Offshore Wind Affirmative - Emory 2014

7/21/2019 Offshore Wind Affirmative - Emory 2014

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Offshore Wind Affirmativ

1ac............................................................................................................................................................... 4

Plan......................................................................................................................................................6

1ac Warming Advantage...................................................................................................................71ac Oceans Advantage.................................................................................................................... 14

1ac Solvency...................................................................................................................................18

Inherency & .................................................................................................................................. ......... !!

Wind "ro#ing $o#............................................................................................................................. .!%

OSW "ro#ing $eed ore............................................................................................................. !4

'evelo(ing else#here no#................................................................................................................!)

"rants $o#........................................................................................................................................!6

Solvency....................................................................................................................................................!7

Solvency *+tensions..............................................................................................................................!8

A,thority -onsolidation Solves.........................................................................................................!

Preem(tion /ey to ind,stry................................................................................................................%1

Preem(tion /ey to Investment.......................................................................................................... .%!

0estrictions ey................................................................................................................................ %%

Investment -oming............................................................................................................................%4

A! -a(e Wind solves.........................................................................................................................%)

Agent St,22.......................................................................................................................................... ..%6

Individ,al Agencies can Pre3*m(t.....................................................................................................%7*0- can do it.................................................................................................................................. %8

Warming Advantage *+tensions................................................................................................................%

Warming Im(act St,22.......................................................................................................................... .45

es Anthro Sto((ale Plan ey......................................................................................................41

Anthro(ogenic................................................................................................................................... 4!

*+tinction.......................................................................................................................................... 46

A! too late......................................................................................................................................... 47

Solves Warming.....................................................................................................................................4

S(eci2ic Solvency *v.........................................................................................................................)5

Solves *missions............................................................................................................................... )!

O22shore Wind S,22icient...................................................................................................................)%

Wind S,22icient..................................................................................................................................))

*no,gh Wind Availale..................................................................................................................... )7

0e(laces 9S need.............................................................................................................................. 65


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'O* already Planning....................................................................................................................... 61

Oceans Advantage.....................................................................................................................................6!

O22shore :el(s Oceans..........................................................................................................................6%

"reat 2or Oceans................................................................................................................................64

Sto(s ra#ling...................................................................................................................................66arine Protection ey.......................................................................................................................68

A! ad 2or *nv;t................................................................................................................................6

ra#ling


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Sno#e & -ollins ,rn.....................................................................................................................158

Preem(tion no =in/......................................................................................................................... 15

States -P..............................................................................................................................................115

heory..............................................................................................................................................111

ed =eadershi( ey......................................................................................................................... 11!$ational odeled....................................................................................................................... ..... 11%

Warming 'e2icit.............................................................................................................................. 114

Ind,stry Perce(tion..........................................................................................................................11)

A! States -ontrol the Process..........................................................................................................116

States Perm Shields Politics.............................................................................................................117

A! Wind


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1ac


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1ac


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Plan

The United States federal government should insure the availability of permits for

the development of ocean based Offshore Wind Energy including the preemption ofstate and local rules against development. All permit applications for offshore ind

development should be prioriti!ed by the relevant federal agencies.


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=imiting the magnit,deo2 #arming to L! - #ill reH,ire s#i2t and dee( red,ctionsin heat3tra((ing emissions. Ass,mingcom(arale actions y other nations the 9.S. #o,ld have a caron ,dget eH,ivalent to emitting no more thanL1753!55 "igatons o2 caron dio+ide et#een !51! and !5)5a level consistent #ith the goal o2 red,cing

9. S. emissions y 8% M elo# !55) levels y mid3cent,ryD$0- !515 2. A large proportion of these

reductions ill come from the poer sector and meeting this emissions goal #ill reH,ire e+tensive

e+(ansion o2 rene#ale energyDa#cett et al. !55G -lemmer et al. !51%E. Staying #ithin the 9.S. caron ,dget 2ore+am(le #ill reH,ire e+(ansion o2 land3ased #ind energy 2rom 65 "W in !51! to %%5445 "W in !5)5 and o22shore #inde+(ansion 2rom Cero c,rrently to !)155 "WG estimates 2or solar energy in !5)5 range 2rom 165!65 "W 2or (hotovoltaic and !585 "W2or concentrated solar D-lemmer et al. !51%E.4 Potential #ildli2e im(acts o2 rene#ale energy e+(ansionAll 2orms o2 lo#3caron electricity (rod,ction have environmental im(acts and the (otential im(acts o2 #ind energy and solar energydevelo(ment on #ildli2e have een the s,Fect o2 m,lti(le revie#s De.g. $0- !557G Arnett et al. !558G Stric/land et al. !511G =ovich & *nnen!51%E. -ollision 2atalities o2 irds and ats have een re(orted at all #ind energy 2acilities #here data are (,licly availale DStric/land et al.!511EG ra(tors and ats a((ear to e relatively more v,lnerale to collision. ProFections o2 2atality levels ,nder aggressive ,ild3o,t scenariosraise the concern that re(orted 2atality levels are not s,stainale 2or some o2 these s(ecies De.g. ohnson & *ric/son !511G Arnett & E a collaoration o2 the #ind ind,stry


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the 2,ll s,ite o2 ris/s and ,ncertainties into acco,nt. We intend this (a(er to catalyCe a series o2 str,ct,red dialog,es amongind,stry #ildli2e conservation advocates and (olicyma/ers in s,((ort o2 this goal.

-i'ing the regulatory frameor& to incentivi!e offshore ind ould offset enough

emissions to slo catastrophic arming 3 e'tinction* methane release* diseases* cropyields* conflict multiplier

T/A(E+ 14 5isiting Professor of Energy Policy* (a , Ethics* University of aine

School of (a and School of Economics@e22 haler I''=I$" AS :* WO0='


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alone state and localE stat,tes and their h,ndreds o2 reg,lations standing et#een an o22shore #ind (roFect a((licant and constr,ction Part I ma/es concrete stat,toryand reg,latory recommendations to more H,ic/ly enale the 2,ll (otential o2 o22shore #ind energy to ecome a reality e2ore it is too late.II. O90 *$*0" 9S* A$' IS 0*S9=A$ -=IA* -:A$"* IPA-SA. Overvie#

"reenho,se gases D":"sE tra( heat in the atmos(here.!4 he (rimary ":" emitted y h,man activities is caron dio+ide D-O!E#hichin !515 re(resented 84M o2 all h,man3so,rced ":" emissionsin the 9.S.!) Jhe com,stion o2 2ossil 2,els to generateelectricity is the largest single so,rce o2 -O! emissions in the nation acco,nting 2or ao,t 45M o2 total 9.S. -O! emissions and %%M o2 total 9.S. greenho,se gasemissions in !55.K!6


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to m,lti(le (arts o2 the 9.S. and gloal daily lives and the costly conseH,ences that estalish the ,rgency 2or ,nderta/ing the maFor reg,latory re2orms I recommendin Part I o2 this Article.or intensity over most land areas. . . . It is very li/ely that average sea level rise #ill contri,te to ,(#ard trends in e+treme sea

levels in e+treme coastal high #ater levels.6!Similarly a :o,se o2 0e(resentatives committee re(ort DA-*SA 0e(ortE 2o,nd that J@tBhere is a road scienti2ic consens,s that the 9nited States is v,lnerale to#eather haCards that #ill e e+acerated y climate change.K6% It also 2o,nd that the Jcost o2 damages 2rom #eather disasters has increased mar/edly 2rom the 185srising to more than 155 illion dollars in !557. In addition to a rise in total cost the 2reH,ency o2 #eather disasters costing more than one illion dollars hasincreased.K64 In !511 the 9.S. 2aced the most illion3dollar climate disasters ever #ith 2o,rteen distinct disasters alone costing at least ?)4 illion to o,r economy.6)In the 2irst si+ months o2 !51! in the 9.S. there #ere more than 45555 hot tem(erat,re records horrendo,s #ild2ires maFor dro,ghts o((ressive heat #aves maFor2looding and a (o#er2,l derecho #ind storm 2ollo#ed in A,g,st y :,rricane Isaac D?! illion damagesE and in Octoer y :,rricane Sandy D?)5 illiondamagesE.66

he IP--Synthesis identi2ied im(acts 2rom gro#ing #eather haCards,(on (,lic health to incl,deN more 2reH,entand more intense heat #avesG more (eo(le s,22ering death disease and inF,ry 2rom 2loods storms 2ires and dro,ghtsG increasedcardio3res(iratory moridity and mortality associated #ith gro,nd3level oCone (oll,tionG changes in the range o2some in2ectio,s diseasecarrierss(reading 2or e+am(le malaria and the West $ile vir,sG and increased maln,trition and conseH,ent disorders.67 he $0- :idden -osts o2 *nergyre(ort;s damage assessment concl,ded that the vast maFority o2 the ?1!5 illion (er year #ere ased on health damages68 incl,ding an additional 15555!5555deaths (er year.6


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een decreasing and it is e+(ected that sno# cover d,ration #ill signi2icantly decrease in eastern and #estern $orth America and Scandinavia y !5!5 and gloallyy !585.8

-limate change th,s increases 2ood insec,rity y red,cing yields o2 grainss,ch as corn and #heat thro,ghincreased #ater scarcity and intensi2ication o2 severe hot conditionstherey ca,sing corn (rice volatility to shar(ly increase.5"loally the n,mer o2 (eo(le living in Jseverely stressedK river asins #ill increase Jy one to t#o illion (eo(le in the !5)5s. Ao,t t#o3thirds o2 gloal land areais e+(ected to e+(erience increased #ater stress.K1%. When =iH,id Water WarmsOver the (ast cent,ry oceans #hich cover 75M o2 the *arth;s s,r2ace have een #arming. "loal sea3s,r2ace tem(erat,res have increased ao,t 1.% and the heat

has (enetrated almost t#o miles into the dee( ocean.! his increased #arming is contri,ting to the destr,ction o2 seagrass meado#s ca,sing an ann,al release ac/into the environment o2 ! million tons o2 caron.% *levated atmos(heric -O! concentrations also are leading to higherasor(tion o2 -O! into the ,((er ocean ma/ing the s,r2ace #aters more acidicDlo#er (:E.4 J@OBceanchemistry c,rrently is changing at least 155 times more ra(idly than it has changed d,ring the 6)5555 years (recedingo,r @2ossil32,eledB ind,strial era.K) his acidi2ication has serio,s im(lications 2or the calci2ication rates o2 organismsand (lants living at all levels #ithin the gloal ocean. -oral ree2sThaitat 2or over a million marine s(eciesTarecolla(sing endangering more than a third o2 all coral s(ecies.6 Indeed tem(erat,re thresholds 2or the maFority o2 coral ree2s#orld#ide are e+(ected to e e+ceeded ca,sing mass leaching and com(lete coral mortality.7 J@Bhe (rod,ctivity o2 (lan/ton /rill and marinesnails #hich com(ose the ase o2 the ocean 2ood3chain @alsoB declines as the ocean acidi2iesK8 adversely im(acting(o(,lations o2 Jeverything 2rom #hales to salmonKTs(ecies that are also are eing harmed y the oceans; #arming.155

*+tinctions2rom climate change also are e+(ected to e signi2icant and #ides(read. he IP-- o,rth Assessment 2o,nd thatJa((ro+imately !5 %5M o2 (lant and animal s(ecies assessed so 2ar are li/ely to e at increased ris/ o2 e+tinction i2 increases in gloal average tem(erat,re e+ceed1.) !.)-K151Ta range li/ely to e e+ceeded in the coming decades. J@0Becent st,dies have lin/ed gloal #arming to declines in s,ch @B s(ecies as @B l,e cras(eng,ins gray #hales salmon #alr,ses and ringed seals@G Bird e+tinction rates are (redicted to e as high as %8@MB in *,ro(e and 7!@MB in northeastern A,stralia i2

gloal #arming e+ceeds !- aove (re3ind,strial levels.K15!


