OF · information. The publication of the Tri-Service Manual was considered a ... KEENAN, W., and TANCRETO, J.E., "Blast Environment from Fully and

REVISIONOF

TRI-SERVICE REGULATORY DESIGN MANUAL

"STRUCTURES TO RESIST THE EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSIONS"(TM 5-1300, NAVFAC P-397, AFM 88-22)

C

Angelo Castellano, Joseph Caltagirone, ARRADOM

Frederick E. Sock, Norval Dobbs, Ammann & Whitney

ABSTRACT

Initial guidance in the field of protective structures design wasprovided in 1969 with the publication of the Tri-Service Design Manual'Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions" (TM 5-1300,

NAFVAC P-397, AFM 88-22). The manual presents procedures for determiningthe blast effects resulting from an explosion and techniques for the designof reinforced concrete structures subjected to blast loads. A considerableamount of data, much of it not covered in the current manual, has beenaccumulated since its publication. This information has brought about theurgent requirement for revising the manual. This paper briefly describesthe topics in the manual that will be revised, those that will be added,the format of the new manual, and the various committees set up to overseethe revision.

41035

REVISIONOF

TRI-SERVICE REGULATORY DESIGN MANUAL

"STRUCTURES TO RESIST THE EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSIONS"

Introduction

The initial guidance in the highly specialized and complex field of

protective design was provided in 1969 when the Tri-Service Manual,

"Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions" (ref. 1) was

published. The manual presents procedures for determining the blast

effects resulting from an accidental explosion and also techniques for the

design of reinforced concrete structures which will provide protection for

personnel, equipment and other explosive items.

A considerable amount of data (published as technical documents and

others yet to be published) has been accumulated since the development of

the Tri-Service Manual. Although some of this data updates the information

contained in the manual, most of it deals with topics not covered

initially.

Efforts by the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Private Industry in the area

of blast effects and structural design created the urgent need for the

revision of the manual to include recently published data and additional

information. The publication of the Tri-Service Manual was considered a

major step forward in the field of explosion-resistant protective design.

The revision of the manual and the addition of newly developed technology

will greatly improve this important document.

1036 (

This paper describes qualitatively and in a concised form, the various

topics in the manual that will be updated. Additional topics to be

included will also be described briefly. The functions and activities of

the various committees set un to oversee the revision of the manual will be

presented.

Organization of Committees

Figures 1 and 2 show an organization chart of the various institutions

and individuals involved in the revision and update of the Tri-Service

Manual. The revision of the manual is sponsored by the Department of

Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESE). The U.S. Army Armament Research

and Development Command (ARRADCOM) provides administrative and technical

guidance to the Steering Committee. The ARRADCOM team has also the task of

preparing the revised manual througn a contractor, Ammann & Whitney,

Consulting Engineers, New York, N.Y., and their subcontractor, Southwest

Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.

Steering Committee

The Steering Committee, comprised of experts from the Department of

Defense Explosive Safety Board (DDESB), Army, Navy, Air Force and the

Office of the Chief of Engineers (OCE) (fig. 2), meets twice a year to

review the findings and recommendations of the two subcommittees; namely,

Blast Technology and Design Application. The Steering Committee will

periodically review the revision of the manual.

1037

______

Blast Technology arid Design Application Subcommittees

These subcommittees consist of personnel from the Army, Navy, Air

Force, DDESB, COE and private industry (fig. 2). They meet every four

months to identify new technological advances and to recommend appropriate

revisions. They will also review the revised manual at the 50 percent

stage of completion and the final draft.

Topics to be Revised

Two of the most frequently used design aids in the Tri-Service Manual

are Figures 4-5 and 4-12. They show the variations of pressures, impulses, Vvelocities and other parameters of shock waves with scaled distances based

upon tests performed with TNT. Since their development and incorporation

into the manual in 1969, additional theoretical and empirical information 1Jhas become available, some of it published in the manual prepared by

Southwest Research Institute (SWRI) for the Department of Energy (ref. 2).(

Some of the curves illustrated in the figures have been revised and refined

by C. Kingery of the Ballistic Research Laboratories (BRL), and these new

curves will be incorporated in the revised version of Figures 4-5 and 4-12

(figs. 3 and 4).

Other figures and charts to be revised include, but are not limited

to, the following:

1. Figure 4-6 (fig. 5), Reflected Pressure Coefficient vs. Angle of

Incidence - Will be replaced by new curves for pressure and

impulse variation.

1038 (

(7

2. Figure 4-63, Exterior Leakage Pressure vs. Ground-Scaled Distance

- The existing curves in the manual are out-dated and will be

replaced. The bulk of the new data will be extracted from CEL

Report TR R828 (ref. 4).

3. Figure 4-65, Maximum Mean Pressure in a Partially Vented Chamber -

At present, the four existing curves, namely, NOL, Weibull, SWRI

and TM 5-1300 (fig. 6), depict different conditions for mean

pressure in a chamber. These curves will be analyzed and

additional data from tests performed in Norway and the United

Kingdom will be added to form a revised curve.

4. Figure 4-72, Leakage Pressure Coefficient vs. Pressure

Differential - Recent test data will be examined for the revision

of this figure (fig. 7), which is considered to be inadequate.

5. The human tolerance table will be updated, using recent data

published by the Lovelace Foundation.

