On Brain and Value - Utility Preference Play and Creativity. is a Biological Science of Values Possible T-206

8/13/2019 On Brain and Value - Utility Preference Play and Creativity. is a Biological Science of Values Possible T-206

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8 .RIBRAM, K H (1998) On Brain and Value:lity, Preference, Play and Creativity. InPribra rn (Ed.) Brain and Values: Is aogical Science of Values Possible 2NJ: Lawrence Er lbaum Assoc.. op 43-54.

0 1 1 UBr lirn a rBVnPllt l l l i l i l y , I l ~ . c l i ~ ~ . c ~ ~ c e ,lfiy P ~ reativi ty

A t the F i f leet i t l i In~er t iat ior i; l l 'origrcss o f 'syc l io logy l le l i l ill I311isscls i r l 1957, 1 prescnteciev idence f ro m pr i t i i a le s tu t li es rega r t l i~ i gl le b io log ica l de ter t i i i na~ i t s f val ues . state(l tIie11:" tl ie e r ii pi ri ca l re la ti ot is ~ l i a ~c tet - ti ii r ie l i e va l t ~e f a p iece o fc t i t rency de l~er i t l , n part , o n theu t i l i t y o f t li at p i ec e o f c u r renc y Ihr any i t~( l iv i t lual . ' I' l le c r r r rency used in t l ie pr in iaten e ~ r r o b e l ~ a v i n r a l?cl>erinie~itsepnr te t l was a I\ od l ~ e l l e t1' pe a~ iu t . l 'wo i l i ter rc lated c lassesor var iables have beel l abst ractet l b y ecor io ~i i is ts o t leterni ine ut i l i t y : denland ant1expec lat ion; t w o s imi lar c lasses ( ~ i ee d t id yro l )nb i l i ty c l is t l .iOt~tiot i) a l l bc dc l i r ieated f ror i i t l leexper iments repor ted l iere - - each o f l l e c lasses I -elaled t o (I t l is t i ri c l r i eura l r~~ec l ia r~ is t i i .st i l ld i ff e ren t r ie ir rn l r i ~e c h a~ l i s ~ i iias bee11del ir ieatct l wl iere by (p refe ret~ ces tnorig) v i l l11cs cal l bed i s c r i ~ i i i r ~a t ed . "Pribrat i i , 1957, 1 . 8 2W h a t f o l l o w s Ii er e i s a l l u l x la t e tl v e ~io l i o f l iese l i tic li r igs ar id arialyses, wl l ic l i pro v id e ( l ie

p r o l o g r ~ eo a t i d o rgan i z a t i u t~a l i n ~ i i c w o t fur t l ie I 'rnceedit igs of Ole Fi l l l l Apl,alncl~ian ConFerence011D e l ia v i c~ r a l e u r o d y r ~ n t ~ l i c s

T a k e an o f l e t i r epen ted ex pe r . i ~ i i e~ i t .ive I rr l~i t l t.ct l ic lrrres are ( l isplayet l for obsc rva l ion , t henn i ix ed w i t h 500 ot l ie rs porlr-ayit ig sc)t i iewl lol s ir i i i lar sr~l jects. Ne xt l l ie f~ll let o f 1000 p ic tu res i sdisplayed, at id t l ie obser ver l ias ori ly t o ir i t l icate wl i i c l i ~) ictut .es re fani i l iar at id wl l i c l i are u~lt ;?r l i i l iar.M os t o f us per fo r ti1 t l l i s t ask w i t l i a rc t i i a t -ka l~ le0 01 bet ter score.

Ne x t w e e t icout it c r a pa l i cn t w h o cx l~er ie t i ces i zar re ( l o I i c r ) f kcl i ti gs of h r i i i l i a r i l y r i placesshe is sure she I las never beer ]. A r ~ o t l ~ c rat ier i t cori i ldains I l lat I ic lras rrst t l ie op po sit e experience:lle coti les I i ome o i dy t o fee l il o n uccas iot i , l o be s tra lige and u t l f i i ti i i l i a r t o I i i l i l. l ' l l ese fee l i ~ igs f"deja" (already) and " jamais (never) vu" (seen), as they are cal led, are related t o el) i lept ic elect l- icald ischarges recorde d l i-on1 the re gio n of ' t l ie aniyy t la la, a i l a l t i i r~n d l iaped basal ~ a r i g l i o t i t l i e Greek


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for a ln~ont ls a~i iygt la la) cntrnl to t lie f i~ ~ ic t i o ~ isf the l i ~ i i l ~ i cy stc ~iis l i ~ i i b ~ ~ sileatis borde r - - tlielinibic pot-lions ie o il tl ie riiedi:~lbort lcr o f t l ie cerebral I iel ii isl~l ieres).

Sucli eliileptic se izr~res,when tliey are l)rolotiged, can prevent a wliolc episotle o f experiencefrori i becorii ing a part o f l l ie f iimiliar ~ iarra tive y wli icl i we expe rie~iceorrr c o~ iti n ui ty s selves.Similar ly, w l icr i t l ie aniygdala o f l ~ o t l iie~i i i s l~ l leresf t l ie bra in are re~i io ved ,~ i i onkeys10 longerpe rforni adequately on tasks conillarable to tl~ o se li icli test fur fatii i l ia~iza tiori n I~un ian sDouglas

Psibrani, 1966; 1969; Pf.ibr~111, ouglas I'ribrani, 1969).Fa~i l i l iar izat ions all odd process. Co nfron ted by a novel event organisnis n~an ifestanorien ting reaction. Wlie ri sucli an evelit recurs r.epeatetlly, tlie orienting reactioti subsides (hab ituates)afler some 3-1 0 repetitions. An er reriioval o f [l ie aniygrlala, Iio~ ve ve r, l ie orie ntin g reaction

continues and cor if ir ii~es nd co ~ i t i ~ i~ ~ e s .;atiiiliarization f a i l s to occur.' fi le or iet i t i~ ig eact io~i i a s ill adtl i t ion to obvior~s)el iavio~.al r ient i r ig toward t lie ~ io ve l

stinirrlus, \lisceral com y~ on e~ its.eart rate, bloo d I?l.esslrl.e,atid respiratol-y clla~ iges ccu~., s w ell ascllanges in I irait i electrical re co rdir~ gs .Srlcli clianges are ~,rotlucedby electr ical s t inir~lat io n f t liea ~ ~ i ~ g ( l n l anrl l l ie cortical sy ste~iis elatctl lo i t (Kaatln, 1'1-ibl-at11Rr Epslei~i ,19 19;Pribram, Lerinox

I l r~nsniorc,1950). Afler at i iygtlr~lectoniy l ie visceral co ~ii po ne ~lt sr o r i e ~ i t i n ~io longer occur.Neither does fatiiiliarization: a s rioted, be liav iol-a l or.ienti11gcoritini~ es P1.ibran1, teitz, M cN ei lSpevack, 1979).17roni liese obsel-v atio~ is e riiay conclude t l i a t fa~i i i l iar izat io~iel)etids 011 l le occurrel ice o fvisceral reactic.)ns \vIiicli are processctl by tlie nniygtlala a ~ i d c l a ~ c di~i il , ic sy ste ~i~ sf tl ie brairi.Fr~ rtlie r, n tl ie Oasis o f l l i s and otlier cvicle~ice.we can co~lc lut lel iat eacl~;.~~i i i l iat. izationorisistso f an episotle il i it iate d by an o~ .ieritirig eaction to a ~ io \f e l veti t and terr i i i~iatedby the nextexperienced novel event.

