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LTE Air Interface
Training Manual Contents
Issue 01 (2010-05-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential
Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
i
Contents
1 The Air Interface
........................................................................................................................
1-1
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
....................................................................................................................
1-2
1.1.1 First Generation Mobile Systems
.........................................................................................................
1-2
1.1.2 Second Generation Mobile Systems
....................................................................................................
1-2
1.1.3 Third Generation Mobile Systems
.......................................................................................................
1-4
1.1.4 Fourth Generation Mobile Systems
.....................................................................................................
1-5
1.2 3GPP Releases
...............................................................................................................................................
1-6
1.2.1 Pre-Release 99
.....................................................................................................................................
1-6
1.2.2 Release 99
............................................................................................................................................
1-7
1.2.3 Release 4
..............................................................................................................................................
1-7
1.2.4 Release 5
..............................................................................................................................................
1-7
1.2.5 Release 6
..............................................................................................................................................
1-7
1.2.6 Release 7
..............................................................................................................................................
1-8
1.2.7 Release 8
..............................................................................................................................................
1-9
1.2.8 Release 9 and Beyond
........................................................................................................................
1-10
1.3 Radio Interface Techniques
.........................................................................................................................
1-10
1.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access
.................................................................................................
1-10
1.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access
..........................................................................................................
1-11
1.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access
..........................................................................................................
1-11
1.3.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
..............................................................................
1-12
1.4 Transmission Modes
....................................................................................................................................
1-12
1.4.1 Frequency Division Duplex
...............................................................................................................
1-13
1.4.2 Time Division Duplex
........................................................................................................................
1-13
1.5 Spectrum Usage
..........................................................................................................................................
1-14
1.5.1 Frequency Bands
................................................................................................................................
1-14
1.5.2 Existing Mobile Deployment
.............................................................................................................
1-16
1.5.3 LTE Release 8 Bands
.........................................................................................................................
1-17
1.6 Channel Coding in LTE
...............................................................................................................................
1-20
1.6.1 Transport Block CRC
.........................................................................................................................
1-20
1.6.2 Code Block Segmentation and CRC Attachment
...............................................................................
1-21
1.6.3 Channel Coding
.................................................................................................................................
1-23
1.6.4 Rate Matching
....................................................................................................................................
1-28
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1.6.5 Code Block Concatenation
.................................................................................................................
1-29
1.7 Principles of OFDM
....................................................................................................................................
1-30
1.7.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing
......................................................................................................
1-30
1.7.1 OFDM Subcarriers
.............................................................................................................................
1-31
1.7.2 Fast Fourier Transforms
.....................................................................................................................
1-31
1.7.3 LTE FFT Sizes
...................................................................................................................................
1-32
1.7.4 OFDM Symbol Mapping
...................................................................................................................
1-32
1.7.5 Time Domain Interference
.................................................................................................................
1-33
1.7.6 OFDM Advantages and
Disadvantages..............................................................................................
1-35
2 LTE Physical
Layer.....................................................................................................................
2-1
2.1 The Uu Interface
............................................................................................................................................
2-3
2.2 LTE Radio Interface Protocols
......................................................................................................................
2-3
2.2.1 Control and User Plane Protocols
........................................................................................................
2-4
2.2.2 Non Access Stratum
.............................................................................................................................
2-4
2.2.3 RRC
.....................................................................................................................................................
2-7
2.2.4 PDCP
...................................................................................................................................................
2-7
2.2.5 RLC
......................................................................................................................................................
2-8
2.2.6 MAC
....................................................................................................................................................
2-8
2.2.7 Physical
................................................................................................................................................
2-9
2.3 LTE Channel Structure
..................................................................................................................................
2-9
2.3.1 Logical Channels
...............................................................................................................................
2-10
2.3.2 Transport Channels
............................................................................................................................
2-11
2.3.3 Physical Channels
..............................................................................................................................
2-12
2.3.4 Radio Channels
..................................................................................................................................
2-13
2.3.5 Channel Mapping
...............................................................................................................................
2-13
2.4 LTE Frame Structure
...................................................................................................................................
2-15
2.4.1 Type 1 Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes
.......................................................................................
2-15
2.4.2 Type 2 Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes
.......................................................................................
2-17
2.5 OFDM Signal Generation
...........................................................................................................................
2-18
2.5.1 Codewords, Layers and Antenna Ports
..............................................................................................
2-19
2.5.2 Scrambling
.........................................................................................................................................
2-20
2.5.3 Modulation Mapper
...........................................................................................................................
2-21
2.5.4 Layer Mapper
.....................................................................................................................................
2-22
2.5.5 Precoding
...........................................................................................................................................
2-23
2.5.6 Resource Element Mapper
.................................................................................................................
2-26
2.5.7 OFDM Signal Generation
..................................................................................................................
2-26
2.6 Downlink OFDMA
.....................................................................................................................................
2-26
2.6.1 General OFDMA Structure
................................................................................................................
2-26
2.6.2 Physical Resource Blocks and Resource Elements
............................................................................
2-27
2.7 LTE Physical Signals
...................................................................................................................................
2-28
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
.......................................................................................................................
2-31
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2.8.1 Cell Specific Reference Signals
.........................................................................................................
2-31
2.8.2 MBSFN Reference Signals
................................................................................................................
2-33
2.8.3 UE Specific Reference Signals
..........................................................................................................
2-34
2.9 Downlink LTE Physical Channels
...............................................................................................................
2-34
2.9.1 PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
.................................................................................................
2-34
2.9.2 PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel)
.....................................................................
2-35
2.9.3 PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel)
.................................................................................
2-37
2.9.4 PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel)
...........................................................................
2-40
2.9.5 PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)
..................................................................................
2-41
2.10 Downlink Control Signaling
.....................................................................................................................
2-42
2.10.1 DCI Format 0
...................................................................................................................................
