Ohm 1

OHMOPERATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

1. Possibility measures during workplace accidents, fire and other emergencies are recognized.

2. Personal protective equipments are correctly used in accordance with organization OHS procedure and practice.

3. Identification of hazard in the workplace to prevent risk.4. Always discharge yourself before touching any part of the

computer.5. Be careful of tools that may cause short circuit.6. Wear rubber sole shoes when standing on the ground.7. Always power off and unplug the computer before working

on it.8. When making circuit changes discharge the capacitor after

turning off the computer.9. Replace only fuses with those proper rating.10. Hold the components by the edges and do not touch

the IC’s.11. Read and follow the instructions on the manual

carefully.12. Do not use excessive force if things don’t quite slip into

place.13. Remove any jewelry to prevent electrical shock.14. Use ESD wrist strap or other ESD equipment for safety

and computer safety.15. Clean dust from the inside of your computer.16. Considered warranty on the PC that you will assemble.17. Do not work alone so that there’s someone who can

take care of you in case of accident or emergency.18. Make sure that the pins are properly aligned when

connecting a cable connector.19. Take away any liquids near your working area.

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HARDDISK DRIVE

Hard disk- is a device for storing and retrieving digital information. Primary storage of computer data.

HARD DISK FORM FACTOR

8” - In 1979, SA1000 Shugart Associates was the first form factor compatible HDD having a compatible interface to 8” FDD.

5.25” – 1980 First use HDD by SEAGATE. The QUANTUM BIGFOOT was the last use in 1990.

3.5” – The standard form factor today. Smaller form factor that has been used on 1983 by Rodime.

2.5” – Introduced on 1988. Standard form factor today for notebook computers. Also used in Play Station 3 and Xbox 360 Video Game.

HARD DISK TYPE

Enterprise Class Hard Drives – Can go up to 100% data usage at one go and are quiet reliable.

Extremely expensive and required a high level of data integrity.

Desktop Hard Drives – that are what we generally used. Cheaper than the former and can access

and modify backup files. Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA) - also known as IDE and EIDE. Utilized

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either a 40 or an 80 wire cable with a 40 pin connector.

Serial ATA (SATA) – Thinner and purportedly has a faster data interface. It used less power than

the PATA ones.

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) – Spin at a higher rate in comparison to IDE and SATA.

SCSI hard disks need a controller that operates interface between drives and motherboard.

Solid State Drives (SSD) - Hard disk that don’t consist of moving components. Use

semiconductor for the function of data storage. It is much faster hard disk.

HARD DISK ENVIRONMENT

HARD DISK MAJOR COMPONENT

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PLATTERS - Flat disk that used to hold the data in the drive. It is composed of SUBSTRATE

(materials that forms the bulk of the platters and gives it rigidity) and a

MAGNETIC MEDIA COATING which holds the magnetic impulses that

represent the data.

READ/ WRITE HEADS – interface between the magnetic physical media on which the data is stored and the electronic components that make up the rest of the hard disk.

HEAD SLIDER – physically support the head and hold it in the correct position relative to the platter as the head floats over its surface.

HEAD ARMS – are the thin pieces of metal, usually triangular in shape into which the sliders are mounted.

HEAD ACTUATOR – device used to position the head arms to different tracks on the surface of the platters.

SPINDLE MOTOR – responsible for turning the hard disk platters, allowing the hard drive to

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operate.

HARD DISK CONNECTOR AND JUMPER - used to configured the hard disk and connect it to the rest of the system.

HARD DISK CONNECTOR

POWER CONNECTOR – use a standard, 4 pin male connector plug that takes one of the power connectors coming from the power supply. This provides +5 and +12 voltage to the hard disk.

IDE/ATA – 40-pin rectangular connector. SCSI – 50 pin, 68 pin, 80 pin D shaped connector. LED CONNECTOR - indicator that generally tells the activation of the

system.

START UP DISK

START UP “BOOTING” is a boot strapping process that starts operating system.

Creating Start-Up Disk

1. Double click “My Computer”.2. Double click “Control Panel”.3. Double click “Add/Remove Program”.4. Choose Start-Up disk.5. Click create disk (Insert diskette to drive A:)6. Click ok and wait for 100%.

HARD DISK PARTITIONING

PARTITIONING is act of dividing a hard disk drive into multiple virtual hard disk drive.

BIOS SET-UP

1. During POST press F1 (to go to BIOS).2. Click BOOT.3. Check BOOT DEVICE PRIORITY.4. Click ADVANCED.5. Check IDE Configuration if the HDD1 and HDD2 and CD-Rom detected.6. Press F10 to save and exit BIOS Set-up.7. Choose #1. Start computer with CD-Rom Support.8. A:\>Fdisk

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DELETING OLD PARTITION

1. Choose #5. Current fixed disk drive.2. Choose #3. Delete partition on logical DOS Drive.3. Choose #1. Delete primary DOS partition.4. Enter volume label “Ex. FAIRVIEW”.5. Press Y.6. Press ESC (2x).7. Reboot/ restart (Ctrl+Alt+Del)

CREATING SINGLE/ PRIMARY DOS PARTITION

1. Choose #1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS drive.2. Choose #1. Create Primary DOS partition.3. Press Y then enter.4. ESC (2x)5. Reboot/ restart (Ctrl+Alt+Del).

DELETING NON-DOS PARTITION

1. Choose #3. Delete partition or Logical DOS drive.2. Choose #4. Delete Non – DOS partition.3. What Non-DOS partition you want to delete.4. Press [ 1 ] enter.5. Do you wish to continue [ Y ] enter.6. Esc (2x)7. Restart/ reboot (Ctrl+Alt+Del)

CREATING EXTENDED DOS PARTITION

A:\>format d:/s

1. Choose #1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS drive.2. Choose #1. Create Primary DOS partition.3. Press “N” then enter.4. Enter partition size in Mbytes to percent of disk space (%) to create a

primary DOS partition ……..[ ].5. Press 80% to [ ].6. ESC to continue.7. Choose #1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS drive.8. Choose #2. Create extended DOS partition.

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9. Enter partition size in Mbytes or percent of disk space (%) to create a extended DOS partition.