Wliat then ~ n ig li t e expe~.ienced s a ~ io v e l vent? Again, exl)eriencitig riovelty is an otldprocess. No velty turns out to be experienced wlien a rearrangenlent of, or rnilior change ill tl iefamiliar takes place. P rod r~c tiver ivent io~is based on a tl ioro ug li I;~~ iii l iarit y ith [l ie inven tory athand. Reinveritirig tlie wlieel i s not i~inovat ive.A l iterary ~ i ov els coniposcd o f nuances, repeatedsniall c l~ar iges n t l ie fani il iar w l i ic l~ arry l l ~ e lot gratlunl ly forward. I f tiovelty were entirelyunexpected, Recrciet. .~lige.rfwould not be able to delete wl iole sect ions o f tl ie ~i ial i i~ sc r ip t .

At1 experinlent perforriierl ill Belgium (Sniets, 1973) niakes tlie point s i~c cin ctly . H u~ iia nswere sl iowt i two types o f cl ia~igesn displays wliil e changes in visceral tiieasurenients w ere recorded .One change in disljlay radically increased or decreased tlie atnor~ nt f tiT o~ .~ iia tio ~i;l ie otlier ~iiel-elyrearranged (lie itellis n the display. I'racticallv 110 visceral reactions were recorded when the ariiou nlof i~ i forn iat ior i as c l ia n~ ed .L3y conlrast, ~.earrannenient roduced nia rked visceral responses. I t stliese repeated rearrangenietits o f lie fatiiiliar tliat elicit sucli strong gut reactions fro111 ni r~si c swell. (Pribratii, 1982; P ri b ra ~ ii l. a1, 1966).

'Tlius, tlie experience o f ~ iove l t ys ~)roducct l y rear ra~ ige~ i ie~i trid c l i a ~ i ~ ef t ie f;it ii i liar. 111turn, Iioweve r, tl ie exp erien ci~ig f he fatniliar depends on novelty: W itliou t ~ iov el ty, l ie fatiii l iarrecedes fro111conscioustiess. We walk t l i rougli doors, givit ig t lie s r~ rr o r~ ti d i~ igalls na ry a glance - -unless an eartl lquake shakes up t l ie f a ~ i~ i l ia rr i to novel col~ l iguratio t is.

n ri iore ordiriary c irci~riistance shere are occasions wli ic li also detiiand t l l i s shaking up o f l iefarli i liar i n order to invent, to create novel configurations i n our c oliscio r~s wareness. Fortuliately


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t li er e i s a n ot li er p a r t o f l i c I i~ i i O ic l ~ n i ~ i .l i ci i l l l , o cn ~ i i l ~ r ~ s ,y i t i g j u s t b e l i i ~ i t l l i e a ~ i i yg t l a l a ,~ v l i i c l in ia ke s s i ~ c l i~ i t e r l i a lliake-111,s ~ )oss i b le I )a ~ i in ge o t l i is sea- l io r se- l ike s t l .uc tu re ( I i i p l~ o c a~ i i l~ ussGreek fo r seahorse) i r i I i u t i i a ~ i s i i a k e st i ~ i i p n s s i l ~ l eo r t l ~ c ~ i io r es is t a p r a ct i ca ll y t o t a l w ip e o u t o fcur rent exper ience every l i t l ie a novel ( t l is t r act i~ ig ) vet i t occr l rs ( [ 'r ibran i 198G; 1991 I,ecture 9

Und ers tan t l i~ i g iove l t y as a c l ia l ige ill l ie f a ~ i ii l i ar s the k e y t o r ~ l i d e ~ s t n i l i i:alucs.Eva lua t iu t i o f a l l "even t " o r "cvc t i l r ln l i t \~ " s ; ic li icve( l 11y :~ c l i v n l i~ igt l i s l i n b i l r ~ : i l i ~ i g )I ~ ~ ~ . c v i o i ~ s l \ lf am il ia r, l a c i l l y k t i o w ~ isee I 'olyani, 196 0) nslwc l of n s i l r r :~ l ic~~i .' l i c ~ i o v c lw s t l ie o u t c o ~ i i e , l iecot iscquence o f l i e process (13ateso1i. 1076; K or ~r nt lc I l i rps l inw, 1070) 111 I h c l l l i e w o rt 1 c v c ~ i lst li e d er i ve d L a t i t i e q r ~ i v a le ~ i tf u t ~ t c o ~ i i e :x (0111) - v c ~ i i r e c o ~ i i e ) .

J - l o w a r e e ve nt s. l l i e con se rl ue ti ce s o f i a l~ i l ~ ~ a t i o n~ i t ll i s l i a l ~ i t r r a t i o ~ if l ie ~ i o v e l ~ i t lar i i i l iara c li ie ved ? L e t u s f ir st c xa ni i ti e a b i o l o g i ca l ~ ~ a r a d o x .r i r r es l, ir ,a to ~y ~ i i e c l i a ~ i i s ms based 011 t l i eabi l i ty ofoilr t i ss r~eso r i ie tabol ize foot1 ll l ie IJ l.eset ice or nx yg e~ i .W i l l i o i r t o x yg e n w e q u i ck l v cea seto l ive. Ho we ve r , the neir ra l cor i t rv l ov er res1,ira tion is pract icn l ly inser is it ive to ox yge l i de lx. ivat io11 -l ac k o f o x yg e n i s r ef le ct ed o n l y ~ i i i ~ i i t i i a l l y ,f at all, ll a c l i a ~ i g e ll r e s l ~i r a to r y ate, d i s c o ~ i i r ~ ~ r tra la rm . B y c on tr as t, v e r y t i i i ~ i i ~ t el iar igcs in t l ie par t ia l prcssr l re o f ca t -bol l d iox i t le -- [ li e end ~ ~ r o d u c t(with water) orour respira to l -y n ie lnb ol is t i i -- arc se~ ise t l y ce l ls i r i t l ie l ~ r a i r i s t e ~ i iv l i i c l i ,w l i e ~ iarbondioxid e accut i iu la tes, in i t ia te increases ll r e s l ~ i r a t o r yate , f e e l i l i ~ s f d i sco ~i i li , rt a ~ i t l \ le l i a lan i i .

l ' l ~ i sl lus t ra t io t i i s bi l l o n e e x an ip le o r l i c f hc l l l ia t I ~ i o l o s i c a l o ~ i l r o l i cc li an is ti is a re o f l e nind irect arid c i rcu i tous. Sexrta l se lec t io ~ i akes p lace l i lr the p lc as t~r e t provi t le s Out assuresd ive rsi f i cat ion a rid su t -v iva l for t l ie spec ies; fon t l i s c l i os e~ i ~ il i e ba si s o f a st e but acco1ii1~lisliesl iemaintenarice of energy sources fo r t l ie o rg ;lnisn i; c lo thes a re c lo~ i l ie t l o r a t l o r ~ i ~ i i e ~ i tu t p ro tec ta ga in st w e a tl i er , e t c. I ' l ~ e~ i i ~ i i e d i a t er ~n t r o l v c ~e l i a vi o r i s e xe rt e d b y a ~ i i e c l i a ~ i i s n ihat is ren iotefro111 t l ie bi olo gi ca l sign if i ca ~i ce l ia t t l ie be l iav io r e l l ta ils .