2-42
2.10.2 DCI Format 1
...................................................................................................................................
2-43
2.10.3 DCI Format 1A
................................................................................................................................
2-43
2.10.4 DCI Format 1B
................................................................................................................................
2-44
2.10.5 DCI Format 1C
................................................................................................................................
2-44
2.10.6 DCI Format 1D
................................................................................................................................
2-45
2.10.7 DCI Format 2
...................................................................................................................................
2-45
2.10.8 DCI Format 2A
................................................................................................................................
2-46
2.10.9 DCI Format 3
...................................................................................................................................
2-46
2.10.10 DCI Format 3A
..............................................................................................................................
2-46
2.11 LTE Cell Search Procedure
.......................................................................................................................
2-47
2.11.1 Cell Search
.......................................................................................................................................
2-47
2.11.2 PSS Correlation
................................................................................................................................
2-48
2.11.3 SSS Correlation
................................................................................................................................
2-49
2.11.4 Master Information Block
................................................................................................................
2-50
2.11.5 System Information Messages
.........................................................................................................
2-50
2.11.6 PLMN Selection
...............................................................................................................................
2-55
2.11.7 Cell Selection
...................................................................................................................................
2-57
2.12 Uplink Transmission Technique
................................................................................................................
2-58
2.12.1 SC-FDMA Signal Generation
..........................................................................................................
2-58
2.13 OFDMA Verses SC-FDMA
.......................................................................................................................
2-61
2.14 Uplink LTE Physical Channels
.................................................................................................................
2-61
2.14.1 PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
..................................................................................
2-62
2.14.2 PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)
.....................................................................................
2-66
2.14.3 PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)
....................................................................................
2-68
2.15 Timing
Relationships.................................................................................................................................
2-69
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals
..........................................................................................................................
2-70
2.16.1 Demodulation Reference Signal
......................................................................................................
2-71
2.16.2 Sounding Reference Signal
..............................................................................................................
2-72
2.17 Uplink Control Signaling
..........................................................................................................................
2-75
2.17.1 PUCCH Format 1
.............................................................................................................................
2-75
2.17.2 PUCCH Format 1a and 1b
...............................................................................................................
2-76
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2.18 LTE Random Access Procedure
................................................................................................................
2-78
2.18.1 RRC Connection
..............................................................................................................................
2-78
2.18.2 PRACH Preambles
...........................................................................................................................
2-79
2.18.3 Random Access Procedure Initialization
..........................................................................................
2-80
2.18.4 Random Access Response Window
.................................................................................................
2-82
2.18.5 Random Access Response
................................................................................................................
2-82
2.18.6 Uplink Transmission
........................................................................................................................
2-83
2.19 Uplink Power Control
...............................................................................................................................
2-84
2.19.1 PUSCH Power Control
....................................................................................................................
2-84
2.19.2 PUCCH Power Control
....................................................................................................................
2-85
2.19.3 PRACH Power Control
....................................................................................................................
2-86
2.20 Paging Procedures
.....................................................................................................................................
2-86
2.20.1 Discontinuous Reception for Paging
................................................................................................
2-86
2.20.2 Paging Frame
...................................................................................................................................
2-87
2.21 HARQ Operation
......................................................................................................................................
2-88
2.21.1 Retransmission Types
.......................................................................................................................
2-88
2.21.2 HARQ Methods
...............................................................................................................................
2-88
2.21.3 HARQ in LTE
..................................................................................................................................
2-90
2.21.4 HARQ In the Downlink
...................................................................................................................
2-91
2.21.5 HARQ In the Uplink
........................................................................................................................
2-91
2.21.6 ACK NACK Timing
........................................................................................................................
2-92
2.22 Diversity Options
......................................................................................................................................
2-94
2.22.1 SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO
.............................................................................................................
2-94
2.22.2 MIMO and Transmission Options
....................................................................................................
2-94
2.22.3 MIMO Modes
..................................................................................................................................
2-95
2.22.4 Spatial Multiplexing in LTE
.............................................................................................................
2-96
2.22.5 Feedback Reporting
.........................................................................................................................
2-98
3 Dynamic Resource Allocation
.................................................................................................
3-1
3.1 Scheduling Principles and Signaling
.............................................................................................................
3-2
3.1.1 QoS in Packet Switched Networks
......................................................................................................
3-3
3.1.2 Key Factors Influencing Scheduling
....................................................................................................
3-4
3.1.3 Scheduling Methods
.............................................................................................................................
3-4
3.1.4 Downlink Scheduling
...........................................................................................................................
3-5
3.1.5 PDSCH Resource Allocation
...............................................................................................................
3-6
3.1.6 Modulation and Coding Scheme
..........................................................................................................
3-7
3.1.7 Uplink Scheduling
...............................................................................................................................
3-9
3.2 Scheduler
Interaction.....................................................................................................................................
3-9
3.2.1 Radio Bearers
.......................................................................................................................................
3-9
3.2.2 Scheduler Interaction with Layer 2 and Layer 1
..................................................................................
3-9
3.3 Dynamic and Semi-persistent Scheduling
...................................................................................................
3-10
3.3.1 Dynamic Scheduling
..........................................................................................................................
3-11
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3.3.2 Downlink Semi-persistent Scheduling
...............................................................................................
3-11
3.3.3 Uplink Semi-persistent Scheduling
....................................................................................................
3-12
4 Intra LTE Mobility
.....................................................................................................................
4-1
4.1 Intra-LTE Mobility
........................................................................................................................................
4-2
4.1.1 Idle State - Cell Reselection
.................................................................................................................
4-2
4.1.2 Active State Mobility
...........................................................................................................................
4-4
4.1.3 Handover Procedure
.............................................................................................................................
4-5
4.2 Reporting Options
.........................................................................................................................................