10. Press enter.11. Esc. To continue.12. Press enter13. ESC (2x)14. Restart/ reboot computer.

DELETING EXTENDED DOS PARTITION

1. Choose #2. Delete extended DOS partition.2. Choose #3. Delete partition or Logical DOS drive.3. Choose #3. Delete Logical DOS drive E.4. Volume label “COMTECH”.5. Are you sure (Y/N)? Y6. Esc (2x).7. Choose #3. Delete partition or Logical DOS drive.8. Choose #2. Delete Extended Partition.9. Press “Y” to delete.10. ESC to continue.11. Choose #3. Delete partition or Logical DOS drive.12. Choose #1. Delete Primary DOS partition.13. What primary DOS partition you want to delete…… 1 and press

enter.14. Volume label.15. Are you sure (Y/N)? Y16. ESC (2x)17. Reboot/ restart (Ctrl+Alt+Del).

CREATING LOGICAL DOS PARTITION

A:\>format d:/s

1. Choose #1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS drive.2. Choose #1. Create Primary DOS partition.3. Press “N” then enter.4. Enter partition size in Mbytes to percent of disk space (%) to create a

primary DOS partition ……..[ ].5. Press 80% to [ ].6. ESC to continue.

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7. Choose #1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS drive.8. Choose #2. Create extended DOS partition.9. Enter partition size in Mbytes or percent of disk space (%) to create a

extended DOS partition.10. Enter logical drive size in Mbytes or percentage of this space …..

50%.11. Same as #1012. Esc (2x).13. Restart/ reboot (Ctrl+Alt+Del)

C: 50%HDD 1 =

E: 50% 25% F: 25%

HDD 2 = D:CD-Rom = G:

C: Primary DOS PartitionD: Extended DOS DriveE: Logical DriveG: CD-Rom Drive

CHECKING HARD DRIVE SPACE

DESKTOP HDD SPACE

Click on "Start" located in the left hand corner. Then go to "My Computer" from the menu. Right click on the "Local Disk (C:)" icon. Then select "Properties" from the drop down menu, that appears. You will be able to see the "Used Space" and "Free Space". With this

you will know the amount of space, you have used and the amount of space, that is available.

Repeat the same on the other drives on your system as well.

MAC HDD SPACE

Go to System Profiler. Then click on the Apple icon located in the top left corner of the

screen. Now click on "About This Mac". In the window, that appears, you will come across a button "More

Info...".

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When the new window pops up, to go the Hardware tab and then to Serial-ATA tab.

You will now be able to see information, about the available space on the hard drive, whether the hard drive is writable or not, type of file system, among other things.

LINUX HDD SPACE

Win+R Type $ df It will display the amount of disk space available on the file system.

BAD SECTOR

Bad Sector is a physical damaged sector which can no longer be accessed by the operating system. “cyclic redundancy error” message occur.

Cause of Bad Sector

Loss of magnetism of the hard drive surface in certain area. Sudden physical shocks to the hard drive Sudden power shutdown Interruption of reading and writing operations on the disk.

Repairing Bad Sector On HDD

Open 'My Computer' and right click on the drive volume which is suspected to have bad sectors.

Click on the properties option and select the 'Tools' tab in the window that opens.

Click on 'Check Now' under the 'Error Checking' section. Another window will open with two check boxes that say- 'Automatically fix

file system errors' and 'Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors'. Select both the options and click on 'Start'. Before clicking on start, close all

other programs that are running on the operating system. Otherwise the scanning program can only run when you restart your computer next time.

HDD FORMATTING

Formatting is a process which completely erases hard drive and wipes out the entire data that is stored on it.

When to Format a HDD

When computer OS has become corrupted When some of the portion of HDD has logical problem When PC has been infected by dangerous virus. When PC become slow and need to speed up. Improper installation of OS If you wish to install different OS.

Formatting HDD using WinXP

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Double-click on the 'My Computer' icon on your desktop. If you cannot find it on your desktop, you can also locate it by clicking on 'Start' at the bottom-left of your screen.

Once you click on 'My Computer', a new window will open up which will display the details of your hard drive.

If your hard disk has been partitioned into multiple hard drives, then all the partitions will be displayed as well.

Select the hard drive that you wish to format. Right-click on the hard drive icon to reveal the drop-down menu. Clicking on 'Format' will lead you to a new window that displays several drive formatting options.

It is recommended that you tinker with these formatting options only if you are well-acquainted with them technologically and conceptually. Otherwise, to be on the safer side, it is better that you stick to the default format settings.

Once you click on the command button named 'Start', the formatting process begins and you can view its status through the progress bar. A message window will flash on your screen once the formatting is successfully completed

Formatting HDD using DOS windows

A:\> prompt.In front of this text type in, Format /?

On typing this command you will get a list of options along with the functions they perform. Take help accordingly and perform the required formatting. The options would be as follows.

FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/F:size] [/B | /S] [/C]

FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/T:tracks /N:sectors] [/B | /S] [/C]FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/B | /S] [/C]FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/8] [/B | /S] [/C]

/V[:label] - Specifies the volume label. /Q - Performs a quick format. /F:size - Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format (such as 160, 180, 320,

360, 720, 1.2, 1.44, 2.88). /B - Allocates space on the formatted disk for system files. /S - Copies system files to the formatted disk. /T:tracks - Specifies the number of tracks per disk side. /N:sectors - Specifies the number of sectors per track. /1 - Formats a single side of a floppy disk. /4 - Formats a 5.25-inch 360K floppy disk in a high-density drive. /8 - Formats eight sectors per track. /C - Tests clusters that are currently marked "bad."

After this format the partitioned drives. For example, to format drive C enter the command 'Format C' in the DOS prompt. The command should be as exactly as follows.

A:\> FORMAT C: /S

This command will format drive C and additionally store all system files on C drive. This can follow with the other drives as

A:\> FORMAT D:, A:\> FORMAT E: and so on...

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LISTED MANUFACTURER

HITACHI GLOBAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGY SAMSUNGSEAGATE TECHNOLOGY/ MAXTOR , TOSHIBA, WESTERN DIGITAL

COMPUTER CASE

Computer case is a small enclosure which all the major computer components and peripherals are fitted.

