Teacher in charge: Nguyen Trang Dung | Page 1 Unit 1: NOUNS, ARTICLES A. COUNT & NON-COUNT NOUNS 1. Count nouns Most nouns are count nouns. They have both a singular and a plural form. - To make singular words plural, add s. (e.g. pens) - If the words end in o, s, ch, sh, x add es. (e.g. tomatos, buses, watches, crashes, faxes) Note: pianos, stereos, videos - If the words ends in –f, –fe , chage the f/fe to ves (e.g. wives) Note: roofs - If the words end in –y, change y to ies (e.g. babies) - Some irregular words: o have the same form in singular and plural deer, sheep, fish, fruit o change totally: men, women, children, people, teeth, feet We use PLURAL VERBS with nouns that refer to: We use PLURAL VERBS with nouns that refers to objects with two parts: glasses, pants, pajamas, gloves, shorts 2. Non-count nouns Non-count nouns do not have a plural form. Gas, liquid, metal, material, ingredient Air, water, silver, paper, sugar Activities, sports Gardening, shopping, football, soccer Subjects History, mathematics, economics Languages Russian, Greek Abstract nouns Intelligence, information, advice, knowledge Collective noun Luggage, furniture, equipment, traffic 3. Nouns that are both count and non-count nouns Certain nouns can be used as either count or non-count nouns, but different in meaning Count Non-count GLASS I want a glass of milk There is some broken glass on the road. PAPER I’m going to buy a paper. I need some paper to write on. IRON We have bought a new iron. The gate is made of iron. HAIR There is a hair in my soup. Comb your hair before you go out. ROOM Can I see your spare room? There isn’t any room for a piano in my house. BUSINESS My father owns a small business. Business has been slowly lately.
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Teacher in charge: Nguyen Trang Dung | Page 1
Unit 1: NOUNS, ARTICLES
A. COUNT & NON-COUNT NOUNS
1. Count nouns
Most nouns are count nouns. They have both a singular and a plural form.
- To make singular words plural, add s. (e.g. pens)
- If the words end in o, s, ch, sh, x add es. (e.g. tomatos, buses, watches, crashes, faxes)
Note: pianos, stereos, videos
- If the words ends in –f, –fe , chage the f/fe to ves (e.g. wives)
Note: roofs
- If the words end in –y, change y to ies (e.g. babies)
- Some irregular words:
o have the same form in singular and plural deer, sheep, fish, fruit
o change totally: men, women, children, people, teeth, feet
We use PLURAL VERBS with nouns that refer to:
We use PLURAL VERBS with nouns that refers to objects with two parts: glasses, pants, pajamas, gloves, shorts
3. Nouns that are both count and non-count nouns Certain nouns can be used as either count or non-count nouns, but different in meaning
Count Non-count
GLASS I want a glass of milk There is some broken glass on the road.
PAPER I’m going to buy a paper. I need some paper to write on.
IRON We have bought a new iron. The gate is made of iron.
HAIR There is a hair in my soup. Comb your hair before you go out.
ROOM Can I see your spare room? There isn’t any room for a piano in my house.
BUSINESS My father owns a small business. Business has been slowly lately.
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GRAMMAR: ARTICLES
USE Example
A / AN +
singular
noun
For a new item of information e.g. Suddenly I saw a man appeared outside the
window.
For large whole numbers, fractions, weights, and
distances
e.g. a hundred / a million, a fifth, a half, a kilo, a
meter
For disease e.g. have a headache / a cold / a flu
THE
To talk about something again e.g. I saw a nice picture on the wall. When I went
back, the picture wasn’t there anymore.
When a noun is made definite by details following it e.g. That man outside was the man that we were
looking for.
When we definitely know what we talk about e.g.
- The cheese is in the fridge.
- We buy most of food from the local supermarket.
With superlatives and ordinals e.g.
- She is the tallest girl in our class.
- You are the first person I’ve talked to in this class.
The only one e.g. People used to believe the moon is a goddess.