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In dee(er #ater it is not economically 2easile to a22i+ a rigid str,ct,re to the sea 2loor and 2loating (lat2orms are envisioned. he three conce(ts sho#n elo# haveeen develo(ed 2or 2loating (lat2orm designs each o2 #hich is tethered ,t not ,ilt into the seaed.1!)*ach design ,ses a di22erent method 2or achieving static staility and some small (ilot e22orts are ,nder#ay to demonstrate the (er2ormance o2 di22erent t,rines.1!6

"reater #ind s(eeds and th,s availale energy ca(t,re are 2o,nd 2,rther 2rom shore (artic,larly at ocean de(ths greater than 65 m.1!7hese attri,tes comined #ith their (ro+imity to maFor coastal cities and energy cons,mers1!8 are #hyin o,r caron3stressed #orld o22shore #ind reH,ires serio,s consideration and (rom(t im(lementation. As demonstrated inthe 2ollo#ing (ages ho#ever the maCe o2 2ederal and state reg,latory reH,irements2acingrene#ale energy (roFects ingeneral and o22shore #ind in (artic,lar is es(ecially ,rdensome.1! hese reH,irements ,ndermine the 2,ndamental goal o2signi2icantly increasing reliance on emission32ree rene#ale energy so,rces1%5 and ,nless s,stantially revised #ill e22ectively(recl,de any meaning2,l e22orts to mitigatethe many damaging h,man and economic im(acts o2 climate change.


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1ac " Oceans Advantage

Advantage To is Earth6s Oceans

ultiple recent studies confirm " offshore ind benefits marine ecology " traling*

reefs* shelter

$ASE7 14 " 0 " 14 EWEA Staff Writer* $iting %nternational and Sedish funded

studies@Vo -asey O22shore #ind 2arms ene2it seali2e says st,dyhtt(N>>###.e#ea.org>log>!51!>1!>o22shore3#ind32arms3ene2it3seali2e3says3st,dy>B

O22shore #ind2arms can createa host o2ene2its 2or thelocal marine environment as #ell as comatting climate change ane# st,dy y the arine Instit,te at Plymo,th 9niversity has 2o,nd.

he arine Instit,te 2o,nd that #ind 2arms (rovide shelter to 2ish s(ecies sincesea ottom tra#lingis o2ten 2oriddeninside a #ind 2arm andit 2o,nd that t,rine s,((ort str,ct,res can create arti2icial ree2s2or some s(ecies.A se(arate st,dyat the $ysted o22shore #ind 2armin 'enmar/ con2irmed this 2indingy saying that arti2icial ree2s

(rovided 2avo,rale gro#th conditions 2or l,e m,ssels and cra s(ecies. A st,dy onthe haneto22shore #ind 2arm in the 9 2o,ndthat some s(ecies li/e cod shelter inside the #ind 2arm.One high3(ro2ile iss,e covered y the arine Instit,te st,dy #as that o2 organisms colliding #ith o22shore #ind t,rines. he st,dy ac/ed3,( y a n,mer o2 (revio,s st,dies 2o,nd that many ird s(ecies 2ly lo#over the #ater avoiding collision#ith #ind t,rine

lades. It also 2o,nd that some s(ecies s,ch as *ider d,c/s do modi2y their co,rses slightly to avoid o22shore t,rines.When it comes to noise the st,dy 2o,nd Jno signi2icant im(act on ehavio,r or (o(,lations.K It noted that a se(arate st,dy in the $etherlands2o,nd more (or(oise clic/s inside a ',tch #ind 2arm than o,tside it J(erha(s e+(loiting the higher 2ish densities 2o,ndK.he st,dy also said that o22shore #ind (o#er and other marine rene#ale energies sho,ld e rolled o,t ra(idly in order to comat the threats tomarine iodiversity 2ood (rod,ction and economies (osed y climate change.JIt is necessary to ra(idly de(loy large H,antities o2 marine rene#ale energy to red,ce the caron emissions 2rom 2ossil 2,el ,rning #hich areleading to ocean acidi2ication gloal #arming and climatic changesK the st,dy (,lished said.*W*A 2orecasts that 45 "W o2 o22shore #ind ca(acity #ill e online in *,ro(ean seas y !5!5 #hich #ill o22set 15! million tonnes o2 -O!every year. ###.nrel.gov>#ind>(d2s>%4)5.(d2B

Potential *nvironmental and Socio3*conomic Iss,es. he 2,ll range o2 (otential environmental im(acts 2rom o22shore #ind is ,n/no#n today inthe 9nited States since no (roFects have yet een installed. he only (roFect eval,ation th,s 2ar is the %8553(age -a(e Wind dra2t environmentalim(act statement D'*ISE (re(ared y -a(e Wind Associates ,nder the leadershi( o2 the A-* $e# *ngland 'istrict. he doc,ment released in

$ovemer !554 did not identi2y any signi2icant im(acts ,t a range o2 s(eci2ic mitigation meas,res and monitoring st,dies are (ro(osed. heA-* held several (,lic hearings coordinated #ith 17 (,lic agencies and received over )555 (,lic comments. he e+tensive (,licinvolvement reH,irements along #ith the trans2er o2 F,risdiction to S have slo#ed the (ermitting (rocess signi2icantly. 0ecently S
http://www.ewea.org/blog/2012/12/offshore-wind-farms-benefit-sealife-says-study/http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/39450.pdfhttp://www.ewea.org/blog/2012/12/offshore-wind-farms-benefit-sealife-says-study/http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/39450.pdf


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reH,ired that the -a(e Wind '*IS e e+(anded to incl,de constr,ction and o(erational (roced,res (ersonnel sa2ety and decommissioning that2it a roader Jcradle3to3graveK a((roach 33 re2lecting the ne# S (rogram a,thority.

he only (eer3revie#ed in2ormation on (otential environmental im(acts 2rom o22shore #ind is ased,(on lessons learned 2rom land3ased (roFects and *,ro(ean e2ore3and3a2ter3control3im(actD


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0ecently* the 9nited$ations declined to ado(t a gloal moratori,m to (rohiit dee( sea ottom tra#ling. ho,ghadvocates 2or the moratori,m still ,rge the 9nited $ations to consider the (ro(osed resol,tion they also see/ alternate methods to terminate the ottom tra#l fishery.One o(tion is to restrict fishing methods thro,gh coo(erative management agreements among neighoring co,ntries. ho,gh the e22ectiveness o2 s,ch agreements islimited y the F,risdiction o2 the individ,al signatories a coo(erative management agreement s,ch as the emerging regional marine reserve in the tro(ical Paci2icco,ld serve as a good trial gro,nd 2or a moratori,m on dee( sea ottom tra#ling. he *astern ro(ical Paci2ic Seasca(e a (rod,ct o2 the coo(eration and cominedoceanic F,risdictions o2 -osta 0ica Panama -olomia and *c,ador encom(asses an aty(ically large and iodiverse area o2 the dee( sea. -lorida State

University@0oin ,ndis -raig JA0I-=*N a/ing Ste(s o#ard arine Wilderness ProtectionQ ishing and -oral 0ee2 arine0eserves in lorida and :a#aiiK c"eorge =a# 0evie# Winter !55% %4 c"eorge =. 0ev. 1))


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1ac " Solvency

$urrent frameor& dooms offshore ind " even hile onshore ind blos up.

S$/+OE9E+ 1:.'. 9niversity o2 -ali2ornia


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$o :aCard (res,maly ased only on a c,rsory a((lication o2 its reg,lations and (ossily ,nder (olitical (ress,re 2rom the OamaAdministration. In oth instances more localiCed entities 3 $ative American tries local citiCen gro,(s to#ns and even state agencies 3 havee+(ended considerale reso,rces to e+(ress their vario,s vie#s in o((osition to the -a(e Wind (roFect. n1)1

o date the overr,ling o2 the AAXs a((roval is the only legal victory on the (art o2 the (roFectXs o((osition. n1)!


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he gro#ing general interest in #ind energy develo(ment and the dis(,te s,rro,nding -a(e Wind has s(,rred considerale commentary andlegislative activity that stands to sha(e the e+tent and direction o2 o22shore #ind energy develo(ment in the 9nited States. here #ill eadditional o((ort,nities to eval,ate theoretical ass,m(tions ,nderlying the environmental reg,lation o2 this (romising clean energy technology as

(olicies contin,e to mat,re thro,gh 2,t,re legislative and administrative activity and as s(onsors see/ a((roval to develo( additional (roFects. In

this dynamic conte+t this $ote attem(ts to egin a disc,ssion ao,t ho# iss,es o2 2ederalism #ill in2l,ence and sho,ldin2orm the environmental reg,lation o2 o22shore #indenergy develo(ment. As a descri(tive matter states in the short term#ill contin,e to (lay a central role in determining #hich (roFects ,ltimately otain the necessary reg,latory a((rovals. As a normative matter a

(rominent state role is theoretically F,sti2ied Dat least 2or near3shore (roFectsE on the asis o2 a generaliCed analysis o2 the environmental im(acts

e+(ected to res,lt 2rom o22shore #ind energy (roFects. :o#ever im(ortant environmental im(acts3 red,ctions in air (oll,tion andgreenho,se gas emissions in (artic,lar 3 that may res,lt 2rom o22shore #ind energy (roFects (rovide strongF,sti2ications 2or 2ederal oversight(artic,larly in the event that states 2ail to considero,t3o23state environmentalene2itsas theydesign reg,latory regimes and ma/e siting decisions. In light o2 these claims the 2ederal governmentsho,ld ado(t (olicies that enco,rage siting decisions that consider interstate s(illovers #hile at the same time re2lect

individ,al coastal statesX (artic,lar environmental (riorities. -ederal agencies can implement such policies in the

conte't of the 9epartment of the %nterior?s imminent rulema&ing pursuant to Section =CC of the

EPAct of 4::D altho,gh 2,t,re 2ederal legislation #ith (reem(tive e22ects ,ltimately may e necessary in the event that the statereg,latory regimes develo( that 2ail to consider (ositive interstate s(illovers.