TYPE OF COMPUTER CASE

1. DESKTOP CASE – casing where the box is sit on the desk and the monitor is sit on the box. 5.25” drive bays are oriented horizontally.

a) SLIM-LINE CASE – built with enough support to have the monitor sit on top of it.

b) LOW-PROFILE SLIM-LINE CASE – sometimes a few inches in height. This makes it impossible to connect a normal sized expansion card at right angle.

2. TOWER CASE – computer case can keep on floor.a) MINI-SIZED TOWER CASE – Height 14” x 15”. External and

internal storage bays 1-2 drive bays. Slightly bigger than desktop cases.

b) MID-SIZED TOWER CASE – Height 16” x 18”. External and internal storage bays 3-5 drive bays. Bigger than mini-tower ontain 4-7 expansion card.

c) FULL-SIZED TOWER CASE – Height 19” x 21”. External and internal storage bays 5-10. Design for servers.

LISTED COMPUTER CASES MANUFACTURER

ANTECAOPENAPEVIAASUSAUZENTECHCHIEFTECHCORSAIRDELLCOMPAQECSENERMAXFOXCONNGIGABYTEINTEL

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LIAN LIRAID MAXTRENTON RECHNOLOGYZALMAN

MOTHERBOARD

Motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that holds components of the system connectors for other peripherals.

MOTHERBOARD FORM FACTOR

A. BABY AT MOTHERBOARD – 8.5” x 13”. Can be distinguished by a full sized keyboard controller soldered on the board.

B. AT MOTHERBOARD – 12” wide makes installation troubleshooting and upgrading more difficult because the board overlap with the drive bays.

C. ATX AND MINI ATX – invented by Intel in 1995. Uses a 20-pin connector and support 3.3V power from ATX power supply.

D. LPX AND MINI LPX MOTHERBOARD – (Low Profile Extension) goes into small slimline cases typically found on these sorts of desktop systems.

E. NLX MOTHERBOARD – made by Intel. Has a smaller motherboard a riser card for expansion cards.

STYLE WIDTH DEPTH MATCH TO CASE AND POWER SUPPLY

Full AT 12” 11-13” Full AT, Full Tower

Baby AT 8.5” 10-13” All but Slim line, ATX

ATX 12” 9.6” ATXMini – ATX 11.2” 8.2” ATXLPX 9” 11-13” Slimline

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Mini – LPX 8-9” 10-11” SlimlineNLX 8-9” 10-13” Slimline

_____________________________________________________________________________

LIST OF MOTHERBOARD SOCKET

SOCKET NAME CPU FAMILIES PIN BUS SPEEDDIP Intel 8086

Intel 808840 5-10 mhz

PLCC Intel 80286Intel 80186Intel 80386

68132

6-40 mhz

Socket 1 Intel 80486 169 16-50 mhzSocket 2 Intel 80486 238 16-50mhzSocket 3 Intel 80486 237 16-50 mhzSocket 4 Intel Pentium 273 60-66mhzSocket 5 Intel Pentium

AMD K5320 50-66mhz

Socket 6 Intel 80486 235Socket 7 Intel Pentium

Intel Pentium MMXAMD K6

321 50-66mhz

Super Socket 7 AMD K6-2AMD K6-III

321 66-100mhz

Socket 8 Intel Pentium Pro 387 60-66mhzSlot 1 Intel PentiumII

Intel Pentium III242 66-133mhz

Slot 2 Intel Pentium II Xeon

330 100-133mhz

Slot A AMD Athlon 242 100mhzSocket 370 Intel Pentium III

Intel Celeron370 66-133 mhz

Socket 423 Intel Pentium 4 423 100mhzSocket 478 Intel Pentium 4

Intel CeleronIntel Pentium 4 EEIntel Pentium 4 M

478 100-200mhz

Socket 495 Intel Celeron 495PAC 418 Intel Itanium 418 133mhzSocket 603 Intel Xeon 603 100-133mhz

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PAC 611 Intel Itanium 2 611Socket 604 Intel Xeon 604 100-266mhzSocket 754 AMD Athlon 64

AMD SempronAMD Turion 64

754 200-800mhz

Socket 940 AMD Athlon 64 940 200-1000mhzSocket 479 Intel Pentium M

Intel Pentium M479 100-133mhz

Socket 939 AMD Athlon 64AMD athlon 64FXAMD Athlon 64x2AMD Opteron

939 200-1000mhz

Socket 563 AMD Athlon M 563LGA 771 Intel Xeon 771 1600mhzSocket S1 AMD Turion 64x2 638 200-800mhzSocket AM2

LGA 775

AMD Athlon 64AMD Athlon 64x2

Intel Pentium 4Intel Pentium DIntel CeleronIntel Celeron DIntel Pentium XEIntel Core 2 DuoIntel Core 2 QuadIntel Xeon

940

775

200-1000mhz

1600mhz

Socket F AMD Athlon 64FXAMD Opteron

1207

Socket AM2+ AMD Athlon 64AMD Athlon x2AMD PhenomAMD Phenom II

940 200-2600mhz

Socket P Intel Core2 478 133-266mhzSocket 441 Intel Atom 441 400-667mhzLGA 1366 Intel Core i7 1366Socket G1 Intel Core i7

Intel Core i5Intel Core i3Intel PentiumIntel Celeron

988

Socket AM3 AMD Phenom IIAMD Athlon IIAMD Sempron

941 200-3200mhz

LGA 1156 Intel Core i7Intel Core i5Intel Core i3Intel XenonIntel PentiumIntel Celeron

1156

Socket G34 AMD Opteron 1974 200-3200mhzSocket C32 AMD Opteron 1207 200-3200mhzLGA 1248 Intel Itanium

9300 Series1248

LGA 1567 Intel Xenon 7500 1567

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SeriesLGA 1155 Intel Sandy

Bridge DT1155

LGA 2011 Intel Sandy Bridge B2

2011

Socket FM1 AMD PX 905

LIST OF COMPUTER MOTHERBOARD MANUFACTURER

ACER INC. EVGA QUAN MAXACUBE SYSTEM FICAOPEN FOXCONNASROCK GIGABYTEASUS INTELBFG TECHNOLOGIES LEADTEKBIOSTAR MSICHAINTECH REDFOXECS JETWAYDFI VIA TECHNOLOGIES

PROCESSOR

Processor carries out the instruction of a computer program to perform arithmetical and logical operations.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER PROCESSOR

1971 – first processor was made by Intel. It called 4004 with 4-bit processor and had a speed of

700khz.