Before some adjectives to say about the group in
general
e.g. The British really like to drink tea.
With some place name:
- Oceans and seas - The Black Sea, The Atlanta, The Pacific, The
Mediterranean
- River - The Nile, The Amazon, The Danube
- Mountain ranges - The Alps, The Himalayas
- Countries - The Netherlands, the Philippines, the United
Kingdom, the United States of America, the
People’s Republic of China
No article
Things in general e.g. Trees are easily damaged by pollution.
Music helps me concentrate when I’m
working.
Proper names Kate lives in Manchester.
Meals I’ve had dinner.
Means of transport She goes to school by bus every day.
* Fixed expression:
1. We listen to the radio. BUT We watch television
2. We play the guitar. (a musical instrument) BUT We play tennis. (a sport)
3. We go to the cinema, the concert, the theatre…
4. My mother is at work. BUT My mother is at the office.
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QUANTIFIERS
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Unit 2: TYPES OF VERBS
1. VERB FORMS
a. Auxiliaries (will, would, shall, do, does, did) + (NOT) Bare infinitive
e.g. He does not want to go out alone.
b. BE + V-ing / P.P (V3)
e.g. They are discussing the matter in the conference room.
No one was admitted to the seminar without an invitation.
c. HAVE / HAD / HAS + P.P (V3)
e.g. The conference had started thirty minutes before I reached the hall.
2. INTRANSITIVE or TRANSITIVE VERBS?
ABIDE BY
AGREE WITH
BENEFIT FROM
CONSENT TO
DEAL WITH
INSIST ON
ACCOUNT FOR
APOLOGIZE TO
COMPETE WITH
CONTRIBUTE TO
DEPEND ON
GRADUATE FROM
INTERFERE WITH
PROCEED WITH
REFER TO
RELY ON
SUBSCRIBE TO
SYMPATHIZE WITH
THINK OF
OBJECT TO
PARTICIPATE IN
REFRAIN FROM
RESPOND TO
SUCCEED IN
TALK ABOUT
WAIT FOR
NOTE
WRONG CORRECT WRONG CORRECT
APPROVE FOR
ACCOMPANY WITH
ATTEND AT
ALERT TO
CONTACT TO
ANSWER TO
APPROVE
ACCOMPANY
ATTEND
ALERT
CONTACT
ANSWER
ENTER INTO
APPROACH TO
EXPLAIN ABOUT
INSPECT INTO
PROVIDE WITH
LEAVE FROM
ENTER
APPROACH
EXPLAIN
INSPECT
PROVIDE
LEAVE
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DISCUSS ABOUT
DISCUSS
MENTION ABOUT
REACH AT
RESEMBLE WITH
VISIT TO
MENTION
REACH
RESEMBLE
VISIT
e.g. We proceed ( proceed with) our work after a two-week break.
Mr. Shell insists ( insists on) the freshest produce for his restaurant.
Mr. Jenson himself answered to ( answered) the phone when I called the police.
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Unit 3: PASSIVE VOICE
1. STRUCTURES
e.g. A car hit the man. The man was hit by a car.
PRESENT SIMPLE People speak English here. English is spoken here.
AM / IS / ARE + P.P
PRESENT CONTINUOUS They are painting the house. The house is bening painted.
AM / IS / ARE + being + P.P
PRESENT PERFECT I have cleaned the room. The room has been cleaned.
HAS / HAVE + been + P.P
PAST SIMPLE They robbed the bank. The bank was robbed.
WAS / WERE + P.P
PAST CONTINUOUS We were doing homework at 6pm last night. Homework was being done at 6pm last night.
WAS / WERE + being + P.P
PAST PERFECT I had checked everything before I got home. Everything had been checked before I got home.
HAD + been + P.P
Note: Verbs with 2 objects
give, lend, offer, promise, sell, send, take sth TO sb buy, keep, make, prepare, save sth FOR sb
In active or passive sentences, we can say in 2 ways
e.g. Peter gave Karen a present. = Peter gave a present to Karen.
Karen was given a present. = A present was given to Karen.
