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Offshore Wind Turbine Design
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Renewable Energy Goals
Why Wind Energy?
Countries turning to renewable energy sources to cut carbon emissions andreplace depleting oil supplies.
UK – 10% now and 15% by 2020
Denmark - 20% now and 30% by 2020
Germany – 18% by 2020 and 60% by 2050
USA – produce 20% of all electrical needs through wind power by 2030
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USA - Offshore Wind/Population Map
Offshore Wind Resource EstimatePopulation Density
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Wind Energy Activity - USA
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Wind Energy Activity - Europe
Largest operational wind farmsProposed wind farm development
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Wind Power – Top 10 Countries
Countries with the most wind powercapacity (onshore & offshore).
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Cost of Wind Energy (NREL 2006)
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Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Concepts
Monopile 0<30m Jacket 30m<60m Floating 60m+
SACS 35+ years experience indesigning offshore jacket structures
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Existing Wind Farms With Jacket StructureFoundation
Beatrice (Demonstrator) Wind Farm – 2 Jacket Structures
Alpha Ventus - 6 Jacket Structures
Ormonde Wind Farm – 30 Jacket Structures
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Offshore Wind Turbines
Turbine
Tower
Substructure/Jacket
Foundation
Typical offshore wind turbine consists of a turbineand tower which are attached to a partiallysubmerged substructure (jacket).
The substructure is fastened to the ocean floorusing foundation piles.
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Main Turbines ComponentsRotor : Blades, Hub
Nacelle : Drive Shaft, Generator, Gearbox
Most modern turbines are direct drive and do not contain a gearbox.
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Top 10 Wind Turbine Manufactures
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Wind Turbine Size
VESTAS V164 7.0MW : 164 m diameter, 80 meter blade lengthtip height =187m , hub height = 105m
2011-2015
H 187m
Vestas
V164 7000 kW
Ø 164m
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SACS - Life Cycle Applications for Analysisand Design of Wind Turbines Platforms
FABRICATION
INSTALLATION
INPLACE
CONDITION
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Fabrication
• Bent Roll Up - Jacket manufactured in portionswhich are then rolled over using slings and joinedtogether.
•Design structure to resist sling forces
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Transportation Analysis• Jacket structure is designed to resist inertial resulting from vessel motions
• Seafastners designed to resist inertial loads.• TOW, SEASTATE: modules used to generate inertia loads
• COMBINE: module used to combine static & dynamic common solution file
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Installation Lift Analysis• Design Jacket to resist lift forces and buoyancy loads as its lowered into the
water
• FEMGV: Detailed FE analysis of lift padeyes
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Inplace Design with PSI
•Structure Analyzed and designed to resist maximumoperational and storm wave, wind and current loading -typically from eight directions.SEASTATE : Used to generate environmental loads
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Inplace Design - Non Linear Soil Behaviour PSI:
• API P-Y / T-Z Soil
• API Adhesion Soil
• User Defined P-Y / T –Z Soil
• User Defined Adhesion Soil
Pile
Mudline
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Member Code Check Design
POST:
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Detailed Joint Design
JOINT CAN:
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Earthquake AnalysisDYNAMIC RESPONSE:
•Spectral•API response spectra built in•User defined spectra•Modal combinations via SRSS or CQC methods•Generate Equivalent Static Loads
•Time History•Variable Time step Integration•Nonlinear fluid damping•Linear, quadratic or cubic interpolation betweentime history input values
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•Design wind turbine jacket structure to withstand impact from a servicevessel.
•Use the SACS COLLAPSE module to account for both geometric andmaterial non-linearity's resulting from a ship impact event.
•Automatically mesh impact points to account for local indentation effects.
•Both quasi-static and dynamic impact analysis possible in SACS
Non-Linear Ship Impact Analysis
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• Low Energy (Operational Impact)
Jacket Bracing Designed to Survive Operational Impact (partial yielding at pointof impact).
• High Energy (Accidental Impact)
Jacket Legs Designed to Survive Accidental Impact.
Face and leg joints designed to survive accidental loading.Jacket Bracing allowed to fail – Structure designed to survive loss of bracemember.