A)9 offshore ind investment is there " ust need to insure regulatory space.

POWE(( 14


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%nherency , T


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Wind #roing )o


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OSW #roing " )eed ore

OSW groing globally " but not enough

A(9E((%S , APSA(% 1= both or& at the (ab of Soft Energy Applications ,

Environmental Protection* TE% of Piraeus " #reece@.. aldellis . a(sali Shi2tingto#ards o22shore #ind energyT0ecent activity and 2,t,re develo(ment *nergy Policy ol,me )%er,ary !51% Pages 1%6148

). ,t,re e+(ectationsO22shore #ind energy develo(ment has sho#n a H,ite ,nsteady (rogress since the eginning o2 its a((earance,t is2oreseen to e+(and signi2icantlyin the years to come and move 2rom the (ioneering (hase to a large3scalegloal de(loyment.

O22shore #ind (o#er e+(erienced a record gro#th in !515. otal installed gloal o22shore #ind ca(acity at the end o2 theyear amo,nted to a((ro+imately % "W o,t o2 #hich more than a hal2 #as added in !515 leading to an average gro#th rate #hich is y 2ar higherthan the res(ective o2 the onshore #ind energy sector DWW*A !515E. -,rrentlyDend o2 !511E the total o22shore ca(acity isnearly 4 "W. As 2or the 2,t,re e+(ectations des(ite the #orld economic and 2inancial crisis #hich de2initely may have an im(acton the 2inancing o(tions availale to investors the *,ro(ean Wind *nergy Association has increased its !5!5 target tothe challenging amo,nt o2 !%5 "W #ind (o#er ca(acity incl,ding 45 "W o22shore #ind. As 2or !5%5 the #ind ind,stry has alsoset the amitio,s target o2 455 "W o2 #ind (o#er installations in *,ro(e o,t o2 #hich 1)5 "W to e located o22shore and (rod,ce more than))5 Whe o2 electricity D*W*A !558 and *W*A !55cE. In 2act according to *W*A targets D*W*A !55cE 2or the 2orecasted ann,al #ind

(o#er installations ,( to the year !5%5 as #ell as 2or ca(acity (rices eH,al to 1!)5 [>/W 2or onshore and !455 [>/W 2or o22shore Din !55)constant (ricesE investment in #ind energy Doth onshore and o22shoreE sho,ld reach [!%.) illion in !5!5 and [!) illion in !5%5 Dig. 1%E.

he decade ,( to !5%5 is (roFected to e almost stale almost [!) illion ann,ally #ith a grad,ally increasing share o2investments ho#ever going o22shore.

$evertheless a(art 2rom the a2orementioned amitio,s targetsandthe ,ndeniale(rogressmet in the 2ield o2 o22shore #indd,ring the recent years one sho,ld not disregard the 2act that at the moment o22shore #ind 2arms re(resent only

a very small (ercentage o2 the gloal #ind (o#er ca(acity in the order o2 !M. 'es(ite the 2act that the 2irst (roFect #as,ilt t#enty years ago the o22shore #ind energy sector still remains ,nder develo(ment and th,s e+(loration o2

(ros(ects and technological trends is of primary importance 2or determining its aility to com(ete #ith onshore #ind2arms and more im(ortantly #ith conventional electricity generation.


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9eveloping elsehere no

OSW developing globally " ust not in the US



he year !515 #as a record3rea/ing year 2or the *,ro(ean o22shore #ind energy mar/et.$e#installations acco,nted 2or ao,t 55 WDig. 1E D#hich #as ao,t 15M o2 all ne# #ind (o#erinstallationsE D*W*A !511E. As 2or the end o2 !511 !%) ne# o22shore #ind t,rines #ith a total ca(acity o2 ao,t 875 W #ere 2,llyconnected to the (o#er grids o2 the 9 "ermany 'enmar/ and Port,gal. In total as 2or the end o2 !511 there #ere almost 1455 o22shore #indt,rines 2,lly grid connected #ith a total ca(acity o2 ao,t %.8 "W Dig. 1E com(rising )% #ind 2arms s(read over ten *,ro(ean co,ntries.

As o2 er,ary !51! the Walney #ind 2armin the 9nited ingdom is the largest o22shore #ind 2arm in the#orldD%67 WE 2ollo#ed y the hanet o22shore #ind (roFect D%55 WE in the 9. he =ondon Array D6%5 WE is the largest (roFect

c,rrently ,nder constr,ction #hich is also located in the 9. In total 18 ne# #ind 2arms totalling ).% "W are c,rrently ,nder constr,ction and18 "W are 2,lly3consented in t#elve *,ro(ean co,ntries #ith "ermany (ossessing almost )5M o2 the total consented installations D*W*A!51!E. Once com(leted *,ro(eXs o22shore #ind (o#er ca(acity #ill reach !7 "W.

9( till no# vast de(loyment has ta/en (lace in $orthern *,ro(e a sit,ation e+(ected to contin,e 2or the ne+t 2e# years as#ell. Act,ally more than 5M o2 the gloal o22shore #ind 2arms are located in *,ro(ean #aters. he leadingmar/ets are c,rrently the 9 'enmar/ and the $etherlands #ith c,m,lative ca(acity ratings o2 !54 W 8)7 W and !47 W res(ectivelyDas 2or the end o2 !511E see ig. !.


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#rants )o

illions in grants for offshore ind no " ill re@uire continual congressional

appropriations9el -+A)$O 14 )ational Wind Poer Staff@ar/ 'el ranco 'O* O22shore Wind "rantsProvide Im(et,s o "et XSteel In he WaterXhtt(N>>###.na#ind(o#er.com>e157R(l,gins>content>content.(h(Qcontent.15818\.9eP6!:54B

he 'O* (rovided a maFor oost 2orthe 2ledgling o22shore #ind ind,stryy anno,ncing grants2or seven 9.S.o22shore #ind(roFectsto ens,re commercial o(eration in state and 2ederal #atersy !517.he (roFects #ill receive ,( to ?4 millionto com(lete the engineering design and (ermitting (hase o2 this a#ard. he 'O*#ill select ,( to three o2 these (roFects 2or 2ollo#3on (hasesthat 2oc,s on siting constr,ction and installation and aim to

achieve commercial o(eration y !517. hese (roFects #ill receive ,( to F0B million over four years* subect to

$ongressional appropriations according to the 'O*.
http://www.nawindpower.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.10818#.UTebP6V2H04http://www.nawindpower.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.10818#.UTebP6V2H04


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Solvency


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Solvency E'tensions


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Authority $onsolidation Solves

-ederal permitting consolidation is critical to circumvent opposition , create the

certainty necessary3 state action is insufficient%E(( , STA(E)/OE- 11 general counsel to the assachusetts E'ecutive

Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs , environmental la attorney and

$ounsel for the assachusetts 9epartment of Public Utilities @enneth immell & 'a#nStalenhoe2 "olden "ate 9niversity *nvironmental =a# o,rnal Jhe -a(e Wind O22shore Wind *nergyProFectN A -ase St,dy o2 the 'i22ic,lt ransition to 0ene#ale *nergyKB

he -a(e Wind saga reveals that the c,rrent (ermitting (rocess 2or o22shore #ind energy (roFects is ro/en. I2 thenation is serio,s ao,t develo(ing o22shore #indenergy (roFects along its coasts -ongress m,st advance re2orm.One (lace to loo/ 2or ins(iration ironically is assach,setts. 'es(ite its re(,tation 2or long and (rotracted siting attles assach,settshas instit,ted t#o maFor re2orms that co,ld serve as models 2or 2ederal re2orm o2 o22shore #ind3(roFect(ermitting. he 2irstmodel re2orm is a Jone3sto( (ermittingK la#that enales the State *nergy acilities Siting


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administrative to legal matters. A recent st,dy y the International *nergy Agency concl,ded that the ,se o2 Jone sto( sho(o22icesK has een a s,ccess 2rom the (oint o2 vie# o2 oth agencies and develo(ers.1%7 he S as thelead agency #o,ld e (er2ect 2or this Jone3sto( sho(K (osition. As the one3sto( sho( agency 2or #ind energy (ermittingon the O-S the S co,ld streamline the a((roval (rocess y coordinating #ith all o2 the other relevantagencies. In 2act the *nergy Policy Act o2 !55) mandates s,ch coordination.1%8 here2ore the S sho,ldcoordinate e22orts #ith theother relevant agencies to 2orm a one3sto( sho( (ermitting o22ice 2or #ind energy develo(ment on the O-S. I.-O$-=9SIO$ In s,m develo(ing the 9nited States; (otential 2or ,sing o22shore #ind energy #ill contri,te tosec,rity o2 energy s,((ly red,ce de(endency on 2,el im(orts red,ce emissions o2 greenho,se gases and other (oll,tants and im(rove

environmental (rotection. 'es(ite a vast (otential 2or o22shore #ind energy along the O-S the S is holding

potential development hostage thro,gh reg,latory delay and time3cons,ming re(lications o2

environmental revie#s. %t is vital that the S red,ce the reg,latory con2,sion and estalish a ,ni2ied

coordinated a((roach to ens,re the e+(editio,s yet res(onsile develo(ment o2 o22shore #ind energy.


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Preemption &ey to industry

-ederal preemption allos targeting and benefits the industry directly.