2. ACTIVE SENTENCES WITH A PASSIVE MEANING
DESERVE / REQUIRE / WANT / NEED + V-ing
e.g. The old closet needs painting. = The closet needs to be painted.
Ms. Lee deserves promoting. = Ms. Lee deserves to be promoted.
3. PASSIVE VOICE OF CAUSATIVE VERBS
Active have sb do sth Passive have sth done
e.g. I have them paint my kitchen I have my kitchen painted.
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Unit 4: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
I. SUBJECT are separated
(c) Cross out the (shortened) relative clause
Example: The girl who stands next to two big plants is my sister.
The girl standing next to two big plants is my sister.
II. VERBs coming BEFORE the SUBJECTs
III. SUBJECTS THAT ALWAYS TAKE SINGULAR VERBS
1. 1. Indefinite Pronouns Subjects
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2. 2. Words for Amounts
3. Plural-looking nouns (subjects, diseases)
IV. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
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V. COMPOUND SUBJECTs
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Unit 5: TENSES – CONDITIONAL
I. TENSE
1. PRESENT SIMPLE
Form: S + is / am / are S + V(s/es)
S + is / am / are NOT S + do / does NOT + V
Is / Am / Are + S Do / Does + S + V ?
Uses:
1. Express a habit or often repeated action. Eg. She goes to work from 9 to 5 every day.
2. Express general truth. Eg. Water boils at 1000C.
3. Talk about future scheduled events. Eg. The course begins next Monday at 2 p.m.
Common time expressions:
- Adverbs of frequency: usually, always, never, often, seldom, rarely, sometimes, often
- Every (day / week …)
- Once (a week), twice (a day), three times (a year)
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Form: S + is / am / are + V-ing S + is / am / are NOT + V-ing Is / Am / Are + S + V-ing?
Uses:
3. Express an action in progress. Eg. She is typing the letter for him.
4. Express an action that is occurring at present, but is temporary
Eg. John is living in Paris, but he will move soon.
5. Talk about an action around noun. Eg. I am dating with a beautiful girl these days.
6. Talk about the near future Eg. I am leaving for Hanoi tomorrow.
Common time expressions:
- At the moment = at present
- Currently, now, right now
- Look! Eg. Look! A hot girl is crossing the road.
- Watch out! = Look out! Eg. Look out! A car is coming behind you.
3. PRESENT PERFECT
Form: S + has / have + V3 S + has / have not + V3 Has / Have S + V3
Uses:
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1. Talk about an event that began in the past and continues up to now.
Eg. He has lived here for 3 years.
2. Talk about an event that was completed in the past, but the specific time of the event is not known.
Eg. I have seen that movie before.
3. Talk about an event that was completed in the past just a short time ago.
Eg. I have just had dinner.
Common time expressions:
- for (with a period of time)
- since (with an exact point of time)
- ever
- never
- yet
- already
- so far = up to now
- over / for / in the last / past few years
- recently / lately
- just
- It is the first / second time…
- Superlatives e.g. You are the most beautiful girl I have seen.
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Form: S + has / have + been + V-ing S + has / have + been NOT + V-ing Has / Have S been V-ing?
Uses: The same as Present Perfect
Present Perfect: emphasizes the result answer the question How many (times)
Present Perfect Continuous: emphasizes the activity, duration -> answer the question How long
E.g. I have seen it twice. I have read 20 pages of the book.
I have been reading it all day. I have been working here for 5 years.
5. PAST SIMPLE
Form: S + was / were S + V(-ed / V2)
S + was / were NOT S + did NOT + V
Was / Were + S Did + S + V ?
Uses: Talk about a complete past action Eg I visited my aunt yesterday.
Common time expressions:
- last (week, year, night…)
- yesterday
- ago
- the other day
- those days
- at / in / on + past time
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6. PAST CONTINUOUS
Form: S + was / were + V-ing S + was / were not + V-ing Was / Were + S + V-ing?
Uses:
1. Talk about an activity that was in progress at a specific point of time in the past.
Eg. I was studying while my mother was cooking dinner.
