900b
canaliculata Stimp-son, 1859c
monodous Stebbing,1918
oktahedrous Stebbing,1923
tomentosa (Heller,1861)
bituberculata (Steb-
bing, 1920)lepidota Barnard,
1947mortenseni Kensley,
1978spongiosa (Stimpson,
1859c)dormia (Linnaeus,
1763)aegibotus Barnard,
1947dissothrix Barnard ,
1947hirsutissima (La-
marck, 1818)umdentata (Riippell,
1830)comuta Barnard,
1947frontalis (Henderson,
1888)hendersoni (Stebbing,
1921a)bicomis (Studer,
1882)spinosa (Studer,
1882)
B
Kensley,
Kensley,
B
B
Barnard,
B
B
Kensley,
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Kensley,
B
B
1970a
1970a
1955
1978
1978
24-100
intertidal
intertidal
shallow infratidal
intertidal
intertidal
32-44
100
100
intertidal to 160
shallow infratidalto 50
shallow infratidalto 76
30-36
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
shallow infratidal
shallow infratidalto 80
300
40-50
240-400
160-300
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Durban
Durban
Mozambique
False Bay to EastLondon
East London
Durban
Luderitz to EastLondon
Table Bay to Na-tal
Saldanha Bay toPort Elizabeth
Saldanha Bay toPort Elizabeth
Luderitz to FalseBay
Mozambique
False Bay to PortElizabeth
Agulhas Bank
Saldanha Bay toAgulhas Bank
Saldanha Bay toAgulhas Bank
Luderitz to FalseBay
Indo-racihc
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
-
-
Indian Ocean
-
-
-
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
-
-
_
Indo-Pacific
_
_
_
_
_
NUMBER 338 37
Genus
Petalomera
Pseudodromia
Speodromia
Dynomene
Corycodus
Cymonomus
Xeinostoma
Homola
Homolochunia
Paromola
Latreillia
Latreillopsis
Species
laevis Kensley, 1970awilsom (Fulton and
Grant, 1902)integrifrons Hender-
son, 1893latens Stimpson,
1859crotunda (MacLeay,
1838)spinosissima Kensley,
1977btrepidus Kensley,
1978platyarthrodes (Steb-
bing, 1905)
pilumnoides Alcock,
1900b
Recentreference
Kensley, 1970aB
B; Barnard,1955
B
B
Kensley, 1977b
Kensley, 1978
B
Depthdistribution
intertidal70-170
intertidal
20-110
12-350
380-550
80
40-60
Family DYNOMENIDAE
B 100
Southern Africandistribution
MozambiquePort Elizabeth to
MozambiqueMozambique
Saldanha Bay toEast London
Saldanha Bay toEast London
off Natal
off East London
False Bay to PortElizabeth
Natal
Worldwidedistribution
-Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
-
Indian Ocean
-
-
-
Indo-Pacific
Family TYMOLIDAE
disjunctipes (Steb-bing, 1910)
trifurcus Stebbing,1920
eucheir Stebbing,1920
barbata (Fabricius,1793)
B
B
B
B
120-200
80-600
160-200
Family HOMOLIDAE
92
orientals Henderson, B 150-2001888
valdivtae Doflein, Kensley, 1980a 600-650
1904alcocki (Stebbing, Kensley, 1980a 80-800
1920)cuvieri (Risso, 1816) Kensley, 1980a 800
pennifera Alcock,
1900abispinosa Henderson, B
1888multispinosa Ihle, B
1912
Family LATREILLIDAE
B 70
160
260
Natal
Mossel Bay toNatal
Natal
False Bay toAgulhas Bank
Natal to Mozam-bique
off Natal
Liideritz to Moz-ambique
off Liideritz
Natal to Mozam-bique
East London toNatal
Natal
Indian Ocean
Japan
Mediterranean,N Atlantic,Caribbean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Mediterranean,NE Atlantic,W Africa
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Dorippe
Ethusa
Calappa
Malula
Mursia
Arcania
Cryptocnemus
Ebalia
Heteronucia
Ixoides
Species
frascone (Herbst,1785)
lanata (Linnaeus,1767)
sinespina Kensley,1969
Recentreference
Family
Sakai, 1976
B
Kensley, 1969
Depthdistribution
DORIPPIDAE
415
48-90
138-350
Southern Africandistribution
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
off Natal
Worldwidedistribution
Indo-Pacific
MediterraneanW Africa
-
Family CALAPPIDAE
gallus (Herst, 1803)
hepatica (Linnaeus,1758)
japonica Ortmann,1892
lophos (Herbst, 1785)
banksii Leach, 1817
lunaris (Forskal,1775)
arrnata de Haan,1837
cristimanus de Haan,1837
B
B
B
B
B
B
B; Grindley,1961
B
48-72
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
58
40-72
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
intertidal to shal-low infratidal,estuarine
290
18-360
Natal to Mozam-bique
Durban to Moz-ambique
Port Elizabeth toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Saldanha Bay toNatal
Indo-Pacific,CaribbeanW Africa
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
-
Family LEUCOSIIDAE
septemspinosa (Fabn-cius, 1787)
undecimspinosa deHaan, 1841
holdsworthi Miers,1877a
agglomus Barnard,1955
glomus Stebbing,1921a
pondoensis Barnard,1955
tuberculata Miers,1881
tuberculosa (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873a)
angulata Barnard,1947
comutus Mac-Gilchrist, 1905
B
Kensley,
Barnard,
Barnard,
B
Kensley,
Barnard,
B
B
1978
1955
1955
1978
1955
24-50
120-160
intertidal
intertidal
50-60
60-300
48-100
160-370
intertidal
35
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
Mozambique
Mozambique
Natal
East London toNatal
Port Elizabeth toNatal
East London toNatal
Mozambique
Natal
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
-
Indian Ocean
W Africa,Azores, Ca-nary Is
Indo-Pacific
-
Indo-Pacific
NUMBER 338 39
enus
Leucisca
Leucosia
Myra
Nursilia
Philyra
Species
squalina MacLeay,1838
marmorea Bell, 1855
whitei Bell, 1855fugax (Fabricius,
1798)
dentata Bell, 1855globosa (Fabricius,
1798)globulosa H. Milne-
Edwards, 1837platychira de Haan,
1841punctata Bell, 1855
scabriuscula (Fabri-cius, 1798)
B
B
BB
Recent
reference
Kensley, 1969B
B
B
B
B
Depth
distribution
intertidal
415
54intertidal, estua-
rine
11024
24-108
26
intertidal to 50
intertidal
Southern African
distribution
False Bay toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
NatalMozambique
NatalNatal
East London toNatal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Saldanha Bay toNatal
Mozambique
Worldwidedistribution
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-PacificIndo-Pacific,
Mediterra-nean
Indo-PacificIndian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
-
Indian Ocean
Family MAJIDAE
Acanthophrys
Acanthonyx
Achaeopsis
Achaeus
Antilibinia
Camposcia
Cyphocarcinus
Cyrtomaia
Dehaanius
Doclea
Dorhynchus
longispina (de H a a n ,
1839)lunulalus (Risso,
1816)spinulosus Stimpson,
1858abamardi Griffin, 1968lacertosus Stimpson,
1858aspinosissimus Grifiln,
1968smithii MacLeay,
1838retusa Latreille, 1829
capreolus (Paulson,1875)
murrayi Miers, 1886dentatus (H. Milne-
Edwards, 1834)quadridentatus
(Krauss, 1843)scutellatus (MacLeay,
1838)undulatus Barnard,
1947muricata (Herbst,
1788)thomsoni Thomson,
1873
B
Kensley, 1970b
B
Griffin, 1968B
Griffin, 1968
B
B
Barnard, 1955
BB
B
B
B
B
B
40-50
intertidal
40-200
72intertidal to shal-
low infratidal100
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
shallow infratidal
intertidal
280intertidal to 290
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
intertidal
48
200-240
Mozambique
northern S.W.A.
Cape Point toNatal
East LondonNatal to Mozam-
biqueEast London
Plettenberg Bayto Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
MozambiqueSaldanha Bay to
NatalEast London to
MozambiqueNatal to Mozam-
biqueNatal to Mozam-
biqueNatal to Mozam-
biqueoff Cape Point
Indo-Pacific
Mediterranean,W Africa
-
-Indo-Pacific
-
-
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-PacificIndian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
-
Indo-Pacific
N & S AtlanticIndo-Pacific
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Eurynome
Huenia
Hyastenus
Inachus
LambrachaeusMacropodia
Maja
Menaethwps
Menaethius
Micippa
Naxioides
Paratymolus
Platymaia
Pleistacantha
Rochima
Schuophrys
Scyramathia
Species
aspera (Pennant,1777)
elegans Stebbing,1921a
proteus de Haan,1839
spinosus A. Milne-Edwards, 1872
dorsettensis (Pennant,1777)
guentheri (Miers,1879b)
ramifer Alcock, 1895falcifera (Stimpson,
1858a)formosa Rathbun,
1911rostrata (Linnaeus,
1761)
capensis (Ortmann,1894)
squinado (Herbst,1788)
delagoae Barnard,1955
fascicularis (Krauss,1843)
natalensis Barnard,1955
monoceros (Latreille,1825)
philyra (Herbst,1803)
lhalia (Herbst, 1803)
hirta A. Milne-Ed-wards, 1865
pubescens Miers,1879b
turbynei Stebbing,1902
moseleyi (Miers,1886)
natalensis Kensley,1977b
aspera (H. Milne-Ed-wards, 1834)
hertwigi Doflein,1900
Recentreference
B
B
B
B
B
B
Kensley, 1977cB
B
B
B
Kensley, 1970b
Barnard, 1955
B
Barnard, 1955
B
B
B
B
Barnard, 1955
Kensley, 1977b
B
Kensley, 1977b
B
B
Depthdistribution
50-290
160
intertidal to 160
intertidal to 54
100-250
16-200
166-90
intertidal to 80
intertidal, estua-rine
7-110
shallow infratidal
intertidal
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
intertidal to shal-low infratidal,estuarine
intertidal
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal, estua-rine
200-880
260
360-420
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
280-460
Southern Africandistribution
Cape Point toNatal
Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
False Bay to Na-tal
Cape Point toMozambique
NatalSaldanha Bay to
East LondonEast London to
MozambiqueFalse Bay to Port
Elizabeth
False Bay to PortElizabeth
northern S.W.A.