' I' liere is ev idence f t.or ii [ l ie res r~ l ls f b ra in r e ~ e i i ~ ~ c l il i at t l i is t~ t i i v e rsa l i c l lug ica l pa radoxapp lies to t l ie e ffec ts o f l ie co risequences o f x l ia v i o~ . t i le 01-ga~ iiza t ion l ' l i un ia r i va l i~e s s we l l .S om e f i f l y y ea rs a g o 1 t i o te t l t li a t ~ i i o ~ i k e y sv l io se ra i l l s I iad bee11 sub .jected to re ~ i io va l f t l i ea ni yg da la ~ v o u l d l a ce al l so r ts o f ob jects i r i t li e ir t i i o r ~ ~ l i s ,l i e w 011 t l i em a t id i f l i ey were c l iewab lew o u l d s w al l o\ v t l i e ri i ( F ~ ~ l t o t i ,r ibra r ii . S tever i so~ i Wa l l 1949 ; P~ . i l , r a~ i i 13a~s l iaw , 953) . W efirst won de re d i f t l i e at i i r iia l 's taste mecliar i isni I iat l been tl istu1.11ed a ~ i dl iowet l t l ia t the i r 1~r i ti in1-yastepreferences wer e in tac t and t l ia t [ l i e a rea o f l ie \ ,~ .aiti r c s l~ o l i s i l ~ leo r ~ ~ ~ - i ~ i i a r yu s ta t or y s e ~ i s a t i o ~ ia slocated e lsewhere (Dagsl iaw c I 'r ib ra ~i i, 195.3). W e ne xt w o ~ i d e r c t l v l i e t l i ~ ~ .on ie I i ig l ie r o rdersys te r ~i f p re fe re nce s l i a tl b e e n r l is r u pt e d l ~ yl ie ~ .esec t ions f l ie a l ii ygdn la -- t l i n t " ~ o o t laste" l iadbeen abol isl ied and gourn le t l iad been tu r~ ie dn t o g o u r n i a ~ i t l ,Di l l ca r e l i l l t e s t i n g s l i o w e d t li nt I l i eorder o f c t i oos i~ i g oo d and 1 io11- food o l j ec ts l in ( I no t , ll Cict, l l e e ~i l tc~.c( l . \V lin t ~ v a s ) re fe l. redbe fo re t l ie b ra in o pera t ion con t i t iued t o b e p re re r red ll tr st t li e sat li e o r d e r f o l l o w i t i ~l ie o l )crat io t i .

P r ef er e nce s s l i o w t ~ . a ~ i s i t i v i t y- t l iey are I i ie~.ar c l i ica l ly r rangerl -- r ~ l i l i t i e s r e r i ot . 0 1 i e canprefer vegetables t o i l leat , but i t i s d i fl i cu l t t o c li oo se o ti e c li il d' s w e l l b e i ~ i g w ~ ~ n t l l e r ' s . or theles ioned n ionkeys t l ie cu to f f po in t for c o t i t i ~ i ~ ~ i ~ i ga t i n g w a s c l i a n g e d . l ' l i e t ~ i o t i ke y s \lit11 brainl es io ns acce pt e d a t i i i ~ c l i i d e r r a n g e o f o b je c t s b e f or e t h e y s t o p l~ e d a t i ~ i gWi ls o~ i , 959 ; We isk ran tz


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tW i l s o ~ ~ .9 58 ). R l o r e e l c g a~ i t x ~ ~ c r i ~ i i c r i t sl cr ii o~ is tr at ed l ia t c . li c~ ii ic a l ~ i ~ i i t ~ l a t i r ~ ~ l sf t h i s pa l- t o ft l i e b r a i l l ( t l ic a n i ygd a la ) t l i o r ~ g l il ie )? w o r ~ l ( l i ot i ~ i i t i a t c ~ el ia \ i o r, ~ v c l u l t l c g ~ ~ l a l eh e a t i i o i r ~ i t f 'o n g o in g e at in g a rit l r l r i r ik i ~ i g, l i c a ~ i i o r ~ ~ i ta r y i~ i g~ ~ r e c i s e l yi ll 1 t l i c v o l t ~ ~ i i ef c l~ er i i ic al ~ l j e c ~ c t(Gross~i iar i , 1967; I l r~ssel l ,S i~ ip e r ,' ln t ingar i . S lo~ iet I lusscl l , 1968) . 111 s l ior t . th is par t o f l ie brai t1q u a ~ ~ t i t a l i v e l yor i t ro ls t i le cc? lisecl rlcl ices ofb cl ~ i tv io rsl ia t sa ti sf y o ~ i c r a ~ i o l l ~ c rio log icn l nce tl oncet l iese bel iav ior s are i r i i tia terl .

I ' h e b ra i r i processes t l i r ec l l y ill c o ~ i ~ r n lf ~ i c c t l ; i t i~I:7ct i0t i (see I ,ivesey, 1986 fc~rc o n i l ~ r e l i e ~ i s i v ee v i e w ) l et it l l l i e ~ i i s c l v e s o c l n s s il i c a li o ~ i ~ i l ol i r e e ~ l i q i v r a t e go r ie s ( I ' r il ~ r n li i t rMc Gu i~ in es s, 975; 1992). I ' l i c 11r-occsscs r lsl t l i r;cr tsset l 11i:iI s l o l ~) eI in vi or a ~ r d . e ~ i ~ l : i t cl ie a t i io r~ r l lo f [ l i e co ri sec l r~ e n li n l e li a v i o r r o ~ i s t i l r i l e sj r ~ t l i c o f l l i es e ca le~ o r ics . A ~ l o t l i e r 1r-ocess ( ce ~~ tc r -e t lrrt l i e b asa l g a ng l ia o f t l i e f ot -e l) ra it i see I ' r i l ~ r a ~ i it h~l~C;r r i t r~ iess,975 I i3r rev icn ' ) rcat l ics t l ico r ga n is n i t o b e li av e i n a c e r ta i n ~ i i a n ~ i e riritl -~ i i t i a t e st l i c c c ~ ~ i s e c l r ~ e ~ i t i a le l inv io r . A t l i i r t l p rocess( ba se d o n t l i e I i i p p o ca ~ n p a lor t i ia t ior i ) , coorc l i~ la tesl i cse s lo p ( I i~ i i i l i a r i za t ion ) ,ar id go ( reat l i~ iess),p ro ce ss es i n t o a s r ii o ot l il y f i ~ n c t i o ~ i i n gy slet li t o o p er at e w i l l ~ i ~ ie r t i ii n l i ~ i i i l s f to le r an ce.Coord i t ia t ion takes elTclr t a ~ i d l i i l t s t l ie t ype of c o ~ i ~ r o lr.c.1111a c loset1 lo op feccl l~acl t ion ieos tat ic toa h el i ca l o p e t i l o o p f ee d- fo rw a rv l ~ ~ r ~ o c cs s .have t letni lc t l clse\vl icre ( I 'r ibram, 107 1 , 1975a, 1992,199 7) t he evitfenc:e tli nt feed-fi~r-wnr-11 roces ses are tli e basis Ibr i ~ i t e ~ i t i o ~ i a l~ c l ~ a v i o r s~ i t lor I l ia1specia l I iumar i ab i l i ty p l ii loso l, l iers ca l l " i r i tc ~ i t i o~ la l i ty " .I ~ i t e ~ i t i o n a l i t ytarids ill e la t io i l t u ~ ~ e r c e ~ ~as inten ti0 11 stancis t o h e l in v io r al ~ ~ e ~ - f o r ~ i i a ~ i c e .3 o t I i i ~ i t e r i t i o ~ in l i t ynd i r i t e r ~ t i o ~ il iare thecl iaracter is l ic l l ia t t l iey are g q ~l ie e x tc r~ ln l l) , jcclive w or. l t l I,ut need 1101 b c real izer l ill t . )