Besides the revision of other tables and figures in the manual, some

topics have to be updated appropriately. One such example is the effect on

explosive output due to shape of explosive and number of charges. This

data which was previously referred to as "TNT Equivalency" will now be

referred to as Equivalent Charge Weight with the effect produced by the

variation of explosive material referred to as TNT equivalency.

.1039

Additional Topics to be Included

Since the development of the Tri-Service Manual, ARRADOM and other

organizations of the Army, Navy and Air Force have done a considerable

number of studies on blast effects and the blast-resistant capacities of

various structural elements. These studies will be reviewed and the topics

pertinent to the subject of the manual will be incorporated. Some of these

topics are listed in Figure 8.

Format of Revised Manual

To account for the addition of much needed information such as that

outlined in the preceding sections, the revised manual will be divided into

five volumes.

Voum I- lat oains:This section will include the revisions of

the first four chapters of the present manual and also additional topics

such as the effect of charge shape on pressure output, and multiple

explosion effects.

Volume II - Concrete Design and Fragment Impact: The bulk of the data

in this volume will constitute the revised information from Chapters 5, 6

and 7 of the present manual. Additional information will include, but not

be limited to, below ground concrete cubicles, single-revetted barricades

and response of flat slabs to pressure-time loadings.

Volume III - Steel Structures: This volw-e will contain primarily new

information. Design criteria for steel elements and structures will be

provided, together with results of tests performed on pre-engineered and

strengthened steel buildings.

1040

1'-

Volume IV - Other Factors to be Considered in Explosive Facility

Design: Chapter 10 of the current manual will be revised in this volume.

Data will also be provided on safe separation distances between explosive

items, blast-resistant capacities of glass windows and frames, and

earth-covered magazines, etc.

Volume V - Computer Programs and Guide: Like Volume III, this section

is new and will deal with the computer programs currently available to the

Army, Navy and Air Force. The listing of the highly specialized programs

(i.e., those programs written for blast design) will be provided in this

volume.

It is hoped that the division of the revised and updated manual into

five volumes will allow for a detailed and vivid presentation of the

various topics in this highly complex field of blast design. References

will be provided in each volume in the event that additional information in

any particular topic is required.

Conclusions

The revision and update of the manual will be completed by the end of

1983. By then, It is anticipated that the five volumes that constitute the

manual will contain the most recent data available in the area of

protective design. Memos have been sent out to various Division Engineers

and Commanders of the Army, Navy and Air Force asking them to identify any

shortcomings of the present manual. Their responses have been taken into

account in order that the final manual will satisfy the needs of the

various users.

( 1041

REFERENCES

1. "Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions (withAddenda)", Department of the Army Technical Manual TM 5-1300,Washington, D.C., June 1969.

2., "A Manual for the Prediction of Blast and Fragment Loadings onStructures", DOE/TIC-11268, U.S. Department of Energy, Amarillo,Texas, November 1980.

3. GLADSTONE and DOLAN, "Effects of Nuclear Weapons", 3rd Edition,1977.

4. KEENAN, W., and TANCRETO, J.E., "Blast Environment from Fully andPartially Vented Explosions in Cubicles", Technical Report R828,prepared by Civil Engineering Laboratory, Naval ConstructionBattalion Center, Port Hueneme, California, for Department of theArmy, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, New Jersey, November 1975.

1042

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STEERING CONITTEE

Dr. T. Zaker, DDESB

W.L. Armstrong, NCEL

W.C. Buchholtz, AFESC

Lt. Col. W. Mills, COE

Major S. Hawn, AFESC

L.W. Saffian, ARRADGOM

SUB-COMMITTEESBlast Technology Design Application

C.N. Kingery, BRL, ARRADCOM P.D. Price, DDESB

R. Lorenz, NSWC W. Keenan, NCEL

Dr. W.E. Baker, SwRI R. Lein, CO"

H.S. Napadensky, IITRI N. Dobbs, A&W

J.P. Caltagirone, ARRADCOM R.L. Wight, OCE

P. Nash, AFESC H.D. Nickerson, NFEC

Cpt. P.L. Rosengren, AFESC

A. Castellano, ARRADCOM

Figure 2. STEERING AND SUB-COMMITTEE MEMBERS

1044

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1045

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Figure 7 Leakage Pressure Coefficient vs. Pressure Differential

1049

1. Full containment and below ground cells and single-revettedbarricades.

2. Overturning of structures subjected to blast loads.

3. Primary fragment penetration and secondary fragment impact.

4. Multiple explosion sources, simultaneous and sequentialdetonations.

5. Design of structural steel buildings.

6. Pre-engineered and strengthened steel buildings; structural steelelements (ARRADOM reports).

7. Computer analyses of frame structures and other structuralelements.

8. Tests performed on cold-formed steel panels, window frames andglass, including performance specifications for blast windows.

9. TNT equivalencies of explosives and propellants.

10. Leakage pressures due to venting.

11. Ground shock effects.

12. Blast environment due to explosions within structures.

13. Blast environment within structures due to explosions outside thestructure.

14. Blast door design. Results of ESKIMO test series.

15. Design of reinforced concrete flat slabs, beam and column.

16. Suppressive shielding design.

Figure 8. New data to be incorporated in the Protective Design Manual

1050