2. Talk about a past action which was in progress when another past action happened.
Eg. I was taking a bath when the door bell rang.
7. PAST PERFECT
Form: S + had + V3 S + had + V3 Had + S + V3?
Uses: Talk about a past action which happened before another past action or before a point of time in
the past.
e.g. The Titanic had received many warnings before it hit the iceberg.
She had been driving around the city before 5 p.m last night.
8. FUTURE FORM
9. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
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Form: S + will + be + V-ing S + will be not + V-ing Will + S + be + V-ing?
Uses: Talk about an event or action that will occur over a period of time at a specific point in the future.
Eg. I will be teaching English 4 at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
10. FUTURE PERFECT
Form: S + will + have + V3 S + will have not + V3 Will + S + have+ V3?
Uses: Talk about an event or action that will be completed before another event or time in the future.
Eg. We will have finished the exam by the time class ends tomorrow
11. FUTURE TIME in Present tenses
II. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
First conditional A possible thing in future IF + S + (should) + V, S + will + V
e.g. If I have free time, I will drop by your house tomorrow.
Second conditional An unlikely thing at
present
IF + S + simple past, S + would / could/ should/might + V
e.g. If I were you, I would accept her offer.
Third conditional An unlikely thing in the
past
IF + S + past perfect, S + would/could/ should/might + have
+ V3
e.g. If I had met you last night, I would have given you his
phone number.
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Mixed conditional An imagined event in the
past with the present
result
e.g. If it had not snowed last night, the road would not be
slippery now.
If John had followed my advice, he wouldn’t be in such a
difficult situation now.
Omission of IF
III. SUBJUNCTIVE FORMS
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Unit 6: TENSES – CONDITIONAL
A. GERUND is used:
1. As the subject or the object of a sentence Ex: - Skiing can be dangerous. - I enjoy cooking. 2. After prepositions Ex: - He’s bad at talking to girls.
3. After the verbs GO when talking about activities Ex: - I often go swimming every day.
- She often goes fishing on Sundays.
4. After certain verbs or phrases:
ADMIT
AVOID
BE USED TO
CAN’T HELP
CAN’T STAND
CONSIDER
DELAY
DENY
ENJOY
FEEL LIKE
FINISH
HAVE DIFFICULTY
IMAGINE
IMAGINE
IT’S NO GOOD
IT’S NO USE
IT’S WORTH
KEEP
MENTION
MISS
POSTPONE
PRACTICE
SUGGEST
SPEND TIME
5. After some special expressions
a. SPEND / WASTE time/money + V-ing John spends most of his time studying TOEIC.
I wasted a lot of time watching TV.
b. SIT / STAND / LIE + place + V-ing John sat at his desk writing a letter.
I stood there wondering what to do next.
She is lying in bed reading a novel.
c. FIND / CATCH + sb + V-ing When I walked into my office, I found Peter using my telephone.
Getting home, I caught a thief looking through my desk drawers.
B. BARE INFINITIVE is used:
1. After modal verbs
Ex: - He should get married to her immediately.
2. After the verbs LET MAKE WOULD RATHER
Ex: - I let my son go out for 2 hours only.
- Her teacher makes her a lot of homework.
- He’d rather not shop for computers until they are on sale.
C. GERUNDS or INFINITIVES: Some verbs can be followed by Gerunds or Infinitives with no change in
meaning
BEGIN BOTHER CONTINUE
HATE LIKE LOVE START
Ex: - He begins playing/to play the piano.
- It started raining/to rain as soon as we left the house.
* Some verbs can be followed by Gerunds or Infinitives with some changes in meaning
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1. FORGET
Ex: - He’s forgotten meeting you before.
- I forgot to say where I was going.
FOR GET + gerund = not remember a past action
FORGET + to –inf = forget, then fail to act
2. REMEMBER
Ex: - She remembers leaving water for the dog.
- I hope she remembers to leave water for the dog.
