583 ― ― 地方都市における低栄養リスク高齢者集住地区の析出と 移動販売車事業の評価 ― フードデザート問題研究における買い物弱者支援事業の検討 ― 岩 間 信 之 * 田 中 耕 市 ** 駒木 伸比古 *** 池 田 真 志 **** 浅 川 達 人 ***** Mapping Residential Areas of Elderly People at High Risk of Undernutrition: Analysis of Mobile Sales Wagons from the Viewpoint of Food Desert Issues Nobuyuki IWAMA * , Koichi TANAKA ** , Nobuhiko KOMAKI *** , Masashi IKEDA **** and Tatsuto ASAKAWA ***** [Received 18 November, 2015; Accepted 6 April, 2016] Abstract The purposes of this study are to map residential areas of elderly people at high risk of undernutrition (food desert areas) , and to assess mobile sales wagons as a form of support for disadvantaged shoppers. The research methods are as follows: (1) prepare a map that shows high-density areas of elderly people who suffer from poor nutrition; (2) compare the locations of undernourished elderly people in relation to stations where mobile sales wagons stop; and, (3) assess the efficiency of mobile sales wagon support by comparing these locations, and suggest improvements. The findings of this research are as follows. (1) There are long distances between the locations of poor food access areas and high-density areas of undernourished elderly people. Local communities of people with limited access to shopping facilities are mainly located in suburban agricultural areas, whereas residential areas of undernourished elderly people are located in suburban agricultural areas and city centers. (2) Wagon stations are mainly located in residential areas of relatively poor food access areas; there are no stations in city centers. (3) The customer ratio of sales wagons tends to be higher in areas where many low-functioning independent elderly people live, and in areas where many economically poor seniors and those isolated from family members dwell. 地学雑誌 Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 125 (4)583‒606 2016 doi:10.5026/jgeography.125.583 * 茨城キリスト教大学文学部 ** 茨城大学人文学部 *** 愛知大学地域政策学部 **** 拓殖大学商学部 ***** 明治学院大学社会学部 * College of Literature, Ibaraki Christian University, Hitachi, 319-1295, Japan ** College of Humanities, Ibaraki University, Mito, 310-8512, Japan *** Faculty of Regional Policy, Aichi University, Toyohashi, 441-8522, Japan **** Faculty of Commerce, Takushoku University, Tokyo, 112-8585, Japan ***** Faculty of Sociology and Social Work, Meiji Gakuin University, Tokyo, 108-8636, Japan
24
Embed
地方都市における低栄養リスク高齢者集住地区の析 … of Geography 2016...― ―583 地方都市における低栄養リスク高齢者集住地区の析出と
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
583― ―
地方都市における低栄養リスク高齢者集住地区の析出と移動販売車事業の評価
―フードデザート問題研究における買い物弱者支援事業の検討―
岩 間 信 之* 田 中 耕 市** 駒 木 伸 比 古***
池 田 真 志**** 浅 川 達 人*****
Mapping Residential Areas of Elderly People at High Risk of Undernutrition:
Analysis of Mobile Sales Wagons from the Viewpoint of Food Desert Issues
[Received 18 November, 2015; Accepted 6 April, 2016]
Abstract The purposes of this study are to map residential areas of elderly people at high risk of undernutrition (food desert areas), and to assess mobile sales wagons as a form of support for disadvantaged shoppers. The research methods are as follows: (1) prepare a map that shows high-density areas of elderly people who suffer from poor nutrition; (2) compare the locations of undernourished elderly people in relation to stations where mobile sales wagons stop; and, (3) assess the effi ciency of mobile sales wagon support by comparing these locations, and suggest improvements. The findings of this research are as follows. (1) There are long distances between the locations of poor food access areas and high-density areas of undernourished elderly people. Local communities of people with limited access to shopping facilities are mainly located in suburban agricultural areas, whereas residential areas of undernourished elderly people are located in suburban agricultural areas and city centers. (2) Wagon stations are mainly located in residential areas of relatively poor food access areas; there are no stations in city centers. (3) The customer ratio of sales wagons tends to be higher in areas where many low-functioning independent elderly people live, and in areas where many economically poor seniors and those isolated from family members dwell.
