OM4Ch2

PowerPoint Presentation

VALUE CHAINSCHAPTER 2DAVID A. COLLIER AND JAMES R. EVANS#2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 1

2-1 Explain the concept of value and how it can be increased.2-2 Describe a value chain and the two majorperspectives that characterize it.2-3 Explain outsourcing and vertical integration in value chains.2-4 Explain offshoring and issues that managers must consider in offshoring decisions.2-5 Identify important issues associated with value chains in a global business environment.2-6 Describe how sustainability plays an important role in value chains.#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 2Apple has mastered the art of blending physical goods with services to create value for its customers. Think iPod + iTunes, iPhone/iPad + apps, Apple stores + Genius Bar; well, you get the picture. Managing all operations involved from the creation of goods and services through their delivery to the customer and post-sale services which we call the value chain is one of Apples core competencies. Operations expertise is as big an asset for Apple as product innovation or marketing, says Mike Fawkes, the former supply-chain chief at Hewlett-Packard. Theyve taken operational excellence to a level never seen before. Apple controls every piece of the value chain. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 3For example, managers and engineers often work at supplier and manufacturer sites to refine their operations, and designers work with suppliers to create new tooling equipment. When the iPad 2 debuted, Apple employees monitored every handoff pointsuppliers, production, loading dock, airport, truck depot, and distribution centerto make sure each unit was accounted for and of the highest quality. Apples retail stores give it a final operational advantage. The company can track demand by the store and by the hour, and adjust production forecasts daily. If it becomes clear a given part will run out, teams are deployed and given approval to spend millions of dollars on extra equipment to get around the bottleneck. Apples significant profit margins are in large part due to this focus on operational excellent in its value chain.

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains Cite some other examples in which digital content has been combined with a physical good. How do you see the digital revolution changing the nature of physical goods in the future?What do you think?

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 5Value and Supply ChainsA value chain is a network of facilities and processes that describes the flow of goods, services, information, and financial transactions from suppliers through the facilities and processes that create goods and services and deliver them to customers. A supply chain is the portion of the value chain that focuses primarily on the physical movement of goods and materials, and supporting flows of information and financial transactions through the supply, production, and distribution processes.

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 6The Concept of ValueThe underlying purpose of every organization is to provide value to its customer and stakeholders.

Value is the perception of the benefits associated with a good, service, or bundle of goods and services (i.e., the customer benefit package) in relation to what buyers are willing to pay for them. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 7 Perceived benefits Value = Price (cost) to the customer

If the value ratio is high, the good or service is perceived favorably by customers, and the organization providing it is more likely to be successful. To increase value, an organization must:

(a) increase perceived benefits while holding price or cost constant, (b) increase perceived benefits while reducing price or cost, or (c) decrease price or cost while holding perceived benefits constant. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 8Value Chain Paradigms and PerspectivesInput-Output Model: A value chain begins with suppliers who provide inputs that are transformed into value-added goods and services through processes that are supported by resources such as equipment and facilities, labor, money, and information. These goods and services are delivered or provided to customers and targeted market segments.#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 9

Exhibit 2.1 An Input-Output Perspective of a Value Chain

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 10

Exhibit 2.2 Examples of Goods-Producing and Service-Providing Value Chains

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 11Buhrke Industries, Inc. Value ChainBuhrke Industries Inc., located in Arlington Heights, Illinois, provides stamped metal parts to many industries, including automotive, appliance, computer, electronics, hardware, house wares, power tools, medical, and telecommunications.

Buhrkes objective is to be a customers best total-value producer with on-time delivery, fewer rejects, and high-quality stampings. However, the company goes beyond manufacturing goods; it prides itself in providing the best service available as part of its customer value chain. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 12Exhibit 2.3 The Value Chain at Buhrke Industries

Source: Buhrke Industries company web site#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 13Buhrke Industries, Inc. Value ChainService is more than delivering a product on-time. Its also partnering with customers by providing personalized service for fast, accurate response; customized engineering designs to meet customer needs; preventive maintenance systems to ensure high machine uptime; experienced, highly trained, long-term employees; and troubleshooting by a knowledgeable sales staff. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 14Value Chain Paradigms and PerspectivesPre- and Postproduction Services Perspective: Pre- and postproduction services complete the ownership cycle for the good or service. Pre-production services are focused on gaining a customer. Postproduction services focus on keeping the customer. This view of the value chain emphasizes the notion that service is a critical component of traditional manufacturing processes.

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 15Exhibit 2.4 Pre- and Post-Service View of the Value Chain

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 16

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 17NestleA Service View of a BusinessNestle defines its business initially from a physical goods viewpoint; later from a service perspective. The results were greatly increased Nestle coffee sales, new revenue opportunities, and much stronger profits. Nestles service vision of their business required a completely new service and logistical value chain capability. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 18Value and Supply ChainsA supply chain is the portion of the value chain that focuses primarily on the physical movement of goods and materials, and supporting flows of information and financial transactions through the supply, production, and distribution processes.