REMEMBER + gerund = recall doing sth in the past
REMEMBER + to –inf = recall, then act
3. GO ON
Ex: - They went on watching TV.
- They went on to watch TV.
GO ON + gerund = continue doing sth
GO ON + to –inf = finish one thing and start
another
4. STOP
Ex: - The lesson was boring; so they stopped listening.
- Talking quietly, they stopped to listen her words.
STOP + gerund = finish, quit doing sth
STOP + to –inf = finish one action in order to do
another
5. REGRET
Ex: - I regret telling him about my problem.
- I regret to say that you’ve failed your test.
REGRET + gerund = have second thoughts about a past
action
REGRET + to –inf = feel bad about what you are going to
say or do
6. TRY
Ex: - Try studying without TV on.
- Try not to worry.
TRY + gerund = experiment
TRY + to –inf = make an attempt to do
sth
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Unit 7: PARTICIPLES
I. PARTICIPLES that MODIFY NOUNS
II. PARTICIPLES to EXPRESS OPINIONS and FEELINGS
III. PARTICIPLES in REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
- If it has the active meaning, use PRESENT participles.
e.g. Employees (who are) requesting vacation time should turn in their forms.
- If it has the passive meaning, use PAST participles.
e.g The invitations (which were) sent last Monday will arrive soon.
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Unit 8: PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns
We use a reflexive pronoun:
To emphasize the person or thing we are referring to:
e.g. Kendal itself is quite a small town. I baked the bread myself. She mended the car herself
As a direct object when the object is the same as the subject of the verb.
e.g. I am teaching myself to play the piano.
Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.
Warning
But we use personal pronouns, not reflexives, after prepositions of place...
He had a suitcase beside him.
and after with when it means "accompanied by":
She had a few friends with her.
BY + Reflexive pronoun when we want to show that someone did something alone and/or without any
help
e.g. She walked home by herself. I prepared the whole meal by myself.
Indefinite pronouns
To say about something unspecific: use another / other(s)
ANOTHER + Singular Noun Eg: I was fired. I would find another job soon.
OTHER + Plural Noun = OTHERS Eg: These books are boring. Give me other books (others).
To say about something specific: use the other(s)
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THE OTHER + Singular Noun Eg: I have two brothers. One is a doctor; the other is a teacher.
THE OTHER + Plural Noun = THE OTHERS
Eg: There are five books on the table. I don’t like this book. I like the other books (the others).
Notes:
- EACH OTHER or ONE ANOTHER? when two or more people do the same thing.
Eg. Peter and Mary helped each other. (Peter helped Mary. Mary helped Peter)
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Unit 9: ADJECTIVE, ADVERBS,
COMPARISON
1. ADJECTIVES
A. Forms
-ic energetic -ate moderate -ing Interesting
-ible possible -ical logical -ile hostile
-ed bored -y cloudy -al mechanical
-less hopeless -ory compulsory -ly costly
-ial industrial -ish sluggish -ive attractive
-ous generous -able comfortable -ful colorful
B. Uses
2. ADVERBS
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3. CONFUSABLE ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
B. Changes in meaning when adding –ly to an adjective to form an adverb
close closely deep deeply free freely hard hardly high highly late lately near nearly short shortly wide widely most mostly
e.g.
1. They sat close together. (=near) I sat and watched everyone closely. (=carefully)
2. Children under five travel free. (=without payment) EU citizens can now travel freely between
member states.
3. I am not very good at jumping high. This is a highly paid job. (very, at a high level)
4. A bomb exploded somewhere near. The bottle’s nearly empty. (=almost)
5. Open your mouth wide. The idea is now widely accepted. (=by many
people)
6. He stood with his hands deep in his pockets. He tried to breathe deeply to keep calm.
7. He always studies hard. There’s hardly any tea left. (=almost no)
8. The products were delivered late. Lately, I’ve been redecorating the house.
9. I’d never let you go short of anything. (lack) She arrived shortly after that. (=not long)
10. You are the most interesting person in this class. The sauce is mostly cream. (=mainly)