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© 2014 Gaffney, Cline & Associates. All rights reserved. Terms and conditions of use: by accepting this document, the recipient agrees that the document together with all information included therein is the confidential and proprietary property of
Gaffney, Cline & Associates and includes valuable trade secrets and/or proprietary information of Gaffney, Cline & Associates (collectively "information"). Gaffney, Cline & Associates retains all rights under copyright laws and trade secret laws of the
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written consent of Gaffney, Cline & Associates, and may not be used directly or indirectly in any way detrimental to Gaffney, Clines & Associates’ interest.
David Jarrett
Oil Discoveries in the East African Rift
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East African Rift System (EARS) Tectonic Elements
▪ Linked intra continental rift
▪ Extends 3,500 km across eastern Africa and is in the order of 50 km to 150 km wide
▪ The EARS can be separated into two dominant trends
– Eastern Branch: Afar – North Tanzanian Divergence, initiated early Miocene (20 Ma) is more volcanic
– Western Branch: Albertine Rift – Malawi Rift, initiated late Miocene (10 Ma) contains lakes
Source: Chorowicz 2005
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The Formation of the EARS
▪ Elevated heat flow from the asthenosphere generates a thermal bulge (domes) leading to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions (flood basalts)
▪ This upwelling results in divergence of the plate boundaries, resulting in faults and fractures, rifts form and are filled with sediments
▪ Heat and burial matures organic rich source rocks, which expel hydrocarbons
DEM Data Source: NASA
Kenya
Dome
Ethiopian
Dome
Somalian
Plate
Nubian
(African)
Plate
Arabian
Plate
Research Machines PLC
0 500 km
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Oil Discoveries EARS
Source: Petroview
BurundiBurundiBurundiBurundiBurundiBurundiBurundiBurundiBurundi
TanzaniaTanzaniaTanzaniaTanzaniaTanzaniaTanzaniaTanzaniaTanzaniaTanzania
UgandaUgandaUgandaUgandaUgandaUgandaUgandaUgandaUganda
South SudanSouth SudanSouth SudanSouth SudanSouth SudanSouth SudanSouth SudanSouth SudanSouth Sudan
EthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopia
DjiboutiDjiboutiDjiboutiDjiboutiDjiboutiDjiboutiDjiboutiDjiboutiDjibouti
SomaliaSomaliaSomaliaSomaliaSomaliaSomaliaSomaliaSomaliaSomalia
RwandaRwandaRwandaRwandaRwandaRwandaRwandaRwandaRwanda
KenyaKenyaKenyaKenyaKenyaKenyaKenyaKenyaKenya
ZambiaZambiaZambiaZambiaZambiaZambiaZambiaZambiaZambia
MalawiMalawiMalawiMalawiMalawiMalawiMalawiMalawiMalawi
MozambiqueMozambiqueMozambiqueMozambiqueMozambiqueMozambiqueMozambiqueMozambiqueMozambique
MadagascarMadagascarMadagascarMadagascarMadagascarMadagascarMadagascarMadagascarMadagascar
SeychellesSeychellesSeychellesSeychellesSeychellesSeychellesSeychellesSeychellesSeychelles
MoroniMoroniMoroniMoroniMoroniMoroniMoroniMoroniMoroni
DodomaDodomaDodomaDodomaDodomaDodomaDodomaDodomaDodoma
JubaJubaJubaJubaJubaJubaJubaJubaJuba
MamoudzouMamoudzouMamoudzouMamoudzouMamoudzouMamoudzouMamoudzouMamoudzouMamoudzou
LusakaLusakaLusakaLusakaLusakaLusakaLusakaLusakaLusaka
HarareHarareHarareHarareHarareHarareHarareHarareHarare
NairobiNairobiNairobiNairobiNairobiNairobiNairobiNairobiNairobi
MogadishuMogadishuMogadishuMogadishuMogadishuMogadishuMogadishuMogadishuMogadishu
Addis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis Ababa
0 450.0
kilometres
CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THECONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THECONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THECONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THECONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THECONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THECONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THECONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THECONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE
FRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCE
KIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATI
UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS
UGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDA
BLOCK IVBLOCK IVBLOCK IVBLOCK IVBLOCK IVBLOCK IVBLOCK IVBLOCK IVBLOCK IV
EA4AEA4AEA4AEA4AEA4AEA4AEA4AEA4AEA4A
EA5BEA5BEA5BEA5BEA5BEA5BEA5BEA5BEA5B
EA1AEA1AEA1AEA1AEA1AEA1AEA1AEA1AEA1A
PAARAPAARAPAARAPAARAPAARAPAARAPAARAPAARAPAARA
EA3BEA3BEA3BEA3BEA3BEA3BEA3BEA3BEA3B
EA3AEA3AEA3AEA3AEA3AEA3AEA3AEA3AEA3A
BLOCK IIBLOCK IIBLOCK IIBLOCK IIBLOCK IIBLOCK IIBLOCK IIBLOCK IIBLOCK II
EA3CEA3CEA3CEA3CEA3CEA3CEA3CEA3CEA3C
EA3DEA3DEA3DEA3DEA3DEA3DEA3DEA3DEA3D
EA2EA2EA2EA2EA2EA2EA2EA2EA2
BLOCK IBLOCK IBLOCK IBLOCK IBLOCK IBLOCK IBLOCK IBLOCK IBLOCK I
BULIISABULIISABULIISABULIISABULIISABULIISABULIISABULIISABULIISA
EA5AEA5AEA5AEA5AEA5AEA5AEA5AEA5AEA5A
KAISO-TONYAKAISO-TONYAKAISO-TONYAKAISO-TONYAKAISO-TONYAKAISO-TONYAKAISO-TONYAKAISO-TONYAKAISO-TONYA
BLOCK IIIBLOCK IIIBLOCK IIIBLOCK IIIBLOCK IIIBLOCK IIIBLOCK IIIBLOCK IIIBLOCK III
25.000
kilometres
BLOCK 10BBBLOCK 10BBBLOCK 10BBBLOCK 10BBBLOCK 10BBBLOCK 10BBBLOCK 10BBBLOCK 10BBBLOCK 10BBBLOCK 13TBLOCK 13TBLOCK 13TBLOCK 13TBLOCK 13TBLOCK 13TBLOCK 13TBLOCK 13TBLOCK 13T
BLOCK 12ABLOCK 12ABLOCK 12ABLOCK 12ABLOCK 12ABLOCK 12ABLOCK 12ABLOCK 12ABLOCK 12A
AGETE
TWIGA SOUTH
EKALES
ETUKO
AMOSING
NGAMIA
FRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCEFRANCE
KENYAKENYAKENYAKENYAKENYAKENYAKENYAKENYAKENYA
KIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATIKIRIBATI
UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDSUNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS
UGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDAUGANDA
BLOCK 11ABLOCK 11ABLOCK 11ABLOCK 11ABLOCK 11ABLOCK 11ABLOCK 11ABLOCK 11ABLOCK 11A
BLOCK 10BABLOCK 10BABLOCK 10BABLOCK 10BABLOCK 10BABLOCK 10BABLOCK 10BABLOCK 10BABLOCK 10BA
BLOCK 10ABLOCK 10ABLOCK 10ABLOCK 10ABLOCK 10ABLOCK 10ABLOCK 10ABLOCK 10ABLOCK 10A
LOPEROT
0 25.00
kilometres
South Lokichar Basin, Kenya
Lake Albert Rift Basin, Uganda
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Albert Rift Basin – Topography
11
Albert Basin topography fields prospect map...
Block boundaries
Prospects
Fields
Wells
A
B
C
D
E
C
B
A
D
E
© 2013 Gaffney Cline & Associates. All Rights Reserved. Data Source: NASA and Petroview
Asymmetric Rift
Continued extension generates
active faults and topography
Rwenzori / Mountains of the Moon
Digital Elevation Model
0 100 km
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Albert Rift Basin – Tectonic Elements & Structural Style
Source: Petroleum Exploration and Production Department, 2012 Interpretation 9 © 2013 Gaffney Cline & Associates. All Rights Reserved.
Albert Basin Structural Elements
From Petroleum Exploration
and Production Department,
2012
TONYA
FAULT
NORTH TORO
BUNYORO FAULT
PAKWACH
BASIN
RHINO-CAMP
BASIN
15
Pakwach Basin
Petroleum Exploration and Production
Department, 2012 Interpretation
© 2013 Gaffney Cline & Associates. All Rights Reserved.
13
Regional Seismic Line Through Albert Basin
From Heritage Oil
© 2013 Gaffney Cline & Associates. All Rights Reserved.
14
Southern Lake Albert Basin
Petroleum Exploration and Production
Department, 2012 Interpretation
© 2013 Gaffney Cline & Associates. All Rights Reserved.
Source: Heritage
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Lake Albert Hydrocarbon Potential Identified in 1920’s
DRC
Uganda
Alluvial Fan
Low Sinuosity
Channels
Rift Scarp
Semliki Delta
Incised
Channel
Delta
Natural oil
film on Nile
at Paraa
Kibiro Oil Seep
Butiaba
Oil Seeps
SAR slicks
Kibuku Oil Seep
Semliki
Waki B1 1938
0 20 km
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Stratigraphy – Waki B1 1938
▪ Waki B1 drilled in 1938 by Anglo European Investment Company of South Africa
▪ Late Miocene to Recent
– Miocene and Pliocene bituminous
shales and sandstones
– 6-7% TOC in shales below 750 m, extractable oil
– Pleistocene Conglomerates sandstones and shales
– Holocene lakebed deposits
▪ Additional stratigraphic wells were drilled based on oil seeps
Source: Karp et al 2012
Albert Basin Stratigraphy
• Late Miocene to Recent
– Miocene & Pliocene bituminous
shales and sandstones
• 6-7% TOC in shales below 750m
– Pleistocene Conglomerates,
sandstones and shales
– Holocene lakebed deposits
• Waki-1 well (1937)
17 © 2012 Gaffney Cline & Associates. All Rights Reserved.