\V lie ti e l ro r t r eaches l i r ii i t s o f o lc ra~ i ce , (~or ( li1 ia ti011reaks t lutv11a ~ i d l ~ c r g a ~ i i s ~ i ieve l l st o Ii o tn e os t at i c co r i tr o l . U ~ i t l e r u clr c i r c r ~ ~ i l s t a ~ i c e si o ~ i ic o s l a si s ia y al so f ai l t o w o r k e l l i c i e ~ i t l y(As l iby 1960) . w i th t l ie resu l t e i t lie r t l ia l t l i e o~ .g a t i i s~ i ix l~er iences,a ) up se t d r le t o l o ss o f cor i l ru l ,or b) o l? sc ss io ti , c o ~ i i p u l s i o t i r I ~ o r e t l o ~ i il uc t o a l l e ~ i i l ~ t ec lv e l c o ri l ro l . ' I' li e ~ ~ i a ~ i n g e ~ i i e t i tf ' r rpscland o f o v er c o ri l ro l a r e c o t i t i ~ i r ~ o r ~ s l y3 ce tl i n t li c ~ ~ s y c l i i a t r i cl i ~ i i c 11c.l ill e ve ~ .v t l a y i f e b y c l i ~ i i cn lp sych o lo g i s t s . U ~ i t l e r s l a r i t l i ~ i ga l l be f ' ra~ i iedw i t l i i ~ i l ie " t ~ t i l i t y " h eo ry o f e c o ~ i o ~ i i i ce li av io r a ~ i d" fu t i l i ty" t l ieo l -y lo d ea l ~ v i t l il i e "ga~ i ies ,eop lepl :~y" sr ~c l i s 11iaI ~ , ~ 'o l )os ct ls l3er1ie 1 961) t o dealw i th upset , co t i i l j r ~ ls i on nt1 ~ ~ C ) I - C ~ O I I I .

I n h e i r i li fl r. le nt ia I v o l r ~ ~ i i cr1 t lie t l i eo ly o f gal l ies mi t l e c t ~ ~ i n ~ i i i ~c l ~ a \ ~ i n r ,o n N e r i~ i i a ~ i r il i dM o r g e ~i s t er t i u ~ l i n el i e e le ~ i i et i t s f a q r ~ a ~ i t i t a t i v ely,roacl i to lie ~ ) r - o b l e ~ i if ~ a l ~ ~ eased c l io icestha t regu la te co r i i l) e t i ti ve be l iav io r ( V on Ne i r ~ i ia n t ic R l o r g e ~ i s t e r ~ i ,95.7) . 111 c o r i i ~ i io ~ lill1 o t l ie r

' e c o n o ~ i i i cl ieo r is ts, they d is t i r i g r~ i s l~,e liav io r t l r a ~ r i iee ls t l ie ~ i ce ds nd t les ires o f l ie i~ id i \ l i d i ~a l ;2) l i i s e s t i ~i i a te f l i e robab ability t li at [ l i e o c ci l rr e li c e o f t l i e ~ i c e d - s n t i s f y i ~ ~ ge l l n vi o r w i l l ill fact ti ieeta pa r t ic r ~ l a r e ed; a ~ i d ) t li e c o n s t r u c ~ i o ~ if a p ~ - e f e ~ . c r i cei ic l -nrc l iy Tr 0111 I c 2. N ee ds a ~ i t l esiresare r i ieasurable i t1 t er ti is o f l ie a ~ i i o i ~ t i tf ) e l ia \~ io r ~ i ta i lec lll l ic i r satisTrict ic?~ i, I~ .o vi de t lze ro pc)i11tor a n c l i o r a t i t l a s c a l i ~ i g f i r i c ~ - e ~ i l c ~ i t sf t l in t I c liav ior Occon ie av; ii lable. Yo11 N e r r ~ i l a ~ ii~itlM o r g e ~ i s t e r n se t l ie i l l r ~ s t r a t i o ~ if n e a s r rt . i~ i ~e ~ i i l > e r a t r ~ ~ . e .ze ro ~ ~ o i ~ i li i r ~ s le cl i t?sen (e.g .. thef reez ing po in t o f wa te r ) a r id a scalc ( e . g . a t l t l i~ ig ~ ~ o r t i o ~ if a q l ~ m i ~ i t yf li cat t o ra ise t l i ct e n ipe r a t ur e t o t l i e boililig po i l i t ) deve loped . R leasr ~ re~ne t l ts r c la t i ve to [ l ie z,ero n ~ l dcale c l i o se ~ iu ~ ~ l e s some ab so lr ~ le e ro is d iscerned a11d agreecl upo n.

V o r ~ e u l n a n a ti d M o r g e ~ is l e r r i' sl ieo ry re f lec ts son ie o f l ie b rai r i b io log ic a l fac ts o r i t l i~ iec lrith prev ious sect ior i . ' I 'l ie exper in ie~i ta l 'a~ia lysisf [ l ie n ~ a t l i e ~ i i n t i c a lr i ~ i c i l d e segard ins re i l i forc i r ig ,


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i.e . c o ~ ~ s e q ~ ~ e ~ ~ t i a lvents: I- lo w llese two l i ictors operate arid ir~terac twas s l io wr ~ y Peter Ki l leenill l is ~ ~ r e s e r ~ t a t i o ~ lt t i le F ou rt l l Appalacl l ia~l onl 'ere~lce 11Uel lavioral Neurodynani ics in 1996 a~ i di n h i s earlier preser~ tal ion1994) ill 13ellavioral a ~ l d3rai11Sciences:

I eeds: l ' l ie evide~lceor a ~lleasurable, iltratable process re gu la ti~ lgleecls is prov ide d by111e car cfil l ly cl le r~ ~i ca llyitrated satiety process deli~lea ted y i~ i ject iot ls nto t l lc a~i lygt la la otedabove (Russel, Singer, 171anagen, Sto~le:Russel, 1968).