Many organizations use the terms value chain and supply chain interchangeably; however, we differentiate these two terms in this book. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 19Value and Supply ChainsA value chain is broader in scope than a supply chain, and encompasses all pre- and postproduction services (see Exhibit 2.3) to create and deliver the entire customer benefit package.

A value chain views an organization from the customers perspectivethe integration of goods and services to create valuewhile a supply chain is more internally-focused on the creation of physical goods. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 20Exhibit 2.4 Pre- and Post-Service View of the Value Chain

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 21

Exhibit 2.5 A Value Chain Model of Dell, Inc.#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 22Value Chain DecisionsThe operational structure of a value chain is the configuration of resources such as suppliers, factories, warehouses, distributors, technical support centers, engineering design and sales offices, and communication links.

Value chains may be centralized or decentralized.#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 23Outsourcing and Vertical IntegrationVertical integration refers to the process of acquiring and consolidating elements of a value chain to achieve more control.Backward integration refers to acquiring capabilities toward suppliers, while forward integration refers to acquiring capabilities toward distribution or even customers.Outsourcing is the process of having suppliers provide goods and services that were previously provided internally.#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 24Three Waves of OutsourcingOutsourcing goods-producing jobs, such as computer components and electronics from the U.S. in many industries several decades ago.

Outsourcing simple service work, such as standard credit card processing, billing and other forms of transaction processing, and software development.

Outsourcing skilled knowledge work, such as engineering design, architectural plans, call centers, and computer chip design. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 25The Economics of OutsourcingVC1 = Variable cost/unit if produced VC2 = Variable cost/unit if outsourcedFC = Fixed costs associated with producing the partQ = Quantity produced (volume)Total cost of production = (VC1)Q + FCTotal cost of outsourcing = (VC2) Q

Find the breakeven point: (VC2)Q = (VC1)Q + FC

VC2 VC1FC[2.1]Q* = #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 26Solved ProblemIn-House versus OutsourceSuppose that a manufacturer needs to produce a custom aluminum housing for a special customer order. Because it currently does not have the equipment necessary to make the housing, it would have to acquire machines and tooling at a fixed cost (net of salvage value after the project is completed) of $250,000. The variable cost of production is estimated to be $20 per unit. The company can outsource the housing to a metal fabricator at a cost of $35 per unit. The customer order is for 12,000 units. What should they do?#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 27SolutionVC1 = Variable cost/unit if produced = $20VC2 = Variable cost/unit if outsourced = $35FC = fixed costs associated with producing the part = $250,000Q = quantity produced

Using Equation 2.1 we obtain: Q = 250,000/($35 - $20) = 16,667

In this case, because the customer order is for only 12,000 units, which is less than the break-even point, the least cost decision is to outsource the component.#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 28Solution Excel Model of Outsource Solved Problem

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 29Value chain integration is the process of managing information, physical goods, and services to ensure their availability at the right place, at the right time, at the right cost, at the right quantity, and with the highest attention to quality. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 30Value chain integration in manufacturingConsolidating information systems among suppliers, factories, distributors, and customers.Managing the supply chain and scheduling factories.Studying new ways to use technology.

Value chain integration in servicesThird-party integrators for the leisure and travel industry (e.g., Orbitz, and Travelocity). Information networks provided by third-party information technology integrators. Third-party integrators that manage patient billing and hospital inventories. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 31Offshoring is the building, acquiring, or moving of process capabilities from a domestic location to another country location while maintaining ownership and control. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains

Exhibit 2.7 Things to Consider When Making Offshore Decisions#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 33Value Chains in a Global Business EnvironmentA multinational enterprise is an organization that sources, markets, and produces its goods and services in several countries to minimize costs, and to maximize profit, customer satisfaction, and social welfare.