From Karp et al., 2012
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Exploration History - Modern Efforts to First Discovery
▪ 1983 – Acquisition of Aeromagnetic data over the entire Albertine Graben
▪ 2002-2004 – Heritage Oil drilled Turaco 1, 2 and 3 in the Semliki Basin, dry holes
▪ 2003-2004 – Acquisition of seismic data over Lake Albert
▪ January 2006 – First oil discovery, Mputa-1, closely followed by Waraga-1
Semliki Delta
Turaco 1,2 and 3,
dry holes
Muputa 1, first oil
discovery
Waraga-1, flow test
12,000 bopd
0 20 km
Source: Petroleum Exploration and Production Department, 2012 Interpretation
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Kingfisher Discovery – October 2006, Flow Tested 13,000 bopd, ~ 200 Million Barrel Field
Source: Tullow
Three way dip
closure against
bounding fault
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Albert Basin Burial Depth
Seismic Interpretation: Heritage Oil
20
Albert Basin Burial Depth
Based on interpretation by Heritage Oil
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500
-3000
-4000
-5000
-3500
-4500
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0D
ep
th S
ub
su
rface (
m)
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Age (my)
Holocene
Late Pleistocene
Late Pliocene
Early Pleistocene
Middle Pliocene
Early Pliocene
Late Miocene
Fm
S
• Very
recent
rapid
burial a
key
success
factor
© 2013 Gaffney Cline & Associates. All Rights Reserved.
13
Regional Seismic Line Through Albert Basin
From Heritage Oil
© 2013 Gaffney Cline & Associates. All Rights Reserved.
Rapid burial and late
hydrocarbon maturation
Mature and
still active
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Lake Albert Bathymetry Mimics Depth to Source Kitchen
▪ Currently active source kitchen
▪ Expulsion of hydrocarbons into reservoir quality rock
▪ Tectonostatigraphic evolution allows play elements to be present
Source: Tullow
Albert bathymetry mimics depth to source kitchen
18
From Tullow Oil, 2012
• Therefore currently active graben with burial allowing generation and
expulsion of oil from the source kitchen
© 2013 Gaffney Cline & Associates. All Rights Reserved.
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Albert Rift Basin Summary
▪ Known hydrocarbon potential dating back to the 1920’s, active source kitchen identified from seeps and also sleeks identified from SAR
▪ Waki B1 drilled in 1938 proved that the play elements exist within the basin (reservoir, organic rich source and seal)
▪ The evolution of the rift basin itself provides the trapping mechanism, structural traps, stratigraphic traps are also viable concepts
▪ Muputa, Waraga and Kingfisher proved the hydrocarbon potential of the basin, generating significant flow rates on test
▪ Aggressive exploration and appraisal has resulted in resources in the region of a billion barrels of oil equivalent
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South Lokichar Basin
▪ The South Lokichar Basin forms part of the Eastern Branch of the EARS
▪ Lies to the southwest of Lake Turkana
Data Source: NASA
Source: AOC
0 500 km
0 60 km
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South Lokichar Basin – Half Graben
Source: AOC
Shell 1992
Entering oil window,
local geothermal
gradient?
2 km
5 km
Source Kitchen
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Loperot -1- 1992
▪ Drilled in 1992 to test a fault closed structural trap on the rift shoulder
▪ Mature source rocks in the deeper section (TOC 1-3%)
▪ High quality reservoir sands encountered, although some sands are affected by post burial diagnosis
▪ Hydrocarbons were discovered in thin bedded sands within the Lockhone Shale, questioning trap integrity
Source AOC
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Schematic Section, South Lokichar Basin, Main Reservoir Types
Source: AOC
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High Quality Auwerwer Reservoir
Source: AOC
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Ngamia & Amosing Discoveries
Source: AOC
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Lokichar Basin Exploration & Appraisal – through 2014
Source: AOC
1
2
3
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South Lokichar Summary
▪ Loperot-1 was drilled in 1992 by Shell, proved the
presence of hydrocarbons in the South Lokichar Basin,
small resource base, thin sands within the Lokhone Shale
▪ Ngamia-1 was drilled by Tullow in 2012 in a fault terrace
juxtaposed against the main bounding fault on the western
side of the basin, encountered high quality Auwerwer
sands
– Waxy crude 25 – 35 deg API
– Five DST’s flowed oil ~ 3,200 bopd
▪ Twiga, Etuko, Amosing and Ageta confirm the potential of
the basin
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Thoughts & Summary
▪ The Albert Rift Basin and the South Lokichar Basin prove the oil potential of the EARS
– Can these models be transferred along the greater EARS?
▪ Sediment influx along the rift will be controlled by accommodation space, environment of deposition (fluvial/alluvial) and provenance of erosion, reservoir quality
▪ Maturation and expulsion of hydrocarbons will be controlled by depth of burial and local geothermal gradients considering upwelling asthenosphere and volcanism
▪ Inversion must be considered (observed in the Rhino Camp Basin) as this has the ability to turn of source rock maturation and generate trap breach (loss of hydrocarbon)
▪ Export routes 1000 km plus, refining (wax removal), cash flow?
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Rwenzori Mountains - “Mountains of the Moon”
Source: http://ecsforum1.wordpress.com/2013/04/02/africas-physical-features/