Oil AHS Agriculture
Dec 28, 2015
Unit Project
• Create an energy efficient system
• Make a model
• Two page paper on why it would work
• Due: day of test, Oct 12
Black Gold
• Past- petroleum pumped from ground, stored, and shipped in barrels
• Traditional barrels contained 42 gallons
Black Gold
• Still measured in barrels
• Crude oil prices vary depending on wars, hurricanes, natural disasters
Black Gold
• Takes 1 million years to form
• Plants & animals die, settle to bottom of ocean (swamp, pond), pressure exerted, oil formed
How found?
• 1. Gravimeter- principle that gravitational pull of oil-filled rocks differs from rocks containing no oil
How found?
• 2. Magnometer- measures differences in the magnetic pull of earth to find oil bearing rocks. Enables Geophysicist to locate rock layers that might contain oil
How found?
• 3. Seismograph- sound waves to identify various layers & formations under the Earth’s surface
• Offshore drilling rigs
• Video
Extraction Process
• Oil Refinery crude oil distilled into various products
• Fuels, lubricants, and petrochemicals
• Examples?
Extraction Process
• Fuels- aviation gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, etc
• Lubricants- greases, road oils, medicine oil
• Petrochemicals- alcohol, ink, paint, plastic, food additives, etc
Extraction Process
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jk0WrtA8_T8
• Answer Questions Provided
Coal
• Black or brown rock from plants between 1-400 million years ago
• Swamp areas
• 25% of global energy
• 40% of worlds electricity
Coal
• US: 68% production of electricity
• 13% steel production
• 9% general industries
• 1% home heating
Coal
• Top coal-producing states: West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, and Virgina.
• What is similar for all above states?
Coal
• Releases sulfur dioxide when burned
• Odor, irritates eyes and respiratory tract.
• Combine with oxygen- sulfur trioxide- coughing, choking, acid rain
Oil Refining
• Carbon Monoxide- incomplete combustion of any fuel
• headache, nausea, death, unconsciousness, smog
Natural Gas
• Most perfect and in-demand fuels of US
• Heats our homes, cook, production of plastic, detergents, and drugs
Natural Gas
• Gas located about oil deposit
• Problem with supplying it when needed in winter months
Particulate Matter
• Traps in air passages, reduce air capacity, severe breathing and respiratory problems.
• Asthma, Emphysema, Fog
• Smoke and Soot
Smog
• Hybrid of smoke and fog
• Obstructs vision, smells bad
• Modern-day- produced by complex sunlight-stimulated chemical reactions among auto exhaust
Ground-Level Ozone
• Chlorofluorocarbons (refrigerants)
• Formed by complex reactions of primary pollutants with oxygen
• Beneficial after storm
• High concentration- irritant
Solar Energy
• More abundant, less exhaustible, and more pollution-free than any other energy source
Solar Energy
• Sun as energy source
• Energy 100,000 times greater than electrical capacity of world
2 types: Active & Passive
• Active- capture, store and distribute energy from sun. collector, storage mechanism, distribution device needed
• Energy most needed at night
2 types: Active & Passive
• Passive- provide avenues for sun to enter but rely on natural airflow to provide distribution.
• Only has collection device, south-facing solar panel
• EX: Greenhouse, homes w/other heat source
Geothermal Energy
• Involved trapping underground heat in volcanically active areas.
• Steam piped through ground to turbines that turn electric generators
Geothermal Energy
• 2 disadvantages:
• 1. energy not uniformly located around country (cheap & clean when available)
• 2. minerals in steam very hard on machinery
Hydropower
• Water power
• Dams constructed, water released in openings to drive turbines connected to electrical generators
Hydropower
• Opposed by environmental groups= when dam constructed, waters are slowed & backed up, wildnerness areas are destroyed
Nuclear Power
• Using energy from a fission process for an energy source
• Fission- nuclear reaction where the nucleus splits into smaller parts when interact with another compound
Nuclear Power
• Fissioning 1 lb of uranium yields explosive force of 10,000 tons of TNT
• Release slowly, produces 12 million kilowatt hours of power
Nuclear Power
• Cadmium used to control or stop reaction by absorbing neutrons
• As reaction progresses- heat produced
Nuclear Power
• Water in tubes turns to steam to turn electrical generators
• Aux water system used to maintain core at 1,000*F
Nuclear Power Concerns
• Fear of explosion or uncontrolled heat buildup causing a meltdown
• Heating of water
Nuclear Power Concerns
• Disposal of radioactive waste• Uranium lasts 2 years• Processing removes unused • Wastes packaged stainless
steel and buried• Lasts 100 years
Nuclear Power Concerns
• Better technique??