2) I'robabiljlies: The e vide~ lce or a process that esti~nates he pro bab il i ty t l ~ a t heco~isequences fbe l~a vio r i l l provide snt isf 'act ic~~lfa biological need comes 1io111 tudies co nll~ arin gthe resirl ts o f fbod cleprivation wit11 those o f protl tlced by l i .ontal lobe res ectio ~l.Us ing the l ixetl-interval operant co~l t l i t io~l ingec l l~~ ic l t~e ,sl lowetl t l ~ a t l l v ~ ~ k e y seprived ol ' lb ot l w oirlcl cllnrlge therate o f espo r~d ir ig i t li ou t c l l a ~ i g i ~ ighe dis tr ib utio ~l f responses across the i~lte rva l.Uy co~~ lsas t ,~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ k e y si th resect io~ ls f he most fu rwart i po r t io ~ l f t l le i r f ron ta l lo l ~e s ou ld fa il to d ist ributetheir responses prohab listically, wilereas intact n io ~ lk e ys vo11ld (Pribr-ani, 196 .

111 terllls o f 11urna11 r~de avor,we llave a l l obser-ved l l a t stut le~l tsend to distr ibute tl leir wo rkbetween exa~ninations o that in a x i i n u ~ ~ lctiv ity takes place jirst b efore tlie c ritica l 111o111ent11e11estsare give^^. W e urge tl1e111 o pin11 iil l 'ere ~lt ly - l ~ u tile e x l ~ e r i ~ n e ~ ~ t a lesul t obtained wit11 r l~ o~ lke ysdescribed above s~rggestsl l a t i l' tl ley were dcj~r ivecl f t l le i r l i .o ~i ta loi.tex, the disti.ibutiort o activitywo uld cease and t i le st i~den ts oi l l t i conic co~ llplete lyr ~ i p r e l ~ a r c dor t i le ~ l i o ~ i l e ~ l tf ~ . i ~ t l ~ .II act,patietlts will1 fi.o~ ltalobe tiril lors o r esc isioll bellave ill ust t l i i s i i s l ~ i o r i- urlable to plarl, to Oistributetheir respolises according to an es l i~ l~ at ef ti le probabil it ies t l la t t l ~ eespollses w il l be en'ective.'

3) Prefel.en=: B i l l l i f e i s not a gallle, especially 1101 a zero-su~n aine. I . lumar~ sre creativeand f ind ever grealer opportuni t ies for ~ l ~ a k i i i gl i e ir el~a vio r vel i t f i l l arld cotiseqirential. Wittless1-long Kong, a rocky islat id (and small pen i~~ su la)l l a t has be co ~i ie ne o f tile great posts and tradingce nters o f the w or ld t l ~ ~ - o i ~ g l ~heer i~ i~ iovat ivel l i ~ s t . i f e s o l )e~~-c i l t led ,k in to a &: Sllakespearestated i t so clearly : and a l l ti le world's a stage .

Ganles are closed systenls wllere c u~ lt ro ls exercised by way o f feedback processes calledl~o~ l ieos tas isllat operate 111~1clls t lo t l ~e r~ ~ ios ta t s .ver tile past decades, i~lvestigatorsAs l l l~ y, 960;Mackay, 1962; Mittelstaedt, 1968; Pribraill, 97 Cl~ap te r ; I ' r ibra i~ l& Gi l l, 1976, Ollapter I avebeg1111 to d istinguis ll betweeri feetlback or ga ~~ iz at io nsliat are error-serisitive (sucll as sitlipletlierrnostats) arid t liose wliose sett i~igs an be control led. 111a t l ~e r~nos ta ts111allwheel i s usuallya ltac lied w h ic l~ lters the gap betwee11 wo p ieces o f ~ l le ta l l~ ic l~ ,llerl they torrcll, close tlie sw itc lltl iat turtls o f f the lieat source. I-lea ling the rlietal also closes tile gap t l l i r s t i le cr i t ical dista~lcebe lwe cll the pieces o f nleti i l i s c o n t ~ ~ o l l e dy two sources operating ill parallel, heat and the dialsetting. The dial provides a bias on tile setting, t l l t r s a range o f se tt i~ lgs ar1 be ~ ~ r og ra m t~ ie dr o u t ~ dwh ich the atnbient te11il)erature the measure on the all lo i~ llt f Ileal) wi ll fluc tuate.

'I'liese biasing m ec l~ a~ ~i sr nsave b ec o~ iie ~ ~ o w ns i ~ ~ f o r ~ n a t i o nrocessing n~e c l~a r i i s~ i isespecially in tlleir parallel distributed processi~lg1 111 ) I 'on il . ' r ile o rgan iza tion o f in fo r rna t io~ iprocessing is open loop or llelical ratller t l l a l i closerl as in tlic case o f e e d b a c k s . I r ~ l b ~ . ~ i ~ a t i o nsprocessed because palten1 ma tc lr i~ ~ gs i i~vo lvec l: I ' l~ei~r r laces to be turne tl on or oll', just as in the

'A ~ l d e l lave rece~ i t ly bta ined ev ide~ icellat the l i .o~ital1a1.t o f ile b rai ll i s s t i l l nla tus ing asla le as 18 - 2 years of'age (I -l u d sp e tl ~ Pl.ibra111, 1990; 1992).


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case o f eetlback orgn~ii;l.ntio~i. owcvc~- ,lic tr~r.riitig n n ~ ~ dfl'is rio I~iriger.ased solely on errorprocessirig, t lie dilTerencirig \)e twec~i crrrre~i t r i t l a l l i~i llex ible esiretl s t a t e Iht lier, tlie desiredstate i s yruarali~~liedy tlic dial. 1 0 t llc cxterit tIi:~t lie d i a l call bc tt~r~icrlv range o f setti~lgsitidepctidelit o f tlie current te~i ipcrati~ re,lie ~iiccliariis~iieeds i1ifor.iiiatio11orward to corit1.01 lieprocess. As ~ioted, he Iiippocariipal fr, ~.~ iiati o~ iiia kcs ossible sr~cl i s l ~ i f l iori i a feedback to afeedforward process. A niodel of I iow t l i i s s l i i f l i s ninde l i a s I ~ c c ~ ilevelnped (Pribram 1991, Lecture9; Pribra~ii 997). For licre tlie i~iipnrtant onsitleratiori i s t l ia t [lie nioclel ill i~ivolves ll i~iteractio ~ibetweer1 lie Iiippocanipal forrtiation atid the cortex o f lie cerebral corivexity to wl iic li we turn next.'