地学雑誌 Journal of Geography(Chigaku Zasshi) 125(4)583‒606 2016 doi:10.5026/jgeography.125.583
* 茨城キリスト教大学文学部 ** 茨城大学人文学部 *** 愛知大学地域政策学部 **** 拓殖大学商学部***** 明治学院大学社会学部 * College of Literature, Ibaraki Christian University, Hitachi, 319-1295, Japan ** College of Humanities, Ibaraki University, Mito, 310-8512, Japan *** Faculty of Regional Policy, Aichi University, Toyohashi, 441-8522, Japan **** Faculty of Commerce, Takushoku University, Tokyo, 112-8585, Japan***** Faculty of Sociology and Social Work, Meiji Gakuin University, Tokyo, 108-8636, Japan
584― ―
Key words: residential areas of elderly people at high risk of undernutrition, mobile sales
wagons for disadvantaged shoppers, food deserts issues, local city
問題が注目されはじめた(Wrigley et al., 2003)。イギリスにおける FDsの最大の被害者は,低所得の外国人労働者である。自家用車をもたない彼らの多くは,日々の食材の購入を,価格が高いうえに野菜や果物といった生鮮品を扱っていない雑貨屋に依存せざるをえない。また,こうしたエリアでは,教育や雇用機会,公衆衛生,治安維持など,さまざまな社会サービスも欠落している。ファストフード店の進出も顕著である。FDsでは住民の食生活が悪化し,癌や心臓血管疾患などの健康被害が拡大している。食生活に関連したこうした疾病には,地域格差が存在する。そのため,FDsと疾患の発生には,何らかの関連があると推測される(Acheson, 1998)。 イギリスでは当初,FDsを誘発する主要因は,商店街の空洞化等などによる自宅から食料品店への近接性(食料品アクセス)の低下であると考えられていた。そのため,同国では1990年代以降,行政が中心となり,食料品アクセスが低下した買い物先空白地区の把握や,FDs問題対策としての当該地区でのスーパーマーケットや移動販売車の出店が進められた(Wrigley, 2002)。 一方,FDsの学術研究は,2000年代に本格化した。FDsにおけるスーパーマーケットの新規出店前・後における住民の食生活の変化を調査した一連の研究は,いずれの地区でも,住民の食生
活に顕著な改善はみられなかったと結論づけている(Wrigley et al., 2003; White et al., 2004;
Cummins et al., 2005)。また,大都市中心部や農・漁村,島嶼部の買い物先空白地区を調査した研究は,どの地区も,個人商店や雑貨店が品揃えを拡張させることで,健康的な食生活維持を維持させるのに十分な食品群を住民に提供していることを実証している(Dawson et al., 2008; Smith
et al., 2009; Cummins et al., 2010, など)。これらの研究結果は,少なくとも英国では,食料品アクセスの低下が住民の食生活を阻害する主要因ではないことを示唆している1)。現在では,明確な学術的証拠を欠いたまま食料品アクセスの改善事業を展開した政府に対し,批判もみられる。また,食料品アクセス以外の生活環境要因の検討も含めた,FDs問題研究の枠組みの再検討が求められている(Findlay and Sparks, 2006)。 イギリスと異なり,FDs問題と人口の高齢化が強く結び付く日本では,食料品アクセスの低下が FDsに及ぼす影響は大きいと考えられる。近年,日本では,日常の食料品入手に困難を感じている高齢者を意味する,いわゆる買い物弱者・買い物難民が注目されている(杉田, 2008; 岩間ほか, 2009; 経済産業省, 2010)。2013年には,農林水産省農林水産政策研究所が日本全国の人口分布と食料品店の位置関係を測定し,自宅から 500 m
1)社会的弱者における食生活と食料品アクセスの関係性に関して,研究者の意見は二分される。イギリスの Leedsを調査した Wrigley et al.(2003)は,食料品アクセスの改善は住民全体の食生活の改善には繋がらなかったものの,食生活がもっとも悪い住民グループに対しては,一定の成果が認められたと述べている。一方,Newcastle(White et al., 2004)や Glasgow(Cummins et al., 2005),スコットランド各地(Dawson et al., 2008)などでの実証研究は,食生活と食料品アクセスの関係性を否定している。
Acheson, D. (1998): Independent Inquiry into In-equality in Health Report. The Stationery Office, UK.赤坂嘉宣・加藤 司(2012): 「買物弱者」対策と事業採算性.経営研究,63(3),19-38.[Akasaka, Y. and Kato, T. (2012): The business of supporting “shop-ping refugees” and its profitability. Business Re-view, 63(3), 19-38. (in Japanese with English ab-stract)]浅井秀子・熊谷昌彦(2014): 中山間地域における買い物弱者対策に関する取り組み―鳥取県江府町の事例.日本建築学会技術報告集,20,269-272.[Asai, H. and Kumagai, M. (2014): Efforts to measure the nob-mobile consumer in mountainous area: The case of Kofu town in Tottori prefecture. Architec-tural Institute of Japan Journal of Technology and Design, 20, 269-272. (in Japanese with English ab-stract)]浅井秀子・熊谷昌彦(2015): 中山間地域における移動販売の実態と住民の意識調査:鳥取県南部町の事例.日本建築学会中国支部研究報告集,38,681-684.[Asai, H. and Kumagai, M. (2015): The actual situ-ation of the non-mobile consumer and the resi-dent's attitude survey in mountainous area: The case of Nanbu town in Tottori Prefecture. Proceed-ings of Annual Research Meeting Chugoku Chapter, Architectural Institute of Japan, 38, 681-684. (in Japanese)]