• Containers in above ground concrete bunkers
• Care to make sure not broken open
Tidal Power
• Tides like clockwork Huge forces
• Small basins constructed, collect water during high tide
• Release with tide to drive electric generators
Wind Power
• New tower with propeller blades to turn generators that produce electricity
• Limits- wind not always blow, speed varies, storage in DC battery
Wood for Burning
• Advantages- widely available, renewable natural resource
• Disadvantages- less convenient to burn, bulkier, less efficient
Energy from Biomass
• Biomass- total dry weight of all of the living organisms in a given area at a given time
Energy from Biomass
• 2 kinds
• 1. Agricultural, municipal, and Industrial wastes used to produce energy
• 2. plants that are grown specifically to be used for energy production
Energy from Biomass
• 2004- US- 2.76 billion gallons of Ethanol from corn
• 2005- Brazil- 4.2 billion gallons of Ethanol from sugar and molasses
• 33-2 chart Cost of ethanol production varies by crop
Ethanol from Grain
• Ethanol from grain been around for a long time
• Burns cleanly and efficiently
• Alcohol less explosive and more stable
• Less pollution
Ethanol from Grain
• Grow yeasts in a grain solution, yeasts take in sugar, protein, vitamins, minerals, and give off carbon-dioxide and ethanol (alcohol)
• Produced from corn to by products of cheese
Ethanol from Grain By-Products
• Carbon-dioxide- carbonation of beverages, drying grain, fertilizer production, fire extinguishers, refrigeration, dry-ice
• Residue from alcohol feed for livestock
Methane from Biowaste
• Using anaerobic bacteria to decompose waste. Methane produced as by-product
• Methane odorless gas w/heating rate of 600-700 BTUs per cubic foot
Methane from Biowaste
• Decomposing wastes produce methane and hydrogen sulfide (sewage smell)
• Scrubbers can remove the hydrogen sulfide
Methane from Biowaste
• Can be produced artificially in methane digester
• Airtight container holding wastes to be decomposed
• 50% of gas extracted first 2 weeks, up to 6 weeks
Methane from Biowaste
• Sludge used as fertilizer after
• Storage-big and bulky
• Farmers-use heat to produce alcohol from grain, get more out of livestock waste
• Lessen amount of fossil fuels used (434 diagram)
Energy Crops
• Raw sugar from sugar cane & sugar beets easy to convert to energy through fermentation
• Chemical processing to extract oils from plants then converted into refined fuel
• Vegetable oil cars
Energy Crops
• Trees potential energy crop
• Soybean & sunflower produce oil can be converted to fuel
• Algae that grow in lakes and ponds produce oil can be converted to fuel
Cellulosic Ethanol
• Plants made of lignocellulose
• Convert sunlight to sugar
• Lignocellulose broken down chemically to release sugar
• Then converted to ethanol
• Whole trees, switchgrass
Soy Biodiesel
• Clean burning, non-toxic, alternative fuel made from vegetable oils
• 1 bushel soybeans= 1.5 gallons of biodiesel
• Can be used in pure form B100.
Soy Biodiesel
• Can be blended with petroleum diesel to create a blend 20:80 biodiesel to petrodiesel. B20
Advantages
• 1. Burns cleaner
• 2. Exceptional lubricating qualities
• 3. New engines=comsumption similar, old engines= better consumption
Advantages
• 4. biodegradable and non-toxic
• 5. promising as marine fuel
• 6. domestic, renewable resource
• 7. positive energy balance
Disadvantages
• 1. currently more expensive
• 2. additional land use needed
• 3. gives out nitrogen oxide
• 4. transportation and storage costs
• 5. less suitable for lower temps
Production
• 3 routes
• 1. base catalyzed transesterification
• 2. direct acid catalyzed transesterification of the oil
• 3. Conversion of oil to fatty acid then to biodiesel
Production
• Most biodiesel produced with 1st option
–Low temp and pressure
–Yields high conversion (98%) (minimal side reactions and reaction time)
Production
• Most biodiesel produced with 1st option
–Direct conversion- no intermediate compounds
–No exotic materials needed
Production
• Chemical reaction and process on reading
• Create a diagram/drawing that will explain process and reaction better for you
Activity
• Using the information in the soy products guide, choose a product & create an advertisement selling this product to an audience
• 30 minutes
Activity
• Investigate the impact of land use related to alternative & conventional energy sources
• Is there a low or high impact? Why?