1976 – Intel introduced 8086 with 16-bit processor and speed of 5mhz.

1993 – Intel introduced Pentium processor which has a speed of 60mhz.

1991 – AMD brought out AM386 processor wit 40mhz. speed.

1999 – AMD introduced Athlon processor with 500mhz. speed.

CPU SPEED

4004 – speed of 740khz

Intel 8086 – speed of 5mhz

Intel Pentium – speed of 60mhz.

Pentium II – speed of 233mhz

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Pentium III – speed of 450mhz.

Pentium IV – speed of 1.3Ghz.

Pentium M – speed of 900mhz

Core Processor – speed of 1.6 Ghz.

AM386 – 40mhz.

AMD Athlon – speed of 500mhz.

HOW TO INCREASE THE SPEED OF A COMPUTER PROCESSOR

1. USE OF OVERCLOCKINGOverclocking a computer’s processor or memory causes it to go faster than its factory rate speed. It typically can damage computer when computer is pushed beyond its limit.

Purpose of Overclocking- to squeeze some additional performance out of it at little or

no cost.- Can significantly boost game performance, benchmark scores

and even simple desktop tasks.

Overclocking Procedure

1. Boot the computer into BIOS screen.

2. Increase FSB speed in 5-10mhz. reboot to ensure that the system can still boot into windows properly.

3. If the system hangs, crashes or refuse to boot into Windows, increase the memory voltage slightly and retry. If this does not work increase the chipset voltage and finally the core voltage. If this still does not work, reduce FSB settings slightly, reset the voltage to their previous values and try again.

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4. Keep going until the system can no longer boot reliably into Windows. Then back off to the previous safe settings. Keep an eye on the processors temperature in the BIOS. Remember that it should be under 70 degree celcius.

5. Benchmark the overclocking sytem and compare the result to the performance base on established earlier. If the system does not complete the benchmarks or crashes either reduce the FSB settings slightly or increase voltage to compensate and retry.

6. Depending on the current overclocking FSB speed a memory divider can be used to try to achieve higher speeds. Note that memory may not be the writing factor.

7. Once a fully benchmarked overclocked is setting is achieved, run the Prime 95 stress test for a couple of hours to verify that the system is generally stable.

RISK OF OVERCLOCKING

Void the warranty of your equipment. The lifespan of the CPU and other devices will be shortened. You could potentially destroy your CPU, Memory, Motherboard

and other expensive items. Room temperature is likely to increase. Your system could become unstable. You might be an OC addict.

2. UPGRADE THE CPUEnhancing the CPU unit by replacing the unit.

INTEL CPU

1. Rotate all four mounting pushpin caps to the left.

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2. Gently pull one of the pushpins straight up until you feel it release. Use minimal force to accomplish this. Repeat the operation for all four pushpin latches.

3. The CPU is often stuck to the heat sink with thermal compound, which helps transmit accumulated heat from the CPU heat spreader surface to the heat sink. Gently rotate the processor back and forth. As you do this, the CPU will gradually loosen. Eventually the heat sink will come free, and you can lift it up.

Steps 4 and 5: Push down on the latching lever, pull it slightly to the outside, and release it up-ward. Lift the socket cover up on its hinge and out of the way.

4. You'll see a latching lever on the side of the CPU. Push down on the lever, pull it slightly to the outside, and release it upward.

5. The socket cover will now lift up.

6. Once the latch cover is open, gently grasp the CPU by the edges. Lift it straight up. You may have to angle it a bit to get it out from under the latch cover.

7. Place the CPU in an antistatic container for storage.

Step 8: Align the notches on the opposing edges of the CPU with the tabs on the socket, and gently lower the CPU into the socket.

8. Handling the new CPU only by the edges, align the notches on the two op-posing edges of the CPU with the tabs on the socket. Gently lower the processor straight down into the socket. Do not press it.

9. With the CPU in place, relatch the CPU socket cover.

10. If the heat sink has old thermal compound on it, remove the compound with isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) and let it dry.

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Step 11: Apply a tiny bead of thermal compound to the CPU surface.

11. Put a tiny bead of thermal compound on the surface of the CPU. Spread it evenly over the surface with a knife or screwdriver blade.

Step 12: Rotate and pull up the heat-sink latch covers.

12. Rotate the heat-sink latch covers to the right and pull them up. Check to confirm that none of the actual split pushpins are bent.

13. Align the four plastic pushpins with the mounting holes in the motherboard. You should be able to feel the four pins settling into the mounting holes properly.

14. Steady the heat sink with one hand to keep it level. Push each of the four pushpins in diagonal order until each is latched in place.

15. Attach the heat-sink fan connector to the assembly.

16. Reattach any wires or cables that you may have removed, or reinstall the motherboard if you removed it at the beginning of the process.

AMD CPU

1. The factory AMD heat sink has a hinged lever latch that locks the heat sink in place. Lift this latch up.

2. The heat sink is held in place by one or more tabs on the CPU socket. You may need to use a thin-bladed screwdriver to release the heat-sink bracket.

3. The CPU is often stuck to the heat sink with thermal compound, which helps transmit accumulated heat from the CPU heat spreader surface to the heat sink. Gently rotate the CPU back and forth (you're rocking it around the vertical axis). It will gradually loosen. Eventually the heat sink will come free, and you can lift it up.

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4. The ZIF (zero-insertion force) lever locks the CPU in place. Lift it up and swing the lever as far as it will go. You may see the CPU shift slightly to one side.

5. Gently lift the CPU straight up to remove it.

6. Store the processor in an antistatic bag. Since the CPU has pins that can bend, press it into antistatic foam, if you have any, for storage.