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Mozambique
East London toMozambique
Natal
Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Cape Point toAgulhas Bank
Worldwidedistribution
N & S Atlantic
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
MediterraneanN & S Allan
tic
Indian Ocean-
Indian Ocean
MediterraneanN Atlantic,W Africa
-
MediterraneanW Africa
-
Indian Ocean
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
_
Indian Ocean
_
Indo-Pacific
_
NUMBER 338
Genus
Xenocaranus
Species
tuberculatus Whi te ,1847b
B
Recentreference
Depthdistribution
60
41
Southern African Worldwidedistribution distribution
Transkei to Natal Indo-Pacific
Family HYMENOSOMATIDAE
Elamena
Hymenosoma
Rhynchoplax
Trigonoplax
mathaei (Desmarest,1825)
orbiculare Desmarest,1825
bovis Barnard, 1947
unguiformis (de Haan,1839)
B
B; Barnard,1955
B
B
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal to shal-low infratidal,estuarine
intertidal to shal-low infratidal,estuarine
100
East London toMozambique
S Angola toMozambique
Bree River toNatal
Natal
Indian Ocean
? Zanzibar
-
Indo-Pacific
Family PARTHENOPIDAE
AclaeomorphaDaldorfia
Eumedonus
Parthenope (Platy-lambrus)
erosa Miers, 1877bhorrida (Linnaeus,
1758)granulosus Mac -
Gilchrist, 1905quemvis Stebbing,
1917a
BB
Barnard, 1955;Kensley, 1969
B
48intertidal
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
shallow infratidalto 72
NatalNatal
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Indo-PacificIndo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
-
Gomeza
Naulilocorystes
bicornis Gray, 1831
ocellata (Gray, 1831)
Family CORYSTIDAE
B 20
B
Natal to Mozam-bique
shallow infratidal Walvis Bay toto 75 Port Elizabeth
Indo-Pacific
Atelecyclus
Kraussia
Trachycarcinus
rotundatus (Olivi,1792)
rugulosa (Krauss,1843)
glaucus Alcock andAnderson, 1899
Family ATELECYCLIDAE
shallow infratidalto 100
intertidal to 10
Kensley, 1980a 625-900
Saldanha Bay toPort Elizabeth
Transkei to Moz-ambique
off Natal
Mediterranean,N Atlantic
Indo-PacificIndian Ocean
Geryon species
Family GERYONIDAE
B 230-1520 Cape Point toEast London
N & S Atlantic
Caphyra alata Richters, 1880unidentata Lenz, 1910
Family PORTUNIDAE
Crosnier, 1962Crosnier, 1962
intertidalintertidal
DurbanNatal
Indian OceanIndo-Pacific
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Carupella
Coelocarcinus
Charybdis
Gonioneptunus
Lissocarcinus
Lupocyclus
Macropipus
Ovalipes
Parathranites
Podophthalmus
Portunus
Species
natalensis Lenz andStrunck, 1914
foliatus Edmondson,1930
annulata (Fabricius,1798)
cruciala (Herbst,1794)
helleri (A. Milne-Ed-wards, 1867)
natator (Herbst,1794)
orientalis Dana,1852b
smithi MacLeay,1838
variegata (Fabricius,1798)
africanus Shen, 1935
laevis Miers, 1886orbicularis Dana,
1852btugelae Barnard,
1950australis Guinot,
1961iridescens (Miers,
1886)punctatus (de Haan,
1833)orientalis Miers, 1886
vigil (Fabricius,1798)
argentatus (White,1847a)
gladiator Fabricius,1798
granulatus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1834)
hastatoides Fabricius,1798
orbicularis (Richters,1880)
pelagicus (Linnaeus,1758)
sangumolentus
(Herbst, 1783)tuberculatus Roux,
1830
Recentreference
B; Crosnier,1962
B; Crosnier,1962
B; Crosnier,1962
Crosnier, 1962
B; Crosnier,1962
B; Crosnier,1962
B; Kensley,1977a
B; Crosnier,1962
B
BB
B; Crosnier,1962
Guinot, 1961
Grindley, 1961
B; Crosnier,1962
B; Crosnier,1962
Grindley, 1961;Crosnier,1962
Crosnier, 1962
Crosnier, 1962
Crosnier, 1962
Crosnier, 1962
Crosnier, 1962
Crosnier, 1962
Crosnier, 1962
Depth
distribution
55
15
intertidal
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal to 40
intertidal
intertidal to 50
pelagic
shallow infratidalto 90
48-126
shallow infratidalintertidal
72
shallow infratidalto 240
pelagic
intertidal to 90
200
shallow infratidalto 15
54
10-100
intertidal
shallow infratidalto 52
26
shallow infratidalto 15
shallow infratidalto 30
shallow infratidal
Southern Africandistribution
Natal
Natal
Natal
Port Alfred toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
MozambiqueMozambique
Natal
S Angola to Lii-deritz
Natal to Mozam-bique
Walvis Bay toNatal
Natal
Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mossel Bay toMozambique
S Angola to Lii-Hpritz
Worldwidedistribution
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Mediterranean,Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
-
Indo-PacificIndo-Pacific
Indian Ocean,Australia
-
Indo-Pacific
Peru, Chile, Ar-gentina,
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific,Mediterra-nean
Indo-Pacific
Mediterranean,INI Atlantis*
W Africa
NUMBER 338 43
Genus
Scylla
Thalamita
Xaiva
Actaea
Actaeodes
Actumnus
Atergatis
Atergatopsis
Carpilius
Species
serrata (Forskal,1775)
admete (Herbst, 1803)
bouvieri Nobili, 1906
crenata (Latreille,1829)
delagoae Barnard,1950
forestiCrosnier, 1962integra Dana, 1852b
picta Stimpson,1858b
prymna (Herbst,1803)
sima H. Milne-Ed-wards, 1834
biguttala (Risso,1816)
mcleayi (Barnard,1947)
Recentreference
B; Crosnier,1962
B; Crosnier,1962
B; Crosnier,1962
B; Crosnier,1962
B
Crosnier, 1962B; Crosnier,
1962B; Crosnier,
1962B; Crosnier,
1962B; Crosnier,
1962B; Kensley,
1970bB; Crosnier,
1962
Depthdistribution
intertidal to shal-low infratidal,estuarine
intertidal
intertidal to 55
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal
intertidalintertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
48-54
Southern Africandistribution
Plettenberg Bayto Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
MozambiqueNatal to Mozam-
biqueNatal to Mozam-
biqueNatal to Mozam-
biqueMozambique
northern S.W.A.to Port Alfred
Port Elizabeth toNatal
Worldwidedistribution
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
-
Indo-PacificIndo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Mediterranean,Atlantic
W Africa, In-dian Ocean
Family XANTHIDAE
cavipes (Dana,1852b)
depressa (White,1847a)
polyacantha (Heller,1861)
savignyi (H. Milne-Edwards, 1834)
variolosa Borradaile,1902
hirsulissima (Ruppell,1830)
tomentosus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1834)
setifer (de Haan,1835)
y7on</itr(Linnaeus,1767)
roseus (Ruppell,1830)
signata (Adams andWhite, 1848)
convexus (Forskal,1775)
maculatus (Linnaeus,1758)
B
B
Kensley, 1970a
B
B
B; Sakai, 1976
B; Sakai, 1976
B
B
B
B
B
B
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
50-130
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Transkei to Moz-ambique
Transkei to Moz-ambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific,Mediterra-nean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Chlorodiella
Cymo
Dairoides
Epixanthus
Eriphia
Etisus
Eurycarcinus
Halimede
Hypocolpus
Lachnopodus
Leptodius
Liomera
Lophozozymus
Lybia
Medaeops
Memppe
Muropanope
Species
laevissima (Dana,1852b)
nigra (Forskal, 1775)
andreossyi (Audouin,1826)
margaritatus Steb-bing, 1920
frontalis (H. Milne-Edwards, 1834)
scabricula Dana,1852b
sebana (Shaw inShaw and Nod-der, 1803)
smithii MacLeay,1838
electro (Herbst, 1801)laevimanus Randall,
1839)natalensis (Krauss,
1843)delagoae Barnard,
1954diverticulatus (Strahl,
1861)subacutus (Stimpson,
1858b)exaratus H. Milne-
Edwards, 1834)voeltzkown (Lenz,
1905)bella (Dana, 1852b)
cinctimana (White,1847a)
monticulosa (A.Milne-Edwards,1873b)
dodone (Herbst, 1801)
Uptochelis (Zehntner,1894)
plumosa Barnard,1947
tessellata (Latreille,1812)
granulosus Haswell,
1882)rumphii (Fabricius,
1798)tuberculidens (Rath-
bun, 1911)
Recent
reference
Kensley, 1970a
Barnard, 1955
Barnard, 1955
Guinot, 1967
B
B; Sakai, 1976
B; Sakai, 1976
B
BB
B
Barnard, 1954
B
B
Guinot, 1964
Guinot, 1964
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Guinot, 1964
Depth
distribution
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
180
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidalintertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
50-90
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
Southern Africandistribution
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Port Elizabeth toMozambique
MozambiqueMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Port Elizabeth toMozambique
Mozambique
Natal
Mozambique
Port Elizabeth toNatal
Mozambique
Mozambique
Worldwidedistribution
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-PacificIndo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
_
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
NUMBER 338
enus
Neoxanthias
Ozius
Panopeus
Paractaea
Parapilumnus
Paratergatis
Phymodius
Pilodius
Pilumnoides
Pilumnopeus
Pilumnus
Platypodia
Pseudoliomera
Pseudozius
Quadrella
Sphaerozius
Tetralia
Trapezia
Xanthias
Species
impressus (Lamarck,1818)
rugulosus Stimpson,1858b
africanus A. Milne-Edwards, 1867
rueppellii (Krauss,1843)
pisifer (MacLeay,1838)
longimanus Sakai,1965
ungulatus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1834)
areolata (H. Milne-Edwards, 1834)
perlatus (Poppig,1836)
indica (de Man,1887a)
longicomis Hilgen-
dorf, 1878minutus de Haan,
1835trichophoroides de
Man, 1895vespertilio (Fabricius,
1793)granulosa (Riippell,
1830)speciosa (Dana,
1852b)caystrus (Adams and
White, 1848)boopsis Alcock, 1898coronata Dana, 1852b
fomasinii (Bianconi,1851)
nitidus Stimpson,1858b
glaberrima (Herbst,1790)
cymodoce (Herbst,1801)
digitalis Latreille,1825
guttata Riippell, 1830rufopunctata (Herbst,
1799)lamarckii (H. Milne-
Edwards, 1834)
Recentreference
B
B
Barnard, 1954
B
B
Kensley, 1969
B
B
B
Barnard, 1955
B
B; Forest andGuinot, 1961
B
B
Kensley, 1969
B; Sakai, 1976
B
Sakai, 1976B
Barnard, 1955
B
B
B
B
BB
B
Depthdistribution
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal to 40
86-118
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal to shal-low infratidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal to 170
intertidal
intertidal
38-46
intertidal
intertidal
intertidalintertidal to 170
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidalintertidal
intertidal
Southern Africandistribution
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
Natal
Transkei to Moz-ambique
Table Bay toMozambique
Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Transkei to Moz-ambique
northern S.W.A.to False Bay
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Saldanha Bay toNatal
Mozambique
Mozambique
Walter's Shoal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Transkei to Moz-ambique
MozambiqueNatal to Mozam-
biqueMozambique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
MozambiqueNatal to Mozam-
biqueMozambique
Worldwidedistribution
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
S Angola, WAfrica
Indo-Pacific
W Africa
Japan
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Panama, ChileNE Atlantic
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-PacificIndian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-PacificIndo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Xanlho
Zosimus
Zozymodes
Carcinoplax
Eucrale
Goneplax
Litocheira
Ommatocarcinus
Pilumnoplax
Typhlocarcinodes
Xenophthalmodes
Species
quinquedentatus
Krauss, 1843aeneus (Linnaeus,
1758)xanthoides (Krauss,
1843)cavipes (Dana,
1852b)
longimanus (de Haan,1833)
sulcalifrons (St imp-son, 1859b)
angulata (Pennant,1777)
kingsleyi (Miers,1885)
pulcher Barnard,1950
heterochir (Studer,
1882)piroculatus (Rathbun,
1911)brachyphallus Bar-
nard, 1955moebii Richters, 1880
Recentreference
B
B
B
Kensley, 1970a
Depthdistribution
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
Family GONEPLACIDAE
B
B
B
B
B
B
Barnard, 1955
Barnard, 1955
B
80-130
48
11-116
100-600
56
200-620
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
Southern African Worldwidedistribution distribution
Transkei to Natal Indian Ocean
Transkei to Natal Indo-Pacific
East London to Indo-Pacific
MozambiqueMozambique Indo-Pacific
Port Elizabeth toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Saldanha Bay toEast London
Saldanha Bay toNatal
Natal
Cape Point toEast London
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Mediterranean,N Atlantic
S Atlantic,Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Hexapus
Thaumastoplax
stebbingi Barnard,1947
spiralis Barnard,1950
Family HEXAPODIDAE
B 30-70
B intertidal
Agulhas Bank toPort Elizabeth
St. Helena Bayto Natal
Family GRAPSIDAE
Cyclograpsus
Geograpsus
Grapsus
Ilyograpsus
punctatus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837
stormi de Man, 1895
fourmanoiri Crosnier,1965
tenuicrustalus (Herbst,1783)
grapsus (Linnaeus,1758)
paludicola (Rathbun,1909)
B
B; Crosnier,1965
Crosnier, 1965
intertidal, estua-rine
terrestrial
intertidal
Crosnier, 1965; intertidalKensley,1970c
Kensley, 1970b intertidal
Crosnier, 1965 intertidal
Liideritz to Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
East London toMozambique
Plettcnberg Bayto Mozam-bique
northern S.W.A.
Mozambique
Chile, JuanFernandez
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
tropical Atlan-tic
Indian Ocean
NUMBER 338
KJCTIUS
Metopograpsus
Pachygrapsus
Percnon
Plagusia
Planes
Pseudograpsus
Ptychognathus
Sarmatium
Sesarma
(Parasesarma)
(Chiromantes)
(Chiromantes)
(Perisesarma)
(Sesarma)
(Sesarma)
(Parasesarma)
(Sesarma)
Varuna
Species
messor (Forskal,
1775)thukuhar (Owen,
1839)minutus A. Milne-Ed-
wards, 1873b
plicatus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837)
polyodous Stebbing,1921a
transversus (Gibbes,1850)
planissimum (Herbst,1804)
chabrus (Linnaeus,1758)
depressa tuberculataLamarck, 1818
cyaneus Dana, 1851
minutus (Linnaeus,1758)
elongalus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873b)
onyx Alcock, 1900acrassum Dana, 1851
catenata Ortmann,1897
elongatum A. Milne-Edwards, 1869
eulimene de Man,1897a
guttatum A. Milne-Edwards, 1869
longipes Krauss, 1843
meinerti de Man,1887b
plicatum (Latreille,1806)
smithii H. Milne-Ed-wards, 1854
litterata (Fabricius,1798)
tomentosa Pfeffer,1889
Recentreference
B; Crosnier,1965
Crosnier, 1965
Kensley, 1970a;Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
B
Kensley andPenrith, 1973
B; Crosnier,1965
B
Crosnier, 1965
Crosnier, 1965
B
B; Crosnier,1965
BB; Crosnier,
1965
B
Crosnier, 1965
B; Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
Barnard, 1955
Depth
distribution
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
100
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
pelagic
pelagic
intertidal
intertidalintertidal
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal, estua-rine
estuarine
Southern Africandistribution
East London toMozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
northern S.W.A.
