OECD Family Database oecd/els/social/family/database

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OECD Family Database

www.oecd.org/els/social/family/database

Inaugaral ISCI Conference, Chicago, USA

26-28 June, 2007

Annette Panzera

OECD Social Policy Division

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Presentation outline

• What is the OECD?– What do we produce?

• Structure of the database– Some example indicators– Other relevant OECD products

• The way ahead– Data gaps, how to fill them?– Other indicators to develop

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What is the OECD and what does it do?

• The OECD exists to promote policies designed “to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living”.

• To identify best practice, the OECD develops indicators focused on internationally comparable datasets which illustrate some vital differences in experience, across countries, over time and across different groups.

• Work on social policy at the OECD covers public pensions, social expenditure, tax/benefits systems, child well-being and policies relating to families and children– OECD Family database a new concept to find data relating to

families and children in one place

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Family database structure

• Family composition:

• Labour Market Status of Families

• Public Policies for Families and Children

• Child Outcomes

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1.The Structure of Families

– Average family size

– Fertility rates, childlessness

– Marriage and divorce rates

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Trends in fertility rates (1980)1980

AUS

AUT

BEL

CHEDEU

ESP

FIN

FRA GBR

GRC

IRL

ITA JPN

KOR

NLD

NZL

PRT

SWE

USA

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Employment rates of women

To

tal fe

rtility

rate

s

SWE

NORISL

DNK

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

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Trends in fertility rates (2005)2005

USA

GBR

CHE

SWE

ESP

SVK

PRT

POL

NOR

NZL

NLD

MEX

LUX

KOR

JPNITA

IRL

ISL

HUNGRC

DEU

FRAFIN

DNK

CZE

CAN

BEL

AUT

AUS

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Employment rates of women

To

tal fe

rtility

rate

s

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More information – family structure

• D’Addio, A-C, and M. Mira d’Ercole (2005), “Trends and determinants of Fertility rates in OECD Countries: the Role of Policies”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 27, OECD, Paris

(www.oecd.org/els/workingpapers)

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2. Labour Market Status of Families

– Maternal employment rates by family size and number of children

– Gender differences in employment outcomes

– Work/family balance (Usual weekly working hours, Family-friendly workplace practices, Time-use)

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Female employment rates usually increase with higher educational attainment

Female employment rates by educational attainment, 2004

0

20

40

60

80

100

SWE UKM NLD AUS GER USA FRA JPN KOR

Employment rate (%)Compulsory education University education

Lower female employment rate with university

education

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Long working hours in some countries impacts upon family life

KOR

USA

JPN

SWE

DEU

AUS

GBR

FRA

NLD

Men Women

87

84

80

70

59

54

53

34

47

020406080100

40 andover30 to 39

20 to 29

1 to 19

77

64

48

40

27

23

17

16

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1 to 19

20 to 29

30 to 39

40 and over

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More information –Policies to help reconcile work and family/ Labour market dynamics

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3.Public Policies for Families and Children

– Public spending on families (Child support, Spending on families and education)

– Child-related leave– Childcare (Enrolments, Financing, Quality)

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Enrolment in childcare (for children aged 0 – 3) varies widely across countries

Panel A: Average enrolment rate of children aged under three years of age in formal childcare (2004)

0

20

40

60

80

SWE USA NLD AUS FRA UKM KOR JPN GER

%0 - 3 years

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Participation for older kids is particularly high in France

Source: OECD Family database and OECD Education database.

Average enrolment rate of children aged three to five years of age in pre-school educational programmes (2004)

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

FRA SWE JPN UK GER AUS NLD USA KOR

% 3 - 5 years

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Public spending on ECEC varies accordingly….

OECD (2007), Social Expenditure database 1980-2003.

