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197 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 93 No. 3 July 2016
Feeding value of cassava products supplemented with
earthworm meal in diets of growing rabbits
O.O.Kuforiji, J.A.Agunbiade, H.A.Awojobi* and O.O.Eniolorunda
Department of Animal Production, Olabisi Onabanjo University
Yewa Campus, P.M.B 0012, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria
Cassava products with earthworm meal supplementation for rabbit feeding; O.O. Kuforiji et al
Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 93 No. 3 July 2016 198
2006. The implication of this is that about
200,000 metric tonnes of unfermented cassava
will be required annually since about 2 million
metric tonnes of wheat flour is released into
Nigeria market by the currently operational 27
flour mills in the country. Because of the recent
government interest in cassava production, this
might make cassava peel and chaff, which are
often discarded during cassava processing into
“Fufu”, “Gari” and other cassava products,
suitable energy sources for non ruminant feed
in place of cassava root meal. Cassava starchy component compares
favorably with that of maize but at a much reduced price, cassava also has the singular advantage of good yield on poor soil as it can withstand drought better, thus making it a more suitable alternative source of livestock feed (IITA 2005). Cassava products are low in protein, amino acids and other nutrients and therefore they are used mainly as sources of energy. Hence the need to supplement cassava products with additional protein sources (Agunbiade et al. 2002). The animal protein source should not be expensive as in conventional feeds since it has been reported that protein, especially fish meal, is the most expensive feed stuff in animal feed formulation (Yaqub 1997). Other alternative sources of protein, such as shrimp waste meal had been successfully incorporated into broiler diets at various level of substitution for fishmeal (Agunbiade et al. 2004; Okonkwo et al. 2007). Cassava based feed product can also be cheaply fortified with cassava leaf meal as reported by Agunbiade and Susenbeth (2006). Other research findings have shown the replacement of fish meal with hatchery waste as reported by Agunbiade et al. (2007) for broiler finisher diets but the current work focuses on use of earthworm meal as replacement for fish meal at certain graded levels.
The challenge was to formulate rations for grower rabbits with the energy content supplied by maize replaced by whole cassava root, cassava chaff (cassava sievate) and cassava peel while improving on the amino
acid content and additional source of protein to improve the nutritional value of the diet by using earthworm meal. The objectives of the study are: 1. To determine the effect of earthworm meal
in combination with cassava chaff and peel on the performance of grower rabbits.
2. To evaluate the effect of the feeds on carcass composition, organ weights and gut dimensions.
3. To undertake a cost evaluation of the use of earthworm meal supplemented cassava products based diets for rabbit.
Materials and methods Study location The experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, College of Agricultural Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Yewa Campus, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria. The university campus is located in a deciduous/derived savannah zone of Nigeria at latitude 7o 15’N and longitude 3o 3’E. Climate is sub-humid tropical with an annual rainfall of 1,909.3mm. Rainy season is between early April and late October. Rainfall pattern is bimodial with two peaks in June and September. Maximum temperature varies between 29oC during the peak of the wet season and 340C at the onset of the wet season and mean annual relative humidity is 81% (Onakomaiya et al. 1992).
Test materials To obtain the Whole Cassava Root Meal (WCRM), cassava roots were washed with clean water to free them from soil debris. They were sliced with peel intact and then sun dried until practical dryness was achieved after seven days. The dried whole cassava was then milled to pass through a 2.00 mm screen and bagged, as whole cassava root meal.
Fresh cassava leaves were harvested
Cassava products with earthworm meal supplementation for rabbit feeding; O.O. Kuforiji et al
199 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 93 No. 3 July 2016
without the petioles and chopped into small sizes before wilting overnight. The wilted leaves were sun dried until dryness was achieved after four days. The leaves were milled to obtain Cassava Leaf Meal (CLM).
Fresh cassava peel and cassava chaff were obtained from “fufu” processing centers. Each was separately sun dried until dryness was achieved after five sunny days. The peels and the chaff were separately milled with hammer mill of particle size of 2.0 mm screen to obtain Cassava Peel Meal (CPM) and Cassava Chaff Meal (CCM) respectively.