Natal to Mozam-bique
northern S.W.A.to Natal
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
west coast
Natal to Mozam-bique
NatalNatal to Mozam-
bique
Bree River toNatal
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal
Natal
Bree River toMozambique
Natal
4 /
Worldwide
distribution
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
-
Mediterranean,W Africa,Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Chile, Aus-tralia, NewZealand, Sea-mount Vema
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific,SE Atlantic
Atlantic
Indo-Pacific
Indian OceanIndo-Pacific
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Cardisoma
Species
camifex (Herbst,17%)
Recent Depth
reference distribution
Family GECARCINIDAE
terrestrial
Family PINNOTHERIDAE
Ostracotheres tridacnae (Riippell, B shallow infratidal
1830)Pirmixa penultipedalis Stimp- Barnard, 1955 intertidal
son,1859bPinnotheres dqfleini Lenz and B 40
Stmnck, 1914globosus Jacquinot B shallow infratidal
and Lucas, 1853Xanthasia murigera White, 1846 B intertidal
Gecarcinautes
Potamonautes
(Obesopolamon-
autes)
(Orthopotamon-
autes)
(Potamonautes)
brincki Bott, 1960
obesus obesus (A.
M i Ine- Ed wards,1868a)
depressus depressus
(Krauss, 1843)sidneyi (Rathbun,
1904)
bayonianus bayonianus
(Brito-Capello,1864)
bayonianus dubius
(Brito-Capello,1873)
per la t us (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837)
warrem Caiman,1918
Family POTAMONAUTIDAE
Bott, 1960 riverine
obesus calcaratus (Gor- Bott, 1955don, 1929)
Bott, 1955
Bott, 1955
Bott, 1955
Bott, 1955
Bott, 1955
Bott, 1955
Bott, 1955
Southern African
distribution
Durban to Moz-ambique
False Bay to Na-tal
Mozambique
False Bay toMozambique
Mozambique
Port Elizabeth toMozambique
Cape Peninsulato Agulhas
Zimbabwe, Moz-ambique, NETransvaal
Zimbabwe, Moz-ambique
Natal
E & N Cape, Na-tal, Zululand,
.Zimbabwe,Malawi
Okavango River,S.W.A.
Kunene River,SWA.
Cape Province toS.W.A., Bot-swana, OrangeFree State,Transvaal
N Cape, OrangeFree State,Transvaal
Worldwide
distribution
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Cleistostoma algoense Barnard,1954
Family OCYPODIDAE
Barnard, 1954; intertidalGuinot and
Saldanha Bay toEast London
NUMBER 338 49
KjtflUS
Dotilla
Macrophlhalmus
Ocypode
Paradeistostoma
Tylodiplax
Uca
Species
edwardsii MacLeay,1838
fenestrata Hilgendorf,1869
boscii Audouin, 1826
convexus Stimpson,1859b
depressus Riippell,1830
grandidieri A. Milne-Edwards, 1867
latreillei (Desmarest,1822)
ceratophthalmus
cordimanus Desma-rest, 1825
cursor (Linnaeus,1758)
madagascariensis Cros-nier, 1965
ryderi Kingsley, 1880
fossula Barnard, 1955
blephariskios (Steb-bing, 1924)
annulipes (H. Milne-Edwards, 1852)
gaimardi (H. Milne-Edwards, 1852)
inversa (Hoffman,1874)
marionis (Desmarest,1825)
urvillei (H, Milne-Edwards, 1852)
Recentreference
Crosnier,1963
B; Guinot andCrosnier,1963
B; Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
Barnard, 1954
Barnard, 1954;Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
Barnard, 1955;Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
Kensley, 1970b
Crosnier, 1965;McLachlan,1980
Sakai and Tiir-kay, 1976
Barnard, 1955;Guinot andCrosnier,1963
B; Guinot andCrosnier,1963
B; Crosnier,1965
Crosnier, 1965
B; Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
B; Crosnier,1965
Depthdistribution
intertidal
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal, estua-rine
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
intertidal
Southern Africandistribution
Saldanha Bay toMozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
East London toMozambique
Durban
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Mozambique
Mossel Bay toMozambique
Mozambique
northern S.W.A.
Natal to Mozam-bique
Port Elizabeth toMozambique
Mozambique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Natal to Mozam-bique
Worldwidedistribution
-
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
MediterraneanW Africa
Madagascar
East Africa,Zanzibar
-
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Retropluma planiforma Kensley,1969
Family RETROPLUMIDAE
Kensley, 1969 175-200 Natal
50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus
Palicus
Cryptochirus
Hapalocarcinus
Species
sexlobatus Kensley,
1969
coralliodytes Heller,1861
marsupialis Stimpson,1859a
Recent Depth
reference distribution
Family PALICIDAE
Kensley, 1969 110
Family HAPALOCARCINIDAE
Sakai, 1976 intertidal
Barnard, 1955 intertidal
Southern African
distribution
Mozambique
Durban
Mozambique
Worldwide
distribution
-
Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific
Literature Cited
Adams, A., and A. White1848. Crustacea. In A. Adams, editor, The Zoology of the
Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang; under the Command ofCaptain Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., F.R.A.S., F.G.S.during the Years 1843-1846, 60 pages, 13 plates.London: Reeve, Benham, and Reeve.
Alcock, A.1894. Natural History Notes from H.M. Indian Marine
Survey Steamer "Investigator," Commander R. F.Hoskyn, R.N., Late Commanding, Series II, No.1: On the Results of the Deep-sea Dredging duringthe Season 1890-91 (Continued). Annals and Mag-azine of Natural History, series 6, 13:321-334.
1895. Materials for a Carcinological Fauna of India, 1:The Brachyura Oxyrhyncha. Journal of the AsiaticSociety of Bengal, 64:157-297.
1898. Materials for a Carcinological Fauna of India, 3:The Brachyura Cyclometopa, Part I: The FamilyXanthidae.yourna/ of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 67:67-233.
1900a. Natural History Notes from the Royal IndianSurvey Ship "Investigator," Commander T. H.Heming, R. N., Commanding, Series III, No. 3:On Some Notable New and Rare Species of Crus-tacea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 68:111-119.
1900b. Materials for a Carcinological Fauna of India, 5:The Brachyura Primigenia, or Dromiacea. Journalof the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 68:123-169.
1901. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Indian Deep-Sea Crusta-cea, Decapoda Macrura and Anomala, in the IndianMuseum, Being a Revised Account of the Deep-Sea speciesCollected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship "In-vestigator. " 286 pages. Calcutta: Indian Museum.
1905a. A Revision of the "Genus" Peneus, with Diagnosesof Some New Species and Varieties. Annals andMagazine of Natural History, series 7, 16:508-532.
1905b. Anomura. In Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustaceain the Collection of the Indian Museum, volume 2.Calcutta: Indian Museum.
Alcock, A., and A.R.S. Anderson1894. Natural History Notes from H. M. Indian Marine
Survey Steamer "Investigator," Commander C. F.Oldham, R. N., Commanding, Series II, 14: AnAccount of a Recent Collection of Deep Sea Crus-tacea from the Bay of Bengal and Laccadive Sea.Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 63:141-185.
1899. Natural History Notes from H. M. Royal IndianMarine Survey Ship "Investigator," Commander
T. H. Heming, R. N., Commanding, Series III, 2:An Account of the Deep-Sea Crustacea Dredgedduring the Surveying Season 1897-98. Annals andMagazine of Natural History, series 7, 3:1-27, 278-292.
Audouin, V.1826. Explication sommaire des planches de crustace's de I'Egypte
et de la Syrie, publiee's par Jules-Cesar Savigny, Membrede I' Inslitut; offrant un expose des caracteres naturels desgenres, avec la distinction des espices. 339 pages. Paris.
Balss, H.1913. Decapode Crustaceen. Schultze, Forschungsreise in
Sudafrika, 5:105-110.1925. Macrura der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 2: Na-
tantia, Teil A. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse derDeutsche Tiefsee-Expedition 1898-1899, 20:217-315.
1927. Macrura der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 3: Na-tantia, Teil B. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse derDeutsche Tiefsee-Expedition, 1898-1899, 23:245-275.
Banner, A. H.1953. The Crangonidae, or Snapping Shrimp, of Ha-
waii. Pacific Science, 7:3-144.Banner, D. M., and A. H. Banner
1978. Annotated Checklist of Alpheid and OgyrididShrimp from the Philippine Archipelago and theSouth China Sea. Micronesica, 14:215-257.
Barnard, K. H.1925. A Monograph of the Marine Fishes of South
Africa, 1: Amphioxus, Cyclostomata, Elasmo-branchi and Teleostei-Isospondyli to Heteroso-mata. Annals of the South African Museum, 21: 418pages.
1926. Report on a Collection of Crustacea from Portu-guese East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society ofSouth Africa, 13:119-129.
1947. Descriptions of New Species of South African De-capod Crustacea, with Notes on Synonymy andNew Records. Annals and Magazine of Natural His-tory, series 11, 13:361-392.
1950. Descriptive Catalogue of South African DecapodCrustacea (Crabs and Shrimps). Annals of the SouthAfrican Museum, 38:1-837.
1954. New Records and New Species of Crustacea fromSouth Africa. Annales du Muse'e du Congo Beige,Zoologie, new series, 1:120-131.
1955. Additions to the Fauna-List of South AfricanCrustacea and Pycnogonida. Annals of the SouthAfrican Museum, 43:1-107.
1958. Further Additions to the Crustacean Fauna-List
51
52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
of Portuguese East Africa. Memorias do Museu Dr.Alvaro de Castro, 4:1-23.
1962. New Records of Marine Crustacea from the EastAfrican Region. Crustaceana, 3:239-245.
1974. Contributions to the Knowledge of South AfricanMarine Mollusca, VII: Revised Fauna List. Annalsof the South African Museum, 47:663-781.
Bate, C. S.1858. On the Importance of an Examination of the
Structure of the Integument of Crustacea in theDetermination of Doubtful Species: Applicationto the Genus Galathea with a Description of a NewSpecies of That Genus. Journal of the Proceedings ofthe Linnean Society of London, 3:1-4.
1878. On the Willemoesia Group of Crustacea. Annals andMagazine of Natural History, series 5, 2:273-283.
1881. On the Penaeidea. Annals and Magazine of NaturalHistory, series 5, 8:169-196.
1888. Report on the Crustacea Macrura Collected byH.M.S. Challenger during the Years 1873-76.Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S."Challenger"during the Years 1873-76, 24: 942 pages.
Bell, T .
1847. A History of the British Stalk-Eyed Crustacea. Part VI,386 pages. London: John van Voorst.
1855. Horae Carcinologicae I: A Monograph of theLeucosiadae. Transactions of the Linnean Society ofLondon, 21:277-314.
Berry, P. F.1969a. Rediscovery of the Spiny Lobster Puerulus carinatus
Borradaile (Decapoda, Palinuridea). Crustaceana,17:239-252.
1969b. The Biology of Nephrops andamamcus Wood-Mason(Decapoda, Reptantia). Oceanographic Research In-stitute, Investigation^ Report, 22: 55 pages.
1971. The Spiny Lobsters (Palinuridae) of the EastCoast of Southern Africa: Distribution and Eco-logical Notes. Oceanographic Research Institute, Inves-tigational Report, 27: 23 pages.
1979. A New Species of Deep-Water Palinurid Lobster(Crustacea, Decapoda, Palinuridae) from the EastCoast of Southern Africa. Annals of the South AfricanMuseum, 78:93-100.
Berry, P. F., and R. W. George1972. A New Species of the Genus Linuparus (Crustacea,
Palinuridae) from South-East Africa. ZoologischeMededelingen, 46:17-23.
Berry, P. F., and R. Plante1973. Revision of the Spiny Lobster Genus Palinurus, in
the South-West Indian Ocean. Transactions of theRoyal Society of South Africa, 40:373-380.
Bianconi, J . J.1851. Specimina Zoologica Mosambicana, V. Memorie
delta Accademia delle Scienze dell' Istitute di Bologna, 3:91-112.