浅川達人・玉野和志(2010): 現代都市とコミュニティ.放送大学教育振興会.[Asakawa, T. and Tamano, K. (2010): Current City and Community (Gendai Toshi To Community). The Society for the Promotion of the Open University of Japan. (in Japanese)*]
Cummins, S., Petticrew, M., Higgins, C., Findley, A. and Sparks, L. (2005): Large scale food retailing as an intervention for diet and health: Quasi-experimental evaluation of a natural experiment. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59, 1035-1040.
Cummins, S., Smith, D.M., Aitken, Z., Dawson, J., Marshall, D., Sparks, L. and Anderson, A.S. (2010): Neighbourhood deprivation and the price and avail-ability of fruit and vegetables in Scotland. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 23, 494-501.
Dawson, J., Marshall, D., Taylor, M., Cummins, S., Sparks, L. and Anderson, A. (2008): Accessing Healthy Food: A Sentinel Mapping Study of Healthy Food Retailing in Scotland. Food Standards Agency Scotland.
Findlay, A. and Sparks, L. (2006): The Retail Plan-ning Knowledge Base Briefing Paper 2 Food Des-erts. University of Starling, UK.房安功太郎・佐藤豊信・駄田井 久(2013): 移動販売による中山間地域の買い物弱者支援の継続に向けた方策:岡山県真庭市 S地域を対象として.日本農業経済学会論文集,2013,189-196.[Fusayasu, K., Sato, T. and Datai, H. (2013): How to continue to support disadvantaged people in purchasing foods and daily goods by using mobile stores in a rural area. Proceedings of annual Conference of the Agri-cultural Economics Society of Japan, 2013, 189-196. (in Japanese)]
埴淵知哉・近藤克則・村田洋平・平井 寛(2010): 健康な街の条件―場所に着目した健康行動と社会関係資本の分析.行動計量学,37(1),53-67.[Hanibu-chi, T., Kondo, K., Murata, Y. and Hirai, H. (2010): Local conditions for 'a healthy neighborhood' : An analysis of health behaviors and social capital focusing on a specific place. Japanese Journal of Behaviormetrics, 37(1), 53-67. (in Japanese with English abstract)]石飛 猛・神山義久(2015): 沖縄市における移動販売等とともに高齢者を見守る活動に関する報告―コープおきなわによる事例.美作大学・美作大学短期大学部紀要,60,109-124.[Ishitobi, T. and Kami-yama, Y. (2015): A report of the activity, which watches elderly people while delivering dinner or selling goods by car in a city area a case study by “co-op Okinawa”. Bulletin of Mimasaka University Mimasaka Junior College, 60, 109-124. (in Japa-nese)]伊藤千尋(2015): 滋賀県高島市朽木における行商利用の変遷と現代的意義.地理学評論,88,451-472.[Ito, T. (2015): Transitional role of peddling and its importance in the Kutsuki community in Shiga Prefecture. Geographical Review of Japan, 88, 451-472. (in Japanese with English abstract)]岩間信之編(2013): 改訂新版 フードデザート問題―無縁社会が生む食の砂漠.農林統計協会.[Iwama, N. ed. (2013): Newly-Revised Edition: Food Deserts Occurred by Isolated Society (Food Desert Mondai: Muen Shakai Ga Umu Shoku No Sabaku). Associa-tion of Agriculture and Forestry Statistics. (in Jap-anese)*]
岩間信之・田中耕市・佐々木 緑・駒木伸比古・斎藤幸生(2009): 地方都市在住高齢者の「食」を巡る生活環境の悪化とフードデザート問題―茨城県水戸市を事例として.人文地理,61(2),29-46.[Iwama, N., Tanaka, K., Sasaki, M., Komaki, N. and Saito, Y. (2009): The dietary life of the elderly in local cities and food desert issues: A case study of Mito City,
604― ―