4-6
4.2.1 Measurement Configuration Parameter
...............................................................................................
4-6
4.2.2 Report Configuration Parameter
..........................................................................................................
4-7
4.3 Mobility Measurements
.................................................................................................................................
4-8
4.3.1 Measurement Gaps
...............................................................................................................................
4-8
4.3.2 Gap Configuration
...............................................................................................................................
4-9
4.3.3 UE Measurements
................................................................................................................................
4-9
5 Glossary
.......................................................................................................................................
5-1
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Contents
LTE Air Interface
Training Manual
vi Huawei Proprietary and Confidential
Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
-
LTE Air Interface
Training Manual Figures
Issue 01 (2010-05-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential
Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
vii
Figures
Figure 1-1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
........................................................................................................
1-2
Figure 1-2 Second Generation Mobile Systems
.................................................................................................
1-3
Figure 1-3 Third Generation Mobile Systems
....................................................................................................
1-5
Figure 1-4 Forth Generation Mobile System
......................................................................................................
1-6
Figure 1-5 3GPP Releases
..................................................................................................................................
1-6
Figure 1-6 HSDPA
.............................................................................................................................................
1-7
Figure 1-7 HSUPA
.............................................................................................................................................
1-8
Figure 1-8 HSPA+ (Release 7)
...........................................................................................................................
1-9
Figure 1-9 Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE
...............................................................................................................
1-9
Figure 1-10 Release 9 and Beyond
...................................................................................................................
1-10
Figure 1-11 Radio Interface Techniques
...........................................................................................................
1-10
Figure 1-12 Frequency Division Multiple Access
............................................................................................
1-11
Figure 1-13 Time Division Multiple Access
.....................................................................................................
1-11
Figure 1-14 Code Division Multiple Access
....................................................................................................
1-12
Figure 1-15 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
.........................................................................
1-12
Figure 1-16 Frequency Division Duplex
..........................................................................................................
1-13
Figure 1-17 Time Division Duplex
...................................................................................................................
1-13
Figure 1-18 GSM Deployments
.......................................................................................................................
1-16
Figure 1-19 Key UMTS Deployment Bands
....................................................................................................
1-17
Figure 1-20 EARFCN Calculation
...................................................................................................................
1-19
Figure 1-21 Example Downlink EARFCN Calculation
...................................................................................
1-19
Figure 1-22 Summary of LTE Transport Channel Processing
..........................................................................
1-20
Figure 1-23 Cyclic Redundancy Check Concept
..............................................................................................
1-21
Figure 1-24 CRC Parity Bits
............................................................................................................................
1-21
Figure 1-25 Code Block Segmentation and CRC Attachment
.........................................................................
1-22
Figure 1-26 Example Calculation for Segmentation and Filler
Bits.
................................................................
1-22
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Figures
LTE Air Interface
Training Manual
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Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Figure 1-27 Repetition Coding of the HI
..........................................................................................................
1-24
Figure 1-28 Basic Rate Convolutional Coder
...............................................................................................
1-25
Figure 1-29 Convolutional Coding Trellis
........................................................................................................
1-25
Figure 1-30 Example of Viterbi Decoding
.......................................................................................................
1-26
Figure 1-31 Initializing Tail Biting Convolutional Coding
..............................................................................
1-27
Figure 1-32 LTE 1/3 Rate Tail Biting Convolutional Coding
...........................................................................
1-27
Figure 1-33 LTE Turbo Coding
........................................................................................................................
1-28
Figure 1-34 LTE Rate Matching
.......................................................................................................................
1-28
Figure 1-35 Code Block Concatenation
...........................................................................................................
1-29
Figure 1-36 Use of OFDM in LTE
...................................................................................................................
1-30
Figure 1-37 FDM Carriers
................................................................................................................................
1-30
Figure 1-38 OFDM Subcarriers
........................................................................................................................
1-31
Figure 1-39 Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
.....................................................................................................
1-31
Figure 1-40 Fast Fourier Transform
.................................................................................................................
1-32
Figure 1-41 OFDM Symbol Mapping
..............................................................................................................
1-33
Figure 1-42 OFDM PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)
..............................................................................
1-33
Figure 1-43 Delay Spread
.................................................................................................................................
1-34
Figure 1-44 Inter Symbol Interference
.............................................................................................................
1-34
Figure 1-45 Cyclic Prefix
.................................................................................................................................
1-35
Figure 2-1 The LTE Air Interface
.......................................................................................................................
2-3
Figure 2-2 LTE Control Plane and User Plane
...................................................................................................
2-3
Figure 2-3 E-UTRA Protocols
............................................................................................................................
2-4
Figure 2-4 NAS Signaling
..................................................................................................................................
2-4
Figure 2-5 Main RRC Functions
........................................................................................................................
2-7
Figure 2-6 PDCP Functions
................................................................................................................................
2-7
Figure 2-7 RLC Modes and Functions
...............................................................................................................
2-8
Figure 2-8 Medium Access Control Functions
...................................................................................................
2-9
Figure 2-9 Physical Layer Functions
..................................................................................................................
2-9
Figure 2-10 LTE Channels
...............................................................................................................................
2-10
Figure 2-11 Location of Channels
....................................................................................................................
2-10
Figure 2-12 BCCH and PCCH Logical Channels
............................................................................................
2-10
Figure 2-13 CCCH and DCCH Signaling
........................................................................................................
2-11
Figure 2-14 Dedicated Traffic Channel
............................................................................................................
2-11
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Figure 2-15 LTE Release 8 Transport Channels
...............................................................................................
2-12
Figure 2-16 Radio Channel
..............................................................................................................................
2-13
Figure 2-17 Downlink Channel Mapping
.........................................................................................................
2-14
Figure 2-18 Uplink Channel Mapping
..............................................................................................................
2-15
Figure 2-19 LTE Frame Structure
.....................................................................................................................