B6hm,J.1926. Uber tertiare Versteinerungen von den Bogenfel-
ser Diamantfeldern. In Kaiser, editor, Die Diaman-ten Wu'ste Sudwest-Afrikas, volume 2. Berlin: Rei-mer.
Borradaile, L. A.1898. A Revision of the Pontoniidae. Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, 7 (2): 3 76-391.1900. On the Stomatopoda and Macrura from the South
Seas. In Willey, editor, Zoological Results Based onMaterial from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Is-lands, and Elsewhere, Collected during 1895, 1896, and1897, Part 4, 830 pages. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
1902. Marine Crustacea, III: The Xanthidae and SomeOther Crabs. In Gardiner, editor, The Fauna andGeography of the Maldives and Laccadive Archipelagoes,volume 1. Cambridge: University Press.
1910. Penaeidea, Stenopidea, and Reptantia from theWestern Indian Ocean. Transactions of the LinneanSociety of London, series 2, Zoology, 13:257-264.
1915. Notes on Carides. Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, series 8, 15:205-213.Bott, R.
1955. Die Siisswasserkrabben von Afrika (Crust., De-cap.) und ihre Stammesgeschichte. Annales du Mu-s'ee du Congo Beige, series 3, Zoologie, 1:209-352.
1960. Crustacea (Decapoda): Potamonidae. In Han-strom, Brinck, and Rudebeck, editors, South AfricanAnimal Life: Results of the Lund University Expeditionin 1950-1951, volume 7. Lund: Almqvist andWiksells.
Bouvier, E.-L.1897. Sur deux paguriens nouveaux trouves par M. Cou-
tiere dans les recifs madreporiques, a Djibouti.Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle(Paris), 6:229-233.
1905a. Sur les Macroures Nageurs (Abstraction Faite desCarides) Recueillis par les Expeditions Ameri-caines du "Hassler" et du "Blake." Comptes RendusHebdomadaires des Se'ances de I'Academie des Sciences,141:746-749.
1905b. Sur les Peneides et les Stenopides Recueillis par lesExpeditions Francaises et Monegasques dans1'Atlantique Oriental. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadairesdes Se'ances de I'Academie des Sciences, 141:980-983.
1906a. Suite aux Observations sur les Gennadas ou Pe-neides Bathypelagiques. Compte Rendus Hebdoma-daire des Se'ances de I'Academie des Sciences, 142:746-749.
1906b. Sur les Gennadas ou Peneides bathypelagiques. Bul-letin du Muse'e Oceanographique de Monaco, 80:1-13.
Bowman, T. E.1967. The Planktonic Shrimp, Lucifer chacei sp. nov.,
(Sergestidae: Luciferinae), the Pacific Twin of the
NUMBER 338 53
Atlantic Lucifer faxoni. Pacific Science, 21:266-271.Briggs,J. C.
1974. Marine Zoogeography. 475 pages. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill.
Brito-Capello, F. de1864. Descripcao de tres especies novas de Crustaceos da
Africa occidental e observacoes acerca do PenoeusBocagei Johnson especie nova dos mares de Portu-gal. Memorias da Academia das Sciences de Lisboa, 3(2):11 pages.
1873. Descripcao d'una nova specie de "Telphusa"d'Africa occidental. Journal de Sciencias Mathemati-cas, Physicas e Naturaes, Lisboa, 4:254-257.
Brown, A. C , and N. Jarman1978. Coastal Marine Habitats. In Werger, editor, Bio-
geography and Ecology of Southern Africa, volume II.Lochem, Holland: Junk.
Bruce,A. J.1966. Hymenopenaeus halli sp. nov., a New Species of
Penaeid Prawn from the South China Sea (De-capoda, Penaeidae). Crustaceana, 11:216-224.
1967. Notes on Some Indo-Pacific Pontoniinae, III-IX:Descriptions of Some New Genera and Speciesfrom the Western Indian Ocean and the SouthChina Sea. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 87:1-73.
1970. Observations on the Indo-West-Pacific Species ofthe Genus Palaemonella Dana, 1852 (Decapoda,Pontoniinae). Crustaceana, 19:273-287.
1976. Discias mvitae sp. nov., a New Sponge Associatefrom Kenya (Decapoda Natantia, Disciadidae).Crustaceana, 31:119-130.
Bruce, A. J., and K. Baba1973. Spongiocaris, a New Genus of Stenopodidean
Shrimp from New Zealand and South AfricanWaters, with a Description of Two New Species.Crustaceana, 25:153-170.
Brulle, M.1839. Crustaces. In Webb and Berthelot, editors, Histoire
naturelle des lies Canaries, 2(2): 15-18.Burkenroad, M. D.
1936. The Aristaeinae, Solenocerinae and Pelagic Pen-aeinae of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection:Materials for a Revision of the Oceanic Penaeidae.Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 5(2):151 pages.
1940. Preliminary Descriptions of Twenty-one New Spe-cies of Pelagic Penaeidea (Crustacea Decapoda)from the Danish Oceanographical Expeditions.Annals and Magazine of Natural History, s e r i e s 1 1 , 6 :35-54.
Caiman, W. T.1918. A New River Crab from the Transvaal. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, series 9, 1:234-236.1925. On Macrurous Decapod Crustacea Collected in
South African Waters by the S.S. "Pickle." Report
of the Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union ofSouth Africa, 4 (special report 3): 26 pages.
Carrington, A. J., and B. Kensley1969. Pleistocene Molluscs from the Namaqualand
Coast. Annals of the South African Museum, 52:189-223.
Chace, F. A., Jr.1940. Plankton of the Bermuda Oceanographic Expe-
ditions, IX: The Bathypelagic Caridean Crusta-cea. Zoologica (New York), 25:117-209.
1966. Decapod Crustaceans from St. Helena Island,South Atlantic. Proceedings of the United States Na-tional Museum, 118:622-662.
1972. The Shrimps of the Smithsonian-Bredin Carib-bean Expeditions with a Summary of the WestIndian Shallow-Water Species (Crustacea: Deca-poda: Natantia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology,98: 179 pages.
Champion, H.F.B.1973. New Records of Penaeoid Prawns from the East
Coast of Southern Africa with Notes on Penaeusmarginatus Randall and a New Species of Metapen-aeopsis. Crustaceana, 25:181-203.
Coelho, P. A., M. Ramos-Porto, and M. L. Koening1978. Crustaceos marinhos do Brasil, do Urugiai e da
Argentina (ao norte de Mar del Plata): Consider-acoes Biogeograficas. Anais Universidade Federale Ru-ral PE, Recife, 2/3:227-256.
Costa, A.1871. Specie del genere Pandalus rinvenute nel golfo di
Napoli. Annuario Museo Zoologica dell Universita diNapoli, 6:89-92.
Coutiere, H.1897. Note sur quelques Alpheides nouveaux ou peu
connu Rapportes de Djibouti (Afrique Orientate).Bulletin de Museum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle(Paris), series 1, 3:233-236.
1905. Marine Crustacea, XV: Les Alpheidae. The Faunaand Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipela-goes, 2:852-918.
Crosnier, A.1962. Crustaces Decapodes Portunidae. Faune de Mada-
gascar, 16: 154 pages.1965. Crustaces Decapodes Grapsidae et Ocypodidae.
Faune de Madagascar, 18: 143 pages.1971. Sur quelques Crustaces Decapodes ouest-africains
nouveaux ou rarement signales. Bulletin du MuseumNational d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), series 3, 9:569-595.
1978. Crustaces Decapodes Peneides Aristeidae (Ben-thesicyminae, Aristeinae, Solenocerinae). Faune deMadagascar, 46: 197 pages.
Crosnier, A., and J. Forest1973. Les crevettes profondes de I'Atlantique oriental
tropical. Faune Tropicale, 19: 409 pages.
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Crowson, R. A.1970. Classification and Biology. 350 pages. London: Hei-
nemann.Dana, J. D.
1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in orbis ten-arumcircumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e classe Rei-publicae Foederatae Duce: Crustacea Grapsoidea,(Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Acad-emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5:247-254.
1852a. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in orbis terrarumcircumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e classe Rei-publicae Foederatae duce: Paguridea, Megalopi-dea, Macroura. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, 6:6-28.1852b. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in orbis terrarum
circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e classe Rei-publicae Foederatae Duce: Crustacea Cancroidea& Corystoidea. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, 6:73-86.1852c. Crustacea. United States Exploring Expedition during
the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the
Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N., 13: 685 pages.Day,J. A.
1979. Southern African Cumacea. Doctoral dissertation,University of Cape Town.
Day,J. H.1973. The Ecology of the Morrumbene Estuary, Mo-
cambique. Transactions of the Royal Society of South
Africa, 41:43-97.Day, J. H., J. G. Field, and M. J. Penrith
1970. The Benthic Fauna and Fishes of False Bay, SouthAfrica. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa,
39: 108 pages.Dell, R. K.
1968. Composition and Distribution of the New ZealandBrachyuran Fauna. Transactions of the Royal Society
of New Zealand, Zoology, 10:225-240.Desmarest, A.-G.
1822. Des crustaces fossiles. In A. Brongniant, editor,Histoire naturelle des Crustaces fossiles sous les rapports
zoologiques et geologiques, 154 pages. Paris: Levrault.1825. Considerations gene'rales sur la classe des Cms lace's, et
description des especes de ces animaux, qui vivent dans la
mer, sur les cotes, ou dans les eaux douces de la France.
446 pages. Paris: Levrault.Doflein, F.
1900. Crustaceen. In Chun, editor, Aus den Tiefen desweltmeeres, 549 pages. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
1904. Brachyura. Wissenschafliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen
Tiefsee-Expedition aufdem Dampfer "Valdivia" 1898-
1899, 6: 314 pages.Edmondson, C. H.
1930. New Hawaiian Crustacea. Occasional Papers of theBemice P. Bishop Museum, 9(10): 18 pages.
Ekman, S.1967. Zoogeography of the Sea. 417 pages. London: Sidg-
wick and Jackson.Fabricius, J. C.
1787. Mantissa Insectorum, sistens eorum species nuper detectas:Adjectis characteribus genericis, differentiis specificis,emendationibus, observationibus. Copenhagen.
1793. Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta: SecundumClasses, Ordines, Genera, Species, adjectis Synonimis,Locis, Observationibus, Descriptionibus. Volume 2. Co-penhagen: C. G. Proft.
1798. Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta: SecundumClasses, Ordines, Genera, Species, adjectis Synonimis,Locis, Observationibus, Descriptionibus, Supplementum.572 pages. Copenhagen.
Fagetti, E., and I. Campodonica.1973. Larval Development of Pilumnoides perlatus (Brach-
yura, Xanthidae) under Laboratory Conditions.Marine Biology, 18:129-139.
Faxon, W.1893. Reports on the Dredging Operations off the West
Coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to theWest Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of Califor-nia, in Charge of Alexander Agassiz, Carried onby the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross"during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner,U.S.N., Commanding, VI: Preliminary Descrip-tions of New Species of Crustacea. Bulletin of theMuseum of Comparative Zoology, 24:149-220.
Figueira, A.J.G.1971. Materials for a Revision of the Family Stylodac-
tylidae (Crustacea Decapoda: Caridea), I: De-scription of a New Genus and of a New Species.Arquivos do Museu Bocage (Lisboa), series 2, 3: 8pages.
Forest, J.1954. Les Paguristes des Cotes Occidentales et Meridio-
nales d'Afrique. Annals of the South African Museum,41:159-213.
Forest, J., and D. Guinot1961. Crustaces Decapodes Brachyoures de Tahiti et des
Tuamotu. In Expedition Francaise sur les Re'cifs Cor-alliens de la Nouvelle-Cale'donie, Organisee sous I'Egidede la Fondatwn Singer-Polignac 1960-1962, volumepreliminaire. Paris: Fondation Singer-Polignac.
Forskal, P.1775. Descriptiones Animalium Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium,
Insectorum, Vermium; quae in Itinere Orientali Observavit.164 pages. Copenhagen: Moller.
Foxton, P.1971. A New Species of the Genus Acanthephyra (Crusta-
cea: Natantia) First Discovered and Described ;nMS Notes by Dr. Stanley Kemp. Journal of the MarineBiological Association of the United Kingdom, 51:33-41 .
NUMBER 338 55
1972. Observations on the Vertical Distribution of theGenus Acanlhephyra (Crustacea: Decapoda) in theEastern North Atlantic, with Paticular Referenceto the Species of the "purpurea" Group. Proceedingsof the Royal Society of Edinburgh, series B, 73:301-313.