8UG8EE :B Professor of (a Emory (a School @William W. -eiling 'istinction P,lic =a# & =egal heory 0esearchPa(er Series 0esearch Pa(er $o. 573B

9nitary 2ederal choiceceiling(reem(tion does not leave room 2or deviation and tailoring.Instead i2a stat,te orreg,latory action (recl,des di22erent state choicesand also eliminates the ris/ o2 common la# liailities it constit,tes a,nitary 2ederal choice. he very ,nitariness and 2inality o2 this choice leaves little or no o((ort,nity 2or 2,rther reg,latory interaction as

in the agency (reem(tion claims or =$" siting (rovisions.178 S,ch a ,nitary 2ederal choice #ill,ndo,tedly benefit the

targeted industry and (erha(s 2or a time even those (rotected y a reg,latory act. hat2inal choice creates com(lete

reg,latory stailityeliminating the ris/ o2 other instit,tions modi2ying that choice or common la# liaility (rom(ting ree+amination. Itred,ces costs associated #ith attling over reg,lation in n,mero,s ven,es. As s,rely intended it #illred,ce costs2aced y ris/ (rod,cers and may ,ltimately res,lt in more goods in the mar/et(lace(ossily at lo#er (rices.It mayalsoas in the =$" siting setting overcome 2ree rider tem(tations #here all F,risdictions ho(e others #ill (rovide an ind,stry or

(rod,ct that many desire or need. A single 2ederal decisionma/er can overcome s,ch (arochialism.17

S,ch a,nitary 2ederal choicealso #illli/ely create ene2its 2or 2ederal actors. I2-ongress or an agency becomes

the only game in ton it #ill,ndo,tedly attract greater attention 2rom a22ected ind,stry as #ell as other

s,((orting or o((osed sta/eholders.185 =egislators may ene2it 2rom electoral or monetary s,((ort.181 Agencies may e ale tosec,re e+(anded ,dgetsoreven engage in o,tright 2avoritism to a22ected ind,stry in e+change 2or the ,s,alre#ards o2 reg,latory ca(t,re33 electoral s,((ort 2or the administration in (o#er revolving door movement 2rom agencies to ind,stryand red,ced ris/ o2 emarrassment that might other#ise res,lt 2rom more adversarial modes o2 reg,latory e+change.18! A stringent,nitary 2ederal choiceco,ldalso engender (olitical s,((ort 2rom sym(athetic (,lic interest gro,(s. All o2these (olitical ene2its 2or reg,lators and legislators ho#ever may not e in the (,lic;s interest.


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Preemption &ey to %nvestment

Preemption &ey to overcome Hdual regulationI that chills investment

SA($%9O :C Associate Professor of (a* University of the Pacific* c#eorgeSchool of (a@0achael *. Salcido O22shore ederalism and Ocean Ind,strialiCation arch !558,lane =a# 0evie# 8! ,l. =. 0ev. 1%))B

#o onshore mining casesalso shed light on a related(rolemN the ,n(redictaility o2 d,al reg,lation2or(rivate develo(ersand state or local governing agencies. ent,ra -o,nty v. ",l2 Oil -or(. involved mining o(erations on 2ederal lands#ithin the State o2 -ali2ornia. n!6 P,rs,ant to the inerals =easing Act o2 1!5 the 'OI acting thro,gh the


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+estrictions ey

+egulatory hold up is the maor impediment



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%nvestment $oming

Offshore proects coming no " plan ma&es sure they or&



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A4 $ape Wind solves

$ape Wind doesn6t solve " too many regulatory hurdles

+OE 11 Partner at (ind@uist , 5ennum* P((P* inneapolis @O22shore Wind *nergy inthe 9nited StatesN A =egal and Policy Patch#or/.


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Agent Stuff


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%ndividual Agencies can Pre3Empt

%ndividual agencies can pre3empt state la7OU)# :C Professor of (a* 9u&e (a School@*rnest A. o,ng SPOSI9NO0'*0I$" SA*3*'*0A= 0*=AIO$S :0O9": *'*0A= P0**PIO$ 'O-0I$*N*]*-9I* P0**PIO$ S(ecial Iss,e !558 $orth#estern 9niversity =a# 0evie# 15! $#. 9.=.0ev. 86B

It is (roaly too late in the day to insist that 2ederal agency action cannot create s,(reme 2ederal la#. n144


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-E+$ can do it

-E+$ has e'clusive urisdiction to issue licenses

+OE 11 Partner at (ind@uist , 5ennum* P((P* inneapolis @O22shore Wind *nergy inthe 9nited StatesN A =egal and Policy Patch#or/.


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Warming Advantage E'tensions


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Warming %mpact Stuff


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7es* Anthro* Stoppable* Plan ey

Warming is real* provable* but not too late. Offshore resources are necessaryATT+%(( 14 9irector* Plymouth University arine %nstitute@artin Attrill arine0ene#ale *nergyN necessary 2or sa2eg,arding the marine environmentQ. $ovemer !51!htt(N>>###.2oe.co.,/>reso,rce>rie2ingRnotes>marineRrene#aleRenergy.(d2B

Introd,ction & -onte+t

It is necessary to ra(idly de(loy large H,antities o2 marine rene#ale energy to red,ce the caronemissions2rom 2ossil 2,el ,rning #hich are leading to ocean acidi2ication gloal #arming and climatic changes.'one #elland sensitively its de(loyment co,ld e ene2icial to marine #ildli2ecom(ared to the alternative scenario o2greater levels o2 climate change. his rie2ing o,tlines c,rrent evidence.

According to ne# research y the et O22icein the 9 gloal emissionso2 greenho,se gases D":"sE need to (ea/in !516 #ith ann,al declines o2 %.)M every year a2ter#ards in order to (rovide even a )5N)5 chance o2 avoiding a !

degree risein gloal average tem(erat,res.et des(itemaFor internationalmeetings and agreements2oc,sed on red,cing the o,t(,t o2 ":"s gloal emissions havecontin,ed to rise indeed accelerate over the last 15 years. -onseH,ently recent (redictionso2 2,t,re gloal #arming are no# atthe to( end o2 models(rod,ced a decade ago or so and s,ggest that #itho,t ra(id action tem(erat,res may increasey 4 degreesor more aove (re3ind,strial tem(erat,res.-limate change is no# a visile reality. *ach o2 the last 11 years is in the to( 1! #armest years on recordthe only other year in this to( 1! eing in 18 #hich #as an e+ce(tional gloal *l $i_o year and sa# ,n(recedented leaching o2 the #orld;s

coral ree2s. $otale #arming o2 the seasaro,nd $W *,ro(e has een recorded over the last %5 years #ith e+tensive s(atial changes to(lan/ton and 2ish assemlages iiiii that have s,seH,ently im(acted to( (redators s,ch as cod and seairds ivv . !51! has also seen the lo#estever cover o2 s,mmer Arctic Sea ice.

Sea level rise is no# meas,rale d,e to oth thermal e+(ansion and ice melt #ith a gloal average rise o2 %.% mm>year et#een1%3!55 vi . his rate is acceleratingN a 1m sea level rise y the end o2 the cent,ry in some areas is an increasing (ossiility #ithmaFor conseH,ences 2or the integrity o2 lo#3lying coastal and #etland ecosystems. inally ocean

acidi2ication is ecoming meas,ralevii heading ,s on the (redicted loc/ed3in (ath to lo#er (: seas #ithsevere conseH,ences 2or organisms,sing -a-O in their iology s,ch as ree2s moll,scs and some /ey (lan/tonic (rod,cers. It istho,ght that the c,rrent rate o2 acidi2ication is 153155 times 2aster than any time in the (ast )5 million years.odayXs change may e ,nli/e any (revio,s ocean (: change in *arthXs history.

It isthere2ore clear that the marine environment is already eing damagedy the

increasingly a((arent im(acts o2 climate changeG ho#ever it is not too late to ma/e adi22erence to avoid more e+treme im(acts Dincl,ding ovio,sly more e+treme im(acts ongloal societies and economiesE.

o do so reH,ires a maFor decaronisationin the 9 and other co,ntries. he -ommittee on -limate -hange has recommendedthat the 9 decaronise electricity to )5g>Whr o2 -O! y !5%5. his #ill reH,ire at least a ten32old e+(ansion o2 arine 0ene#ale *nergyD0*E even i2 caron ca(t,re and storage technology or n,clear (o#er is de(loyed Doth o2 #hich seem ,nli/ely at signi2icant scale y !5%5E.

It is a tr,th that to (revent e+tremely negative im(acts on marine iodiversity and society 3it #ill e necessary to intr,de into the marine environment y ,ilding large amo,nts o2

0*.'one #ell in cons,ltation #ith marine ecologists and conservation gro,(s #ithin thes(irit and letter o2 the :aitats 'irective 3 0* co,ld hold ene2its 2or the marine environment.


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Anthropogenic

its real and anthropogenic

Prothero 14@'onald 0. Prothero Pro2essor o2 "eology at Occidental -ollege and =ect,rer in

"eoiology at the -ali2ornia Instit,te o2 echnology %313!51! Z:o# We no# "loal Warming is 0ealand :,man -a,sedZ S/e(tic 17.! *


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is not. As I detailed in my !55 oo/ "reenho,se o2 the 'inosa,rs geologists and (aleoclimatologists /no# a lot ao,t (astgreenho,se #orlds and the iceho,se (lanet that has e+isted 2or the (ast %% million years. We have a good ,nderstanding o2 ho# and #hy the Antarctic icesheet 2irst a((eared at that time and ho# the Arctic 2roCe over ao,t %.) million years ago eginning the !4 glacial and interglacial e(isodes o2 the ZIce AgesZ that

have occ,rred since then. We /no# ho# variations in the earthXs orit Dthe ilan/ovitch cyclesE controls the amo,nt o2 solarradiationthe earth receives triggering the shi2ts et#een glacial and interglacial (eriods. O,r c,rrent #arm interglacial has already lasted 15555 years thed,ration o2 most (revio,s interglacials so i2 it #ere not 2or gloal #arming #e #o,ld e headed into the ne+t glacial in the ne+t 1555 years or so. Instead o,r

(,m(ing greenho,se gasesinto o,r atmos(here a2ter they #ere long tra((ed in the earthXs cr,st has (,shed the (lanet into a Zs,(er3interglaci alZ already #armer than any (revio,s #arming (eriod. We can see the Zig (ict,reZ o2 climate variaility mostclearly in ice cores2rom the *PI-A D*,ro(ean ProFect 2or Ice -oring in AntarcticaE #hich sho# the details o2 the last 6)5555 years o2 glacial3intersglacial cycles Dig. !E. At no time d,ring any (revio,s interglacial did the carondio+ide levels e+ceed %55 ((m evenat their very #armest. O,r atmos(heric caron dio+ide levels are already close to 455 ((m today. he atmos(here is headed to 655 ((m #ithin a 2e# decades even i2

#e sto((ed releasing greenho,se gases immediately.his isdecidedly not #ithin the normalrange o2 Zclimatic variailityZ ,tclearly ,n(recedented in h,man history. Anyone #ho says this is Znormal variailityZ has never seen the h,ge amo,nt o2 (aleoclimatic data that sho# other#ise. Y

ZItXs F,st another #arming e(isode li/e the edieval Warm Period or the :olocene -limatic O(tim,m or the end o2 the =ittle Ice Age.Z9ntr,e. here #ere n,mero,s small 2l,ct,ationso2 #arming and cooling over the last 15555yearso2 the :olocene.