2-16
Figure 2-20 Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix
.............................................................................................
2-16
Figure 2-21 Normal CP Configuration
.............................................................................................................
2-17
Figure 2-22 Type 2 TDD Radio Frame
.............................................................................................................
2-18
Figure 2-23 Downlink Physical Layer Processing
...........................................................................................
2-19
Figure 2-24 Codeword, Layer and Antenna Port Mapping
..............................................................................
2-19
Figure 2-25 Scrambling in LTE
........................................................................................................................
2-20
Figure 2-26 LTE Scrambling Code Generation
................................................................................................
2-20
Figure 2-27 BPSK, QPSK and 16QAM Modulation Mapper
..........................................................................
2-21
Figure 2-28 64QAM Modulation Mapper
........................................................................................................
2-21
Figure 2-29 LTE Precoding Options
.................................................................................................................
2-24
Figure 2-30 Example of the Downlink Signal Generation Equation
................................................................
2-26
Figure 2-31 OFDMA in LTE
............................................................................................................................
2-27
Figure 2-32 Physical Resource Block and Resource Element
..........................................................................
2-28
Figure 2-33 Downlink Cell ID
.........................................................................................................................
2-29
Figure 2-34 PSS and SSS Location for FDD
...................................................................................................
2-29
Figure 2-35 PSS and SSS Location for TDD
...................................................................................................
2-30
Figure 2-36 SSS Scrambling
............................................................................................................................
2-31
Figure 2-37 Reference Signals - One Antenna Port
..........................................................................................
2-32
Figure 2-38 Reference Signal Physical Cell ID Offset
.....................................................................................
2-32
Figure 2-39 Reference Signals - Two Antenna Ports (Normal CP)
..................................................................
2-32
Figure 2-40 Reference Signals - Four Antenna Ports (Normal CP)
..................................................................
2-33
Figure 2-41 MBSFN Reference Signals
...........................................................................................................
2-34
Figure 2-42 UE Specific Reference Signals
.....................................................................................................
2-34
Figure 2-43 Broadcast Signaling
......................................................................................................................
2-35
Figure 2-44 MIB to PBCH Mapping (FDD and Normal CP)
...........................................................................
2-35
Figure 2-45 CFI to PCFICH Mapping
..............................................................................................................
2-36
Figure 2-46 FDD Downlink Control Region
....................................................................................................
2-37
Figure 2-47 REG to CCE and PDCCH Mapping
.............................................................................................
2-38
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Figures
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Figure 2-48 PDCCH to Control Region Mapping
............................................................................................
2-38
Figure 2-49 CCE Allocation Levels
.................................................................................................................
2-39
Figure 2-50 Common and UE-Specific Search Spaces
....................................................................................
2-39
Figure 2-51 PHICH Mapping
...........................................................................................................................
2-40
Figure 2-52 Extended PHICH Example
...........................................................................................................
2-41
Figure 2-53 Generic PDSCH Mapping
............................................................................................................
2-41
Figure 2-54 Initial Procedures
..........................................................................................................................
2-47
Figure 2-55 PSS and SSS for Cell Search (FDD Mode)
..................................................................................
2-47
Figure 2-56 Physical Cell Identities
.................................................................................................................
2-48
Figure 2-57 PSS Correlation
............................................................................................................................
2-48
Figure 2-58 SSS Correlation Example
.............................................................................................................
2-49
Figure 2-59 PBCH and the Master Information Block
.....................................................................................
2-50
Figure 2-60 System Information Block Type 1
................................................................................................
2-51
Figure 2-61 Example of SI Mapping
................................................................................................................
2-52
Figure 2-62 System Information Block Type 2
................................................................................................
2-53
Figure 2-63 System Information Block Type 3
................................................................................................
2-53
Figure 2-64 System Information Block Type 4
................................................................................................
2-53
Figure 2-65 System Information Block Type 5
................................................................................................
2-54
Figure 2-66 System Information Block Type 6
................................................................................................
2-54
Figure 2-67 System Information Block Type 7
................................................................................................
2-54
Figure 2-68 System Information Block Type 8
................................................................................................
2-55
Figure 2-69 System Information Block Type 9
................................................................................................
2-55
Figure 2-70 PLMN Selection
...........................................................................................................................
2-55
Figure 2-71 LTE Cell Selection
........................................................................................................................
2-57
Figure 2-72 SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping Concept
......................................................................................
2-59
Figure 2-73 SC-FDMA Signal Generation
.......................................................................................................
2-60
Figure 2-74 SC-FDMA and the eNB
................................................................................................................
2-60
Figure 2-75 Example of the Uplink Signal Generation Equation
.....................................................................
2-61
Figure 2-76 Release 8 Uplink Physical Channels
.............................................................................................
2-62
Figure 2-77 PRACH Preamble
.........................................................................................................................
2-62
Figure 2-78 PRACH Guard Period
...................................................................................................................
2-63
Figure 2-79 PRACH FDD Formats
..................................................................................................................
2-64
Figure 2-80 PRACH Configuration
..................................................................................................................
2-64
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Figure 2-81 PRACH Configuration and Preamble Sequences Per Cell
...........................................................
2-66
Figure 2-82 PUSCH Mapping
..........................................................................................................................
2-67
Figure 2-83 Multiplexing Control Signaling
....................................................................................................
2-67
Figure 2-84 Mapping to Physical Resource Blocks for PUCCH
......................................................................
2-68
Figure 2-85 FDD Timing
..................................................................................................................................
2-69
Figure 2-86 Example of TDD Configuration 2
................................................................................................
2-70
Figure 2-87 Uplink Reference Signals
.............................................................................................................
2-70
Figure 2-88 DRS Sequence Group Selection
...................................................................................................
2-71
Figure 2-89 Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (Normal CP)
..................................................................