Freitas, A. J . d e1979. A New Genus and Species of the Penaeoid Family
Solenoceridae (Crustacea, Decapoda) from South-East African Waters. Annals of the South AfricanMuseum, 77:123-131.
Fulton, S. W., and F. E. Grant1902. Some Little Known Victorian Decapod Crustacea
with Descriptions of New Species. Proceedings of theRoyal Society of Victoria, new series, 15:59-68.
George, R. W , and J. R. Grindley1964. Projasus: A New Generic Name for Parker's
Crayfish, Jasus parkeri Stebbing (Palinuridae: "Si-lentes"). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Aus-tralia, 47:87-90.
Gerstaecker, A.1856. Carcinologische Beitrage. Archivfur Naturgeschichte,
22:101-162.Gibbes, L. R.
1850. On the Carcinological Collections of the Cabinetsof Natural History in the United States, with anEnumeration of the Species Contained Therein,and Descriptions of New Species. Proceedings ofThird Meeting of American Association for the Advance-ment of Science, 1850:167-201.
Gordon, I.1929. A New River-Crab of the Subgenus Potamonautes
from Portuguese East Africa. Annals and Magazineof Natural History, series 10, 3:405-411.
1936. On the Macruran Genus Rhynchocinetes, with De-scription of a New Species. Proceedings of the Zoolog-ical Society of London, 1936:75-88.
1939. A New Species of Sergestes (Crustacea, Decapoda)from the South Atlantic. Annals and Magazine ofNatural History, series 11, 4:498-509.
Gourret, P.1888. Revision des Crustaces Podophthalmes du Golfe
de Marseille suive d'un essai de classification dela classe des Crustaces. Annales du Muse'e d'HistoireNaturelle de Marseille, Zoologie, 3:1-212.
Gray,J. E.1831. Description of a New Genus, and Some Undes-
cribed Species of Crustacea. Zoological Miscellany,1831:39,40.
Griffin, D. J . G.1966a. A Review of the Australian Majid Spider Crabs
(Crustacea, Brachyura). Australian Zoologist, 13:259-298.
1966b. The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Spider Crabs,Family Majidae (Crustacea, Brachyura). Memoirs
of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 3 5 : 1 1 1pages.
1968. Two New Species of Achaeus (Crustacea, Deca-poda, Majidae) from South Africa. Annals of theSouth African Museum, 52:75-87.
Griffin, D.J.G., and J. C. Yaldwyn1968. The Constitution, Distribution and Relationships
of the Australian Decapod Crustacea. Proceedingsof the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 93:164-183.
Griffiths, C. C.1977. Contributions to the Southern African Gammari-
dean Amphipoda. Doctoral Dissertation, Univer-sity of Cape Town.
Grindley, J. R.1961. On Some Crabs Trawled off the Natal Coast.
Durban Museum Novitates, 6:127-134.Grindley, J. R., and M. J. Penrith
1965. Notes on the Bathypelagic Fauna of the Seasaround South Africa. Zoologica Africana, 1:275-295.
Guerin-Meneville, F. E.1831. Crustaces, Arachnides et Insectes. In Duperry, ed-
itor, Voyage autour du Monde sur la Coquille pendant1822-25, volume 2. Paris.
1855-1856. Crustaceos. In La Sagra, editor, Historia Fis-ica Politico y Natural de la Isla de Cuba, HistoriaNatural, 7: 88 pages.
Guinot, D.1961. Caracteres et affinites de Macropipus austraits sp.
nov. Crustace Decapode Brachyoure de la CoteSud-Ouest Africaine. Bulletin de I'Institut Royal desSciences Nature lies de Belgique, 37(26): 13 pages.
1964. Crustaces Decapodes Brachyoures (Xanthidae)des campagnes de la Calypso en Mer Rouge(1952), dans le Golfe Persique et a L'fle Aldabra(1954). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Na-turelle (Paris), new series, A, Zoologie, 32: 108 pages.
1967. Recherches preliminaires sur les groupements na-turels chez les Crustaces Decapodes Brachyoures,III: A propos des affinites des Genres DairoidesStebbing et Daira de Haan. Bulletin du MuseumNational d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), series 2, 39:540-563.
Guinot, D., and A. Crosnier1963. Remarques sur les genres Cleistostoma, Paracleistos-
toma et Tylodiplax, et description de Tylodiplax der-ijardi sp. nov. (Crust. Decap. Brachyura). Bulletindu Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), series2, 35:606-619.
Haan, W. de1833-1850. Crustacea. In de Siebold, editor, Fauna Japon-
ica, 243 pages. Amsterdam: J. Miiller & Co.Hansen, H. J.
1919. The Sergestidae of the Siboga Expedition. SibogaExpedition Monograph, 38: 65 pages.
56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Harris, T.F.W.1961. The Nearshore Circulation of Water. In Symposium
on Marine Studies of the Natal Coast, pages 18-20.Pretoria: C.S.I.R.
Haswell. W. A.1882. Description of Some New Sepcies of Australian
Decapoda. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales, 6:750-763.Hayashi, K.-I.
1975. The Indo-West Pacific Processidae (Crustacea,Decapoda, Caridea). Journal of the Shimonoseki Uni-
versity of Fisheries, 24:47-145.Hayashi, K.-I., and S. Miyake
1968. Notes on the Family Stylodactylidae with theDescription of a New Genus Neostylodactylus. Journal
of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 14:583-611.
Heller, C.1861. Synopsis der im rothen Meere vorkommenden
crustaceen. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich Koniglichenzoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 1861:32.
1862. Beitrage zur naheren Kenntnis der Macrouren.Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in
Wien, 45:389-413.1865. Reise der b'sterreichischen Fregatte Novara urn der Erde in
den Crustaceen In Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoolo-gischer theil, volume 2 (plates only published in1865). Vienna: Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Hof- undStaatsdruckerei.
Henderson, J. R.1885. Diagnoses of the New Species of Galatheidea Col-
lected during the "Challenger" Expedition. Annalsand Magazine of Natural History, series 5, 16:407-421.
1888. Report on the Anomura Collected by H.M.S."Challenger" during the Years 1873-1876. Reporton the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. "Chal-
lenger" during the Years 1873-76, 27: 221 pages.1893. A Contribution to Indian Carcinology. Transactions
of the Linnean Society of London, series 2, Zoology, 5:325-458.
Herbst,J.F.W.1782-1804. Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Krabben und
Krebs nebst einer systematise hen Beschreibung ihrer ver-
schetdenen Arten. 3 volumes. Zurich, Berlin, andStralsund.
Herklots, J . A.1857. Palaemon Vollenhovenii, nouvelle espece de Crustace.
Tijdschrifl voor Entomologie, 1:96-97.Hilgendorf, F.
1869. Uebersicht der ostafrikanischen Crustaceen. InDecken, editor, Baron Carl Claus von der Decken's
Reisen in Ostafrika in 1859-61, volume 3. Leipzigand Heidelberg.
1878. Die von Hrn. W. Peters in Mocambique gesam-
melten Crustaceen. Monatsbericht der Kb'nigliche Aka-demie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878:782-850.
Hoffman, C. K.1874. Crustaces et Echinodermes de Madagascar et de
ltle de la Reunion. In Pollen, editor, Recherches surla Faune de Madagascar et de ses De'pendances, 5:58.Leyden.
Holthuis, L. B.1950. The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition, X: The
Palaemonidae Collected by the Siboga and SnelliusExpeditions with Remarks on Other Species, I:Subfamily Palaemoninae. Siboga Expedition, 39a:268 pages.
1977. The Mediterranean Decapod and StomatopodCrustacea in A. Risso's Published Works andManuscripts. Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturellede Nice, 5:37-88.
Hutson, W. H.1980. The Agulhas Current during the Late Pleistocene:
Analysis of Modern Faunal Analogs. Science, 207:64-66.
IhIe,J.E.W.1912. Ueber einige neue, von der Siboga-Expedition
gesammelte Homolidae. Tijdschrift der Neder-landsche Dierkundige Vereeniging, series 2, 12:206-214.
Ivanov, B. G., and A. M. Hassan1976. Penaeid Shrimps (Decapoda, Penaeidae) Col-
lected off East Africa by the Fishing Vessel "VanGogh," 2: Deep-Water Shrimps of the GeneraPenaeopsis and Parapenaeus with Description of Pen-aeopsis balssi sp. nov. Crustaceana, 31: 10 pages.
Jacquinot, H., and H. Lucas1853. Crustaces. In Hombron and Jacquinot, editors,
Voyage au Pole Sud et dans I'Oceanie execute pendant1837-1840: Zoologie, 107 pages. Paris.
Johnson, J. Y.1867. Descriptions of a New Genus and a New Species
of Macrurous Decapod Crustaceans Belonging tothe Penaeidae, Discovered at Madeira. Proceedings ofthe Zoological Society of London, 1867:895-901.
Joubert, L. S.1965. A Preliminary Report on the Penaeid Prawns of
Durban Bay. Oceanographic Research Institute, Inves-tigational Report, 11: 32 pages.
Kalk, M.1959. The Zoogeographical Composition of the Interti-
dal Fauna at Inhaca Island, Mocambique. SouthAfrican Journal of Science, 55:178-180.
Kemp S.1909. The Decapods of the Genus Gennadas Collected by
H.M.S. "Challenger." Proceedings of the ZoologicalSociety of London, 1909:718-729.
1913. Pelagic Crustacea Decapoda of the Percy SladenExpedition in H.M.S. "Sealark." Transactions of theLinnaean Society of London, 16:53-68.
NUMBER 338 57
1915. Fauna of the Chilka Lake: Crustacea Decapoda.Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 5:201-325.
1916. Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Mu-seum, VI: Indian Crangonidae. Records of the IndianMuseum, 12:355-384.
1922. Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Mu-seum, X V : Pontoniinae. Records of the Indian Mu-seum, 24:113-288.
1939. On Acanlhephyra purpurea and Its Allies (CrustaceaDecapoda: Hoplophoridae). Annals and Magazine ofNatural History, series 11, 4:568-579.
Kemp, S., and R.B.S. Sewell1912. Notes on Decapoda in the Indian Museum, III:
The Species Obtained by R.I.M.S.S. "Investiga-tor" during the Survey Season 1910-11. Records ofthe Indian Museum, 7:15-32.
Kensley, B.1968. Deep Sea Decapod Crustacea from West of Cape
Point, South Africa. Annals of the South AfricanMuseum, 50:283-323.
1969. Decapod Crustacea from the South-West IndianOcean. Annals of the South African Museum, 52:149-181.
1970a. A Small Collection of Decapod Crustacea fromMocambique. Annals of the South African Museum,57:103-122.
1970b. Some Decapod Crustacea from Northern SouthWest Africa, Including a New Species of Hippolyte.Cimbebasia, series A, 1:179-188.
1970c. The Occurrence of Grapsus grapsus tenuicrustatus(Herbst) at the Tsitsikama Coast National Park(Decapoda, Brachyura, Grapsidae). Koedoe, 13:127-130.
1971a. The Family Sergestidae in the Waters aroundSouthern Africa (Crustacea, Decapoda, Natantia).Annals of the South African Museum, 57:215-264.
1971b. The Genus Gennadas in the Waters around South-ern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 57:271-294.
1972. Pliocene Marine Invertebrates from Langebaan-weg, Cape Province. Annals of the South AfricanMuseum, 60:173-190.
1973. A New Species of Hermit Crab from Natal, SouthAfrica (Decapoda, Anomura, Paguridae). DurbanMuseum Novitates, 9:285-290.
1974a. The Genus Callianassa (Crustacea, Decapoda,Thalassinidea) from the West Coast of South Af-rica, with a Key to the South African Species.Annals of the South African Museum, 62:265-278.
1974b. The Status of the PIio-Pleistocene Panopea inSouthern Africa (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hiatellidae).Annals of the South African Museum, 1974:199-215.
1974c. A Review of the Southern African Decapod Crus-tacean Fauna. Doctoral dissertation, Univeristy ofCape Town.
1975. Records of Mud-Prawns (Genus Callianassa) from
South Africa and Mauritius (Crustacea, Deca-poda , Thalassinidea). Annals of the South AfricanMuseum, 69:47-58.
1977a. The South African Museum's Meiring NaudeCruises, 5: Crustacea, Decapoda, Reptantia andNatantia. Annals of the South African Museum, 74:13-44.
1977b. The South African Museum's Meiring NaudeCruises, 2: Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura andBrachyura. Annals of the South African Museum, 72:161-188.
1977c. Lambrachaeus ramifer Alcock, a Rare Spider Crabfrom the East Coast of Southern Africa (Deca-poda, Brachyura, Majidae). Zoologica Africana, 12:323-327.
1977d. A Second Assemblage of Pliocene InvertebrateFossils from Langebaanweg, Cape. Annals of theSouth African Museum, 72:189-210.