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 34Challenges Facing Multinational EnterprisesHow to design a value chain to meet the slower growth of industrialized countries and more rapid growth of emerging economies.Where to locate manufacturing and distribution facilities around the globe to capitalize on value chain efficiencies and improve customer value.What performance metrics to use in making critical value chain decisions.How to decide if partnerships should be developed with competitors to share engineering, manufacturing, or distribution technology and knowledge. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 35Rocky Brands, Inc. Rocky Brands (www.rockyboots.com) headquartered in Nelsonville, Ohio, manufactures rugged leather shoes for hiking and camping. Rocky Brands began making boots in 1932 as the William Brooks Shoe Company with an average wage rate of 28 cents per hour. In the 1960s, Rocky Brands were 100% Made in America. In 1960, more than 95 percent of all shoes sold in America were made in America. Timberland, Wolverine, and Rocky are popular brand names for this shoe market segment. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 36Rocky Brands, Inc.The principal characteristics of this global value chain:Leather is produced in Australia and then shipped to the Dominican Republic.Outsoles are purchased in China and shipped to Puerto Rico.Gor-Tex fabric waterproofing materials are made in the United States.Shoe uppers are cut and stitched in the Dominican Republic, and then shipped to Puerto Rico.Final shoe assembly is done at the Puerto Rico factory.The finished boots are packed and shipped to the warehouse in Nelsonville, Ohio.Customer orders are filled and shipped to individual stores and contract customers from Nelsonville. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 37

Exhibit 2.8 Rocky Brands, Inc. Value Chain#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 38Rocky Brands Global ChallengesProfit margins are only about 2 percent on sales of over $100 million, while Timberland sales top $1 billion and have a 9 percent profit margin. After seventy years in Nelsonville, the main factory closed in 2002. At that time, local labor costs were about $11 per hour without benefits, while in Puerto Rico the hourly rate was $6; in the Dominican Republic, $1.25; and in China, 40 cents. The price of boots continues to decline globally from roughly $95 a pair to $85, and is heading toward $75. The grandson of the founder of Rocky Brands said, Weve got to get there, or we're not going to be able to compete.#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 39Issues for Managing Global Value ChainsGlobal value chains face higher levels of risk and uncertainty, requiring more inventory and day-to-day monitoring to prevent product shortages. Workforce disruptions, such as labor strikes and government turmoil in foreign countries, can create inventory shortages and disrupting surges in orders.

Transportation is more complex in global value chains. For example, tracing global shipments normally involves more than one mode of transportation and foreign company.

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 40Issues for Managing Global Value ChainsThe transportation infrastructure may vary considerably in foreign countries. The coast of China, for example, enjoys much better transportation, distribution, and retail infrastructures than the vast interior of the country.

Global purchasing can be a difficult process to manage when sources of supply, regional economies, and even governments change. Daily changes in international currencies necessitate careful planning and in the case of commodities, consideration of futures contracts.

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 41Issues for Managing Global Value ChainsInternational purchasing can lead to disputes and legal challenges relating to such things as price fixing and quality defects. To extend the firms value chain to other nations requires an understanding of national cultures and practices. Privatizing companies and property is another form of major changes in global trade and regulatory issues. The pre-planning, response, and recovery from natural or man-made disastersoften called Disaster or Emergency Managementis another important part of value chain management. #2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 42

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 43Sustainable Value ChainsThe terms green operations, green manufacturing, and green practices are often used to describe sustainability activities that involve operations and the value chain.Sustainability improves the organizations perception among consumers, and improves the bottom line through reduced costs. Sustainable practices can lead to increased revenues. For example, organizations that emit greenhouse gases like factories and electrical utilities may one day buy and sell carbon credits in a commodities-type stock market. Many customers favor products and services that are designed and produced in a sustainable way.

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 44

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 45Sustainable Value ChainsOM practices for environmental sustainability:Designing goods and services using recyclable and environmentally-friendly materials.Remanufacturing.Designing facilities and using equipment that conserve energy.Using electronic media and technology to reduce paper and fuel.Using transportation modes that minimize costs and carbon output.Cleaning and reusing water used for manufacturing.#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 46

#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 47Bookmaster Case Study Draw the bricks and mortar process stages by which hardcopy books are created, distributed, and sold in retail stores. How does each player in the value chain make money? Draw the process stages for creating and downloading an eBook today. How does each player in this electronic/digital value chain make money?Compare and contrast the value chain design and structure in the previous two questions from customer and management viewpoints. What are the advantages/disadvantages to each value chain design? What is the role of operations in each of these value chain designs and structures?What other criteria and issues are important in critiquing these two different value chain designs?#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 48Extra Slide: Save a Treeand Much MoreOne issue of the Quadranglea University of Kentucky alumni College of Engineering magazinenoted that, This issue was printed with vegetable ink on 12,125 pounds of paper made with 100% post consumer recycled fiber. The resulting environmental savings are:

This paper publication was produced twice each year up until 2010, when it became a web-based publication only. 41,954 lbs of wooda total of 145 trees that supply enough oxygen for 73 people annually;53,050 gallons of waterenough water to take 3,084 eight-minute showers;101 million BTUs of energyenough energy to power an average American household for 406 days;12,781 lbs of emissionscarbon sequestered by 153 tree seedlings grown for 10 years;6,812 lbs. of solid wastea total of 235 thirty-two gallon garbage cans of waste.#2014 OM4 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 2 Value chains 49