Earthworm Meal (EWM) was prepared in batches as they were collected daily from soil in the university community and river banks in the environs. Each batch of earthworms collected was first washed with clean water and placed on sieve mesh of size 5.00 mm on top of a tray in the sun. The earthworms moved through the mesh into the trays away from the sun, after which they were washed again to free them from as much soil debris as possible. They were then blanched on a cooking stove for three minutes to immobilize them and render them tender for easy digestibility. The blanched worms were then sun-dried to dryness and milled and bagged as earthworm meal.
Other ingredients like soybean meal (SBM), fish meal (FM), wheat offal (WO), bone meal (BM), vitamins and mineral premixes, vegetable oil and salt were bought from feed millers. The materials were stored in a cool dry place before mixing.
Experimental diets
Nine experimental diets (Table 1) were
formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous
in composition with a basal diet as the control
and the other eight diets contained proportions
of the basal diet and varying portions of
earthworm meal protein replacing the fish
meal protein as shown below:
Diet 1 was the control diet consisting of
100% WCRM as the major source of
energy, 50% SBM, 25% CLM protein,
12.5% FM protein and 12.5% EWM
protein.
Diet 2 consisted of 50% WCRM, 50% CPM,
50% SBM protein, 25% CLM protein,
12.5% FM and 12.5% EWM protein.
Diet 3 consisted of 50% WCRM, 50% CCM,
50% SBM protein, 25% CLM protein,
12.5% FM protein and 12.5% EWM
protein.
Diet 4 consisted of 25% WCRM, 75% CPM,
50% SBM protein, 25% CLM protein,
12.5% FM protein and 12.5% EWM
protein.
Diet 5 consisted of 25% WCRM, 75% CCM,
50% SBM protein, 25% CLM protein,
12.5% FM protein and 12.5% EWM
protein.
Diet 6 consisted of 50% WCRM, 50% CPM,
50% SBM protein, 25% CLM protein,
6.25% FM protein and 18.75% EWM
protein.
Diet 7 consisted of 50% WCRM, 50% CCM,
50% SBM protein, 25% CLM protein,
6.25% FM protein and 18.75% EWM
protein.
Diet 8 consisted of 25% WCRM, 75% CPM,
50% SBM protein, 25% CLM protein,
6.25% FM protein and 18.75% EWM
protein.
Diet 9 consisted of 25% WCRM, 75% CCM,
50% SBM protein, 25% CLM protein,
6.25% FM protein and 18.75% EWM
protein.
Cassava products with earthworm meal supplementation for rabbit feeding; O.O. Kuforiji et al
Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 93 No. 3 July 2016 200
Cassava products with earthworm meal supplementation for rabbit feeding; O.O. Kuforiji et al
Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 93 No. 3 July 2016 202
Table 3: Gross energy (MJ/kg), proximate (g/kg) and detergent fibre (g/kg) component of
experimental diets
Experimental Diets
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Gross Energy
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Crude Fibre
Ether extract
Ash
Nitrogen Free
Extract
Acid Detergent Fibre
Neutral Detergent
Fibre
13.7
903.2
203.9
57.6
36.1
120.4
485.2
407.8
404.7
13.00
907.2
206.9
58.6
35.9
112.8
493
368
522.4
13.06
904.8
207.7
59.1
35.7
115.7
486.3
331.5
524.7
13.05
906.6
204.7
59.8
36.9
117.9
487.3
340.8
581.3
13.04
905.2
210.5
68.5
36.5
118.7
471
297.2
585.6
13.08
905.3
212.2
69.4
37.7
124.9
461.3
368
526.3
13.03
906.5
214.3
69.7
37.4
123.6
461.5
349.2
529.5
13.12
903.4
216.7
69.7
37.9
139.4
439.8
358
585.2
13.10
902.1
215.8
70.6
38.4
138.5
438.8
303.4
589.5
Table 4: Performance characteristics of rabbits fed experimental diets
Experimental Diets
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SEM
Daily feed Intake (g) 73.02
Daily Weight gain (g) 11.25ab
Feed conversion ratio 6.71bc
73.02
11.25ab
6.71bc
72.37
8.93b
8.10ab
72.95
8.45b
8.63a
73.07
12.14a
6.11c
74.18
10.36ab
7.23abc
76.08
10.30ab
7.50abc
71.98
9.52ab
7.72abc
72.57
11.90a
6.15c
76.00
11.31ab
6.78abc
1.95
1.24
0.80
* a b c: Means within the same row bearing different superscripts are significant (P<0.05).
