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Offshore East Africa-where is all the oil?
Jeremy Berry
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Introduction
Sudan
South Sudan
Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
Tanzania
Mozambique
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Ethiopia
Kenya
Uganda
▪ Offshore East Africa, only
gas has been found in
commercial volumes
▪ Oil discoveries onshore
Uganda, Kenya,
Mozambique and
Madagascar – along with
numerous seeps along the
coast – encourage the
continued pursuit of the
elusive offshore oil.
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History of Exploration
▪ 1950-1964 Majors perform geological studies and the petroleum system is proven.
▪ 1964-1980 Seismic surveys shot and 5 wells drilled. AGIP discover Songo Songo Gas
field. Gulf Oil discover Pande & Buzi Gas fields.
▪ 1980-1990 Increased drilling period. ENI discover Mnazi Bay gas field.
▪ 1990-2000 Exploration efforts wane due to prediction of gas-prone source rocks.
▪ 2000-2009 First gas produced Songo Songo and Mnazi Bay.
▪ 2009-2014 Renewed exploration with intensive drilling campaigns resulting in
multiple multi-TCF gas discoveries in Mozambique and Tanzania.
Sources: TPDC, INP, Wenworth Resources, Orca Exploration
1950 2014 1964 1980 1990 2000
Pande & Buzi
Discovery
Mnazi Bay
Discovery
Temane
Discovery
Songo Songo
Discovery
1st Rovuma gas
discoveries
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Postulated Source Rocks
Source: TPDC
Paleogene-Neogene:
Restricted to localised pro-delta
environments and rarely attained
sufficient thermal maturation.
Post mid-Jurassic – Cretaceous:
Likely to be gas prone due to paucity
of oil-prone kerogens at the time.
Lower-Middle Jurassic:
Generally deeply buried. Widespread
Miocene inversion thought to have
flashed much of the oils to gas.
Triassic:
Likely to be over-mature.
Permo-Carboniferous:
Compositionally prone to be gas bearing.
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Palaeogeography
Shell, 2003
Early Jurassic
Transition between Permo-
Trias rifting and sea-floor
spreading.
Thermal doming between
Tanzania and Madagascar
Mid-Late Jurassic
Madagascar begins
southerly drift along Davie
Fracture Zone.
Source rocks deposited in
semi-restricted settings.
Cretaceous
Continued drift of Madagascar.
Major deltas begin to form in
coastal basin.
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▪ An Early-Mid Jurassic marine shale is thought to source much of the gas in
offshore Tanzania and Mozambique.
▪ This source rock has not yet been directly sampled.
▪ Is gas being generated because?
– The source rock predominantly lies within the gas window.
– Some areas of this source rock had high gas-prone terrigenous input
Bamford, D. 2012
Natural Gas assets in East Africa Source Intervals
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BLOCK 3BLOCK 3BLOCK 3BLOCK 3BLOCK 3BLOCK 3BLOCK 3BLOCK 3BLOCK 3
MANDAWAMANDAWAMANDAWAMANDAWAMANDAWAMANDAWAMANDAWAMANDAWAMANDAWA
BLOCK 2BLOCK 2BLOCK 2BLOCK 2BLOCK 2BLOCK 2BLOCK 2BLOCK 2BLOCK 2
BLOCK 1BLOCK 1BLOCK 1BLOCK 1BLOCK 1BLOCK 1BLOCK 1BLOCK 1BLOCK 1
AREA 1AREA 1AREA 1AREA 1AREA 1AREA 1AREA 1AREA 1AREA 1
AREA 4AREA 4AREA 4AREA 4AREA 4AREA 4AREA 4AREA 4AREA 4
PWEZA
