On-board Emission Measurement from the World’s Largest Heavy Haulers Xiaoliang Wang ([email protected]) Judith C. Chow John G. Watson Steven D. Kohl Steven Gronstal Desert Research Institute Nevada System of Higher Education Reno, NV, U.S.A. Presented at A&WMA International Specialty Conference: Leapfrogging Opportunities for Air Quality Improvement May 13, 2010
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On-board Emission Measurement from the World’s Largest Heavy Haulers
Xiaoliang Wang ([email protected])Judith C. ChowJohn G. WatsonSteven D. KohlSteven Gronstal
Desert Research InstituteNevada System of Higher Education
Reno, NV, U.S.A.
Presented atA&WMA International Specialty Conference: Leapfrogging
Opportunities for Air Quality Improvement
May 13, 2010
Background: Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) Reserve: 1.7 trillion barrels of bitumen Production: 1.3 million barrels per day in 2008
Wikipedia: “Athabasca Oil Sands”
Example of Emissions from One AOSR FacilityMine fleet is a major contributor to CO, NOx, and PM in oil sand operations
Number (2.4 3.0) ×1015 (1.1 1.4) ×1019 (4.0 5.2) ×1021
PM2.5 0.62 0.26 2.4 2.92 1.24 1.07 0.45
BC 0.49 0.11 2.32 0.51 0.85 0.19
Assumed: Fuel consumption rate 5520 L/day; Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) 0.223 kg/kW-hr or 0.367 lb/hp-hr.
Alkanes and alkenes ~30-60%, and aromatics ~10% of NMHC
Compound Abundance
Ethylene 0.255 0.046
n-Heptane 0.111 0.128
Propylene 0.100 0.022
Acetylene 0.058 0.022
1-Butene 0.057 0.026
Ethane 0.046 0.037
Toluene 0.036 0.010
n-Decane 0.032 0.018
1-Pentene 0.022 0.007
n-Nonane 0.021 0.016
n-Butane 0.018 0.014
isobutylene 0.017 0.004
Benzene 0.017 0.008
2-Methyl-1-Pentene 0.016 0.006
n-Undecane 0.014 0.005
m/p-Xylene 0.014 0.005
n-Hexane 0.014 0.006
Propane 0.012 0.009
m-Ethyltoluene 0.012 0.006
n-Pentane 0.012 0.005
1-heptene 0.010 0.004
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Alkanes&cycloalkanes
Alkenes Acetylene Aromatics
NMHC Compound Group
Con
cent
ratio
n N
orm
aliz
ed to
Sum
of P
AM
S
Site SSite A
Abundance is normalized to the sum of 55 photochemical assessment monitoring station (PAMS) compounds
Highlighted are the EPA mobile source air toxics (MSATs).
Carbonaceous species account for ~87% of PM2.5
OC27%
EC60%
Elements1%
Soluble ions3%
Unidentified9%
Na+
K+
OC
P
SCl
Ca
Sc
Ti
Fe Cu
Zn
Ga
SrZr Nb Ag Sn
Ba
Au
EC
Ca2+Mg2+
NH4+
PO43-
NO2-
NO3-
SO42-
Mo
Si
K
Sb LaSm
EuUr
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Chemical Species
Chem
ical
Abu
ndan
ce (%
)
Site A
Summary
• An on-board system was designed and deployed to measure emissions from CAT 797B mining trucks under real-world operations.
• CAT 797B Emission factors were below the EPA Tier 1 standards for CO, NOx, NMHC and PM.
• Source profiles found abundant alkanes and alkenes in NMHC, and OC and EC in PM2.5.
Acknowledgements
• Sponsor: Wood Buffalo Environmental Association (WBEA).
• Valuable discussions and field testing coordination: Dr. Allan Legge (including project initiation), Drs. Kevin Percy, and Yu-Mei Hsu, Ms. Carna MacEachern, Ms. Simone Balaski, and environmental officers at each company.
Filter packsPM2.5 Impactor
Mass, light transmission,
rare-earth elements, elements, isotopes
Channel 1 (5 L/min)
Citric acid-impregnated
cellulose-fiber filter
NH3 as NH4+
PM2.5 Impactor
Ions (Cl-,NO2-, NO3
-, PO4
=, SO4=, NH4
+,Na+, Mg++, K+, Ca++),
total WSOC, WSOC classesa,Carbohydrates, organic acids,
HULIS
Channel 2 (5 L/min)
Potassium carbonate-
impregnated cellulose-fiber filter
SO2 as SO4=
a Neutral compounds (NC) Mono/dicarboxylic acids (MDA) Polycarboxylic acids (PA)
PM2.5 Impactor
OC, EC, carbon fractions, carbonate,
~130 alkanes, alkenes, PAHs, hopanes, and
steranes
Channel 3 (5 L/min)
Silver nitrate-impregnated
cellulose-fiber filter H2S as S
Teflon-membrane filter
Quartz-fiber filter Quartz-fiber filter
PM2.5 Impactor
Lichen study mass and elemental analysis or
morphological analysis
Channel 4 (5 L/min)
Nuclepore Polycarbonate filter
Filter Analysis Chemical
Analysisa
Nuclepore polycarbonate-membrane filter
Silver nitrate-impregnated cellulose-fiber filter
K2CO3-impregnated cellulose-fiber filter
Citric acid-impregnated cellulose-fiber filter
Quartz-fiber filter
Quartz-fiber filter
Teflon-membrane filter
~1-2 cm2 punch
0.5 cm2 punch
½ filter extracted in 20 ml distilled-deionized water (DDW)
XRF for 51 elementsb
Acid Digestion
ICP-MS for rare-earth elements and isotopesd
OC, EC, carbon fractions, carbonate by thermal/optical carbon
Organic Markers by TD-GC/MSc
Ammonia by AC
½ filter extracted in 10 ml 1:11 hydrogen peroxide: DDW dilution
Whole filter without extraction
Elemental analysis or morphological analysis for lichen studies
Sulfur dioxide by IC
Hydrogen sulfide by XRF as sulfur
½ filter extracted in 10 ml DDW
10 ml for anions and cationse by IC, AC, and AAS, acidified to pH 2 with HCl
1 ml for total WSOC by thermal/optical carbon
Filtration of 5 ml through 0.2 µm PTFE syringe filter
1 ml speciated WSOC separated into three classes: NC, MDA, and PA by HPLC-IEC and UV/Vis detection at 254 nm
1 ml for NC speciation (e.g., carbohydrates) by IC-PAD
1 ml for MDA speciation (e.g., organic acids) by IC with conductivity detector
1 ml for PA speciation (e.g., HULIS) by HPLC–SEC–ELSD–UV/VIS