7. Grasping the new CPU only by the edges, look for a small gold or silver triangle silk-screened onto one corner of the processor. Match this with a triangle of similar size that is engraved in the processor's socket corner.

8. Line up the triangles, and gently lower the CPU in place. You should feel the CPU nestle into position. If it doesn't settle fully, do not force it. Instead, lift the processor up and try again.

9. Once the CPU is in place, relatch the ZIF lever.

10. If the heat sink has old thermal compound on it, remove the compound with isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) and let it dry.

11. Put a tiny bead of thermal compound on the surface of the CPU. Spread it evenly over the surface with a knife or screwdriver blade.

12. Reattach the heat sink by latching it to one set of tabs on one side, and then carefully pushing the other side down while pressing the metal holes into position on the other set of tabs.

13. Swing the heat-sink lock lever into place.

14. Attach the heat-sink fan connector.

15. Reattach any wires or cables that you may have removed, or reinstall the motherboard if you removed it at the beginning of the process.

HEATSINK – Passive component used to cool electronic component such as high – power

semiconductor devices.List of Manufacturer

Akasa AMD Antec Artic Cooling AVC ASUS Sharkoon

Zalman Cosair Thermalright Nexus Gigabyte Enermax Nidec

Crypto Cooler

Master Noctua

MODEMS –modulates analog signal from light emitting diodes to radio.

List Of Manufacturer 3 COM Netopia Zyxel Filemate

Airties (OEM) Huawei Rosewill Aopen

JCG Trendnet Linksys D-Link

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Motorola Zonet

CHIPSET – refers to a group of integrated circuits that are designed to work together.

List of ManufacturerAMD Intel Nvidia Asus Silicon Integrated

SystemMicro Tech Board Tech

SOUND CARD – Sound devices like headphones and microphone are connected here. Most computers have built in sound cards. Use for multimedia purpose.

List Of manufacturerAd Lib Inc. Alpha and omega Computer Corp. ASUS

Creative Tech.HT Omega Razer Sound max Terra Tec Via TechnologySyba Star Tech.com Auzentech

SLOT 1 – Use to hold insert CPU Card.

IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) – originally develop for connecting had drives and CD-Rom.

IDE 1- Primary Controller. First drive that are connected to IDE1IDE 2 – Secondary Controller. The configuration is same as IDE 1.

ISA (INDUSTRY STANDARD ARCHITECTURE) – oldest type of expansion slot operate at

the speed of 8-16 bits.

CMOS RAM (COMPLEMENTARY METAL-OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR RAM) – a term for the small amount memory used by your computer and some other devices to remember things like hard disk settings.

NORTHBRIDGE – the Northbridge typically handles communications between the CPU, RAM, AGP Port and PCI Express.

SOUTHBRIDGE – typically handles communications between IDE controller, PCI Slot, USB and other devices.

P/S2 Mouse – Pointing device.

List of ManufacturerA4Tech Creative Technology CD-R King LogitechEmerge Tech Flextronics I-Rocks ToshibaGigabyte HP Sony

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P/S2 Keyboard – primary input device.List Of ManufacturerA4Tech Enermax Iball Power Logic

CherrySiemens Logitech Samsung Creative Technology Lite-On

AGP(Accelerated Graphic Port) – it was designed to speed up 3D performance. Operate at 66mhz and 64 bits data rate/sec.

List of ManufacturerAMD Maxtor NVidia Via Intel Sis

Power VR

BIOS(BASIC INPU OUTPUT SYSTEM) – execute the HOS (Hardware Operating System)AWARD, PHOENIX, AMI

MIC- used to connect microphone (pink)

Line-In – used to connect videoke (blue)

Line-out – used to connect speaker and headset (green)

DVI PORT (DIGITAL VIDEO INTEFACE) – used to connect flat panel monitors (LCD)

JOYSTICK – used for game control

USB PORT – USB 1.1 can transmit at a rate of 12mbps. USB 2.0 can transmit at rate of 480 mbps.

WINDOWS 95

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A consumer-oriented graphical user interface based operating system. It was released on August 24, 1995 by Microsoft.

System Requirements:

Processor 386DX or (486 recommended) 4 megabytes (MB) of memory (8 MB recommended) Typical hard disk space required to upgrade to Windows 95: 35-40 MB

The actual requirement varies depending on the features you choose to install.

Typical hard disk space required to install Windows 95 on a clean system: 50-55 MB The actual requirement varies depending on the features you choose to install.

One 3.5-inch high-density floppy disk drive VGA or higher resolution (256-color SVGA recommended) Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device Modem or fax/modem Audio card and speakers for sound

Installing Windows 2000

1. Your Hard Drive will have to be setup and formatted.2. Once the Setup file has been executed, the first screen you will see is

the Microsoft Scandisk. Let this complete, if you exit you will exit setup.

3. Click on continue. If the mouse is not active then press return.4. Now you will have the user agreement. 5. Click on “YES”.6. Now the Setup Wizard will appear. Click on “NEXT” to continue.7. Now you have the Windows 95 Setup options. Use typical then click

“NEXT”.8. Now you will be asked for your Certificate of Authenticity. Click “NEXT”

to continue .9. Setup will now need your username, and Company name. Click “NEXT”

to continue .10. A request to select devices is made. Leave the boxes blank and

proceed by clicking “NEXT”.11. (Install the most common) and click on “NEXT” to continue.   12. Windows 95 boot disk. Leave as default and click “NEXT”,

otherwise select “NO” and click “NEXT” to continue.    13. Start copying files. Click “NEXT” to continue.  14. Click on “FINISH” to continue.  15. Insert a Computer name and a Workgroup name. Click on

“CLOSE” to continue.  16. Select your Time Zone. Click on “APPLY” and then “OK”.17. Restart the computer.

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WINDOWS 98

It was released to manufacturing on May 15, 1998 and to retail on June 25, 1998. Windows 98 is the successor to Windows 95.

System Requirements:

486DX 66 megahertz (MHz) or faster processor (Pentium processer recommended).