Live performance characteristics of rabbits fed experimental diets The average daily weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency are presented in Table 4. Daily feed intake ranged between 72.37g in Diet 2 to 76.08g in Diet 6. Treatment effects on feed intake were not significantly (P>0.05) different. Dietary treatments however, significantly (P<0.05) influenced daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio with rabbits on diets 4 and 8 gaining significantly more weight than those on diets 3 and 2. Other dietary treatments had values comparable with Diets 4 and 8 for weight gain. Variation in weight gain between rabbits on the control diet and those of the other diets were not significant. The best feed conversion ratio was observed in rabbits on Diet 4 which also had the best weight gain. The poorest feed conversion ratio was in rabbits on Diet 3 and the value was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the
control and Diet 4. Rabbits on Diet 3 also had the lowest weight gain. Apart from Diet 3, the control diet had comparable (P>0.05) values with other dietary treatments for feed conversion ratio. Carcass yield, organs and wholesale cuts The carcass and organ characteristics of rabbits fed experimental diets are shown in Table 5. Apparent differences in the values for dressed weight, percentage dressed weight, shoulder, thigh, rack, liver and heart were not significant (P>0.05). However rabbits fed control diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher loin than those fed Diets 2 and 7. Also the control diet fed rabbits had significantly (P<0.05) higher head weight than those fed Diets 6 and 8. The skin weight of rabbits fed Diets 7 and 9 was significantly (P<0.05) higher, while those fed Diet 2 were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those fed the other diets.
Cassava products with earthworm meal supplementation for rabbit feeding; O.O. Kuforiji et al
203 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 93 No. 3 July 2016
Table 5: Effect of dietary treatment on edible parts in percentage dress weight and body organs,
* Means within the same row bearing different superscripts are significant (p<0.05)
Gut weight and dimension
The effect of dietary treatments on gut weight
(g) and gut dimension (cm) of the experimental
rabbits are shown in Table 6. There were
significant differences (P<0.05 ) for the weight
of the entire GIT with the rabbits on Diet 5
having the highest value of 285.3g (20.85% of
the live weight) while rabbits fed diet 6 had the
least weight of GIT 213.23g (12.12% live
weight). The full weight of small intestine was
also significantly (P<0.05) influenced by
dietary treatment with rabbits fed Diet 6 having
the highest value of 48.7g (3.01% live weight)
and rabbits fed Diet 3 having the lowest value
of 24.1 (1.11% live weight). The full weight of
caecum followed the same trend being
influenced significantly (P<0.05) by treatment
with rabbits fed Diet 5 having 102.3g (8.83%
live weight) while rabbitS fed Diet 6 have the
lowest value of 82.1 (5.08% live weight).
Similarly caecal length was significantly
(P<0.05) affected by dietary treatments. The
length of small intestines increased from Diet
1 until Diet 5, when the longest length of
198.2cm was recorded. Thereafter, the length
decreased until the shortest length was attained
in Diet 9.
Cassava products with earthworm meal supplementation for rabbit feeding; O.O. Kuforiji et al
Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 93 No. 3 July 2016 204
Table 6: Effect of dietary treatment on organ weight (g) and gut dimension (cm) of experiment
rabbits
Dietary Treatment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SEM Weight of entire GIT
Full weight of small intestine
Empty wt of small intestine
Full weight of caecum
Empty weight of caecum
Length of small intestine
Length of caecum
228.01c
33.7b
20.96bc
90.20cd
41.46b
184.3ab
52.15ab
221.6c
31.2c
21.2ab
87.03cd
46.9b
183.7ab
48.4ab
250.27c
24.1a
20.5bc
105.7d
36.12cd
178.3e
47.7d
258.2c
33.1bcd
22.5ab
110.2b
45.3b
185.7bcd
47.2cd
285.3a
47.2a
24.27a
121.77a
40.2bcd
198.2a
47.0bc
213.23c
48.7d
16.2c
82.1bc
51.7a
141.1de
42.6d
219.36c
24.9cd
15.03d
88.2cd
23.6c
188bcd
49.3bc
220.7c
39.7cd
15.4d
88.74d
27.6c
151.3bcd
50.8ab
278.73ab
34.4bc
23.00ab
115b
43.7b
108.9bcd
54.06a
0.511
0.186
0.129
0.318
0.27
0.609
4.26
Cost-benefit analysis of experimental diets
Table 7 shows the cost of individual feed
ingredients. The result of the economic studies
of the feeding trials is presented in Table 8. The
percentage cost reduction on feed savings of
each diet, using the control diet as an index
progressively increases from diets 2 – 9 due to
minimal cost of the cassava based by-products.