For an Impact Design Consider both Low Energy and High EnergyImpact Events
Non-Linear Ship Impact Analysis
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Member Impact
•Automatic 3D meshing of tubular members
•Seamless integration into SACS model
•User controlled mesh density
PRECEDE:
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Automatic Tubular Member Meshing
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Joint Impact
•3D Mesh of tubular joint in seconds
•Automatically identify chord and bracemembers
•Seamless integration into SACS model
•User controlled mesh density
MESH JOINT:
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Automatic Joint Meshing
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DYNAMIC RESPONSE / COLLAPSE:
Non-Linear Dynamic Ship Impact Analysis
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Wind Turbine Fatigue AnalysisWind Turbine Fatigue Loading
Wind load on Turbine
Wind load on Structure
Wave Load on Structure
Dynamic Response of Structure
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Wind Turbine Fatigue AnalysisWind Loading on Tower & Jacket
Wind
Spectrum
Wind Velocity Time History
Wind loading can be represented in terms
of a wind spectrum or by a wind velocitytime history.
Von Karman
HarrisKaimal
t
V
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Wind Turbine Fatigue AnalysisWave Loading on Jacket Structure
Wave Spectrum
Pierson-Moskowitz
JONSWAPOchi-HubbleUser defined
Wave Surface Profile Time History
Wave loading can be represented either asa wave spectrum or time history of thesurface profile.
η
t
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Wind Turbine Fatigue Analysis
Wind load on Turbine
Wind Loading On Turbine
The wind loading on the turbine causes the rotationof the wind turbine, which in turn generatesaerodynamic and mechanical forces on the top ofthe tower, which can be represented by a force timehistory.F
t
Force Time History
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Wind Turbine Fatigue Analysis
Aerodynamic and Mechanical Turbine Forces
Aero Elastic Programs
GH Bladed
Garrad Hassan, UK
Flex 5
Stig Øye at Department of Fluid Mechanics at The Technical University of
Denmark.
FAST
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA
www.nrel.gov
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Wind Turbine Fatigue Analysis
FAST : Fatigue, Aerodynamic, Structure & Turbulence
A comprehensive simulation software capable of predicting both fatigue loads
and extreme loads for two and three bladed horizontal axis wind turbines.
Wind Turbines modeled as a combination of rigid and flexible bodies.
Rigid bodies: Earth,Nacelle, Hub, Tip Breaks (point masses).
Flexible Bodies: Blades, Tower and Drive Shaft.
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Wind Turbine Fatigue AnalysisSACS to FAST Interface (WAVE RESPONSE)
1. Includes multiple modal response required for jacket fatigue analysis
2. Hydrodynamic modeling for wave loading
3. Allows users to conduct a fully coupled dynamic response analysis resulting from wave, wind
and turbine forces.
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Wind Turbine Fatigue AnalysisSACS Fatigue Analysis
Time history fatigue analysis for the structure is possible if the followingfatigue load sources are available:
1. Turbine Mechanical and Aerodynamic Force Time History
2. Wind Spectrum or Wind Velocity Time History
3. Wave Spectrum* or Wave Surface Profile Time History
*For a given wave spectrum, a random seastate profile can begenerated by assuming the random sea to be comprised of an infinitenumber of waves with a random phase angle, but with heights andperiods defined by the spectrum.
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• For a fatigue analysis resulting from a random wave and a force time history. A
stress range counting method such as the rain flow method is used to determinethe fatigue lives.
There are different variants of the rain flow counting method:
• SACS uses method recommended by ASTM (American Society for Testing andMaterials) E 1049-85. (Reapproved 2005). Standard practices for cycle counting infatigue analysis. ASTM International
Rain flow count: Largest cycle extracted first. Smaller cycles considered to besuperimposed on the lager cycles
Wind Turbine Fatigue Analysis
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Fatigue Analysis
SCF: Efthymiou, Kwang andWordsworth, Smedley andFischer, Marshal, DNV
FATIGUE:
S-N : API, HSE, AWS, NORSOK,ISO, USER DEFINED
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Wind Turbine Fatigue Analysis
Typical Seastate Data 1 year duration – 9 Directions ,12 Wind Speeds
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Typical Wave Scatter diagram (per direction per wind speed) 60 min duration
Wind Turbine Fatigue Analysis
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• Typical Simulation:
For each wave in scatter diagram, use six tenminute random seastate profiles
Analyze structure every 0.05 seconds
Total number of load cases to analyze perwave = 6 x 600 /0.05 = 72000
Wind Turbine Fatigue Analysis
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• Standards for Offshore Wind Turbines:
IEC – 61400-3 : Design Requirements for offshore wind turbines.
DNV-OS-J101 : Design of offshore wind turbines
Germanischer Lloyd IV Part 2 : Guidelines for the Certification ofOffshore Wind Turbines
Offshore Wind Turbine Standards
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Wind Turbine Analysis
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Wind Turbine Analysis
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Wind Turbine Analysis
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Parvinder JhitaProduct Manager SACS2113 38th StreetKennerLA 70065
[email protected]
www.bentley.com/sacs
Telephone (504) 443 5481