Ibaraki Prefecture. Human Geography, 61(2), 29-46. (in Japanese with English abstract)]岩間信之・浅川達人・田中耕市・駒木伸比古(2015a): 高齢者の健康的な食生活維持に対する阻害要因の分析―GIS およびマルチレベル分析を用いたフードデザート問題の検討.フードシステム研究,22(2),55-69.[Iwama, N., Asakawa, T., Tanaka, K. and Komaki, N. (2015a): Analysis of the factors that disrupt dietary habits in the elderly: Verifi cation of the issue of food deserts using GIS and multilevel analysis. Journal of Food System Research, 22(2), 55-69. (in Japanese with English abstract)]岩間信之・浅川達人・田中耕市・佐々木 緑・駒木伸比古・池田真志(2015b): フードデザート地域における持続的な買い物弱者支援事業の提言に向けた地理学的研究―A市における生協移動販売事業を事例として.生協総研賞・第 11回助成事業研究論文集,1-15.[Iwama, N., Asakawa, T., Tanaka, T., Sasaki, M., Komaki, N. and Ikeda, M. (2015b): The geographical research of the sustainable supports to the poor shopping elderly in food deserts area: A case study of shopping vehicle project in city A. Journal of Consumer Co-operative Institute of Ja-pan, the Prize and Research Grant Program, 11, 1-15. (in Japanese)*]鹿毛利枝子(2002): ソーシャル・キャピタルをめぐる研究動向(一).法学論叢,151,101-119.[Kage, R. (2002): Three views of social capital (1). Law Review, 151, 101-119. (in Japanese with English abstract)]経済産業省(2010): 地域生活インフラを支える流通のあり方研究会報告書―地域社会とともに生きる流通.[Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2010): Research Report of Retailing Systems Which Sup-ports Local Living Infrastructures: Retailing Sys-tems with Local Society (Chiiki Seikatsu Infura Wo Sasaeru Ryutsu No Arikata Kenkyukai Hokokusho: Chiiki Shakai To Tomo Ni Ikiru Ryutsu). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. (in Japanese)*]
http:/ /www.meti.go.jp/report/downloadfiles/g100514a03j.pdf [Cited 2016/3/30].経済産業省(2014): 地方公共団体における買い物弱者支援関連制度一覧.[Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2014): The List of Poor Shopping El-derly's Support -Related Legislations of Local Au-thorities (Chiho Kokyo Dantai Ni Okeru Kaimono Jyakusha Shien Kanren Seido Ichiran). (in Japa-nese)*]http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/economy/distribution/pdf/tihoukanrenjigyou26.pdf#search= '%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD%E7%9C%81+%E8%B2%B7%E3%81%84%E7%89%A9%E5%BC%B1%E8%80%85%E6%94%AF%E6%8F%B4 [Cited 2016/3/30].経済産業省(2015): 買物弱者・フードデザート問題等の現状及び今後の対策のあり方に関する調査報告書.[Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2015):
The Report of the Present Situation of Poor Shop-ping Elderly and Food Deserts Issues, and Proposed Measure Planning (Kaimono Jyakusha, Food De-seart Mondai To No Genjo Oyobi Kongo No Taisaku No Arikata Ni Kansuru Chosa Hokokusho). (in Japanese)*]http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/economy/distribution/150430_report.pdf [Cited 2016/3/30].菊池宏之(2015): 買物難民問題と小売経営.経営論集,
85,111-127.[Kikuchi, H. (2015): Food deserts and retail sale management. Journal of Business Administration, 85, 111-127. (in Japanese)]
国土交通省(2005): 大都市圏におけるコミュニティの再生・創出に関する調査報告書.[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transpor (2005): Research Re-port about Revitalization and Generation of the Urban Community (Daitoshiken Ni Okeru Commu-nity No Saisei Soshutsu Ni Kansuru Chosa Hokoku-sho). (in Japanese)*]http://www.mlit.go.jp/kisha/kisha05/02/020801/01.pdf [Cited 2016/3/30].近藤克則(2007): 検証 健康格差社会―介護予防に向けた社会疫学的大規模調査.医学書院.[Kondo, K. (2007): Health Disparity Society: Social Epidemio-logical Large Research Study towards Care Preven-tion (Kensho Kenko Kakusa Shakai: Kaigo Yobo Ni Muketa Shakai Ekigakuteki Daikibo Chosa). Igaku Shoin. (in Japanese)*]