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coming directly 2rom o,r ,rning o2 2ossil 2,els not 2rom nat,ral so,rces. We can also meas,re the dro( in o+ygen as it comines #ith theincreased caron levels to (rod,ce caron dio+ide. We have satellitesin s(ace that are meas,ring the heat released2rom the (lanetand canact,ally see the atmos(here getting #armer. he most cr,cial evidence emerged only #ithin the (ast 2e# yearsN climatemodelso2 the greenho,se e22ect(redictthat there sho,ld e coolingin the stratos(hereDthe ,((er layer o2 the atmos(here aove 15/m or 6 miles in elevationE ,t #arming in the tro(os(hereDthe ottom layer elo# 15 /m or 6 milesE and thatXs e+actly #hat o,rs(ace(roes have meas,red. inally #e can r,le o,t any other s,s(ects Dsee aoveEN solar heat is decreasing since 145 not increasing and there are nomeas,rale increases in cosmic rays methane volcanic gases or any other (otential ca,se. ace it 33 itXs o,r (rolem. Why 'o Peo(le -ontin,e to ,estion the0eality o2 -limate -hangeQ han/s to all the noise and con2,sion over climate change the general (,lic has only a vag,e idea o2 #hat the deate is really ao,t and

only ao,t hal2 o2 Americans thin/ gloal #arming is real or that #e are to lame.@ !%B As in the evol,tion>creationism deate the scienti2ic comm,nityis virt,ally,nanimo,s on #hat the data demonstrateao,t anthro(ogenic gloal #arming. his has een tr,e 2or over a decade. Whenscience historian $aomi Ores/es@ !4B s,rveyedall (eer3revie#ed (a(erson climate change (,lishedet#een 1% and !55%inthe #orldXs leading scienti2ic Fo,rnal Science she 2o,nd that there #ere85 s,((orting the idea o2 h,man3ind,ced gloal #arming and none o((osingit. In !55 'oran and endall Vimmerman@ !)B s,rveyed all the climate scientists#ho #ere 2amiliar #ith the data. hey 2o,nd that )3Magreed that gloal #arming is realand h,man ca,sed. In !515 the (restigio,s Proceedings o2 the $ational Academy o2 Sciences (,lished a st,dythat sho#ed that 8M o2 the scientists #ho act,ally do research in climate change are in agreementover anthro(ogenicgloal #arming.@ !6B *very maFor scienti2ic organiCation in the #orld has endorsedthe concl,sion o2 anthro(ogenic climatechangeas #ell. his is a rare degree o2 agreement#ithin s,ch an inde(endent and cantan/ero,s gro,( as the #orldXs to( scientists. his isthe samedegree o2 scienti2ic consens,sthat scientists have achieved overmost maFor ideas incl,ding gravity evol,tion andrelativity. hese and only a 2e# other to(ics in science can claim this degree o2 agreement among nearly all the #orldXs leading scientists es(ecially amongeveryone #ho is close to the scienti2ic data and /no#s the (rolem intimately. I2 it #ere not s,ch a controversial to(ic (olitically there #o,ld e almost no interest in

deating it since the evidence is so clear3c,t. I2 the climate science comm,nity s(ea/s #ith one voice Das in the !557 IP-- re(ort and every re(ort since thenE #hyis there still any deate at allQ he ans#er has een revealedy a n,mer o2 investigations y diligent re(orters #ho got (ast the P0machinery denying gloal #arming and ,ncovered the money trail. Originally there #ere no rea l ZdissentersZ to the idea o2 gloal #arming y scientists #hoare act,ally involved #ith climate research. Ins tead the 2orces #ith vested interestsin denying gloal climate change Dthe energy com(aniesand the Z2ree3mar/etZ advocatesE 2ollo#ed the strategy o2 toacco com(aniesN create a smo/escreen o2con2,sion and (revent the American (,lic 2rom recogniCing scienti2ic consens,s. As the 2amo,s memo@ !7B 2rom the toacco loyists said Z'o,t is o,r(rod,ct.Z he denialists generated an anti3science movement entirely o,t o2 thin airand P0. he evidence 2or this P0cons(iracy has een #ell doc,mented in n,mero,s so,rces. or e+am(le Ores/es and -on#ay revealed 2rom memos lea/ed to the (ress that in A(ril 18 the right3

#ing arshall Instit,te S*PP Dred SeitCXs loy that aids toacco com(anies and (oll,tersE and *++onoil met in secret at the AmericanPetrole,m Instit,teXs headH,arters in Washington '.-. here they(lanned a ?!5 millioncam(aignto get Zres(ected scientistsZ to cast do,t onclimate change get maFor P0 e22orts going and loy -ongress that gloal #arming isnXt real and is not a threat. he right3#ing instit,tesand the energyloyeat the ,shes to 2indscientists 33 any scientists33 #ho might disagree #ith the scienti2ic consens,s. As investigativeFo,rnalists and scientists have doc,mented over and over again@ !8B the denialist cons(iracy essentially (aid 2or the testimony o2anyone #ho co,ld e ,se2,l to them. he day that the !557 IP-- re(ort #as released De. ! !557E the


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that is clear ao,t science itXsao,t com(etition and criticism not cons(iracy and coll,sion. ost las are com(eting#ith each other not cons(iring together.I2 one la (,lishes a res,lt that is not clearly de2ensile other las #illH,ic/ly correctit. As ames =a#rence Po#ell #roteN Scientistssho# no evidence o2 eing more interested in (oliticsor ideology than the average American. 'oes it ma/e sense to elieve that tens o2 tho,sands o2 scientists #o,ld e so dee(ly and secretly committed to ringing do#nca(italism and the American #ay o2 li2e that they #o,ld s(end years eyond their ,ndergrad,ate degrees #or/ing to receive masterXs and Ph.'. degrees then go to#or/ in a government laoratory or ,niversity (lying the dee( oceans 2oridding deserts icy (oles and torrid F,ngles all 2or 2ar less money than they co,ld havemade in ind,stry all the #hile iding their time li/e a 0,ssian slee(er agent in an old s(y novelQ Scientists tend to e inde(endent and resist a,thority. hat is #hyyo, are a(t to 2ind them in the laoratory or in the 2ield as 2ar as (ossile 2rom the (rying eyes o2 a s,(ervisor. Anyone #ho elieves he co,ld organiCe tho,sands o2

scientists into a cons(iracy has never attended a single 2ac,lty meeting.@ %4B here are many more traits that the climate deniers share #ith the creationists and:oloca,st deniers and others #ho distort the tr,th. hey (ic/ on small disagreements et#een di22erent las as i2 scientists canXt get their story straight #hen in realitythere is al#ays a 2air amo,nt o2 give and ta/e et#een com(eting las as they try to get the ans#er right e2ore the other la can do so. he /ey (oint here is that#hen all these com(eting las aro,nd the #orld have reached a consens,s and get the same ans#er there is no longer any reason to do,t their common concl,sion.he anti3scientists o2 climate denialism #ill also (oint to small errors y individ,als in an e22ort to arg,e that the entire enter(rise cannot e tr,sted. It is tr,e thatscientists are h,man and do ma/e mista/es ,t the great (o#er o2 the scienti2ic method is that (eer revie# #eeds these o,t so that #hen scientists s(ea/ #ithconsens,s there is no do,t that their data are chec/ed care2,lly inally a (o#er2,l line o2 evidence that this is a (,rely (olitical controversy rather than a scienti2icdeate is that the memershi( lists o2 the creationists and the climate deniers are highly overla((ing.


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E'tinction

E'tinction

8ushnell 1: 3 $hief scientist at the )ASA (angley +esearch $enter@'ennis


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A4 too late

Action no is enough.WA++E) et al 1= Tyndall $entre for $limate $hange +esearch* School of

Environmental Sciences* University of East Anglia@0. Warren . an'erWal . Price . A.Welergen I. At/inson . 0amireC3illegas . . Osorn A. arvis=. P. Shoo S. *. Williams & .=o#e ,anti2ying the ene2it o2 early climate change mitigation in avoiding iodiversity loss $at,re-limate -hange % 67868! D!51%EB

-limate change is e+(ected to have signi2icant in2l,ences on terrestrial iodiversityat all system levelsincl,ding s(ecies3level red,ctions in range siCe and a,ndance es(ecially amongst endemic s(ecies1 ! % 4 ) 6. :o#ever little is/no#n ao,t ho# mitigation o2 greenho,se gas emissions co,ld red,ce iodiversity im(acts (artic,larlyamongst common and #ides(read s(ecies. O,r gloal analysis o2 2,t,re climatic range change o2 common and

#ides(read s(ecies sho#s that #itho,t mitigation )7b6Mo2 (lants and %4b7M o2 animals are li/ely to lose)5M o2 their (resent climatic rangey the !585s. With mitigationho#ever losses are red,ced y 65M i2

emissions (ea/ in !516 or 45M i2 emissions (ea/ in !5%5. Thus o,r analyses indicate that #itho,t

mitigation large range contractions can e e+(ected even amongst common and #ides(read s(eciesamo,nting to a s,stantial gloal red,ction in iodiversity and ecosystem servicesy the end o2 this cent,ry.

Prompt and stringent mitigation on the other hand co,ld s,stantially red,ce range losses and ,y ,( to

2o,r decades 2or climate change ada(tation.heIntergovernmental Panel on -limate -hange% DIP--E estimates that!5%5M o2 s(ecies #o,ld e at increasinglyhigh ris/ o2 e+tinction i2 gloal tem(erat,re rise e+ceeds !% - aove (re3ind,strial levels.:o#ever asH,antitative assessments o2 the ene2its o2 mitigation in avoiding iodiversity loss are lac/ing #e /no# little ao,t ho# m,ch o2 the im(acts can

e o22set y red,ctions in greenho,se gas emissions. ,rthermore des(ite the large n,mer o2 st,dies addressing e+tinction ris/s in (artic,lars(ecies gro,(s #e /no# little ao,t the roader iss,e o2 (otential range loss in common and #ides(read s(ecies #hich is o2 serio,s concern aseven small declines in s,ch s(ecies can signi2icantly disr,(t ecosystem str,ct,re 2,nction and services7.