1978. Decapod Crustaceans Collected in Southern Afri-can Waters by the Th. Mortensen Java-SouthAfrica Expedition (Crustacea, Decapoda). Steen-strupia, 4:249-261.
1980a. The South African Museum's Meiring NaudeCruises, 12: Further Records of Decapoda Crus-tacea. Annals of the South African Museum, 83:49-78.
1980b. Decapod and Isopod Crustaceans from the WestCoast of Southern Africa, Including SeamountsV e m a and Tripp. Annals of the South African Museum,83:13-32.
Kensley, B., and M.-L. Penrith1973. The Constitution of the Intertidal Fauna of Rocky
Shores of Mocamedes, Southern Angola. Cimbeba-sia, series A, 2:113-123.
King L.1953. A Miocene Marine Fauna from Zulu land. Trans-
actions and Proceedings of the Geological Society of SouthAfrica, 56:59-91.
Kingsley,J. S.1878. A Synopsis of the North American Species of the
Genus Alpheus. Bulletin of the United States Geologicaland Geographical Survey, 4:189-199.
1880. Carcinological Notes, 3: Revision of the GenusOcypoda. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciencesof Philadelphia, 1880:179-186.
1882. Carcinological Notes, V. Bulletin of the Essex Insti-tute, 14:105-132.
Kishinouye, K.1900. Japanese Species of the Genus Penaeus. Journal of
the Fisheries Bureau, Tokyo, 8: 29 pages.Kitchin, F. L.
1913. The Invertebrate Fauna and Palaeontological Re-lations of the Uitenhage Series. Annals of the SouthAfrican Museum, 7:21-250.
Krauss, F.1843. Die Sudqfrikanischen Crustaceen. 137 pages. Stuttgart:
E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Kr0yer, H.1855. Bidrag til Kundskab om Kraebsdyrlaegten Serg-
estes Edw. Danske Videnskabemes Selskab, Oversigt,1855: 14 pages.
1859. Forsog til en Monographisk Fremstelling afKraebsdyrslaegten Sergestes: Med Bemaerkningerom Dekapodernes Horeredskaber. DanskeVidenskabemes Selskab, Sknfter, 5:219-302.
Kubo, I.1949. Studies on Penaeids of Japanese and Its Adjacent
Waters. Journal of the Tokyo College of Fisheries, 36:467 pages.
Lamarck, J.B.P.A.1818. Histoire nature lie des animaux sans vertebres, pre'sentant
les caracteres ge'neraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leurdistribution, leurs classes, leur families, leurs genres, et lacitation desprincipales especes qui s'y rapportent; pre'cedeed'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteresessentiels de I'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et desautres corps naturels, enfin, I'exposition des principesfondamentaux de la zoologie. Volume 5, 612 pages.Paris.
Lance, G. N., and W. T. Williams
1966. A Generalized Sorting Strategy for ComputorClassifications. Nature (London), 212:218.
Latreille, P. A.1804. Des Langoustes (Pallinurus, Fabr.) du Museum
National d'Histoire Naturelle. Annales de Museumd'Histoire Naturlle, 3:388-395.
1806. Histoire naturelle des Crustaces et des Insectes. InBuffon, editor, Histoire naturelle, nouvelle edition, ac-compagne'e de notes, ouvrage re'dige par C. S. Sonnini.Paris.
1812-1825. Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle desCrustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes. In En-cyclopedie Methodique (Dictionaire EncyclopediqueMethodique) ou par order de Matieres, 1782-1832.Paris.
1829. Les Crustaces, les Arachnides et les Insectes. InCuvier, editor, Le Re'gne Animal, nouvelle edition,4. Paris.
Laurie, R. D.1926. Anomura Collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner in
the Western Indian Ocean, in H.M.S. Sealark.Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, series 2,Zoology, 19:121-167.
Leach, W. E.1814. Crustaceology. In Brewster, editor, The Edinburgh
Encyclopaedia, 7:383-437. Edinburgh.1817. The Zoological Miscellany; Being Descriptions of New or
Interesting Animals. Volume 3, 151 pages. London.1820. [ Pisidia lamarcki. ] In Dictwnnaire de Sciences Naturelles,
18:54. Paris.Lenz, H.
1905. Ostafrikanische Dekapoden und StomatopodenGesammelt von Herrn Prof. Dr. A. Voeltzkow.
Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Ge-sellschaft, 27:341-392.
1910. Crustaceen von Madagaskar, Ostafrika und Cey-lon. In Voeltzkow, editor, Reise in Ostafrika in denJahren 1903-1905, volume 2. Stuttgart: E.Schweizerbart 'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
Lenz, H., and K. Strunck1914. Die Dekapoden der Deutschen Siidpolar-Expedi-
tion 1901-1903,1: Brachyuren und Macruren mitausschluss der Sergestiden. In Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901-1903, 15: Zoologie, 7:261-345. Ber-lin.
Liljeborg, W.1851. Norges Crustaceer. Stockholm, Oversigt, 8:19-27.
Linnaeus, C.1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum
Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus,Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Edition 10, volume 1,824 pages. Stockholm.
1761. Fauna Suecica, sistens Animalia Sueciae regni distributaper classes. Editio altera, 578 pages. Stockholm.
1763. Amoenitates Academicae, seu Dissertationes Variae Col-lectae el Auctae. Volume 6. Stockholm: Salvius.
1767. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, SecundumClasses, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus,Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Edition 12, volume 1,part 2, pages 533-1327. Holmiae.
Lund, N. T.1793. Jagttagelser til Insekternes Historic Skrivter Natur-
historie Selskabet, Copenhagen, 2:17-24.McArdle, A. F.
1900. Natural History Notes from the Royal IndianMarine Survey Ship "Investigator," CommanderT. H. Heming, R. N., Commanding, Series III,No. 4: Some Results of the Dredging Season 1899-1900. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series7,6:471-478.
1901. Natural History Notes from the Royal IndianMarine Survey Ship "Investigator," CommanderT. H. Heming, R. N., Commanding, Series HI,No. 5: An Account of the Trawling Operationduring the Surveying Season 1900-1901. Annalsand Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 8:517-526.
McConnaughey, B. H.1965. The Determination and Analysis of Plankton
Communities. Penelitian laut di Indonesia (MarineResearch in Indonesia), special number, 1965: 25pages.
MacGilchrist, A. C.1905. Natural History Notes from the R.I.M.S. "Inves-
tigator," Capt. T. H. Heming, R. N. (retired)Commanding, Series 3, No. 6: An Account ofSome of the New and Some of the Rarer DecapodCrustacea Obtained during the Surveying Season1901-1904. Annals and Magazine of Natural History,series 7, 15:233-268.
NUMBER 338 59
McLachlan, A.1980. Occurrence of Ghost Crabs Ocypode spp., in the
Eastern Cape. South African Journal of Zoology, 15:57-58.
MacLeay, W. S.1838. On the Brachyurous Decapod Crustacea Brought
from the Cape by Dr. Smith. In Smith, editor,Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa; ConsistingChiefly of Figures and Descriptions of the Objects ofNatural History Collected during an Expedition into theInterior of South Africa, in the Years 1834, 1835, and1836; Fitted Out by "The Cape of Good Hope Association
for Exploring Central Africa" pages 53-71 . London:Smith, Elder, and Co.
MacNae, W.1968. A General Account of the Flora and Fauna of
Mangrove Swamps and Forests in the Indo-West-Pacific Region. Advances in Marine Biology, 6:73-270.
MacNae, W., and M. Kalk1958. A Natural History of Inhaca Island, Mocambique. 163
pages. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand UniversityPress.
Man, J. G. de1887a. Report on the Podophthalmous Crustacea of the
Mergui Archipelago, Collected for the Trustees ofthe Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. John An-derson, F.R.S., Superintendent of the Museum.
Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 22: 64 pages.1887b. Uebersicht der indo-paciflschen Arten der Gat-
tung Sesarma Say, nebst einer Kritik der von W.Hess und E. Nauck in den Jahren 1865 und 1880deschriebenen Decapoden. Zoologischen Jahrbuchem,1887, 2:639-722.
1888a. Report on the Podophthalmus Crustacea of theMergui Archipelago, Collected for the Trustees ofthe Indian Museum, by Dr. John Anderson,F.R.S., Superintendent of the Museum. Journal ofthe Linnean Society, Zoology, 22:241-312.
1888b. Bericht iiber die im indischen Archipel von Dr. J.Brock gesammelten Decapoden und Stomatopo-den. Archivfiir NaturgeschichU, 53:215-600.
1890. Carcinological Studies in the Leyden Museum.Notes from the Leyden Museum, 12:49-126.
1895. Bericht iiber die von Herrn Schiffskapitan Stormzu Atjeh, an den westichen Kiisten von Malakka,Borneo und Celebes sowie in der Java-See ges-ammelten Decapoden und Stomatopoden. Zoolo-gischenjahrbuchem, 1895, 9:75-218.
1897a. Beit rage zur Kenntnis der Fauna von Siid-Afrika,Ergebnisse einer Reise von Prof. Max Weber imJahre 1894,1: Zur Kenntnis der Siisswasser-Faunavon Siid-Afrika. Zoologischejahrbucher, 10:135-200.
1897b. Bericht iiber die von Herrn Schiffscapitan Stormzu Atjeh, an den westlichen Kiisten von Malakka,Borneo und Celebes sowie in der Java-See ges-
1902. Die von Herrn Professor Kiikenthal im IndischenArchipel gesammelten Dekapoden und Stomato-poden. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen naturfor-schenden Gesellschafl, 25:467-929.
1907. Diagnoses of New Species of Macrurous DecapodCrustacea from the Siboga Expedition. Notes fromthe Leyden Museum, 29:127-147.
1908a. On Caridina nilotica (Roux) and Its Varieties. Recordsof the Indian Museum, 22:55-283.
1908b. Diagnoses of New Species of Macrurous DecapodCrustacea from the Siboga-Expedition. Notes fromthe Leyden Museum, 30:98-112.
1911a. The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition, I: FamilyPenaeidae. Siboga Expedition Monograph, 39a: 1 -131 .
191 lb. The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition, II: Fam-ily II Alpheidae. Siboga Expedition Monograph, 39a:133-465.
1916. Diagnoses of New Species of Macrurous DecapodCrustacea from the Siboga-Expedition. ZoologischeMededeelingen, 2:147-151.
Manning, R. B., and L. B. Holthuis1981. West African Brachyuran Crabs (Crustacea: De-
capoda) . Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 306:379 pages, 88 figures.
Miers, E. J.1877a. Notes on Oxystomatous Crustacea, 1: Family Leu-
cosiidae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London,series 2, Zoology, 1:235-249.
1877b. On Actaemorpha erosa, a New Genus and Species ofCrustacea. Journal of the Linnean Society of London,13:183-185.
1879a. On a Collection of Crustacea Made by Capt. H.C. St. John, R.N., in the Corean and JapaneseSeas. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,1879:18-61.
1879b. Descriptions of New or Little Known Maioid Crus-tacea (Oxyrhyncha) in the Collection of the Brit-ish Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History,series 5, 4: 28 pages.
1881. On a Collection of Crustacea Made by BaronHermann-Maltzam at Goree Island, Senegambia.Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 5, 8:259-281.
1884. Crustacea. In Report on the Zoological Collections madein the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage on H.M.S."Alert" 1881-2. London: Trustees of the BritishMuseum.
1885. Brachyura. In Tizard, Moseley, Buchanan, andMurray, editors, Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S."Challenger" with a General Account of the ScientificResults of the Expedition. London.
1886. Report on the Brachyura Collected by H.M.S."Challenger" during the Years 1873-76. Report on
60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. "Chal-lenger" during the Years 1873-76, 17: 362 pages.
Milne-Edwards, A.1865. Descriptions du quelques Crustaces Nouveaux ap-
partenant a la tribu des Maiens. Annales de laSocie'te Entomologique de France, series 4, 5:133-147
1867. Descriptions de quelques especes nouvelles deCrustaces Brachyures. Annales de la Socie'te Entomo-logique de France, series 4, 7:263-288.
1868a. Description de quelques Crustaces nouveaux. Nou-velle Archives du Museum d'Hisloire Naturelle (Paris),4:69-92.
1868b. Description de quelques Crustaces nouveaux prov-enant des voyages de M. Alfred Grandidier aZanzibar et a Madagascar. Nouvelles Archives duMuseum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 4:69-92.
1869. Note sur quelques nouvelles especes du genre Se-sarma, Say. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'HistoireNaturelle (Paris), 5:25-31.
1872. Recherches sur la faune carcinologique que de laNouvelle Caledonie. Nouvelles Archives du Museumd'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 8:229-267.