Ratlier tliari tlie frotito linil~ icparts of [ lie braill co~isi(fered O far, i t i s tlie posterior cotivexityof tlie braiti which, when injuretl, afrects clioices a~ i i o~ igituations (Pribra~ii,1969; See review illI'ribram, 1991, 1,ecture 7). Analysis I i a s establislietl that sucl~ l~oices, iscriniinatiotis itsed in aninialresearch, are akin to those itivolvirig preferences as tliese describe Iiurnan clioices (see tlie serni~ialreview by Invin, 1958). There i s tlirrs s i~bs ta t i t ia levide~ice hat the brairi systerns itivolved illestablishing preferences are separate fro111 liose regr~latitigttilities tlirougli probability estimates o ftlie satisfactiori o f biological neetls.[ low are preferences developecl? As l i t ~ r i i a t l ri~iiateswe yo allor~t ur activities estiriiati~igthe probabili ty tliat particular needs wi ll be satisfie(l. For exa~iiple, ner a tennis ganie we are thirstyand set to tlritik a specific qr~atiti ty ~ tl ic basis o f l ic tissr~c srnolac.ity, t lic ' o ~ ~ l i ~ ~ ~ i t r a t i o t if water"(or of tlie electrolytes dissolvetl r tlie watet), wliicli i s sc~isetl y tlie 1.11-aiti. 0 1 1 the basis o f prior-experience, we either gulp dowti t l ie r.eclr~irecl rltortrlt o licluid rntl~cr~it liscrit~ii~iately,r l~nvit ig nseveral occasiotis experienced c,ranipsa s a result o f dr i~ ik i t~zoo ralirll y or beca~.~sehe liquid was toocold, we sip more casually insteat , sitting down to sliare a leisurely alter~ioo~iced tea or relaxingalcoholic beverage.

But it i s peculiarly l i i ~ ~ i i n ~ ihat we tiiiglit tiever liavc l i a t l tlie exl~erie~icef cra~i i l~snduced bytoo rapid satiation o f liirst w ith ilial,propriate licluids. \Ve ri iigli t siriiply follow the guidelines forappropriate beliavior given to us by our care-taking eltlers or our peers. \Ye t l ie~ iay tliat weprxfirtlie civilized bellavior that i s defined y sippi~i g rinks at our te~i~ i islr~b.Aga i~ i, iature's aradox

2Tlie ~iodel~ivolves con te~ it tldressable Iioloprapliic-like ~nalchiti g etween current itiputarid stored rnemory. I' li e ino(lel i s based on evitlerice obtni~iedwith niicroelcctrode recorditigs ~liaclewitl iiti tlie Ii ippocanil~al ystetii a ~ i t lwitl iiti tlie sotiiatosenso~-y ortex o f the patieta1 lobe (Pribratn,1997). A Iiolographic process s based on tlie distributioti of, atid tilerefore ellfolding of, inforniationover and witliiri an extent a spatial nritl tettiporal etiveloyw). 111ecotioniics, tlie tnarketplace is s~rclia holographic stri~ctr~re:ach tra~isactio~i~ifoltislie values o f the wliole, wl iicli are distributedthroughout tlie extent of tlie whole. 'I'lius, wlieti otie spetitls a wiit o f ct~rreticy- say a dollar -- tliecurretit value o f l ia t unit currency) rel~resc~itslie prodi~ctivi ty fJapa11, Cliina and other far eastenieconomies, tlie adjust~nents f European nations to a coniri io~imarket and comnioti currency, tlieappearance o f cow disease in England, the Wall Street Stock Market, etc.

n tlie sanie fasliion, tlie current valuatio~i f an evelit occurs \v it li i~ ilie niar-ketplace o f tlieepisode wi tl ii ~i liicli [lie event i s generated. Valrlatioti 11111sdepends oli tlie values attributed to tlievariety o f ransactio~ishat co~nposeile episode.


7/12

s l i ow s i l s e l r b i o l opy , ill Ic r r i is o f 01.air i I)I.OCCSSCS, S~ I I~S I~ I~ I ICS-i\:ilily f i l l c l ir ccl a c l io ~ i o : ic Il ievei r t i l i t y .

I ~ e l i e v cl ~ a tl i i s e x a ~ i i l ~ l eall Ije yerie1.ali7.etl 0 a clcscr- i l l l ior io f l i o w l i i ~ ~ i i n ~ i) I ~ C ~ C I ~ ~ I ~ C ~ So l l i et o be o rgan iz ed. 77ic c?ul~c?r.icricct/r /i li /ict .v f i~ ~i t / , f i r t i l i / ic ~.c )~ i i i t / i r ~ i t / ~ r t i / . ~c*c.oriic~lric:otic?t/ ri ci rl it rr ~~to he l~r~e . rer i t e t/ toilic:r..r nsl~r. c;l; r.cricc s. 'rcfcrelic cs are. li.0111 t i ~ i i co t i ~ i i e , li cc kc tl a g a i t ~ ~ tt i l i t iesy i n ( l i v i il r~a ls r by g ro r~ ps f r i tl i vi t lr l al s as ill I l l e r t c c ~ i t . e v o l u l i o r i a r \~lccadc o f l ie I ?(jO1s 2nd

again ill El . l rope i r i 1989. A l te r r~ ; i f i vcswere cuploret l , arrt l i f l l c s it rr ;r Iiorr I ias cl in r~ gc t l r l l l ic icr i~ ly(e.g. , t l ie ac lver it o f IIC l irtl i cn r~ t r o l i l l and hl ic l ine l ( ;or l~ac l~ev 's lec is ior~ o wi t11l1c)l tl r.ool,s) r iewpreferet lces r i iay erl icrge.

To s r~n i t t i a r i ze : 3otJi f l leory arid h ~ ~ i ~ i r iescarc l i 111;lkc a ~ o o c lasc for c l is t i r ipuis l i i t~~:etnleeriut i l i t ies and l?refcrenccs. Ul i l i l ics are I?ascd or1 b io log ica l r lcc tls , qt .~a ~i l i l :~ t iv eo ~ ~ l r . o l sver t l iel ~c l l a v i o r as ed or1 itr/t?r.riol orifr.ol,r wl r i c l i a re su l j j cc l t o ~>r .o l~n l , i li ~ys t i t ~ i a t i o ~ if hei r s;:t isf i ict iorib ase tl o n c o v a r i a ti n n a l ii o rl g e ~ ~ c o d e t lxperiences. I 'r~eli.rcr~cts, I y c,ontrnst. clevolve o tl a separatea ti d tl is t inc t p roc es s w l i i c l ~~ i v o l v e sl ie ab i l i ly l o l i sc t .i ~ ~ ii r ~ a tec twcer i i r i var ia r~ t v i f r ~ ( ~ / i o r i . ~ .shortrrtilities (ire sttr/e cl r i r i .vi/rm/iori .v/jec:iJic c r r i t l / I I I I .Y r.vr/cT.u/ /c~ l)~ ~r rti vrr /,1 . l i c ? i . ~ t 7 . v) I . ~ J ~ ' I - ~ ~ I I c c . Trt7,ritirntiori gerierzrl I i i c ? r ~ c ~ r ~ c ~ l i i c : c ~ I ~ ?r r ~ r ~ t r r i p c ~ t i- r ir t / c.oriic~.v/~fr.cc