The feed cost analysis suggested that the cost
of feed per unit of weight gain is reduced at
higher levels of cassava replacement with
either cassava peel or cassava chaff. The cost
of daily feed intake per weight gain was best
for animals on diet 9 (0.255) and highest for
those on diet 3 (0.411) as compared with the
control. The economic efficiency (feed
cost/weight gain) of weight gain reveals that
rabbits on diet 9 were significantly (P<0.05)
better than those on diets 1, 2. 3, 5, 6 and 7.
Table 7: Market Price of feed ingredients at
time of experiment
Ingredients cost (N/kg)
Whole cassava root
Cassava peel
Cassava chaff
Soya bean meal
Wheat offal
Fish meal
Born meal
Oyster shell
Vitamin/mineral permits
Salt
Vegetable oil
Earthworm
Cassava leaf
20
4
4
95
32
370
27
13
450
50
400
50
2
Milling at N50 per 30kg feed.
Table 8: Cost benefit analysis of feeding experimental diets to rabbits
Dietary Treatment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SEM
Cost/kg diet
% cost reduction relative to control diet
Average daily feed intake (g/d)
Cost of daily feed intake (N/d)
Average daily weight gain (g/d)
Economic efficiency of weight gain
feed cost (N) weight gain (g)
51.43
-
73.02
3.76
11.25ab
0.334bc
47.67
7.31c
72.37
3.45
8.93b
0.386bc
47.67
7.31c
72.95
3.48
8.45b
0.411c
45.79
10.97bc
73.07
3.35
12.14a
0.275ab
45.79
10.97bc
74.18
3.40
10.36ab
0.328bc
43.73
14.97ab
76.08
3.33
10.30ab
0.323bc
43.73
14.97ab
71.98
3.15
9.52ab
0.331bc
41.85
18.63a
72.54
3.04
11.90ab
0.281ab
41.85
18.63a
76.00
3.18
11.31ab
0.255a
0.95
2.54
1.95
0.65
1.24
0.78
*a,b, c = means within the same row bearing different superscripts are significant (p<0.05)
Cassava products with earthworm meal supplementation for rabbit feeding; O.O. Kuforiji et al
205 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 93 No. 3 July 2016
Discussion
The values obtained for the proximate analysis
of test ingredients of cassava by-products were
similar to those reported by Smith (1992) and
Kehinde et al. (2007). The utilization of
cassava and its products can be impaired by
high crude fibre (Agunbiade et al. 2007) which
were 15.27, 18.75 and16.38% for CPM, CCM
and CLM respectively. The highest bulk fibre
(NDF) was recorded for CCM (60.55%)
followed by CPM (59.89%) and 54.95% for
CLM, the least value of 30.52% was recorded
for WCRM. The percentage neutral detergent
fibre is directly related to crude fibre content of
feedstuffs but its utilization according to
Ranjhan (2001) is greatly affected by its acid
detergent fibre content which is related to fibre
digestibility. The lowest level of ADF of
22.95% recorded for CCM makes it potentially
more digestible than peel and leaf. The low
value of ADF for CCM could be attributed to
the different processing technique that the
feedstuff had undergone such as pressing,
soaking, fermentation and grinding which
according to Agunbiade et al. (2002) would
have led to reduction of its cyanide content
below the toxic level for livestock feed. The
crude protein value obtained for earthworm
meal (EWM) in this study was 67.41% which
makes it comparable with fish meal (FM) thus
making it a good source of protein and a
suitable substitute for FM. However this value
was higher than those reported by Mekada
(1979) and Orozco-Almanza et al. (1988) with
reported average value of 57.25%. The values
of crude protein determined for experimental
diets were isonitrogeous ranging from 20.4%
in the control diet to 21.7% in diet 8. These
values for crude protein diets fall within the
range of 18-22% recommended by Omole
(1982) for the efficient production of rabbits in
a tropical environment. The crude fibre range
for the experimental diets was 5.76% in the
control diet to 7.06% in diet 9, the values here
are lower than the recommended value of at
least 9% for normal growth of rabbits by
Champe and Maurice (1983).