厚生労働省(2013): 平成 23年度 国民健康・栄養調査結果.[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2013): The National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, 2013 (Heisei 23 Nendo Kokumin Kenko Eiyo Chosa Kekka). (in Japanese)]http://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/eiyou/h23-houkoku.html[Cited 2016/3/30].熊谷 修(2011): 介護されたくないなら粗食はやめなさい―ピンピンコロリの栄養学.講談社.[Kumagai, S. (2011): Stop Poor Eating Habit: Nutrition for Healthy Life (Kaigo Saretaku Nainara Soshoku Ha Yamenasai: Pinpin Korori No Eiyogaku). Kodan-sha. (in Japanese)*]
熊谷 修・渡辺修一郎・柴田 博・天野秀紀・藤原佳典・新開省二・吉田英世・鈴木隆雄・湯川晴美・安村誠司・芳賀 博(2003): 地域在宅高齢者における食品摂取の多様性と高次生活機能低下の関連.日本公衆衛生雑誌,50,1117-1124.[Kumagai, S., Watanabe, S., Shibata, H., Amano, H., Fujiwara, Y., Shinkai, S., Yoshida, H., Suzuki, T., Yukawa, H., Ya-sumura, S. and Haga, H. (2003): Effects of dietary variety on declines in high-level functions capacity in elderly people living in a community. Japanese Journal of Public Health, 50, 1117-1124. (in Japa-nese with English abstract)]李 志明(2013): 少子高齢社会におけるロジスティクスの使命と買い物弱者への対策に関する一考察.流通科学大学論集 流通・経営編,26,69-86.[Lee, J. (2013): A Study on the mission of logistics and its
605― ―
measures for the aged society. Journal of the Uni-versity of Marketing and Distribution Sciences (Distribution Sciences & Business Administration), 26, 69-86. (in Japanese)]
李 志明(2015): 買物弱者対策としての移動販売のビジネスモデルに関する研究.流通科学大学論集 流通・経営編,28,27-40.[Lee, J. (2015): Study on the business model of rolling stores for restricted shoppers. Journal of the University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences (Distribution Sciences & Business Administration), 28, 27-40. (in Japa-nese)]
内閣府(2003): ソーシャル・キャピタル―豊かな人間関係と市民活動の好循環を求めて.[Cabinet Offi ce, Government of Japan (2003): Social Capital: Ask-ing for Virtuous Circle of Human Relationships and Civil Activity (Social Capital: Yutaka Na Ningen Kankei To Shimin Katsudo No Kojunkan Wo Mo-tomete). (in Japanese)*]https://www.npo-homepage.go.jp/toukei/2009izen-chousa/2009izen-sonota/2002social-capital [Cited 2016/3/30].中村周作(2009): 行商研究―移動就業行動の地理学.海青社.[Nakamura, S. (2009): Study of Itinerant Traders: Geography of Moving Work Activity (Gyo-sho Kenkyu: Ido Shugyo Kodo No Chirigaku). Sei-kaisha. (in Japanese)*]
折笠俊輔(2014): 生活協同組合の買物弱者支援における実践的モデル構築―地域生活インフラとしての生活協同組合のあり方.生協総研賞・助成事業研究論文集,10,1-15.[Orikasa, S. (2014): The practic-ing model of Co-operative Institute of Japan poor shopping elderly supporting project: The role of Co-operative Institute of Japan as a local living in-frastructure. Journal of Consumer Co-operative Institute of Japan, the Prize and Research Grant Program, 10, 1-15. (in Japanese)*]
小坂田 稔・佐藤豊信(2002): 地域福祉の視点からみた中山間地における移動販売の新たな役割.農村生活研究,46,15-27.[Osakada, M. and Sato, T. (2002): The new role of mobile shopping services in hilly and mountainous areas from a community welfare viewpoint. Journal of the Rural Life Society of Japan, 46, 15-27. (in Japanese with English ab-stract)]
パットナム,R.D. 著,柴内康文訳(2006): 孤独なボウリング―米国コミュニティの崩壊と再生.柏書房.[Putnam, R.D. (2006): Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (Bowling Alone: Beikoku Community No Hokai To Saisei) translated by Sibauchi, Y., Kasiwa Shobo. (in Japa-nese). Putnam, R.D. (2001): Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Si-mon & Schuster.]佐々木 緑(2010): フードデザート問題解決への取組み―地域コミュニティによる高齢者支援.地理,55(8),43-52.[Sasaki, M. (2010): Measures to the