111o r d i r ~ a r yire , ex l ) e ri c r~ce o r i lr o l s l ie I i a s o r ) I l ~ e~ n ~ i i e o s t a t i c. c g u I a l i o ~ l sf lit: ~ r g a r i i s ~ i i .O r t l i t i a r . i l y , t he ever~ l~~n l i l i csre t ak e r~ l l l o RCCOIIIII,ri(I l l ~ ees li o~ is e 111)1.ol~r.inleo l i e occns io ri i sc o m l ~ ~ l e d .l ~ i l e s s c.lt l ictcd, nfc~ t . c l i~ la r . i l ylsv t al tc i l l l o ac co rr r~ l l i c l i ~ ~ ~ i l sn f c r \ v l ~ i c l i o r i t t. r ~ l a l lbe ex e rc is ed be f o re b reak dow r i o r f r ~ r i l i r y ~c cu rs . ' l ' l i i~ s , v c ~ i t r ~ a lisk ar id cost - l )enel i t rat io areconsir leret l . ' l ' liese coris i t lerat ior is are slate clel ,er it lc~it a ~ l t l l i r ~ s i re ct t li c a ~ t e ~ l t i o r i sr id i~ i t e r i t i onso f l i e o rgan i st n .

I - lo wev er, c l ifTerct~l i tu at i n~ is i iap ir l t luce di l l 'cr.e~it tntes arid I l le re h re di lTcr.ent t r t il i l ies. 13utas s i tuat ions ma y res c~l ib l e r ie ar io( liCr , ic ler~ti t ics ar1 be ass ig tr ct l t o g i ~ i t l e r i le~i t ior is . I r i t ~ i o s tphys ical s i tua t ion s i t len t i f ica t ior~ s vork wel l . ' I' l iey are t l ie bas is o f c lass i f ical ions in t e rn ~ s fat t r ibules . (See rcv ic rv i n I ' ribrarn, l9 Y I 1.eclrlre 7. )Nonetheless , i ( l en t i Ii ca t io t i s can be ass ig ried i ~ i a l ~ l ~ r .o l~ r i a t e l y .II expel - i tne~i ta l enionst r at ioni llus trate.s t l ~ i s o i r i t . S11l) jecls are asked 10 c lescribe t l ie pal ler r1 o f ig l~ l s wi tc l i i r ig o n ar id o lT i r i amat r ix o f >oss iblcpos i t in l is . 'Tile desc.ri11tior is are rated as closer t o (war.~i iel . ) r l i~ rt l i cri-or11 colder)correct . L3r1t b o th { l i e swi tc l i i r ig o f i g ht s a rid tl ie r a ~ i ~ l g sire ill fi lc -t g ive11 rando r i i ly . Ue s l ~ i tehis,m ost s r~ t ~ j ec t so m e up w i t h i nge l i i o r~s es c r i l ? t io~ i sj f t l i e pa t l is of i g l it ~~ l ac e t i i e r i t s- sol l ie of t l iesedescr ipt ions are incredib ly cut i ip lex .

S u c l i ~ i ~ i s i d e r i t i f i c a t i c ~ ~ i sbout i t l t 1 socia l s i t ua t io~ is .O ~ i c en i d e ~ i t i f i c a t i o ~ ii as bc cr i r liade , h esub ject de fer ids i t aga i ti s l d i ss o lu ~ io n les l~ i t ebe ing g ive i i a t l t l i ti ona l i l~ f ' o r~ r~ ia t ionsuc l i as " l l ieappearance o f t i re l ig l l ts wns actual ly rar idor i i " or I gav e yo11 l l i t ~ t s s t o c o l d e r or w arm errandoni ly"), perha l ls because pr ~t at iv e orrclat io r is w er e 1101 strnir ied b e y o ~ i t l rcdibi1i t.y. l ' li i is ,preferences in c o r~ t r as t o r r~ i l i t i e s ) ec o t li e a r~ f o~ na t i z ed1'1~ibrnrii . 19751)). l ' l i ey ar e no t co n i l ~u te dar iew for e ac l l s i l t~a l in ni i l p isode s i rice t l iey arc gror~t i t lc t l r i l l ic p r ~ t a l i v et i ~ ~ a ~ ~ i a r i c c sl> la ir i i ri g n l l cs i tuation, n ot i ts var iety .

Tliere i s danger in i l l i s . Au to~ i ia t i z ed re ferel l ces in social sit u i u t ~ s re d i l l i c u l t - t o - c l ~ a ~ i g eprejudices.


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' I ' l~elistit~cticv~)etwec~~~ti li ti cs nd ~~ rc l ' e r c~ ~~ esi ~ i t l s11ecl~ot 1 tlie psyc l~oa t ia l y t i cd i s t i t i c t i n~ ibetween etliics a t ~ l iiorals. 11 Ilat ik (1936) sr~yyestetl liat etliics (Ilased 11relatiotis to the~iiotl ler) re i~ ~t er r~ aleelings based o t ~ovariat ion all lotig events, tlte ever~tual otlsequetices of our.bel~aviors.By corltrast tnorals (I~ased ti it ~s tr ~t cl io t~ s)l.ovitlctl)y the fatl~er ) re cxterlial given t l ~ a tfit one to society. Gilligan's research (1982) has sul,ported t l i i s dilrere~~ccet\vee~~lie developmetitof male r.irle o f govcrried morality ari t l t l ~ eiiore flexil,le ell~ ica l leveloptiler~t f 'criiales, arid I-4;iyek(1988), in his book 171e Fcrfcrl C'orrccit: 77re 19.r.or:~ ~fSoc~ialisrtr,ias describetl Iiow societal ~ iioralsbecoriie estal~list~ed.

'I'lie riioralist does a s (s)l~ e lior~ld;whereas etliicnlly we explore our wants (utilities atldfi~t ilit ies) . Tlie mol-al person rises his rrtoral prefer.ences ( a d prejudices) autot~ia tically - Illat is,without at~alysis, o sr~pporti i s it~teritiotis. ' l ie etl~ical ~e rs o t~ ,at~acloxically, rialyzes each valuationwith respect to li is or l ~e r a~ ~ ts .I'l~e~iioral crsorr i~ ~v ok esod or other ideology to support t i i spreferences in a dispute; ti le persoti on the otlier side of the disp i~tes eqr~ally et-tain that Godsupports his/ller opposite preferences. Tlie etl~ical erson it~tuit ivelyeels atid tllerefore recognizesthat Iiislher walits (i.e., internal ut il ity states) are sitr~atiorl pecific arid context dependent a ~ idhusliiay not be those o f lie other person. Much o f psycl~oanalytic roceclr~res devoted to looseningtiloral ly given shoulds so that ethically tletern~ined \va~tts car1 becorne realized. In socialsitualiotis, wants, i.e., utilit ies atid futilities. are negotiated by tlie interplay betwee11 person's ownwants and those o f others. Sucli i~ ~t er pl ayreqrrently evokes paradox as wlieri forn~erivals eliiergeas stauncll frie~ids.