Public spending on childcare including pre-primary education, 2003

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

SWE FRA USA UK NLD AUS GER JPN KOR

% Day-care Pre-primary education

OECD Average = 0.7%

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….as does public spending on families (2003)

OECD-24; tax support data for Greece, Hungary, Luxembourg, Poland, Switzerland and Turkey is not available.Source: OECD (2006, forthcoming), Social Expenditure Database (www.oecd.org/els/social/expenditure).Notes: - Public support accounted here only concerns public support that is exclusively for families (e.g. child payments and allowances, parental leave benefits and childcare support). Spending recorded in other social policy areas as health and housing support). Spending recorded in other social policy areas as health and housing support also assists families, but not exclusively, and is not included here.- OECD-24 excludes Greece, Hungary, Luxembourg, Poland, Switzerland and Turkey where Tax spending data are not available.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

FRA SWE AUS GER UKM NLD USA JPN KOR

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Cash Services Tax breaks towards family OECD-24 (2.4%)

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There are large differences in spending patterns on children

Sweden

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13

Years

PPP$

New Zealand

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13

Years

PPP$

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Other relevant OECD publications and data – Policies for families

Other sources: : • Social Expenditure Database

(SOCX 2007), 1980-2003 (including net data for 2003)

• Immervoll, H. and D. Barber (2005), “ Can Parents afford to Work? Childcare costs, Tax-benefit policies and work incentives ”, Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 31, OECD, Paris (www.oecd.org/els/workingpapers).

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4.Child Outcomes

– Child health (Immunisation, birth weight, infant mortality)

– Child poverty

– Education/literacy (Attainment by level of education, Fields of study (by gender), Literacy scores)

– Societal participation

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Child poverty has recently been rising in many countries

Per cent of children in households with incomes below 50% of the median

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2000

2005

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Educational attainment has risen dramatically in the last 20 years, especially

for women Females Aged 25-34 Aged 45-54 Males

Korea

Japan

Sweden

United States

Germany

France

Netherlands

Australia

United Kingdom

Source: OECD Education database

Percentage of population that has attained at least an upper secondary education, by gender and age group, 2004

72

78

79

79

87

86

90

92

97

0 20 40 60 80 100

68

75

81

82

84

88

93

96

97

020406080100

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The relationship between parental employment and literacy scores

PISA 2003Paternal employment Maternal employment

360

410

460

510

560

Finland Korea Canada Australia New Zealand Belgium Ireland Netherlands Sweden UK Germany Poland Norway Japan US France Switzerland Czech Austria Denmark Iceland Hungary Luxembourg Portugal Spain Italy Slovak Republ Greece Turkey Mexico

mea

n s

core

Father FT Father PT Father NW

360

410

460

510

560

Finland Korea Canada Australia New Zealand Belgium Ireland Netherlands Sweden UK Germany Poland Norway Japan US France Switzerland Czech Austria Denmark Iceland Hungary Luxembourg Portugal Spain Italy Slovak Republ Greece Turkey Mexico

mea

n s

core

Mother FT Mother PT Mother NW

0102030405060708090100

Difference in mean score

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

UK

US

France

Sweden

Germany

Australia

Japan

Korea

Netherlands

Difference in mean score

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The relationship between pre-school attendance and literacy scores (PISA

2003)

OECD Average

Canada

Denmark

Greece

Poland

Sweden

Norway

Japan

Australia

Luxembourg

Spain

US

Slovak Republ

Italy

Ireland

Czech

Finland

Korea

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

FRA GER UKM NLD SWE AUS US KOR

Difference between no pre-school attendance and one year or less of pre-school attendance

Difference between no pre-school attendance and more than one year of pre-school attendance

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More information – child outcomes

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Next Steps:

• Questionnaire sent out requesting information on:– Living arrangements of children

– Parental employment patterns

– Take-up of child related leave

– OSHC

• Other sources of data eg.– PISA 2006

– OECD Income Distribution Study (2007)

• OECD Child well-being project– Conception to 3 years

– Literature survey of the effect of family structure on child well-being

– Distribution of public spending by age of child

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