resolving food desert issues: The elderly supporting activities by local community. (Gekkan Chiri), 55(8), 43-52. (in Japanese)*]
Smith, D.M., Cummins, S., Taylor, M., Dawson, J., Marshall, D., Sparks, L. and Anderson, A.S. (2009): Neighborhood food environment and area depriva-tion: Spatial accessibility to grocery stores selling fresh fruit and vegetables in urban and rural set-tings. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 277-284.総務省(2014): 今後の都市部におけるコミュニティのあり方に関する研究会報告書.[Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2014): Research Re-port about Forthcoming Modalities of Community in Urban Areas (Kongo No Toshibu Ni Okeru Com-munity No Arikata Ni Kansuru Kenkyukai Ho-kokusho). (in Japanese)*]http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000283717.pdf [Cited 2016/3/30].杉田 聡(2008): 買物難民―もうひとつの高齢者問題.大月書店.[Sugita, S. (2008): Shopping Refugees: Another Aged Problem (Kaimono Nanmin: Mohito-tsu No Koreisha Mondai). Otsuki Shoten. (in Japa-nese)*]
高橋愛典・竹田育広・大内秀二郎(2012): 移動販売事業を捉える二つの視点:ビジネスモデル構築と買い物弱者対策買.商経学叢,58,435-459.[Takahashi, Y., Takeda, Y. and Ouchi, S. (2012): Business mod-els and governmental assistance for mobile shops: A case of Shoei Keiran, Ikoma City, Nara Prefec-ture. Journal of Business Studies (Shokei-Gakuso), 58, 435-459. (in Japanese with English abstract)]
田中耕市(2004): GISを援用した近接性研究の動向と課題.地理学評論,77,977-996.[Tanaka, K. (2004): Trends and issues in accessibility studies in the GIS era. Geographical Review of Japan, 77, 977-996. (in Japanese with English abstract)]土屋 哲・佐野可寸志(2011): 中山間地で移動販売者が担いうる社会サービスニーズに係る検討―長岡市山古志地域住民へのアンケート調査を通じて.農村計画学会誌,30,273-278.[Tsuchiya, S. and Sano, K. (2011): A study on additional social service needs for community round-trip type agent in intermediate and mountainous area: Through a questionnaire survey for local people in Yamakoshi Village, Nagaoka. Journal of Rural Planning Asso-ciation, 30, 273-278. (in Japanese with English ab-stract)]
White, M., Bunting, J., Raybauld, S., Adamson, A., Williams, I. and Mathers, J. (2004): Do Food Des-erts Exist?. A Multi-level Geographical Analysis of the Relationship between Retail Food Access, Socio-economic Position and Dietary Intake. Final Report to the Food Standards Agency.http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihs/assets/pdfs/fsareport.pdf [Cited 2016/3/30].
Whitehead, M. (1998): Food deserts: what's in a name?.
606― ―
Healthy Education Journal, 57, 189-190.Wrigley, N. (2002): Food deserts in British cities: Pol-
icy context and research priorities. Urban Studies, 39, 2029-2040.
Wrigley, N., Warm, D. and Margetts, B. (2003): Depri-vation, diet, and food-retail access: findings from the Leeds ‘food deserts’ study. Environment and Planning A, 35, 151-188.薬師寺哲郎・高橋克也(2012): 生鮮食料品販売店舗へ
の距離に応じた人口の推計―国勢調査と商業統計のメッシュ統計を利用して.GIS理論と応用,20,31-37.[Yakusiji, T. and Takahashi, K. (2012): Esti-mation of population classified by distance to the nearest fresh food store: Using grid-square statis-tics of population census and census of commerce. Theory and Applications of GIS, 20, 31-37. (in Jap-anese with English abstract)]