l'l te results o f liis binl~eliavioral r~alysis-etut.11us to the I)iological paratlox described a t tlieoutset oTtl ie at~alysis. Just as i r r tlte braitl's control over respit.atioti, kedi~ie,I~.it~kit lgtid sexualbel~avior, he co~ i tr ol f lie orgatlisni's values i s ordinarily accotiil)lislietl by way of i i s prefe~.ences.These are situationally derived atid nppenr to be it~vinlate ecause tliey reflect putative itlvariancesacross situations. Ma n s tl ii ~s liaken wl~er lle fitids l ~ i s ~:e fe re~ices d isso lv i t i~nder the otislaugl~tof major situational cl~atige. I l e s force0 to relirlqr~ish ~ i s utomatic niechatiistiis o f inforniationprocessing and rely on the cornputation o f covariances (I'ribrani 1991 L,ecl.r~re 0) f i.on~ ne episodeto ar~otl~er.ucli conipr~~ationslltail risk (tile tfar~gers f utility) asw Ilave seeti, atid are tlius likelyto be accot~ipntiietlby upset, atid cout~tered y ov erco~~ troleading to dogniatic reassert on o f anabsolute w l ~ i c l ~ias become obsolete, or by relitiquisliing o f all val~reseadir~go artor l~ie rid arlarcl~y.

Does tliis niean that there are tio universal values? O f course not. I t nieatls o ~ l l yliat,understa~idably ut paradoxically, we have itletitifietl utiiversals wit li our pre fe~ .e~~cesather tliati wit11our uti lities atid fi~tili ties.The paradox co~isists f tl ie fact that utilities, since they deal wit11 episodeatid stale dependent variables, seerti so unreliable. But as long as episotles (lo not din'ercatastrol~hically,atid as long as [lie brain's co~i iputatiotial iacl~ inerys r~niversal o all n~anltirid,i~niversalscrrt be derived froin srtcli co~iiputations.111 fact, as we saw above, references are oftena ci~ltural epresentation based on co~nputed niversals. Carl Ju~ ig1 968 referred to the rttilitiesupon which sr~c li t~iversals re estal,lislied as arclietypes.

l' li e paradox petletrates fitrtlier. Identifications signifying preferences co ti st i t~ ~tetiowledgc,especially sc ie~l li fic nowledge. ('['he terlris science is derived fi 0111 the Lati11 rcie~rcia, o know).Ktiowlcdge at any niotnetit is, tl~erefore, inite, bounded by tlie li r ~ ~ i t sliat describe the situations overwliich tlie itlentifications lioltl .


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Polyani, M. ( 9 0 ) IJor~.vorlol -rro~ ~~/(~ c/,qc :i)rl.clr.tlv r 1lo.d-c.r.i/ic.n/ )/ri/o.ro y?/ v.Cliicngo:Uliiversity o f Cliicago Press.

Pribram, K.l-1. 1 957) 011 he neurology o f vnlr~es nd l l i e t i c i ~ r n l o ~ yf percel,tio~i. 111 l7r~occ~c~dir~,qsqftlte .fftccrrt/t irrtcrrmtiorml cori8qr.r7.r.r~ f / ~ . ~ ~ ~ c ~ l ~ o / o , y ~ ~ .or t l i - I ol lat id I i~l?l isl i ing oti ipa ~iy:At~isterdatii,pp. 77-82, n r ~ d p. 2.10-2.71

Pribram, K . I-I.1 96 1 ). A fi l r l l ler expe~~in~etitalc~nlysisor l l i e I~el inviot~nleficit that followsitijury to t l i e j,t.iriiate f1.0111nl,(lt.ltx. I ~ ~ . ~ I ~ ~ I ~ I I I I ~ I I / I /' ( ~ I I I ~ o / o , ~ ~ I * ,1,132-/166.Pribrani, K . I- .1969). I lie Atiinestic Sytidronics: I)islr~ t.ha~iccsn ( (?ding7 111: C;. A . l allar~d ndN.C. War~g l iEds.), l'c7//1olo,q)r A.ier~ror;~*.ew Yor k: Acatletiiic I ress.Pribranl, K . H. ( 197 1 ) . l,c7r1gr1oge.r fltc llr~rrirr: l


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I'ribra~ii, K. I-I.,te i lz , S., h lcNci l , h 1 YL Sljevack, A . A . ( 1079) ' l ' lle e l lect o f a~~ i\ lgd :~lc cton iy11o r i e ~ i l i ~ i gticl cl:~ssicnlcot ic l i t io~~ i~ i~ : .'(ii*loi~i(iriI . 11101 . SC.I. 14 1711. 203-2 1 7l t a ~ ~ k , I 936 . ' / j . r t f I i ~rrid .(wli/~ 1: 1 1 f i / i i , ~ / o r ~ ~./ ' / / i ( f~ I I I ~ I T I ~1 ~ 1 / 1 ,N e w Y w k : K ~ i o p l* ,

Russcll, R. IY. Sitiger, G . I; la~ii lgai~, ;.,~OIIF, i l l Q IIIISSCII, J . . (1968). Qi~at i t i~at i \ :ere la l io l is in n t l~ygt la ln i i nd r~ ln to ~ i f I I - ~ I I ~~ I I ~ .'li .~~.siolo~r(,~~rrrt/ Ilclitrr~ior., 87 1-875.

Stiids. 0 1973) ~ c l h c / i clir~/,qi~irrr/r i ~ / . ~ l rna z i l .. ,CICII , t i ~. e l ~ v c ~ ~~l i\ re rs it y '1-css.Spencer I.Jrowri, G . (1972). 1 . t r i 1 : ~ )/'l;i~r.rir.c w Yo1.k. N Y : I ' l ~ e r l l i : ~ ~ ~'1,cssIIIC.Voli Neumann, J. C Morgc~istct-11. ( 1953). 'llic~or:1~f ( ; c - i r i i c ~ . ~.rritl IYc*otrorttic llr/t~r\~ior..I ' ri~ ice to l i: I ' r i l ice to~ ~J~ i i \~c rs i t y'rcss (3r d ctl ) (llinl) l . 1): 60-73. (:l~nl). . ~11 19-20; 24-28;

39-4 I .Weiskral~tz, ,. r Wilsoli, W. A . ( 1058). ' I ' l~elrc cl o f v c ~ ~ t r a l. l i i~ ic i~cc l ) l~n l iccsiotls 011 avoidarlcet l i r cs l~o l~ lsll tiionkeys, .Io11r.i1(7/f 'orrip. / ' l ~ ~ ~ , v i o / o ~ i ( ~ ( ~ /',~l~c:/1(3to$:,\~,1 167- . I

Wilson, W . (1959). Role o r enr ~i i t~ g,,erccpt io~ i~ l d.e\vard ill r i io~ikey s l lo ice o f food.Anier.iccrrr Jorrr~rtcilof l y*cliologi1, 2 , 560-565.

On Brain and Value - Utility Preference Play and Creativity. is a Biological Science of Values Possible T-206

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