:ere #e H,anti2y the ene2its o2 mitigation in terms o2 red,ced climatic range losses in common and#ides(read s(ecies and determine the time early mitigation action can ,y 2or ada(tation. In (artic,lar #e

(rovide a com(rehensive analysis o2 (otential climatic range changes 2or 48786 animal and (lant s(ecies across the gloe ,sing the same set o2gloal climate change scenarios 2or all s(eciesG and a direct com(arison o2 (roFected levels o2 (otential climate change im(acts on the climaticranges o2 s(ecies in si+ t#enty32irst3cent,ry mitigation scenarios incl,ding a no3(olicy aseline scenario in #hich emissions contin,e to rise

,naated Dig. 1 ale 1E. o calc,late the climatic range changes #e em(loyed a+*nt one o2 the most ro,stioclimatic modelling a((roacheses(ecially 2or cases #here only (resence data Das o((osed to (resenceasenceE are availale8.a+*nt models the (roaility o2 a s(ecies; (resence conditioned on environment8 so that in this (a(er climatic rangechange s(eci2ically re2ers to the change in the modelled (roaility o2 a s(ecies; occ,rrence conditioned on climatic variales. *ighty (er cent o2the s(ecies st,died have climatic ranges in e+cess o2 %5555 /m! #hich is the range siCe ,sed y


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#ides(read s(ecies in addition to the s(ecies #ith restricted rangesthat have een the main 2oc,s o2 (revio,s st,dies%15. hese (roFected losses are not o22set y the very small (ercentage o2 s(ecies (roFected to gain morethan )5M o2 their climatic range#ith realistic dis(ersal rates D4M o2 the animals and none o2 the (lantsG S,((lementary ale S%Eindicating that on alance the (roFected im(acts o2 climate change over#helmingly res,lt in a siCalered,ction o2 climatically s,itale ranges 2or a large n,mer o2 s(ecies.


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Solves Warming


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Specific Solvency Ev

-ederal preemption of states restrictions on offshore ind establishes a federal

commitment to solve arming* spills over* generates e'pertise. The frameor&

alone solves.

E8E+/A+9T :;


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reg,latory decisions (rovides a theoretical F,sti2ication 2or 2ederal reg,lationaddressing climate change mitigationmeas,res that #o,ld have a (reem(tive e22ect over more restrictive state siting criteria. n14

hird climate change is a (rolem o2 international dimensionsG emissions2rom all so,rces contri,te toclimate change and climate change stands to a22ect local environmental conditions across the gloe. In the 9.S. 2ederal system the nationalgovernment thro,gh the SenateXs (o#er to rati2y treaties and the PresidentXs inherent (o#ers over 2oreign a22airs has the (o#er to negotiate and

enter into agreements #ith co3eH,al sovereign governments to address iss,es o2 international dimensions. n1)5 "iven the national

governmentXs role in international a22airs 2ederal reg,lation o2 climate change mitigation meas,res maye theoretically F,sti2iedy the (otential 2or state actions to a22ect the aility o2 the national government @Y45B to meet treatyoligations or sec,re commitments 2rom other co,ntries 2avorale to the nation as a #hole. n1)1 'e(ending on the relative (ositions on climate

change ta/en y the state and national governments(reem(tive e22ects (rohiiting more restrictive or more (ermissivestate reg,lation may e F,sti2ied.


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Solves Emissions

Wind energy roc&s " solves emissions " best available source

S/A-%U((A/ et al 1=All are Academics at the School o2 *ngineering and echnology :igher*d,cation 'ivision -entral ,eensland 9niversity A,stralia @".. Sha2i,llah Aman,llah .. OoA.>d+.doi.org>15.1516>F.rser.!51!.11.5)7B

8. -oncl,sionWind energy harvesting is o2 (rime interesttoday as it is the most (romising 0* so,rce d,e to its cleanenvironment32riendly attri,tes. :o#ever along #ith the (ositive environmental im(acts it has some negative environmental im(actsas #ell that incl,deN social environmental im(acts s,ch as vis,al noise and death o2 irdsG economic im(acts as it has high ,(2ront costs d,e toca(ital and variale costsG environmental im(acts d,e to emissions d,ring installation and 2,t,re dismantling o2 #ind 2arms and technical

im(acts that a22ect the (o#er H,ality o2 the net#or/. his st,dy cond,cted a com(rehensive literat,re revie# to e+(lore

these (otential im(acts and their availale mitigation techniH,es.rom this com(rehensive literat,re revie# it can e concl,ded that #ind energy is not only climate32riendly and 2ree 2rom ":" emission ,t also has cost3e22ective and less negative social andenvironmental im(acts com(ared to other so,rces o2 energyas technology is getting more e22icient and cost e22ective. Ithas the (otential to red,ce the energy3crisis #orld#ide and create em(loyment o((ort,nities. Wind energyis no# a mat,re technology and there is eno,gh evidence in 2avo,r o2 large3scale #ind energy 2irm.0esearch has een ,nderta/en to minimise (otential negative im(acts o2 integrating large3scale #ind energy into thegrid 2or a s,stainale (o#er system 2or the 2,t,re. indings o2 this st,dy are e+(ected to e ,sed as g,idelines y the(olicy ma/ers man,2act,rers ind,strialists and ,tilities 2or de(loyment o2 large3scale #ind energy intothe energy mi+.


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Offshore Wind Sufficient

OSW can meet energy needs " overcome cost concerns



6. -oncl,sionsIn the (resent #or/ a short overvie# o2 the activity noted in the 2ield o2 o22shore #ind energy is (rovided highlighting #orld#ide technology

develo(ments and trends installed ca(acities and mar/et iss,es #hile em(hasis is given on the most im(ortant 2actorsDcostsand availaility iss,esE #hich have so 2ar delayed the estalishment o2 o22shore #ind 2armsas the ne+t generation o2#ind (o#er.

Indeed o22shore #ind t,rine technology has een evolving at a 2ast (ace and a considerale n,mer o2(roFects has already ta/en (lace es(ecially over the last 2e# years altho,gh there is clear evidence that additional

e22orts are reH,ired.he o((ort,nities 2or e+(loitation o2 o22shore #ind reso,rces are generally 2o,nda,ndantG ho#ever the arriers and challenges are also signi2icant. Among the main reasons #hich drive thisgro#th are that the o((ort,nities 2or #ind develo(ment on3land ecome increasingly limited thee+istence o2 more consistentand higher #indsin o22shore sites the asence o2 ostacless,ch as mo,ntains ,ildings andtrees in marine environments the lo# oreven n,ll im(act on h,mans the (ress,re to achieve rene#ale energytargets and 2inally the enaling o2 ,ilding o22shore #ind 2arms in coastal areas close to many (o(,lationcentres.On the other hand the most im(ortant dra#ac/ o2 o22shore #ind energy is the high costsassociated #ith itsdevelo(ment. In 2act costs are still m,ch higher 2rom onshore co,nter(arts ,t some recent technological(rogressin terms o2 more e22icient (rod,ction (atterns Dincrease o2 the siCe o2 #ind t,rines im(rovements in the design o2 the (roFects

increase o2 availaility incor(oration o2 innovative O& strategies etc.E may have the potential to narro this gap in the

future . With stronger #inds and 2e#er con2licting iss,esthan on3land m,lti3W t,rines in dee(er #ater

de(ths are li/ely to dominate the o22shore sector in the long r,nin order to ma+imise energy (rod,ction ca(t,ring alsoeconomies o2 scale. In this conte+t the consideraly higher cost 2or de(loying #ind 2arms at o22shore sites is e+(ected to change as more andmore (roFects come online and targeted 0&' e22orts contin,e to ta/e (lace.

OSW capability is sufficient



1. Introd,ction',ring the last !5 years many co,ntriesall over the #orld have invested in the #ind (o#ersector in vie# o2 2acing thera(idly increasing (o(,lation and the limited 2ossil 2,el reso,rces along #ith the adverse im(acts o2conventional (o#er generationon climate and h,man health.Wind energy is c,rrently considered as anindigeno,s com(etitive and s,stainale #ay to achieve 2,t,re caron red,ctionsand rene#ale energy targets,tiss,es s,ch as the scarcityo2 a((ro(riate on3land installation sites or(,lic concernsrelated to noise vis,al im(act im(acton irdli2e and land ,se con2licts o2ten loc/ its 2,t,re develo(mentD*stean et al. !511 and aldellisPlease com(lete and,(date the re2erence given here D(re2eraly #ith a 'OI i2 the (,lication data are not /no#nEN aldellis in (ress. or re2erences to articles that


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are to e incl,ded in the same Ds(ecialE iss,e (lease add the #ords Uthis iss,e; #herever this occ,rs in the list and i2 a((ro(riate in the te+t. et

al.E. As a res,lt a s,stantial shi2t to#ards the vast o22shore #ind reso,rces has een made and aninci(ient mar/et has emerged i.e. o22shore #ind (o#er.9( to no# #ind energy develo(ment has mainly ta/en (lace onshore. O22shore #ind (o#er technologycom(rises a relatively ne# challenge2or the international #ind ind,stry #ith a demonstration history o2 aro,ndt#enty years and ao,t a ten3year commercial history2or large ,tility3scale (roFects. In the end o2 !511 #orld#ide #ind

(o#er ca(acity reached !45 "W DWW*A !51!E 2rom #hich !M com(rised o22shore installations. he main motivation 2or movingo22shore des(ite the lo# or even n,ll im(act on h,mans and the o((ort,nity o2 ,ilding #ind 2arms in coastal areas close to many (o(,lationcentres stemmed 2rom the consideraly higher and steadier #ind s(eeds met in the o(en sea even e+ceeding 8 m>s atheights o2 )5 m. -om(ared to the onshore co,nter(art o22shore#ind energy has greater reso,rce (otential #hich generallyincreases #ith distance 2rom the shore. his 2act res,lts to consideraly higher energy yield DPryor and


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Wind Sufficient

Wind solves Warming " reduce and replace #/# emissions " globally available

S/A-%U((A/ et al 1=All are Academics at the School o2 *ngineering and echnology :igher*d,cation 'ivision -entral ,eensland 9niversity A,stralia @".. Sha2i,llah Aman,llah .. OoA.>d+.doi.org>15.1516>F.rser.!51!.11.5)7B

1. Introd,ction-,rrent (o#er systems create environmental im(acts and are a leading ca,se o2 c,rrent greenho,se gasD":"E or gloal #arming e22ects d,e to ,rning o2 2ossil 2,els es(ecially coal as caron dio+ide isemitted into the atmos(here @1B and @!B. According to the re(ort o2 theInternational *nergy Agency DI*AE the#orldXs total net electricity cons,m(tionas #ell as electricity generation is increasing day y day.he#orld electricity generation#as 14781 illion /Wh in !55% and is (roFected to e !16 and %5116 illion /Wh in !51) and !5%5res(ectively an average increase rate o2 !.7M ann,ally@%B and @6B. ":" emissions 2rom electricity generationare a((ro+imately 45M o2 total emissionsas most o2 that ind,stry ,ses 2ossil 2,els(artic,larly coal andoil hence are a leading contri,tor to gloal energy3related -O! emissions@%B. A,straliaXs a,ndance o2 coal im(osesenvironmental costs in the 2orm o2 ":"s incl,ding !55 million tons o2 caron dio+ide eH,ivalents D-O!3eE released 2rom the energy sector in!558 more than a third o2 A,straliaXs total -O!3e emissions @4B. he -O! emissions aro,nd the #orld are given in ig. 1@)B.