2-72
Figure 2-90 Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (Extended CP)
...............................................................
2-72
Figure 2-91 Requirement for SRS
....................................................................................................................
2-73
Figure 2-92 Example of SRS Frequency Hopping
...........................................................................................
2-73
Figure 2-93 Example SRS Allocation
..............................................................................................................
2-74
Figure 2-94 PUCCH Format 1a and 1b (Normal CP)
......................................................................................
2-76
Figure 2-95 PUCCH Format 2 (Normal CP)
....................................................................................................
2-77
Figure 2-96 PUCCH Format 2 (Extended CP)
.................................................................................................
2-77
Figure 2-97 PUCCH Format 2a and 2b ACK/NACK Coding
..........................................................................
2-78
Figure 2-98 Overall Random Access Procedure
...............................................................................................
2-78
Figure 2-99 Random Access RRC Signaling Procedure
..................................................................................
2-79
Figure 2-100 PRACH Probing
.........................................................................................................................
2-79
Figure 2-101 Allocating Preambles to Group A and Group B
..........................................................................
2-81
Figure 2-102 Random Access Response Window
............................................................................................
2-82
Figure 2-103 MAC Random Access Response
................................................................................................
2-82
Figure 2-104 Random Access - Assigned UL-SCH
.........................................................................................
2-83
Figure 2-105 MAC Contention Resolution
......................................................................................................
2-84
Figure 2-106 Uplink Power Control
.................................................................................................................
2-84
Figure 2-107 Paging Issues
..............................................................................................................................
2-86
Figure 2-108 System with DRX Reception of Paging
......................................................................................
2-87
Figure 2-109 ARQ Verses HARQ
....................................................................................................................
2-88
Figure 2-110 Basic Concept of
SAW................................................................................................................
2-89
Figure 2-111 HARQ Parallel Processes
............................................................................................................
2-89
Figure 2-112 HARQ Methods
..........................................................................................................................
2-89
Figure 2-113 Example of Redundancy Versions and Soft Bits
.........................................................................
2-90
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Figure 2-114 FDD HARQ Processes
................................................................................................................
2-91
Figure 2-115 Downlink FDD HARQ Timing
...................................................................................................
2-93
Figure 2-116 Uplink FDD HARQ Timing
........................................................................................................
2-93
Figure 2-117 SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO
........................................................................................................
2-94
Figure 2-118 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
.......................................................................................................
2-95
Figure 2-119 Spatial Multiplexing Interference Issues
.....................................................................................
2-95
Figure 2-120 MIMO Space Time Coding
.........................................................................................................
2-96
Figure 2-121 AMS
Concept..............................................................................................................................
2-96
Figure 2-122 PDSCH Processing
.....................................................................................................................
2-97
Figure 2-123 Feedback Reporting
....................................................................................................................
2-98
Figure 2-124 4-bit CQI Table
...........................................................................................................................
2-98
Figure 3-1 IP Scheduling
....................................................................................................................................
3-2
Figure 3-2 Basic Scheduling in a Cell
................................................................................................................
3-2
Figure 3-3 Packet Classifier and Packet Scheduler
............................................................................................
3-3
Figure 3-4 Key Factors Influencing Scheduling
.................................................................................................
3-4
Figure 3-5 Possible Scheduling Method
.............................................................................................................
3-4
Figure 3-6 Type 0 Resource Allocation
..............................................................................................................
3-6
Figure 3-7 Type 1 Resource Allocation
..............................................................................................................
3-7
Figure 3-8 Type 2 Resource Allocation
..............................................................................................................
3-7
Figure 3-9 Using the TBS Size
...........................................................................................................................
3-8
Figure 3-10 Scheduler Interaction
....................................................................................................................
3-10
Figure 3-11 Dynamic Scheduling
.....................................................................................................................
3-11
Figure 3-12 Semi Persistent Scheduling
...........................................................................................................
3-12
Figure 4-1 Intra-LTE Mobility
...........................................................................................................................
4-2
Figure 4-2 Intra-Frequency and Inter-frequency
................................................................................................
4-2
Figure 4-3 Sintrasearch Parameter
...........................................................................................................................
4-3
Figure 4-4 Impact to Treselection
.......................................................................................................................
4-4
Figure 4-5 Ranking Equation
.............................................................................................................................
4-4
Figure 4-6 Intra-LTE Mobility
...........................................................................................................................
4-5
Figure 4-7 LTE Handover Procedure
.................................................................................................................
4-5
Figure 4-8 Measurement Configuration Parameters
...........................................................................................
4-6
Figure 4-9 Report Configuration Parameters
.....................................................................................................
4-7
Figure 4-10 Periodic and Event Reporting
.........................................................................................................
4-8
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Figure 4-11 Non Gap Assisted
............................................................................................................................
4-8
Figure 4-12 Gap Assisted
...................................................................................................................................
4-9
Figure 4-13 Gap Configuration
..........................................................................................................................
4-9
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Tables
Table 1-1 2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS Systems
................................................................................................
1-3
Table 1-2 IMT Advanced Features
.....................................................................................................................
1-5
Table 1-3 GSM Frequency Bands
.....................................................................................................................
1-14
Table 1-4 UMTS FDD Frequency Bands
.........................................................................................................
1-15
Table 1-5 UMTS TDD Frequency Bands
.........................................................................................................
1-15
Table 1-6 LTE Release 8 Frequency Bands
......................................................................................................
1-18
Table 1-7 Transport Channel Coding Options
..................................................................................................
1-23
Table 1-8 Control Information Coding Options
................................................................................................
1-23
Table 1-9 CFI
Encoding....................................................................................................................................
1-24
Table 1-10 Convolutional Coding Example
.....................................................................................................
1-25
Table 1-11 Standard Convolutional Coding Verses Tail Biting
Convolutional Coding .................................... 1-27
Table 1-12 LTE Sub-block Interleaver
..............................................................................................................