The feed intake range of 71.80 -
76.08g/day was higher than 60.08 –
62.86g/day reported by Agunbiade et al.
(1999) in an experiment with cassava peel and
leaves in diet of rabbits but slightly lower than
the range of 71.00 – 80.10g/day reported by
Agunbiade et al. (2002) for performance
characteristics of weaner rabbits on cassava
peel balanced diets. The reason for this
difference in feed intake could be attributed to
the fact that CCM is better digested than CPM.
The values obtain for weight gain of rabbits in
this experiment were lower than those reported
by Agunbiade et al. (2002).
Replacing 75% WCRM by CPM in diets in
which between 0 and 50% of FM protein was
replaced by EWM protein did not bring about
significant difference in daily weight gain and
efficiency of feed conversion of rabbits for
diets 4 and 8 versus the control diet 1. The
results of this study indicate that up to 50% of
WCRM can be replaced by either CPM or
CCM, when 50% of FM protein is replaced by
EWM protein in cassava product based diets.
This result supports the findings of Agunbiade
et al. (2002) which suggest that cassava peels
can completely replace maize without
deleterious effects on growth and efficiency of
feed conversion in growing rabbits. The daily
weight gain of 8.45 – 12.14 is similar to 10.1g
reported by Adama and Nma (2002) when
groundnut leaves were fed to rabbits and 12.3g
reported by Omole and Ajayi (1976) who fed
dried brewer grains to rabbits. The general non significant effect of
dietary treatments on the majority of the carcass quality attributes observed in this study is an indication that the experimental diets were equally effective as the control diet in influencing carcass quality of rabbits. Similar observations on the influence of cassava-based diets in equally affecting carcass components of rabbits have been reported by Agunbiade et al. (1999). The dressing percentage in this trial was between 49.88% and 52.92%. This is in agreement with that reported for overall
Cassava products with earthworm meal supplementation for rabbit feeding; O.O. Kuforiji et al
Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 93 No. 3 July 2016 206
dressing percentage of about 50% obtained by Osei and Doudu (1988). The percentage range of shoulder in this experiment is between 23.02 – 26.02%, higher than that reported by Rao et al. (1978) whose range was 17.10 – 18.70%. The difference observed might be due to differences in breed, sex or method of cutting. The percentage range for liver in the experimental rabbit which was 2.29 – 2.79 is lower than 3.18 -3.29 as reported by Essien and Udedibe (2007) for growing rabbit fed jack beans. The liver is one of the major organs involved in nutrient metabolism of the animal but since no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed between rabbits fed control diets and experimental diets, this shows that the different dietary treatments did not affect the experimental animals.
The significant effect of dietary treatments
on pelt % (skin) could be due to different levels
of sub-cutaneous fat deposition. Sobayo et al.
(2007) reported the value of 9.12 – 9.55%,
while in this trial 10.45% was recorded when
75% CCM replaced WCRM. This may
probably be due to the method of processing
CCM which could influence the fat available
to the animal when compared with the other
diets.
There was a significantly heavier weight of
the entire gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and full
weights of the small intestine and caecum
recorded for rabbits on diets 4, 5 and 9
compared with the control diet. This seems to
imply that ingesta stayed for a longer time in
the gut of these rabbits than those of other
experimental animals. Since fibre, particularly
hemicellulose component, is known to hasten
digester movement in the GIT, it would appear
that the lower ADF component in CPM and
CCM as WCRM is replaced, provided lower
fibre content, which could be responsible for
delayed transit time of digesta, as it moved
through the GIT.
Conclusion
There is a high level of competition between
man and livestock for grains like maize and
millets. Fish meal, a source of dietary protein
is also expensive. Animal production scientists
are therefore searching for cheaper but
available alternative feedstuffs. The findings
of this experiment showed that cassava peel
and cassava chaff can replace whole cassava
root meal as a main source of energy. Similarly
earthworm meal has been demonstrated to
have great potential as an inexpensive protein
substitute for fish meal in grower rabbit diets.
Further research should be conducted on the
possibility of the whole energy source of the
diet being supplied by cassava by-products
such as cassava peel and chaff with the entire
protein also supplied by earthworm meal
which are of no dietary importance to man.
Efforts should also be geared towards
encouraging vermiculture.
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