A recent ,rning iss,e is to achieve environment32riendly economical and s,stainale (o#er transmissionand distri,tion systems that are intelligent reliale and green. here2ore(olicy ma/ers (o#er system(lanners researchers and (o#er ,tilities are #or/ing together#orld#ide to red,ce ":" emissions andhence in17 a treaty #as 2orm,lated called the yoto Protocol @6B. he oFective o2 the yoto Protocol is to red,ce ":" emissions intothe atmos(here to a level that #o,ld (revent dangero,s anthro(ogenic inter2erence #ith the climate system @6B. 0ene#ale energyD0*Ein (artic,lar #ind energy is the most (romising o2 the 0* so,rces #hich are 2ree 2rom ":" emissions andit has (otential to meet the energy demand d,e to its availaility #hich enco,rages interest #orld#ide.It

is one o2 the 2astest gro#ing and cost3e22ective reso,rces among the di22erent 0* so,rces that have eg,n to e,sed #orld#ide 2or s,stainale climate32riendly (o#er systems @7B and @8B. Over recent years there have een dramatic im(rovements in #indenergy technologies and #ind is increasingly ecoming an im(ortant energy so,rce. Wind energy can e e+(loited in many (artso2 the #orld ,t the determination o2 #ind energy (otential de(ends on the meteorological dimensions o2 the #ind direction velocity andsolar irradiation @B.Winds are ca,sed d,e to the asor(tion o2 solar energy on the earthXs s,r2ace and in the atmos(here and the rotation o2 the earth ao,t its a+is andits motion aro,nd the S,n. A #indmill converts the /inetic energy o2 moving air into mechanical energy that can e either ,sed directly to r,n a

machine or to r,n a generator to (rod,ce electricity @15B and @11B. Wind energy (lays an active role in develo(ing a climate32riendly environment and ma/es the #orld more livale 2or h,mans as #ell as 2or all living creat,res.


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o,t(er2ormed other co,ntriesand in !511 they added 18 "W o2 ne# #ind (o#er #hich #as hal2 o2 the total #ind (o#er installed#orld#ide in !511 @1%B. According to the "loal Wind *nergy -o,ncil the gro#th rate o2 #ind energy #illincrease ra(idly and over the 2ive years to !516 gloal #ind ca(acity #ill riseto 4% "W 2rom the !%7 "W availale at theend o2 !511 as sho#n in ig. !. While the ca(acity installed in !511 #as 45.6 "W the ca(acity (redicted to e installed in !516 is ).!4 "WGhence the (roFected ann,al gro#th rates d,ring this (eriod #ill average 1%.6)M @1%B.A,stralia has een slo# to ado(t #ind energy to the e+tent that *,ro(e hasG ho#ever in A,stralia there are several large #ind 2arms that have

een commissioned or are in advanced stages o2 (lanning. In (artic,lar a2ter im(lementation o2 the national 0ene#ale *nergy arget D0*E in

an,ary !515 #ith the mandate o2 generating !5M or 4) Wh o2 A,straliaXs electricity s,((ly 2rom rene#ale energy so,rces y !5!5 A,straliahas ta/en a #ide range o2 initiatives to install large3scale #ind energy (lants aro,nd the co,ntry. So,th A,stralia is the most (romising State 2or#ind energy generation considering #ind s(eed generation and trans(ortation costs. $orthern ,eensland has good #ind reso,rces es(eciallyd,ring the #inter Jso,th3east trade #indK season @11B. ictoria and the #est coast o2 asmania also have #ind energy (otentialities. In !515A,straliaXs total installed ca(acity o2 #ind energy #as 1885 W this eing an increase o2 167 W 2rom !55. -,rrently there are )! #ind2arms mostly located in So,th A,stralia D57 WE and ictoria D4!8 WE. In the last decade the gro#th rate o2 #ind energy (rod,ction #as%5M ann,ally on average @1%B. State3#ise #ind energy installed ca(acity is given in ig. %.

=arge3scale generation o2 #ind energy red,ces the energy crisis and releases the (ress,re on otherso,rces. :o#ever there are n,mer o2 (otential challenges that need to e considered #hen installing large3scale #ind energy (lants 2or as,stainale (o#er system. here are negative environmental im(acts d,e to installation and o(eration o2 the #ind 2arms that a22ect the living

(ractices o2 the local (o(,lation i.e. vis,al im(acts noise and death o2 #ildli2e d,e to the (resence and o(eration o2 the #ind t,rines. hesee22ects may e minor ,t need to e considered as they (ersist 2or a long time and directly a22ect the neary locality. One o2 the negative im(acts

o2 #ind energy generation is its high costs d,e to the installation and o(eration costs. he maFor costsinvolved in #ind energy generationareN ca(ital costs incl,ding #ind t,rines 2o,ndations trans(ortation road constr,ction and grid conne+ionG and variale costsincl,ding o(eration and maintenanceland acH,isition ins,rance and ta+es management and administration. It is #ell /no#n that#ind energy is 2ree 2rom ":" emissionsG ho#ever there are minor emissions d,ring the man,2act,ring and 2,t,re dismantling o2 #ind 2arms#hich create environmental im(acts and need to e considered #hen constr,cting a #ind energy 2arm. A =i2e -ycle Assessment D=-AE (rocess is#idely ,sed to investigate environmental im(acts @14B @1)B @16B and @17B. he negative im(acts on the environment and cost3economic analysiso2 #ind energy generation are essential to e 2,rther st,died 2or a s,stainale (o#er system 2or the 2,t,re. 0esearch comm,nities areinvestigating the environmental im(acts 2rom di22erent (oints o2 vie# and their 2indings are availale 2or the (o#er ,tilities and man,2act,rers to

ta/e into acco,nt in their decision ma/ing e2ore constr,cting a #ind 2arm. 0esearchers havealso eval,ated the economic costo2 #ind energy generation and concl,ded that the #ind energy (rice is com(arale #ith other energyso,rces and etter than other o(tions a2ter considering emission costs. his st,dy2,rther e+(lores the availaleresearch on these areas and ma/es a concrete concl,sion#hich is availale to ,tilities 2or 2,rther action to develo( #indenergy (lants 2or the 2,t,re.Integration o2 #ind energy into the grid also creates (otential technical challenges that a22ect (o#er H,ality DPE o2 the systems d,e to theintermittent nat,re o2 #ind energy. With the increased (enetration o2 rene#ale energy into the grid the /ey technical (otential challenges thata22ect H,ality o2 (o#er incl,deN voltage 2l,ct,ation (o#er system transients and harmonics reactive (o#er electromagnetic inter2erences#itching actions synchronisation long transmission lines lo# (o#er 2actor storage system load management and 2orecasting and sched,ling@18B @1B and @!5B. here2ore there is a (rime need today to red,ce these (otential technical challenges 2or a s,ccess2,l integration o2 large3scale#ind energy into the grid tho,gh it is not an easy tas/. 0esearchers are #or/ing to e+(lore these (rolems #ith (otential mitigation techniH,es.here are many st,dies availale today that elaorate on the (rolems individ,ally #ith a((ro(riate alleviation techniH,es ,sing oth sim,lationand e+(erimental analysis. :o#ever there is no (recise st,dy that e+(lores or revie#s all o2 the (rolems #ith their mitigation techniH,es.here2ore this st,dy has (resented a com(rehensive and ,se2,l s,rvey on the technical challenges and their associated alleviation techniH,es thatresearchers ,tilities and ind,stries are e+(ected to ,se 2or 2,rther integration o2 large3scale #ind energy integration into the energy mi+.!. Social Im(acts

Wind energy is the most environment32riendly energy3e22icient cost3e22icient and 155M clean energy

reso,rce and hence#ind energy has eg,n to e used as the panacea 2or solving gloal #arming.here is anincreasing interest #orld#ide 2or the introd,ction o2 large3scale #ind energy into the energy mi+ 2or a s,stainale environment32riendly (o#ersystem 2or the 2,t,re. :o#ever along #ith the (ositive im(acts it also has some negative im(acts on the environment as #ell as h,man li2e. hemost s,stantial negative im(acts that a22ect h,man living c,lt,re are vis,al im(acts noise and /illing o2 #ildli2e. Among these vis,al im(actsand noise are a direct dist,rance 2or the local comm,nity and hence the acce(tance>attit,de o2 the neary comm,nity is an im(ortant 2actor.

Another (rolem is inter2erence o2 t,rine eH,i(ment #ith radar or television that dist,rs the signal strength. With time (,lic attit,deto#ards #ind energy generation is im(roving #hile man,2act,rers are also im(roving their technologies

to red,ce noise levels and im(rove aesthetic vie#s@14B and @1)B. he most common environmental im(acts that a22ect socialli2e are (resented in ig. 4.


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Enough Wind Available

Enough ind to poer energy globally 3 ost comprehensive ind study proves$/O)# ,


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:o#ever ,ntil no# there has een no com(rehensive assessment o2 the distri,tion o2 the gradeDsee ale 1Eo2 gloal ocean #indenergy reso,rces. his st,dy (resents a grade classi2ication ma( o2 the gloal ocean #indenergy reso,rceased on --P Dcross3calirated m,lti3(lat2ormE #ind 2ield data 2or the (eriod 188!511 and also calc,lates 2orthe 2irst time the total storage and e22ective storage o2 #ind energy across the gloal oceanDon a 5.!)5.!) gridE.Synthetically considering the #ind (o#er density the distri,tion o2 #ind energy levels and e22ective#ind s(eeds the staility and long3term trend o2 #ind (o#er density and #ind energy storage #e #ere aleto analyCe and regionaliCe the gloal ocean #ind energy reso,rce. he aim o2 this research is to 2ill the ga( in o,r ,nderstanding in this 2ield and

(rovide g,idance 2or 2,t,re scienti2ic research and develo(ment into #ind energy reso,rces s,ch as electricity generation #ater (,m(ing and#ind3heating. We also ho(e to ma/e a contri,tion to#ards alleviating the energy crisis and (romoting s,stainale develo(ment.

Enough ind to poer global energy

$/O)# , m!E and $orthern :emis(here #esterlies D6551555 W>m!E2ollo#ed y the coast o2 Somalia and the #aters s,rro,nding ai#an D455 W>m!E. Wind (o#er density in mid3 to lo#3latit,de #aters is !55455 W>m! #hile in most o2 the eH,atorial #aters it is less than !55 W>m!.

!. A #ind (o#er density greater than )5 W>m! is availale in most o2 the gloal oceans 2or more than85M o2 the year. Areas #here #ind (o#er density commonly e+ceeds !55 W>m! are located aro,nd the $orthern and So,thern :emis(here#esterlies the $orthern :emis(here near 15$ and aro,nd !5S in the So,thern :emis(here. Areas o2 (ersistently lo# #ind3(o#er density

occ,r aro,nd the (oles the central and eastern eH,atorial Indian Ocean the #estern eH,atorial Paci2ic nearshore areas in the eastern eH,atorialPaci2ic and the eastern eH,atorial Atlantic.