1-29
Table 1-13 LTE Channel and FFT Sizes
...........................................................................................................
1-32
Table 2-1 NAS EMM and ESM Procedures
.......................................................................................................
2-5
Table 2-2 Downlink CP Parameters
..................................................................................................................
2-17
Table 2-3 Type 2 Radio Frame Switching
Points..............................................................................................
2-18
Table 2-4 Layer Mapper Configuration
............................................................................................................
2-22
Table 2-5 Codeword to Layer Mapping for Spatial Multiplexing
....................................................................
2-22
Table 2-6 Codeword to Layer Mapping for Transmit Diversity
.......................................................................
2-23
Table 2-7 Codebook for Transmission for Two Antenna Ports
.........................................................................
2-25
Table 2-8 Downlink PRB Parameters
...............................................................................................................
2-28
Table 2-9 Example of SSS Indices
...................................................................................................................
2-30
Table 2-10 CFI Mapping
..................................................................................................................................
2-36
Table 2-11 CFI Codewords
...............................................................................................................................
2-37
Table 2-12 DCI Formats
...................................................................................................................................
2-42
Table 2-13 DCI Ambiguous Sizes of Information Bits
.....................................................................................
2-43
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Table 2-14 Precoding Information Field for 4 Antenna Ports (Open
Loop) .....................................................
2-46
Table 2-15 Cell Selection Parameters
...............................................................................................................
2-57
Table 2-16 SC-FDMA verses OFDMA
............................................................................................................
2-61
Table 2-17 Random Access Preamble Parameters
............................................................................................
2-63
Table 2-18 PRACH Configuration Index
.........................................................................................................
2-65
Table 2-19 K Values for TDD Configurations
...............................................................................................
2-69
Table 2-20 PUCCH Formats
.............................................................................................................................
2-75
Table 2-21 Parameters for Random Access
......................................................................................................
2-80
Table 2-22 FDD Subframe Patterns
..................................................................................................................
2-87
Table 2-23 TDD Subframe Patterns
..................................................................................................................
2-88
Table 2-24 TDD HARQ Processes
...................................................................................................................
2-91
Table 2-25 UL HARQ Operation
......................................................................................................................
2-92
Table 2-26 Codebook Precoding
.......................................................................................................................
2-97
Table 3-1 Modulation and TBS index table for PDSCH
.....................................................................................
3-7
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1 The Air Interface Objectives
On completion of this section the participants will be able
to:
1.1 Describe the evolution of cellular networks.
1.2 Summarize the evolution of 3GPP releases, from release 99 to
release 8.
1.3 Describe radio interface techniques.
1.4 Explain the difference between FDD and TDD mode.
1.5 Describe flexible spectrum usage.
1.6 Explain the concepts of channel coding and FEC (Forward
Error Correction).
1.7 Describe the principles for OFDM.
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1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
Cellular mobile networks have been evolving for many years. The
initial networks are
referred to as First Generation. These have now been replaced
with Second Generation and Third Generation networks. It is only
now that 4G or Fourth Generation systems are being deployed.
Figure 1-1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
1G (First
Generation)
2G (Second
Generation)
3G (Third
Generation)
4G (Fourth
Generation)
1.1.1 First Generation Mobile Systems
The 1G (First Generation) mobile systems were not digital, i.e.
they utilized analogue
modulation techniques. The main systems included:
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System) - This first appeared in
1976 in the United
States. It was mainly implemented in the Americas, Russia and
Asia. Various issues
including weak security features made the system prone to
hacking and handset cloning.
TACS (Total Access Communications System) - This was the
European version of
AMPS with slight modifications, as well as operating in
different frequency bands. It
was mainly used in the United Kingdom, as well as parts of
Asia.
ETACS (Extended Total Access Communication System) - This
provided an improved
version of TACS. It enabled a greater number of channels and
therefore facilitated more
users.
These analogue systems were all proprietary based FM (Frequency
Modulation) systems and
therefore they all lacked security, any meaningful data service
and international roaming
capability.
1.1.2 Second Generation Mobile Systems
2G (Second Generation) systems utilize digital multiple access
technology, such as TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access). Figure 1-2
illustrates some of the different 2G mobile systems, these
include:
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) - this is the most
successful of all 2G
technologies. It was initially developed by ETSI (European
Telecommunications
Standards Institute) for Europe and designed to operate in the
900MHz and 1800MHz
frequency bands. It now has world-wide support and is available
for deployment on
many other frequency bands, such as 850MHz and 1900MHz. A mobile
described as
tri-band or quad-band indicates support for multiple frequency
bands on the same device.
GSM is TDMA, such that it employs 8 timeslots on a 200kHz radio
carrier.
cdmaOne - this is a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) system
based on IS-95
(Interim Standard 95). It uses a spread spectrum technique and
utilizes a mixture of
codes and timing to identify cells and channels. The system
bandwidth is 1.25MHz.
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D-AMPS (Digital - Advanced Mobile Phone System) - this is based
on IS-136 (Interim
Standard 136) and is effectively an enhancement to AMPS which
provides a TDMA
access technique. It has been primarily used on the North
American continent, as well as
in New Zealand and parts of Asia-Pacific.
Figure 1-2 Second Generation Mobile Systems
2G (Second
Generation)
GSM
cdmaOne
(IS-95)
D-AMPS
(IS-136)
Other
In addition to being digital, as well as improving capacity and
security, these 2G digital
systems also offer enhanced services such as SMS (Short Message
Service) and circuit
switched data.
2.5G Systems
Most 2G systems are being evolved. For example, GSM was extended
with GPRS (General
Packet Radio System) to support efficient packet data services,
as well as increasing the data
rates.
As this feature does not meet 3G requirements, GRPS is often
referred to as 2.5G. A
comparison between 2G and 2.5G systems is illustrated in Table
1-1.