16 megabytes (MB) of memory (24 MB recommended). 195 MB of free hard disk space, but the hard disk space may range

from between 120 MB and 295 MB, A full install of Windows 98 on a FAT16 drive requires 225 MB of free

hard disk space, but may range from between 165 MB and 355 MB. A full install of Windows 98 on a FAT32 drive requires 175 MB of free

hard disk space, but may range from between 140 MB and 255 MB. One 3.5-inch high-density floppy disk drive. VGA or higher resolution (16-bit or 24-bit color SVGA recommended).

Optional components:

Network adapter DVD-ROM drive and decoder adapter Audio card and speakers for sound Scanner or digital camera Second monitor and second video adapter IEEE 1394 bus (Firewire) Universal Serial Bus (USB) bus and HID hardware ATI All-in-Wonder graphics card

INSTALLING WINDOWS 98

Before you install Windows 98 on an empty hard disk, you must first create a primary partition and then format a file system on that partition. Each allocated space on the hard disk (primary partition or logical drive) is assigned a drive letter. Windows 98 supports the FAT16 and FAT32 file systems. When you run the Fdisk tool on a hard disk that is larger than 512 MB, you are prompted to choose a file system.

1. Insert the Windows 98 Startup disk in the floppy disk drive, and then restart your computer.

2. When the Windows 98 Startup menu is displayed, choose the Start computer with CD-ROM support option, and then press ENTER.

3. If CD-ROM support is provided by the generic drivers on the Startup disk, you receive one of the following messages, where D: is the drive letter that is assigned to your CD-ROM drive:

Drive D: = Driver MSCD001

Drive D: = Driver OEMCD001

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4. Insert the Windows 98 CD-ROM in the CD-ROM drive, type the following command at a command prompt, and then press ENTER

D:\setup

5. press ENTER

WINDOWS ME (Millennium Edition)

A graphical operating system released on September 14, 2000 by Microsoft and was the last operating system released in the Windows 9x series. Support for Windows Me ended on July 11, 2006.

New Updated Features

Faster boot times Windows Image Acquisition Improved power management and suspend/resume operations USB and FireWire support improvements Windows Movie Maker Windows Media Player 7 Windows DVD Player Image Preview utility new games: Internet Backgammon, Internet Checkers, Internet Hearts,

Internet Reversi, Internet Spades, Spider Solitaire, Pinball. The Home Networking Wizard Dial-up Networking Universal Plug and Play System Restore System File Protection System Configuration Utility System Monitor SCANDISK Automatic Updates Compressed Folders Help and Support program Internet Explorer 5.5 On-Screen Keyboard The Mouse Control Panel

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System Requirements:

PC with 150 megahertz (MHz) or higher processor clock speed required;

32 megabytes (MB) of RAM or higher recommended 480MB to 645MB megabytes (MB) of available hard disk space Super VGA (800 × 600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor CD-ROM or DVD drive Keyboard and Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device.

INSTALLING WINDOWS ME

1. Put the Windows Me CD into the CD-ROM. Press the reset button on the PC and allow it to boot.

2. Select Start Windows Me setup from the CD-ROM3. Press ENTER to continue.4. Select Configure unallocated space (recommended) and press ENTER5. Select Yes, enable large disk support and press ENTER6. Press ENTER or wait and the system will automatically reboot7. Select Start Windows Me setup from the CD-ROM again8. Press ENTER9. Click Next10. Setup Wizard, click to select Typical, then click the Next11. Select Install the most common components (recommended) and

click Next12. Select your location's time-zone from the list and click Next.13. Insert disk, create a startup disk then click OK14. Click Finish15. Remove the Windows Me CD from the CD-ROM and click the

Reboot button16. User information screen, type in your name and company name.

Click Next17. License Agreement statement and click I accept the agreement

then click Next18. Locate your Windows Me Product Key and type it in. Then click

Next19. Click Finish

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WINDOWS NT 4.0 (NEW TECHNOLOGY)

Minimum Requirements:

- 486 CPU or RISC-based CPU, such as Alpha, MIPS or PowerPC - 16 MB RAM - 110 MB free hard disk space - VGA or SVGA compatible graphics card - CD-ROM drive

INSTALLING WINDOWS NT 4.0

Boot the computer with a DOS floppy that has at least FDISK, FORMAT, and CD-Rom support.

Use FDISK to create a 2Gb partition on the fixed disk and set the partition active.

After restarting, Format C: Insert Windows NT 4.0 Server CD-Rom and type "D:\i386\winnt /b". This

starts the Installation process. Press enter at the Windows NT setup screen. After files have copied you will be asked if you want to reboot. Press

Enter. Press enter. Press F8 to accept the license agreement. press enter. Choose the highlighted partition and press enter. Convert the partition to NTFS and press enter. Press "C" to convert the file system. Verify the path to install files (D:\WINNT) and press enter. Press enter. Remove all disks and press enter to restart. Insert Windows NT 4.0 Server CD-Rom and click [OK] when prompted. Click [Next] at Windows NT Server version 4.0 setup. name and organization window. Click [Next]. Enter the CD key (040-0048126) and click [Next]. Select "Per server" and increase to 10 connections. Click [Next]. Enter "NT2" for Computer name (Net BIOS name) and specify the

Server type "PDC" and click [Next].

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Enter the administrator account password and confirm, then click [Next].

Select "no" when asked if you would like to create an emergency repair disk. Click [Next].

Select components you wish to install. Click [Next]. When the Windows NT setup screen appears again, click [Next]. Select "Wired to the network" When asked for a connection option and

click [Next]. Uncheck the "Install the Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)" and

click [Next] When asked for NIC drivers, insert driver disk #1 in floppy A: and click

[Have Disk]. Select "3com Fast Etherlink/ Etherlink XL PCI Bus Master NIC (3C905B-

TX) and click [OK] Select the Protocols to be installed (NetBEUI, IPX/SPX, TCP/IP) and click

[Next]. Insert disk #2 when prompted and click [OK]. Select "No" when asked if a DHCP server will be used

When the TCP/IP properties window appears provide the following:a. IP address = 172.16.102.3b. Subnet Mask = 255.255.254.0c. Default gateway = 172.16.102.1(NOTE YOUR IP ADDRESS MAY BE DIFFERENT THAN WHAT IS SHOWN HERE)

Click [OK]. Click [Next] to start the network. Enter the domain (TM2) and click [Next]. Click [Finish] Select time zone and date and click [OK] Click [OK] to accept display adapter. Click [OK] to save settings. Click [OK] When the "Installation Complete" screen appears. Remove all disks

and click [Restart Computer]. When prompted, press ctrl+alt+del to login.