1873a. Description de quelques Crustaces nouveaux oupeu connus provenant du Musee de M. C. God-effroy. Journal des Museum Godeffroy, 1(4): 77-88.
1873b. Recherches sur la faune carcinologique de la Nou-velle-Caledonie, Deuxieme Partie. Nouvelles Ar-chives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 9:155-332.
1880. Reports on the Results of Dredging, under theSupervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf ofMexico, and in the Caribbean Sea, 1877, '78, '79,by the United States Coast Survey Steamer"Blake," Lieut.-Commander C. D. Sigsbee,U.S.N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U.S.N.,Commanding. Bulletin of the Museum of ComparativeZoology at Harvard College, 8: 68 pages.
1881. Descriptions des quelques Crustaces Macrouresprovenant des grandes profondeurs de la Mer desAntilles. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, series 6, 11:16 pages.
1883. Recueil de figures de Crustaces nouveaux ou peu connus.Pages 1-3, plates 1-44. Paris.
Milne-Edwards, H.1830. Description des genres Glaucothoe, Sicyonie, Serg-
este, et Acete, de POrdre des Crustaces Decapodes.Annales de Sciences Naturelle, 19:333-352.
1834. Histoire naturelle des Crustaces, comprenant I'anatomie, laphysiologic et la classification de ces animaux. Volume1. Paris.
1836. Observations zoologiques sur les Pagures, et de-scription d'un nouveau genre de la tribu des Pa-guriens. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, series 2, 6:257-288.
1837. Crustaces. In Buffon, editor, Suites a Buffon, formant
avec les oeuvres de eel auteurum cours complete d'HistoireNaturelle, volume 2. Paris.
1848. Note sur quelques nouvelles especes du genre Pa-gure. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, series 3, 10:59-64.
1852. Observations sur les affinites zoologiques et laclassification naturelle des Crustaces. Annales desSciences Naturelles, series 3, 18:109-166.
1854. Note sur quelques Crustaces nouveaux ou peuconnus conserves dans le museum. Nouvelles Ar-chives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 7:145-192.
Monod, T.1956. Hippidea et Brachyura Ouest-Africains. Memoires
de I'Instilut Francois d'Afrique Noire, 45:1-674.Montagu, G.
1813. Descriptions of Several New or Rare Animals,Principally Marine, Discovered on the SouthCoast of Devonshire. Transactions of the LinnaeanSociety of London, 11: 26 pages.
Nobili, G.1901. Decapodi e Stomatopodi Eritrei del Museo Zool-
ogico dell' Universita di Napoli. Annuario del MuseoZoologico di Napoli, 1 (3): 20 pages.
1904. Diagnoses preliminaires de vingt-huit especes nou-velles de Stomatopodes et Decapodes Macrouresde la Mer Rouge. Bulletin du Museum d'HistoireNaturelle (Paris), 1904:228-237.
1905a. Diagnoses preliminaires de 34 especes et varietesnouvelles, et de 2 genres nouveaux de decapodesde la Mer Rouge. Bulletin du Museum d'HistoireNaturelle (Paris), 1905:393-411.
1905b. Crostacei di Zanzibar. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologiaed Anatomia comparata della R. Universita di Torino,20: 12 pages.
1906. Diagnoses preliminaires de Crustaces, Decapodeset Isopodes nouveaux recueillis par M. le Dr. G.Seurat aux ties Touamotou. Bulletin du Museumd'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 1906:256-270.
Norman, A. M.1882. Report on the Crustacea. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, 11:683-689.Olivi, G.
1792. Zoologia Adriatica, ossia Calalogo Ragionato degli Ani-mali del Golfo e delle Lagune di Venezia. 334 pages.Bassano.
Olivier, G. A.1791-1811. Histoire Naturelle: Insectes. In Encyclopedic
Me'thodique, volumes 6, 8. Paris.Ortmann, A.
1892. Die Abtheilungen Hippidea, Dromiidea, und Ox-ystomata: Die Decapoden-Krebse des Strassbur-ger Museums, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigungder von Herrn Dr. Doderlein bei Japan und beiden Liu-Kiu-Inseln gesammelten und z. z. im
NUMBER 338 61
Strassburger Museum aufbewahrten Formen,Theil V. Zoologische Jahrbuche, Abtheilung fir Syste-malik, Geographic und Biologic der Thierc, 6:532-588.
1893. Decapoden und Schizopoden. Ergebnisse der Plank-ton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung, 2: 120 pages.
1894. Crustaceen. In Semon, editor, Zoologische For-schungsreisen in Australien und dem Malayischen Archi-pel, volume 8. Berlin.
1896. Ueber "Bipolaritat" in der Verbreitung marinerThiere. Zoologischen Jahrbuchern, 1896, 9:571-595.
1897. Garcinologische Studien. Zoologischen Jahrbuchern,1897, 10:258-372.
Owen, R.1839. Crustacea. In Beechey, editor, The Zoology o/Capt.
Beechey's Voyage to the Pacific and Behring's Straits in1825-28. London.
Pallas, P. S.1772. Spicilegia Zoologica (quibus novae et obscurae animalium
species illustrantur), 1767-1780. Volume 9. Berolini.Paterson, N. F.
1968. The Anatomy of the Cape Rock Lobster, Jasuslalandii (H. Milne-Edwards). Annals of the SouthAfrican Museum, 51: 232 pages.
Paulson, O.1875. hsledovaniya Rakoobraznykh Krasnago Morya a Zamet-
kami Otnositel'no Rakoobraznykh Drugikh Morei, I: Po-dophthalmata i Edriophthalmata (Cumacea). 144pages. Kiev: S. V. Kul'zhenko.
Pennant, T.1777. British Zoology: Crustacea, Mollusca, Testacea. Volume
4. London: Benjamin White.Perez Farfante, I.
1979. Penaeopsis jerryi, New Species from the IndianOcean (Crustacea: Penaeoidea). Proceedings of theBiological Society of Washington, 92:208-215.
Peron, F.1818. [Contribution.] In Lamarck, editor, Histoire natu-
relle des Animaux sens vertebres, pre'sentant les caracteresge'neraux et particuliers de ces Animaux, pre'ce'dee d'uneintroduction offrant la determination des caracteres essen-tiels de I' animal, enfin, {'exposition des principles fon-damentaux de la Zoologie, volume 5. Paris.
Petere, W.1852. Conchodytes, eine neue in Muscheln lebende Gat-
tung von Garneelen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichtet 18:283-290.
Pfeffer, G.1881. Die Panzerkrebse des Hamburger Museums. Ver-
handlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins vonHarnbutg-AUona (N. F.), 5:22-53.
1889. Uebersicht der von Herrn Dr. F. Stuhlmann inAgypten, auf sansibar und dem gegenuberliegen-den Festlande gesammeiten Reptilien und Krebse.
Jarhbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschafilichen Anstal-ten, 6: 36 pages.
Pichon, X. le1960. The Deep Water Circulation in the Southwest
Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 65:4061-4074.
Poore, G.C.B., and D.J.G. Griffin1979. The Thalassinidea (Crustacea: Decapoda) of Aus-
tralia. Records of the Australian Museum, 32:217-321.Poppig, E.
1836. Crustacea Chilensia nova aut minus nota (Cancerpolydon, Cancer plebejus, Hepatus perlatus,Grapsus strigosus, Gecarcinus regius, Corystesscarius, Leucosia pacific, Inachus mitis, etc). Archiv
fir NaturgeschichU, 2:133-145.Prell, W. L., and W. H. Hutson
1979. Zonal Temperature-Anomaly Maps of IndianOcean Surface Waters: Modern and Ice-Age Pat-terns. Science, 206:454-456.
Randall, J. W.1839-1842. Catalogue of the Crustacea Brought by
Thomas Nuttall and J. K. Townsend, from theWest Coast of North America and the SandwichIslands, with Descriptions of Such Species as AreApparently New, among Which Are IncludedSeveral Species of Different Localities, PreviouslyExisting in the Collection of the Academy. Journalof the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8:106-147.
Rathbun, M. J.1902. Japanese Stalk-Eyed Crustaceans. Proceedings of the
United States National Museum, 26:23-55.1904. Les Crabes d'Eau Douce (Potamonidae). Nouvelles
Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), series4,6:225-312.
1906. The Brachyura and Macrura of the HawaiianIslands. United States Fish Commission Bulletin for1903, 3:827-930.
1909. New Crabs from the Gulf of Siam. Proceedings ofthe Biological Society of Washington, 22:107-114.
1911. The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the IndianOcean in 1905, under the Leadership of Mr. J.Stanley Gardiner, 11: Marine Brachyura. Trans-actions of the Linnean Society of London, series 2, Zool-ogy, 14:191-261.
Rathke, H.1837. Beitrag zur Fauna der Krimm. Memoires a
I'Academie Imperial* des Sciences de St. Pettrsbourg, 3:291-454.
1843. Beit rage zur Fauna Norwegens. Academuu caesareaeLeopoldino-Carolinae, Nova Ada, 20: 264 pages.
Richters, F.1880. Decapoda. In Mobius, editor, Beitrage zur Metres-
fauna der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen, 352 pages.Berlin: Verlag Gutmann'schen Buchhandlung.
Risso, A.1816. Histoire naturelle des Crusface's des environs de Nice. 175
62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
pages. Paris: Librairie Grecque-Latine-Alle-mande.
1826. Histoire naturelle des principale productions de I'Europe
Me'ridionale et particulie'rement de celles des environs de
Nice el des Alpes Maritimes. Volume 5. Paris a n d
Strasbourg.Roux, J.L.F.P.
1830. Crustace's de la Me'diterrane'e et de son Littoral, 1828-
1830. Paris and Marseille.1833. Lettre relative a divers coquilles, crustaces, in-
sectes, reptiles, et oiseaux, observes, en Egypte.Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris), 28:72-78.
Riippell, E.1830. Beschreibung und Abbildung von 24 Arten kurzschwdn-
zigen Krabben, als Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte des rothen
Meers. Frankfurt: Heinrich Ludwig Bronner.Saint Laurent, M. de
1972. Sur la famille des Parapaguridae Smith, 1882:Description de Typhlopagurus foresti gen. nov., sp.nov., et de quinze especes ou sous-especes nouvellesde Parapagurus Smith (Crustacea, Decapoda).Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 42:97-123.
Saint Laurent, M. de, and P. le LoeufT1979. Campagnes de la Calypso au large des Cotes Atlan-
tiques Africaines (1956 et 1959), 22: CrustacesDecapodes Thalassinidea, I: Upogebiidae et Cal-l ianassidae. Re'sultats Scientifiques des Campagnes de la
Calypso, 11:29-101.Sakai, K., and M. Tiirkay
1976. Bemerkungen zu einigen Ocypode-Arten (Crusta-cea: Decapoda). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 57:81-%.
Sakai, T.1965. On Two New Genera and Five New Species of
Xanthoid Crabs from the Collection of His Maj-esty the Emperor of Japan, Made in Sagami Bay.Crustaceana, 8:97-106.
1974. On Some Systematically Interesting Crabs fromJ a p a n . Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic
Zoology, 10:10-14.1976. Crabs of Japan and the Adjacent Seas. 773 pages.
Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd.Say, T.
1818. An Account of the Crustacea of the United States.Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, 1:155-169.Schenkel, E.
1902. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Dekapodenfauna vonCelebes. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesells-
chaft in Basel, 13:485-618.
Schmitt, W. L.1937. A New Species of Emerita (Crustacea) from South
Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 32:25-29.Shannon, L. V.
1966. Hydrology of the South and West Coasts of South
Africa. Investigational Reports of the Division of Fish-
eries of the Republic of South Africa, 58: 22 pages.
Shaw, G., and F. P. Nodder
1803. Naturalist's Miscellany. Volume 15, plates 589-612.London.
Shen, C. J.1935. On a New Species of Charybdis, Belonging to the
Subgenus Gonioneptunus, from South Africa. Annalsand Magazine of Natural History, series 10, 15:404-408.
Smith, M. M.1970. Endemism in South African Fishes. In Symposium
on Oceanography in South Africa, paper H. 3. Durban.Smith, S. I.
1882. Reports on the Results of Dredging, under theSupervision of Alexander Agassiz, on the EastCoast of the United States, during the Summer of1880, by the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer "Blake,"Commander J. R. Bartlett, U.S.N., Commanding.Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har-
vard College, 10: 108 pages.1883. Preliminary Report on the Brachyura and Ano-
mura Dredged in Deep Water off the South Coastof New England by the United States Fish Com-mission in 1880, 1881, and 1882. Proceedings of theUnited States National Museum, 6: 56 pages.