2.75G Systems
GSM/GPRS systems also added EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global
Evolution). This
nearly quadruples the throughput of GPRS. The theoretical data
rate of 473.6kbit/s enables
service providers to efficiently offer multimedia services. Like
GPRS, since it does not
comply with all the features of a 3G system, EDGE is usually
categorized as 2.75G.
Table 1-1 2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS Systems
System Service Theoretical Data Rate
Typical Data Rate
2G GSM Circuit Switched
Data Service
9.6kbit/s or
14.4kbit/s
9.6kbit/s or
14.4kbit/s
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2.5G GPRS Packet Switched
Data
171.2kbit/s 4kbit/s to 50kbit/s
2.75G EDGE Packet Switched
Data
473.6kbit/s 120kbit/s
1.1.3 Third Generation Mobile Systems
3G (Third Generation) systems are defined by IMT2000
(International Mobile
Telecommunications - 2000). IMT2000 defines that a 3G system
should provide higher
transmission rates, for example: 2Mbit/s for stationary or
nomadic use and 348kbit/s in a
moving vehicle.
The main 3G technologies are illustrated in Figure 1-3.These
include:
WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) - This was developed by the 3GPP (Third
Generation
Partnership Project). There are numerous variations on this
standard, including
TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. WCDMA is the main evolutionary path from
GSM/GPRS
networks. It is a FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) based system
and occupies a 5MHz
carrier. Current deployments are mainly at 2.1GHz, however
deployments at lower
frequencies are also being seen, e.g. UMTS1900, UMTS850, UMTS900
etc. WCDMA
supports voice and multimedia services with an initial
theoretical rate of 2Mbit/s, with
most service providers initially offering 384kbit/s per user.
However, this technology is
continuing to evolve and later 3GPP releases have increased the
rates to in excess of
40Mbit/s.
TD-CDMA (Time Division CDMA) - This is typically referred to as
UMTS TDD (Time
Division Duplex) and is part of the UMTS specifications, however
it has only limited
support. The system utilizes a combination of CDMA and TDMA to
enable efficient
allocation of resources.
TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous CDMA) - This was jointly
developed by
Siemens and the CATT (China Academy of Telecommunications
Technology).
TD-SCDMA has links to the UMTS specifications and is often
identified as UMTS-TDD
LCR (Low Chip Rate). Like TD-CDMA, it is also best suited to low
mobility scenarios
in micro or pico cells.
CDMA2000 - This is a multi-carrier technology standard which
uses CDMA.
CDMA2000 is actually a set of standards including CDMA2000
EV-DO
(Evolution-Data Optimized) which has various revisions. It is
worth noting that CDMA2000 is backward compatible with cdmaOne.
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) - This
is another wireless
technology which satisfies IMT2000 3G requirements. The air
interface is part of the
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.16
standard which originally
defined PTP (Point-To-Point) and PTM (Point-To-Multipoint)
systems. This was later
enhanced to provide mobility and greater flexibility. The
success of WiMAX is mainly
down to the WiMAX Forum, which is an organization formed to
promote conformity and interoperability between vendors.
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Figure 1-3 Third Generation Mobile Systems
UMTS
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
CDMA2000
WiMAX
UMTS
TD-CDMA
3G (Third
Generation)
1.1.4 Fourth Generation Mobile Systems
4G (Fourth Generation) cellular wireless systems need to meet
the requirements set by the
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) as part of IMT
Advanced (International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced). These features are illustrated in
Table 1-2 and enable IMT
Advanced to address evolving user needs.
Table 1-2 IMT Advanced Features
Key IMT Advanced Features
A high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while
retaining the flexibility to
support a wide range of services and applications in a cost
efficient manner.
Compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed
networks.
Capability of interworking with other radio access systems.
High quality mobile services.
User equipment suitable for worldwide use.
User-friendly applications, services and equipment.
Worldwide roaming capability.
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and
applications (100Mbit/s for high
and 1Gbit/s for low mobility were identified as targets).
The main three 4G systems include:
LTE Advanced - LTE (Long Term Evolution) is part of 3GPP,
however it does not meet
all IMT Advanced features, as such it is sometimes referred to
as 3.99G. In contrast, LTE
Advanced is part of a later 3GPP Release and has been designed
specifically to meet 4G
requirements.
WiMAX 802.16m - The IEEE and the WiMAX Forum have identified
802.16m as their
offering for a 4G system.
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) - This is identified as EV-DO Rev
C. It is part of 3GPP2
however most vendors and service providers have decided to
promote LTE instead.
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Figure 1-4 Forth Generation Mobile System
LTE
Advanced
UMB
(EV-DO Rev C)
WiMAX
802.16m
4G (Fourth
Generation)
1.2 3GPP Releases
The development of GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSPA and LTE is in
stages known as 3GPP
releases. Hardware vendors and software developers use these
releases as part of their
development roadmap. Figure 1-5 illustrates the main 3GPP
Releases that enhance the radio
interface.
Figure 1-5 3GPP Releases
GSM
9.6kbit/s
GPRS
171.2kbit/s
EDGE
473.6kbit/s
UMTS
2Mbit/s
HSDPA
14.4Mbit/s
HSUPA
5.76Mbit/s
HSPA+
28.8Mbit/s
42Mbit/s
LTE
+300Mbit/s
Phase 1
Phase 2+
(Release 97)
Release 99
Release 99
Release 5
Release 6
Release 7/8
Release 8
Release 9/10
LTE Advanced
3GPP Releases enhance various aspects, not just the radio
interface. For example, Release 5
started the introduction of the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) in
the core network.
1.2.1 Pre-Release 99
Pre-Release 99 saw the introduction of GSM, as well as the
addition of GPRS. The main
GSM Phases and 3GPP Releases include:
GSM Phase 1.