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WINDOWS 2000

Windows 2000 ProfessionalAn operating system for business desktop and laptop systems. It is

used to run software applications, connect to Internet and intranet sites, and access files, printers, and network resources.

System Requirements:

Processor – 133mhz supports up to two processors on a single computer.

RAM – Recommended 64mb Minimum Supported 32mb Maximum Supported 4gb

Hard Disk – 2gb that has 650mb free space. VGA or higher – resolution monitor. Keyboard Mouse (optional) CD Drive or DVD Drive (High-Density 3.5-inch disk drive)

Windows 2000 AdvancedAn operating for line-of-business applications and e-commerce.

System Requirements:

Processor – 133mhz supports up to eight processors on a single computer.

RAM – Recommended 256mb Minimum Supported 128mb Maximum Supported 8gb

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Hard Disk – 1gb free space. VGA or higher – resolution monitor. Keyboard Mouse (optional) CD Drive or DVD Drive (High-Density 3.5-inch disk drive)

Windows 2000 ServerAn operating for line-of-business applications and e-commerce.

System Requirements: Processor – 133mhz supports up to four processors on a single

computer. RAM – Recommended 256mb

Minimum Supported 128mb Maximum Supported 4gb

Hard Disk – 1gb free space. VGA or higher – resolution monitor. Keyboard Mouse (optional) CD Drive or DVD Drive (High-Density 3.5-inch disk drive)

Installing Windows 2000

To install Windows 2000 Professional, follow these steps:

1. Start the installation by using one of the following methods:o Start from the Windows 2000 Professional installation CD-ROM.

Make sure that the CD-ROM is set to start before the hard disk starts. Insert the CD-ROM, and then when you are prompted, press any key to start the Windows 2000 Professional Setup program.

o Start from boot disks. Insert Disk 1, and then insert each of the remaining three floppy disks when you are prompted to do so. For additional information about creating boot disks for Windows 2000, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

Create Boot Disks

To create a set of Setup boot disks for Windows 2000, run the Makeboot.exe tool from the Bootdisk folder on the Windows 2000 CD-ROM:

1. Insert the Windows 2000 CD-ROM in the CD-ROM drive.2. Click Start, and then click Run.3. In the Open box, type drive:\bootdisk\makeboot a:, where drive is the

letter of your CD-ROM drive, and then press ENTER.

o Start from within a current operating system. Insert the CD-ROM, and then, at a command prompt, type drive:\i386\winnt32.exe and then press ENTER, or if this is an installation on a computer that has no previous installation of Windows, type drive:\i386\winnt.exe and then press ENTER, where drive is the letter of the CD-ROM drive.

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2. Setup inspects your computer's hardware configuration and then begins to install the Setup and driver files. When the Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional screen appears, press ENTER to set up Windows 2000 Professional.

3. Read the license agreement, and then press the F8 key to accept the terms of the license agreement and continue the installation.

4. When the Windows 2000 Professional Setup screen appears, either press ENTER to set up Windows 2000 Professional on the selected partition, or press C to create a partition in the unpartitioned space.

5. If you choose to install Windows 2000 Professional on a file allocation table (FAT) partition, specify whether you want to:

o Leave the current file system intact.o Format the partition as FAT16.o Convert the existing file system to the NTFS file system.o Format the partition by using the NTFS file system.

Press ENTER after you make your selection. Setup examines the existing hard disks and then copies the files that are needed to complete the installation of Windows 2000 Professional. After the files are copied, the computer restarts.

Important Do not press a key to boot from your CD-ROM drive when your computer restarts.

6. When the Windows 2000 GUI Mode Setup Wizard appears, click Next to start the wizard. Setup detects and installs such devices as a specialized mouse or keyboard.

7. When the Regional Options dialog box appears, customize your installation of Windows 2000 Professional for locale, number format, currency, time, date, and language, if necessary. Click Next.

8. In the Personalize Your Software dialog box, type your name and the name of your organization, and then click Next.

9. In the Product ID dialog box, type the 25-character product key, and then click Next.

10. In the Computer Name and Password dialog box, either accept the default name that Setup generates or assign a different name for the computer. When you are prompted for an administrative password, type a password for the Administrator account. (You can leave the box blank; however, this is not recommended.) Click Next.

11. Set the correct date and time for your computer. Click Next.12. Setup installs the networking software and detects your network

settings. When the Network Settings dialog box appears, click either

o Typical to set default network settings such as File and Print Sharing for Microsoft Networks, Client for Microsoft Networks, and TCP/IP protocol that uses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), or

o Custom to specify the network components that you require for your network environment,

and then click Next.

13. In the Workgroup or Computer Domain dialog box, specify the workgroup or the domain to join. If you indicate that you are part of a domain, specify your domain user name and password. Click Next.

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14. During the final stage of installation, Setup installs Start menu items, registers components, saves settings, and removes temporary files. When the Completing the Windows 2000 Setup Wizard dialog box prompts you to do so, remove the Windows 2000 CD-ROM, and then click Finish to restart the computer.

15. After the computer restarts, click Next in the Welcome to the Network Identification Wizard dialog box.

16. In the Users of This Computer dialog box, specify either that users must enter a user name and password or that you want Windows 2000 to automatically log on a specific user when the computer starts. Click Finish.

