On a mid-term Geographic features: • How shaped human settle within the continent • btwn continent and elsewhere? • bodies of water surrounding Name: • major state/empire in 3 areas • distinguishing feature Know: • 3 major religions in continent when Europeans hit in 1500
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On a mid-term Geographic features: How shaped human settle within the continent btwn continent and elsewhere? bodies of water surrounding Name: major state/empire.
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On a mid-termGeographic features:• How shaped human settle
within the continent• btwn continent and
elsewhere?• bodies of water surrounding Name:• major state/empire in 3
areas• distinguishing featureKnow:• 3 major religions in
continent when Europeans hit in 1500
Faith and Society in the Arabian Peninsula, and beyondHad been:
• polytheistic• religious practice related to trade and commerce• reinforced a social/economic hierarchy
anthropomorphic view
• Islam an affront in each case
‘Seal of the prophets’ the Ka’aba
• Islam as culmination and correction of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity
• inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts• surrender, submission to the will of God
The Five Pillars of Islam
1. No god but Allah; Muhammad is His prophet2. Daily prayer3. Fasting during Ramadan4. Charity5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)
Jihad“struggle”
• against vice• against ignorance of Islam Islamic Law:
sharia“holy war” based on: Quran
hadith logic ritual law related to all areas of human
activity
Masjid Al-Haram • can hold approximately 900,000 people inside• another 1,200,000 can be in the outside construction
area
• the greater area of the masjid can hold 4,000,000 people during Hajj season
• the current building project (pictured above) is expected to be completed in 2020
The expansion of Islam, 632-733 ceThe Caliph• no clear to successor identified• Abu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph• war against those who abandon faith
Changing Status of Women• complex, but overall• Quran improved status of women• outlawed female infanticide• legally, women had rights and privileges (for
example to divorce her husband) – but those rights might be difficult to pursue
• yet, religion exists against a cultural backdrop • patrilineal descent• polygamy permitted (not inherently bad)• FGC permitted• veil adopted
• these are not ‘Islamic’ practices – some adopted from Christian communities…
Early societies in South Asia: Harappan society and its neighbors, ca. 2600 B.C.E.
National Museum of India, Delhi est. 1949
Only in India?
The South Asian sub-continent: rich, diverse, and ever-challenging (just don’t call it India)
Geography: cultures of region
history of regioncontact
• overland• Indian Ocean
• by 1300, well-established trade from Asia to Persian Gulf, through the Red Sea, Mediterranean
Religion and Culture – syncretic tradition
Hindu faith• shruti - links to Vedic teaching & oldest Dravidian
cultureupanishads (sitting in front of)
• smirti - popular based on composition of epics from older oral traditions
• Mahabharata• Ramayana• Vishnu and the Bhagavad Gita “Song of the Lord”
c. 400 CE
6C BCE reformations• Jainism – based on upanishads concern for all living
beings• Buddhism – teachings of Siddhartha Gautama 7C CE • Islam and then later, Sikhism
Varnas (class) Rig Veda 10.90
PurushaMouth brahmins
Arms kshatryas (warriors)
Thighs vaishya (commoners)
twice born__________________________________
once born
Feet shudras (servants)
Jati (birth) caste – relative purity
Becoming a caste society• evidence of varnas in Rigvega hymns
c.1000BCE
• dharmashatra describes birth groups or jatis
→also exist clans that trace to common ancestor
→sreni or guilds denote religious or commercial
group →janapadas denotes connections based on
place or community [literally where clans placed their feet]
results in 1000s of varna
Ashramas: stages of life only twice born ♂ need applyhmm, so sacred power not
inherent in all …
Student brahmacharya♀ married
Householder grihastha
Forest dweller vanaprastha
Renouncer sannyasa
** see the movie Fire (dir. Deepa Mehta)
Shiva, Chola period
Tat tvam asi
Overall of note: ** do this for the mid-term **The geography, topography of the society:
• how has that impacted its development and structure, its homogeneity or multi-ethnicity
• how has that shaped relations between it and other groups
The overall organization of the society: • model of leadership• social structure• what positions/roles are valued in society
गणे�श
The philosophic/spiritual principles of the society:unique