1884. Report on the Decapod Crustacea of the AlbatrossDredgings off the East Coast of the United Statesin 1883. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Fish andFisheries for 1882, 15:345-426.
1885. On Some New or Little Known Decapod Crusta-cea, from Recent Fish Commission Dredgings offthe East Coast of the United States. Proceedings ofthe United States National Museum, 7:493-511.
1887. The Abyssal Decapod Crustacea of the "Alba-tross" Dredgings in the North Atlantic. Annals andMagazine of Natural History, series 5, 17:187-198.
Stander, G. H.1964. The Benguela Current off South West Africa.
Investigational Reports of the Marine Research Laboratory
of South West Africa, 12: 43 pages.
Stebbing, T.R.R.1900. South African Crustacea. Marine Investigations in
South Africa, 1:14-66.1902. South African Crustacea, II. Marine Investigations in
South Africa, 2: 92 pages.1905. South African Crustacea, III. Marine Investigations
in South Africa, 4:21-123.1910. General Catalogue of South African Crustacea
(Part V of S. A. Crustacea, for the Marine Inves-tigations in South Africa). Annals of the South AfricanMuseum, 6:281-593.
1914a. South African Crustacea (Part VII of S. A. Cms-
NUMBER :« 63
tacea, for the Marine Investigations in South Af-rica). Annals of the South African Museum, 15: 55pages.
1914b. Stalk-eyed Crustacea Malacostraca of the ScottishNational Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of theRoyal Society of Edinburgh, 50:253-307.
1915. South African Crustacea (Part VIII of S. A. Crus-tacea, for the Marine Investigations in South Af-rica). Annals of the South African Museum, 15:57-104.
1917a. The Malacostraca of Natal. Annals of the DurbanMuseum, 2: 33 pages.
1917b. South African Crustacea (Part IX of S. A. Crus-tacea, for the Marine Investigations of South Af-rica). Annals of the South African Museum, 17:23-46.
1918. Some Crustacea of Natal. Annals of the DurbanMuseum, 2:47-75.
1920. South African Crustacea (Part X of S. A. Crusta-cea, for the Marine Investigations in South Af-rica). Annals of the South African Museum, 17:231-272.
1921a. South African Crustacea (Part XI of S. A. Crus-tacea, for the Marine Investigations in South Af-rica). Annals of the South African Museum, 18:453-468.
1921b. Some Crustacea of Natal. Annals of the DurbanMuseum, 3:11-26.
1923. Crustacea of Natal. Fisheries and Marine BiologicalSurvey, Report No. 3, for the Year 1922, 1924: 16pages.
1924. South African Crustacea (Part XII of S. A. Crus-tacea, for the Marine Investigations in South Af-rica). Annals of the South African Museum, 19:235-248.
Stimpson, W.1858a. Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebrato-
rum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum PacificumSeptentrionalem, a Republica Federata missa,Cadwaladaro Ringgold et Johanne Rodgers Du-cibus, observavit et descripsit. Proceedings of theAcademy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9:216-221.
1858b. Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebrato-rum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum PacificumSeptentrionalem, a Republica Federata missa,Cadwaladaro Ringgold et Johanne Rodgers Du-cibus, observavit et descripsit. Proceedings of theAcademy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 10:31-40.
1859a. [Untitled communication.] Proceedings of the BostonSociety of Natural History, 6:416-417.
1859b. Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebrato-rum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum PacificumSeptentrionalem, a Republica Federata missa,Cadwaladaro Ringgold et Johanne Rodgers Du-cibus, observavit et descripsit. Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 10:93-110.
1859c. Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebrato-rum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum PacificumSeptentrionalem, a Republica Federata missa,Cadwaladaro Ringgold et Johanne Rodgers Du-cibus, observavit et descripsit. Proceedings of theAcademy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 10:225-252.
1860. Prodromus Descriptionis Animalium Evertebra-torum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum Pacifi-cum Septentrionalem, a Republica Federatamisssa, Cadwaladaro Ringgold et Johanne Rodg-ers Ducibus, observavit et descripsit. Proceedings ofthe Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 12:22-47.
S t r ah l J . C.1861. Carcinologische Beitrage. Archivfur Naturgeschichte,
27:101-106.1862. Ueber einige neue von Herrn F. Jagor eingesandte
Thalassinen und die systematische Stellung dieserFamilie. Monatsberichte der Konigliche Preussiche Aka-demieder Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861:1055-1072.
Stubblefield, C. J.1927. Lower Miocene Crustacea from Pemba Island. In
Report on the Palaeontology of the Zanzibar Protectorate.London: Geological Survey.
1939. [Report.] In Borges, editor, Depositos terciarios epost-pliocenos do distrito de Inhambane. Boletimde Colonia de Mozambique, Servicos de Industrie, Minase Geologia, 3:59-105.
Studer, T.1882. Verzeichniss der wahrend der Reise S.M.S. Gazelle
an der Westkuste von Afrika, Ascension und derCap der Guten Hoffnung gesammelten Crusta-ceen. Abhandlungen der konigliche Preussischen Akade-mie der Wissenschajlen, Berlin, 2: 32 pages.
Sund, O.1920. Peneides and Stenopides from the "Michael Sars"
North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition. Reports of theScientific Results of the North Atlantic Deep Sea Expe-dition, 3(7): 32 pages.
Tankard, A. J.1975. Thermally Anomalous Late Pleistocene Molluscs
from the South-Western Cape Province, SouthAfrica. Annals of the South African Museum, 69:17-45.
Thompson, W.1844. Report on the Fauna of Ireland: Division Inver-
tebrata. Report of the British Association for the Ad-vancement of Science, 13:245-291.
Thomson, C. W.1873. The Depths of the Sea: An Account of the General Results
of the Dredging Cruises of H.M.S. "Porcupine" and"Lightning" during the Summers of 1868, 1869, and
64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
1870, under the Scientific Direction of Dr. Carpenter,F.R.S.J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S. and Dr. Wyville Thom-son, F.R.S. 527 pages. London.
Visser, G. A., and M. M. van Niekerk1965. Ocean Currents and Water Masses at 1000, 1500,
and 3000 Metres in the South-West Indian Ocean.Investigational Reports of the Division of Fisheries of theRepublic of South Africa, 52: 46 pages.
Weber, M.1897. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Fauna von Siid-Afrika,
1: Zur Kenntnis der Siisswasser-Fauna von Siid-Afrika. Zoologischejahrbucher, 10:135-200.
Welsh, J. G., and G. A. Visser1970. Hydrological Observations in the South-East At-
lantic Ocean, 1: The Cape Basin. InvestigationalReports of the Division of Fisheries of the Republic ofSouth Africa, 83: 24 pages.
White, A.1846. Notes on Four New Genera of Crustacea. Annals
and Magazine of Natural History, 18:176-178.1847a. List of the Specimens of Crustacea in the Collection of the
British Museum. London.1847b. Descriptions of New Crustacea from the Eastern
Seas. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15:56-58.
1852. Descriptions of Some New species of Annulosa. InMacGillivray, editor, Naralive of the Voyage ofH.M.S. Rattlesnake during 1846-1850, Including Dis-coveries and Surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Ar-chipelago etc., to Which is Added the Account of Mr. E.B. Kennedy's Expedition for the Exploration of the CapeYork Peninsula, 2(6):387-395. London.
Wolff, T.1978. Maximum Size of Lobsters (Homarus) (Decapoda,
Nephropidae). Crustaceana, 34:1-14.Wood-Mason, F.
1873. On Nephropsis stewarti, a New Genus and Speciesof Macrurous Crustaceans, Dredged in Deep Wa-ter off the Eastern Coast of the Andaman Islands.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 42:39-44.Wood-Mason, J.
1892. Crustacea, Part I. In Illustrations of the Zoology ofH.M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator,under the Command of Commander A. Carpenter, plates1-5. Calcutta.
Wood-Mason, J., and A. Alcock1891. Natural History Notes from H.M. Indian Marine
Survey Steamer "Investigator," Commander R. F.Hoskyn, R.N., Commanding, 21: Note on theResults of the Last Season's Deep-Sea Dredging.Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 6, 7:186-202.
1893. On the Results of Deep-Sea Dredging during theSeason 1890-91. Annals and Magazine of NaturalHistory, series 6, 11:161 -171.
Yaldwyn, J. C.1967. A Summary of the Composition and Relationships
of the New Zealand Macruran and AnomuranFauna. Australian/New Zealand Meeting on DecapodCrustacea, Sydney, 1967. [Printed handout.]
Zehntner, L.1894. Crustaces de l'Archipel Malais. Revue Suisse de Zool-
ogie el Annales du Music d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve,2:135-214.
REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION
Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review within theiroriginating Smithsonian museums or offices and are submitted to the Smithsonian InstitutionPress with approval of the appropriate museum authority on Form SI-36. Requests forspecial treatment—use of color, foldouts, casebound covers, etc.—require, on the sameform, the added approval of designated committees or museum directors.
Review of manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and style,completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, willgovern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of the manuscripts and art.
Copy must be typewritten, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper,with iyA" margins, submitted as ribbon copy (not carbon or xerox), in loose sheets (notstapled or bound), and accompanied by original art. Minimum acceptable length is 30 pages.
Front matter (preceding the text) should include: title page with only title and authorand no other information, abstract page with author/title/series/etc., following the establish-ed format, table of contents with indents reflecting the heads and structure of the paper.
First page of text should carry the title and author at the top of the page and an unnum-bered footnote at the bottom consisting of author's name and professional mailing address.
Center heads of whatever level should be typed with initial caps of major words, withextra space above and below the head, but with no other preparation (such as all caps orunderline). Run-in paragraph heads should use period/dashes or colons as necessary.
Tabulations within text (lists of data, often in parallel columns) can be typed on the textpage where they occur, but they should not contain rules or formal, numbered table heads.
Formal tables (numbered, with table heads, boxheads, stubs, rules) should be sub-mitted as camera copy, but the author must contact the series section of the Press for edito-rial attention and preparation assistance before final typing of this matter.
Taxonomic keys in natural history papers should use the alined-couplet form in thezoology and paleobiology series and the multi-level indent form in the botany series. Ifcross-referencing is required between key and text, do not include page references within thekey, but number the keyed-out taxa with their corresponding heads in the text.
Synonymy in the zoology and paleobiology series must use the short form (taxon,author, year:page), with a full reference at the end of the paper under "Literature Cited."For the botany series, the long form (taxon, author, abbreviated journal or book title, volume,page, year, with no reference in the "Literature Cited") is optional.
Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographic, should be typedat the bottom of the text page on which the reference occurs. Extensive notes must appear atthe end of the text in a notes section. If bibliographic footnotes are required, use the shortform (author/brief title/page) with the full reference in the bibliography.
Text-reference system (author/year/page within the text, with the full reference in a"Literature Cited" at the end of the text) must be used in place of bibliographic footnotes inall scientific series and is strongly recommended in the history and technology series:"(Jones, 1910:122)" or ".. . . Jones (1910:122)."
Bibliography, depending upon use, is termed "References," "Selected References," or"Literature Cited." Spell out book, journal, and article titles, using initial caps in all majorwords. For capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of eachlanguage. Underline (for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses systemfor volume/number/page citations: "10(2):5-9." For alinement and arrangement ofelements, follow the format of the series for which the manuscript is intended.
Legends for illustrations must not be attached to the art nor included within the text butmust be submitted at the end of the manuscript—with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.
Illustrations must not be included within the manuscript but must be submitted sepa-rately as original art (not copies). All illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.)can be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and shouldbe numbered consecutively. If several "figures" are treated as components of a single largerfigure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters (underlined in copy) on the illus-tration, in the legend, and in text references: "Figure 9b.." If illustrations are intended to beprinted separately on coated stock following the text, they should be termed Plates and anycomponents should be lettered as in figures: "Plate 9.b_." Keys to any symbols within anillustration should appear on the art and not in the legend.
A few points of style: (1) Do not use periods after such abbreviations as "mm, ft,yds, USNM, NNE, AM, BC." (2) Use hyphens in spelled-out fractions: "two-thirds." (3)Spell out numbers "one" through "nine" in expository text, but use numerals in all othercases if possible. (4) Use the metric system of measurement, where possible, instead ofthe English system. (5) Use the decimal system, where possible, in place of fractions.(6) Use day/month/year sequence for dates: "9 April 1976." (7) For months in tabular list-ings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: "Jan, Mar, Jun," etc.
Arrange and paginate sequentially EVERY sheet of manuscript—including ALL frontmatter and ALL legends, etc., at the back of the text—in the following order: (1) title page,(2) abstract, (3) table of contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendixes,(7) notes, (8) glossary, (9) bibliography, (10) index, (11) legends.