WINDOWS XP

Windows XP Professional Edition

System Requirements:

Processor – 300mhz –233MHZ processors. RAM – Recommended 128mb

Minimum Supported 64mb Maximum Supported 4gb

Hard Disk – 1.5gb free space. SVGA (800 x 600) with 8mb of video RAM. Keyboard Mouse (optional) Sound card and speaker Network Adapter

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CD Drive or DVD Drive (High-Density 3.5-inch disk drive)

Windows XP Home Edition

System Requirements:

Processor – 233mhz - 300mhz processor. RAM – Recommended 128mb

Minimum Supported 64mb Maximum Supported 4gb

Hard Disk – 1.5gb free space. SVGA(800 x 600) or higher – resolution monitor. Keyboard Mouse (optional) CD Drive or DVD Drive (High-Density 3.5-inch disk drive) Network Adapter Sound card and speaker

Windows XP Starter Edition

System Requirements: Processor – 233mhz - 300mhz processors. RAM – Recommended 128mb

Minimum Supported 64mb Maximum Supported 512mb

Hard Disk – 1.5gb – 120gb free space. SVGA (800 x 600) with 8mb of video RAM. Keyboard Mouse (optional) CD Drive or DVD Drive (High-Density 3.5-inch disk drive)

Windows XP MEDIA CENTER EDITION (MCE) 2005

System Requirements: Processor – 1.6ghz processors. RAM – Recommended 256mb

Maximum Supported 4gb Hard Disk – 30gb of hard disk space (mobile system)

60gb of available hard disk space (non-mobile) 64mb DDR 4x AGP DirectX9 graphic card. 1024x768 resolution, 1280 x

720 resolution Keyboard Mouse (optional) DVD Drive (must read DVD at 4x and CD at 16xSP) Network Adapter 56 kbps modem, Integrated Broadband Modem, 100

BaseT or Wireless 802.11b TV Tuner Card (Hardware MPEG-2 Decoder) MCE Compatible Remote Control

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INSTALLING WINDOWS XP1. put the Windows XP CD into the CD-ROM. Press the reset button on the

PC and allow it to boot.2. Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to continue.3. At the Windows XP license agreement screen, read the agreement and

press the F8 key to continue.4. Unpartitioned space and press ENTER5. Select one of the Formatting options and press ENTER6. press ENTER to reboot quicker7. Region and Language Options window will pop up during the

installation. Configure the options available for your country and then click Next to continue.

8. Personalise your software window, click inside each text box and fill in your name and organisation/company (if you have one) then click Next

9. Your product key window, copy the product key into the boxes exactly as it appears on the CD case, then click Next

10. What's your computers name? window, type in a name for your PC, then click Next

11. system will finish the installation and automatically reboot the PC.

12. remove the XP CD and allow the system to boot to the HDD13. Welcome to Microsoft Windows screen, click Next14. Setup the Internet screen, follow the instructions as necessary

then click Next15. Ready to activate Windows screen, click No, remind me every

few days and then click Next16. Internet Access screen, click No, not at this time, then click Next

WINDOWS VISTA

Windows VISTA Home Basic

System Requirements:

800-megahertz (MHz) 32-bit (x86) processor or 800-MHz 64-bit (x64) processor

512 megabytes (MB) of system memory DirectX 9-class graphics card 32 MB of graphics memory 20-gigabyte (GB) hard disk that has 15 GB of free hard disk space Internal or external DVD drive

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Internet access capability Audio output capability

Windows VISTA Home Basic

System Requirements:

1-gigahertz (GHz) 32-bit (x86) processor or 1-GHz 64-bit (x64) processor

1 GB of system memory Windows Aero-capable graphics card

Note This includes a DirectX 9-class graphics card that supports the following:

o A WDDM driver o Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardwareo 32 bits per pixel

128 MB of graphics memory (minimum) 40-GB hard disk that has 15 GB of free hard disk space (the 15GB of

free space provides room for temporary file storage during the install or upgrade.)

Internal or external DVD drive Internet access capability Audio output capability

INSTALLING WINDOWS XP

1. Place Windows Vista DVD in your dvd-rom drive and start your PC. Windows Vista will start to boot up and you will get the following progress bar.

2. The next screen allows you to setup your language, time and currency format, keyboard or input method. Choose your required settings and click next to continue.

3. The next screen allows you to install or repair Windows Vista. Since we are doing a fresh install we will click on "install now".

4. You can now type the product key that came with your Windows vista.5. If you do not enter the product key you can still proceed with the

installation in which case Windows will ask you which version of Vista you have purchased. Windows Vista Home Basic, Home Premium, Ultimate, Business etc. Select the version you have purchased and click next.

6. Tick "I accept the license terms" and press next.7. Choose the type of installation you want to perform. You will notice

that upgrade option is disabled as we have booted from the DVD-R. Therefore we can only select Custom (advanced) option which basically installs a clean copy of Windows from scratch.

8. Choose where you would like to install Windows Vista. If you have a new unpartitioned hard drive you would get your hard drive listed as shown on the image below. If have have an old hard drive with data or

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other partitions it will show up as logical drives. You can select the drive options (advanced) to format, delete, or create new partitions. Because I am using a single new hard drive I will select next to continue. Windows will create a partition and format it using NTFS files system

9. Windows starts the installation process and starts copying all the necessary files to your hard drive as shown on the image below. It will go through various stages of the setup and will reboot your system few times. When your PC reboots it attempts to boot from CD as its the first boot device. Do not press any key during the boot prompt so Windows Vista will continue with the installation by booting from your hard drive.

10. After installation copy process is complete you are presented with the Setup Windows dialogue box as show below. At this stage you need to choose a user name, password and a picture for your user account. The account you create here is the Administrator account which is the main account for your Windows Vista that has all the privileges. Click next continue.

11. Now you need to choose your computer name and desktop background. Click next to continue.

12. Choose whether your want to Help protect Windows automatically. Select "Use recommenced settings" to continue.

13. Review your time and date settings. Select your time zone, correct the date and time and click next to continue.

14. Windows now runs a benchmark type of application which checks the performance of your system. You will see a status bar at bottom which shows the progress. Once the process is complete you will be presented with the logon screen.

15. Finally you have the logon screen. Just type your password and press enter or click on the arrow to logon to Windows Vista for the first time.

16. Soon as you logon you will be presented with welcome center. You can use the welcome center to configure, customize, and update Windows vista.

17. Finally you need to check if all your hardware has been detected correctly. You can do so by checking your device manager. To access device manager click Start menu -> Control panel -> System -> Device manager. You will see all your hardware listed as shown below. You need to check if you have any yellow exclamation marks next to the name of the device similar to "USB 10/100 LAN" on image below. This indicates the driver has not been installed for this device.

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