BLOCK 35BLOCK 35BLOCK 35BLOCK 35BLOCK 35BLOCK 35BLOCK 35BLOCK 35BLOCK 35
BLOCK EBLOCK EBLOCK EBLOCK EBLOCK EBLOCK EBLOCK EBLOCK EBLOCK E
BLOCK FBLOCK FBLOCK FBLOCK FBLOCK FBLOCK FBLOCK FBLOCK FBLOCK F
BLOCK 36BLOCK 36BLOCK 36BLOCK 36BLOCK 36BLOCK 36BLOCK 36BLOCK 36BLOCK 361139 11139 11139 11139 11139 11139 11139 11139 11139 1
MNAZI BAY NMNAZI BAY NMNAZI BAY NMNAZI BAY NMNAZI BAY NMNAZI BAY NMNAZI BAY NMNAZI BAY NMNAZI BAY N
AREA 5AREA 5AREA 5AREA 5AREA 5AREA 5AREA 5AREA 5AREA 5
1139 31139 31139 31139 31139 31139 31139 31139 31139 3
BLOCK DBLOCK DBLOCK DBLOCK DBLOCK DBLOCK DBLOCK DBLOCK DBLOCK D
BLOCK 37BLOCK 37BLOCK 37BLOCK 37BLOCK 37BLOCK 37BLOCK 37BLOCK 37BLOCK 37
AREA 2AREA 2AREA 2AREA 2AREA 2AREA 2AREA 2AREA 2AREA 2
BIGWA-RUFIJIBIGWA-RUFIJIBIGWA-RUFIJIBIGWA-RUFIJIBIGWA-RUFIJIBIGWA-RUFIJIBIGWA-RUFIJIBIGWA-RUFIJIBIGWA-RUFIJI
EAST PANDEEAST PANDEEAST PANDEEAST PANDEEAST PANDEEAST PANDEEAST PANDEEAST PANDEEAST PANDE
ROVUMA ONROVUMA ONROVUMA ONROVUMA ONROVUMA ONROVUMA ONROVUMA ONROVUMA ONROVUMA ON
MNAZI BAYMNAZI BAYMNAZI BAYMNAZI BAYMNAZI BAYMNAZI BAYMNAZI BAYMNAZI BAYMNAZI BAY
BLK-3ABLK-3ABLK-3ABLK-3ABLK-3ABLK-3ABLK-3ABLK-3ABLK-3A
KISANGIREKISANGIREKISANGIREKISANGIREKISANGIREKISANGIREKISANGIREKISANGIREKISANGIRE
SELOUSSELOUSSELOUSSELOUSSELOUSSELOUSSELOUSSELOUSSELOUS
RUVURUVURUVURUVURUVURUVURUVURUVURUVU
BLK-4BBLK-4BBLK-4BBLK-4BBLK-4BBLK-4BBLK-4BBLK-4BBLK-4B
BLK-3CBLK-3CBLK-3CBLK-3CBLK-3CBLK-3CBLK-3CBLK-3CBLK-3C
BLK-1CBLK-1CBLK-1CBLK-1CBLK-1CBLK-1CBLK-1CBLK-1CBLK-1C
NTORYANTORYANTORYANTORYANTORYANTORYANTORYANTORYANTORYA
BLK-2ABLK-2ABLK-2ABLK-2ABLK-2ABLK-2ABLK-2ABLK-2ABLK-2A
BLK-4CBLK-4CBLK-4CBLK-4CBLK-4CBLK-4CBLK-4CBLK-4CBLK-4C
BLK-3BBLK-3BBLK-3BBLK-3BBLK-3BBLK-3BBLK-3BBLK-3BBLK-3B
BLOCK 4BLOCK 4BLOCK 4BLOCK 4BLOCK 4BLOCK 4BLOCK 4BLOCK 4BLOCK 4
BLOCK 5BLOCK 5BLOCK 5BLOCK 5BLOCK 5BLOCK 5BLOCK 5BLOCK 5BLOCK 5 BLK-5BBLK-5BBLK-5BBLK-5BBLK-5BBLK-5BBLK-5BBLK-5BBLK-5B BLK-5CBLK-5CBLK-5CBLK-5CBLK-5CBLK-5CBLK-5CBLK-5CBLK-5C
LINDILINDILINDILINDILINDILINDILINDILINDILINDI
SONGO SONGOSONGO SONGOSONGO SONGOSONGO SONGOSONGO SONGOSONGO SONGOSONGO SONGOSONGO SONGOSONGO SONGO
MAFIAMAFIAMAFIAMAFIAMAFIAMAFIAMAFIAMAFIAMAFIA
BLK-5ABLK-5ABLK-5ABLK-5ABLK-5ABLK-5ABLK-5ABLK-5ABLK-5A
BLK-4ABLK-4ABLK-4ABLK-4ABLK-4ABLK-4ABLK-4ABLK-4ABLK-4A
BLK-2CBLK-2CBLK-2CBLK-2CBLK-2CBLK-2CBLK-2CBLK-2CBLK-2C
BLK-1BBLK-1BBLK-1BBLK-1BBLK-1BBLK-1BBLK-1BBLK-1BBLK-1B
ESPADARTE
ORCA
ZIWANI
CORAL
MZIA
JODARI
PAPA
MAMBA COMPLEX
LAVANI
TANGAWIZI
AGULHA
MRONGE
MKIZI
MoroniMoroniMoroniMoroniMoroniMoroniMoroniMoroniMoroni
50.000
kilometres
Gas Discoveries - Mozambique and Tanzania
▪ 20-30 TCF
discovered
offshore
Tanzania
▪ 120-150 TCF
discovered
offshore
Mozambique
Source: PetroView
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Ages of Gas Discoveries in Tanzania
Source: TPDC
Pliocene Carbonate: Ziwani
Oligocene Slope Channel: Chaza (Block 1)
Miocene Slope Channel: Mkizi (Block 1)
Oligocene Delta: Mnazi Bay, Msimbati
Paleocene Slope Channel: Jodari (Block 1),
Lavani & Tangawizi (Block 2), Pweza, Chewa &
Ngisi (Block 4)
Campanian Slope Channel: Mzia (Block 1),
Zafarina (Block 2) and Papa (Block 3)
Neocomian Shoreface sands: Songo Songo
Albian Delta sands: Ntorya
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Other oil play factors - Crustal Type