%. he occ,rrence o2 e22ective #ind s(eed is high across the gloal ocean aove 65M year3ro,nd e+ce(t2or some small areas near the eH,ator and some coastal #aters. his (henomenon is o2 ene2it 2or thedevelo(ment o2 #ind energy reso,rce.Areas o2 high e22ective #ind s(eed are 2o,nd aro,nd the So,thern :emis(here #esterliesD85ME the $orthern :emis(here #esterlies D75ME the $orthern :emis(here near 15$ Dca. 85ME and aro,nd !5S in the So,thern:emis(here Dca. 85M to 5ME.4. he staility o2 #ind (o#er density in the So,thern Ocean is etter than that in the $orthern Ocean it is also etter in o22shore than nearshoreareas in mid3 to lo#3latit,de #aters than in high3latit,de #aters and on eastern coasts than #estern coasts. he lo#est staility occ,rs at the

(oles as demonstrated y the distri,tions o2 the coe22icient o2 variation monthly variaility inde+ and seasonal variaility inde+.). he total storage o2 #ind energy reso,rces across most o2 the gloal oceans is aove !15% /Wh>m! altho,gh it is less near the eH,ator D,tstill aove 115% /Wh>m!E. =arge areas o2 high storage are 2o,nd mainly aro,nd the $orthern and So,thern :emis(here #esterlies and storage

grad,ally decreases to#ards lo# latit,des. he distri,tions o2 e22ective storage and e+(loitale storage o2 #indenergy reso,rces are consistent #ith total storage.6. An increasing long3term trend in #ind energy #as 2o,nd. or the (ast !4 years #ind (o#er density has 2ollo#ed asigni2icant increasing trend in most o2 the gloal ocean #hich sho,ld ene2it the develo(ment o2 #ind energyreso,rce.Areas #ith a strong increasing trend are mainly located aro,nd the $orthern :emis(here #esterlies D4 W>m!>yearE and So,thern:emis(here #esterlies D8 W>m!>yearE.

7. In s,mmary the gloal ocean is rich in #ind energy reso,rce es(ecially the #esterly elts in the $orthern and So,thern:emis(heres. Indigent areas are mainly 2o,nd scattered near the eH,ator and (oles #hile availale and s,rich areas are located in lo# latit,desthe coastal #aters o2 the eastern Paci2ic Ocean at mid to lo# latit,des and in most o2 the (olar #aters.


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Wind energy assessment suggests the availability of ocean ind to reduce emissions

$/O)# ,


60/123

+eplaces US need

Wor&s better* fulfills areas of the most need

US%A( , 8UTTE+-%E(9 :;$ational 0ene#ale *nergy =aoratory @W. ,sial and S.>###.nrel.gov>#ind>(d2s>%4)5.(d2B

O22shore #indgenerated electricity in the 9nited States has the (otential to ecome a maFor contri,tor to thedomestic energy s,((ly on (ar #ith onshore #indeca,se it can com(ete in highly (o(,lated coastal energymar/ets#here onshore #ind energy is generally not availale. Preliminary st,dies (er2ormed ythe $ational 0ene#ale *nergy=aoratory D$0*=E estimate the o22shore reso,rce to e greater than 1555 "W2or the 9nited States @6B. he #indlo#s 2aster and more ,ni2ormly at sea than on land. A 2aster steadier #ind means less #ear on the t,rinecom(onentsand more electricity generated(er t,rine. he #inds increase ra(idly #ith distance 2rom the coast so e+cellent#ind sitese+ist #ithin reasonale distances2rom maFor ,ran load centers red,cing the onshore concern o2 long distance (o#er transmission.ig,re 1 sho#s that in addition to the (ro+imity to the load the o22shore reso,rce tends to e geogra(hically located nearestthe states that already (ay the highest electric ,tility ratesin the 9nited States.1
http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/39450.pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/39450.pdf


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9OE already Planning

9OE measuring ind no " getting data for @uic& movement

S/AW 1= American #eophysical Union@W.. Sha# he 9.S. 'e(artment o2 *nergyXs0e2erence acility 2or O22shore 0ene#ale *nergy D0O0*EN A $e# Plat2orm 2or 0esearch and'evelo(ment all eeting !51% astract \A11=358htt(N>>adsas.harvard.ed,>as>!51%A"9.A11=..58SB

O22shorerene#ale energy re(resents a signi2icant ,t essentially ,nta((ed electricity reso,rce 2or the9.S.O22shore #indenergy is attractive 2or a n,mer o2 reasons incl,dingthe 2easiilityo2 ,sing m,ch larger andmore e22icient #ind t,rines than is (ossile on land. In many o22shore regions near large (o(,lation centers the di,rnalma+im,min #ind energy (rod,ction isalso closely matched to the di,rnal ma+im,min electricity demand easingthe alancing o2 generation and load. -,rrently ho#ever the costo2 o22shore #ind energy is not com(etitive#ith other energyso,rces incl,ding terrestrial #ind. #o signi2icant contri,ting reasons2or this are the cost o2o22shore #ind reso,rceassessment and 2,ndamental ga(s in /no#ledge o2 the ehavior o2 #inds and t,r,lencein the layer o2 theatmos(here s(anned y the s#ee( o2 the t,rine rotor. 0eso,rce assessment a necessary ste( in sec,ring 2inancing 2or a #ind (roFect isconventionally carried o,t on land ,sing meteorological to#ers erected 2or a year or more. -om(arale to#ers o22shore are an order o2 magnit,de

more e+(ensive to install.$e# technologies that (romise to red,ce these costss,ch as 'o((ler lidars mo,nted on ,oysare eing develo(ed ,t these need to e validated in the environment in #hich they #ill e ,sed. hereis c,rrently no 2acility in the 9.S. that can carry o,t s,ch validations o22shore.0esearch needs incl,de eval,ationand im(rovement o2 h,3height #ind 2orecasts 2rom regional 2orecast models in the marine o,ndary layer ,nderstanding o2 t,r,lencecharacteristics that a22ect t,rine loads and #ind (lant e22iciency and develo(ment o2 acc,rate re(resentations o2 sea s,r2ace ro,ghness and

atmos(heric thermodynamic staility on h, height #inds. In res(onse to these needs 2or validation and research the 9.S. 'e(artment o2*nergy is develo(ing the0e2erence acility 2or O22shore 0ene#ale *nergy D0O0*E. he 0O0* #ill 2eat,re ameteorological to#er #ith #ind tem(erat,re h,midity and t,r,lence sensors at nominally eight levels to a ma+im,m meas,rementheight o2 at least 155 m. In addition remote sensing systems 2or atmos(heric dynamic and thermodynamic (ro2iles sea state meas,rements

incl,ding #ave s(ectra and s,s,r2ace meas,rements o2 c,rrent tem(erat,re and salinity (ro2iles #ill e meas,red. *vent,allymeas,rements 2rom the (lat2orm are antici(ated to incl,de monitoring o2 marine and avian li2e as #ell as

ats. All data collected at the 0O0* #ill e archived and made availale to all interested ,sers. he 0O0*is c,rrently (lanned to e ,ilt on the str,ct,re o2 the -hesa(ea/e =ight o#er a((ro+imately !) /m east o2 irginia


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Oceans Advantage


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Offshore /elps Oceans


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#reat for Oceans

Offshore Wind -arms boost the ocean ecosystem " create artificial reefs and marine

protected areas " comprehensive study proves$limate $onsortium 9enmar& 14@O22shore Wind arms -an >###.stateo2green.com>en>$e#sroom>O22shore3Wind3arms3M*!M85M%3in3harmony3#ith32ishB

he constr,ction o2 o22shore #ind 2arms is ra(idly e+(anding across *,ro(e as a conseH,ence o2 the increasing

demand 2or rene#ale energy but ho does it affect life in the seaK

'enmar/ has constr,cted several o22shore #ind 2armsto address and meet this demand. In order to investigate #hat e22ects#ind 2arms have on 2ish li2e a st,dy (rogram #as estalished in !55 y means o2 a collaoration et#eenOricon and '9 AH,a.0ead more ao,t Oricon and '9 on ###.stateo2green.com

he st,dy (rogram concl,ded that o22shore #ind 2arms have a (ositive e22ect on local ecosystems and

that they are ene2icial 2or 2ish comm,nities eca,se they create ne# ecological niches and e+cl,decommercial 2ishing 2rom the area y them ecoming marine (rotected areasDPAsE.0ead ao,t o22shore #ind 2arms in the 2,t,re on the 'anish *nergy Agency #e(ageOne o2 the #orld;s iggest o22shore #ind 2arms

In 'enmar/ there are 1! com(leted o22shore #ind 2arms incl,ding one o2 the #orld;s largest o22shore #ind 2arms 3 :orns0ev 1. :orns 0ev 1 is located in the $orth Sea 143!5 /m o22 the #estern cost o2 'enmar/ at


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=etXs e asol,tely clear #e m,st develo( marine rene#ale energy. he latest re(ort y leading climate3change scientists saysthat #itho,t signi2icant and ra(id c,ts in caron (oll,tion o,r oceans #ill ecome more acidic (osingZ(otentially serio,s threats to the health o2 the #orldXs oceans ecosystemsZ.Witho,t dee( c,ts in caron (oll,tion #e#ill see m,ch more e+treme #eather across the gloe #ith the dread2,l scenes #e recently #itnessed in the Phili((ines re(eated more 2reH,ently.

es #e need energy e22iciency solar (o#er and onshore #ind.


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Stops Traling

Stops traling* creates marine protected areas , artificial reefsATT+%(( 14 9irector* Plymouth University arine %nstitute@artin Attrill arine0ene#ale *nergyN necessary 2or sa2eg,arding the marine environmentQ. $ovemer !51!htt(N>>###.2oe.co.,/>reso,rce>rie2ingRnotes>marineRrene#aleRenergy.(d2B

Also it has to e recognised thatene2its may accr,e 2rom adding (hysical str,ct,re to the environmentin somelocations as it (rovides a ne# aleit arti2icial ree2 haitat 2or organisms to settle onDs,ch as 2ilter 2eedersE. S,chstr,ct,re tends to attract and concentrate 2ish. onitoring o2 the :orns 0ev #ind 2arm demonstrated a 6532old increase inavailale 2ood iomass 2or 2ish+++viii #hilst 0e,ens et al.+++i+ 2o,nd large aggregations o2 (o,ting and cod #ithin a


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As the stories (revio,sly re(orted on this log #ill tell yo, the #orld is eginning to ma/e changes to#ards a lo# caron economy and the(otential o2 o22shore #ind

Offshore Wind Affirmative - Emory 2014

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