Class et al. & Danforth et al. 2012.
• The nature of the crust which underlies the East African margin is subject to
current debate.
• Geochemistry of the Grand Comore lavas indicate an oceanic crustal signature
to the Comoros islands - a useful Eastward constraint upon the location of the
crustal boundary.
• Gravity and magnetics data over the area is also subject to debate, as seafloor
topography associated with the Davie fracture zone and Rovuma delta make
the interpretation more difficult.
• Attempts have been made to pick a distinct crustal boundary on 2D seismic
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Offshore Oil Discoveries?
Pancontinental
Kenya - Sunbird-1
▪ The well was completed in the March 2014.
▪ Water depth 723m
▪ ~900m of overlying sediment
▪ “ . . . gross 29m gas column overlying a gross 14m (9.2m net) oil column” in a Miocene Pinnacle Reef.
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Kenya – Lamu Basin
▪ Davie-Walu Ridge
▪ Tembo trough
▪ Simba High
Pancontinental, 2014
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Kenya – Lamu Basin Reef Play
▪ Prognosed Eocene source
▪ East of the Simba High, Cretaceous age clastic play
expected to be sourced by gas mature Jurassic.
Ophir, 2014
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Further Lamu Basin oil leads
Ophir
Miocene build-up oil prone leads
Sunbird-1
Tertiary
Grabens
Miocene
Build-up
Trends
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Offshore oil discoveries?
▪ Ironclad-1 drilled by Anadarko had oil (and gas) shows in
tight Cretaceous deepwater fan sandstones in Area 1
offshore Mozambique. 2010.
Maps: Deloitte Petroview. Cartoon: Adapted from Law, C. 2011.
Ironclad
Mozambique - Ironclad
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Offshore oil discoveries?
▪ Oil presumably sourced from less deeply buried Jurassic underlying the prospect.
▪ Cretaceous reservoir of poor quality, unlike the neighbouring Tertiary gas bearing
sands
Seismic and Cartoon adapted from Law, C. 2011.
Ironclad-1
Mozambique - Ironclad
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Offshore Kenya
Anadarko Kubwa well in the L-07 Block offshore Kenya,
encountered non-commercial oil shows in reservoir-quality
sands.
Anadarko and Ophir
Ophir indicates that
satellite slick studies
suggest an oil-prone
region offshore
Kenya
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Conclusions
Oil in commercial quantities remains elusive offshore East Africa.
The widespread Jurassic source rocks tend to be in the gas window.
Less deeply buried Jurassic sources could perhaps exist: Closer to shore,
In deeper water where there may be less overburden,
In sub-basins with different tectonic history
Alternative (younger) oil mature source rocks may be developed in restricted sub-basins
Any detailed source rock information from recent wells is proprietary.
Recent Tanzania offshore license round had limited appeal (is more gas in deeper water further from the shore attractive?)
But there were successful bidders. What do they think they know?
GCA would be pleased to help you in this ongoing pursuit.
GeoExpro
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www.gaffney-cline.com
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