GSM Phase 2.
GSM Phase 2+ (Release 96).
GSM Phase 2+ (Release 97).
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GSM Phase 2+ (Release 98).
1.2.2 Release 99
3GPP Release 99 saw the introduction of UMTS, as well as the
EDGE enhancement to GPRS.
UMTS contains all features needed to meet the IMT-2000
requirements as defined by the ITU.
It is able to support both CS (Circuit Switched) voice and video
services, as well PS (Packet
Switched) data services over common and dedicated bearers.
Initial data rates for UMTS were
64kbit/s, 128kbit/s and 384kbit/s. Note that the theoretical
maximum was 2Mbit/s.
1.2.3 Release 4
Release 4 included enhancements to the core network. The concept
of All IP Networks was included and service providers were able to
deploy Soft Switch based networks, i.e. the MSC
(Mobile Switching Centre) was replaced by MSC Servers and MGW
(Media Gateways).
1.2.4 Release 5
Release 5 is the first major addition to the UMTS air interface.
It adds HSDPA (High Speed
Downlink Packet Access) which improves capacity and spectral
efficiency. Figure 1-6
illustrates some of the main features which include:
Adaptive Modulation - In addition to the original UMTS
modulation scheme, QPSK
(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), HSDPA also includes support for
16 QAM
(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
Flexible Coding - Based on fast feedback from the mobile in the
form of a CQI (Channel
Quality Indicator) the UMTS base station, i.e. the Node B, is
able to modify the effective
coding rate and thus increase system efficiency.
Fast Scheduling - HSDPA includes a 2ms TTI (Time Transmission
Interval), which
enables the Node B scheduler to quickly and efficiently allocate
resources to mobiles.
HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) - In the event a packet
does not get through
to the UE (User Equipment) successfully, the system employs HARQ
(Hybrid Automatic
Repeat Request). This improves the retransmission timing, thus
requiring less reliance on
the RNC (Radio Network Controller).
Figure 1-6 HSDPA
HSDPA
Adaptive Modulation
Flexible Coding
Fast Scheduling (2ms)
HARQ
UE
UTRAN
RNCNode B
Iub
1.2.5 Release 6
Release 6 adds various features, with HSUPA (High Speed Uplink
Packet Data) being of most
interest to RAN development. Even though the term HSUPA is
widespread, this 3GPP
enhancement also goes under the term Enhanced Uplink. It is also
worth noting that
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HSDPA and HSUPA work in tandem and thus the term HSPA (High
Speed Packet Access) is
used.
HSUPA, like HSDPA adds functionality to improve packet data.
Figure 1-7 illustrates the
three main enhancements which include:
Flexible Coding - HSUPA has the ability to dynamically change
the coding and therefore
improve the efficiency of the system.
Fast Power Scheduling - A key fact of HSUPA is that it provides
a method to schedule
the power from different mobiles. This scheduling can use either
a 2ms or 10ms TTI.
HARQ - Like HSDPA, HSUPA also utilizes HARQ. The main difference
is the timing
relationship for the retransmission.
Figure 1-7 HSUPA
HSUPA
Flexible Coding
Fast Power Scheduling
HARQ
UE
UTRAN
RNCNode B
Iub
1.2.6 Release 7
The main RAN based feature of Release 7 is HSPA+. This, like
HSDPA and HSUPA,
provides various enhancements to improve packet switched data
delivery. Figure 1-8
illustrates the main features which include:
64 QAM - This is added to the DL (Downlink) and enables HSPA+ to
operate at a
theoretical rate of 21.6Mbit/s.
16 QAM - This is added to the UL (Uplink) and enables the uplink
to theoretically
achieve 11.76Mbit/s.
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Operation - this is added
to HSPA+ Release 7
and offers various benefits including the ability to offer a
theoretical 28.8Mbits/s in the
downlink.
Power Enhancements -Various enhancements such as CPC (Continuous
Packet
Connectivity) have been included. Thus enabling DTX
(Discontinuous Transmission),
DRX (Discontinuous Reception) and HS-SCCH (High Speed - Shared
Control Channel)
Less Operation. Collectively these improve the mobiles battery
consumption.
Less Overhead - The downlink includes an enhancement to the MAC
(Medium Access
Control) layer which effectively means that fewer headers are
required. This in turn
improves the system efficiency.
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Figure 1-8 HSPA+ (Release 7)
HSPA+
64 QAM (DL)
16 QAM (UL)
MIMO Operation (DL)
Power Enhancements (DL)
Less Overhead (DL)
UE
UTRAN
RNCNode B
Iub
1.2.7 Release 8
There are many additions to the RAN functionality in Release 8,
such as enhancements to
HSPA+. However the main aspect is the inclusion of LTE (Long
Term Evolution). Figure 1-9
illustrates some of the main features for Release 8 HSPA+ and
LTE.
Release 8 HSPA+ enables various key enhancements, these
include:
64 QAM and MIMO - Release 8 enables the combination of 64 QAM
and MIMO, thus
quoting a theoretical rate of 42Mbit/s, i.e. 2 x 21.6Mbit/s.
Dual Cell Operation - DC-HSDPA (Dual Cell - HSDPA) is a Release
8 feature which is
further enhanced in Release 9 and Release 10. It enables a
mobile to effectively utilize
two 5MHz UMTS carriers. Assuming both are using 64 QAM
(21.6Mbit/s), the
theoretical maximum is 42Mbps. Note that in Release 8 a mobile
is not able to combine
MIMO and DC-HSDPA.
Less Uplink Overhead - In a similar way to Release 7 in the
downlink, the Release 8
uplink has been enhanced to reduce overhead.
Figure 1-9 Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE
HSPA+
64 QAM + MIMO (DL)
Dual Cell Operation
Less Overhead (UL)
UE
UTRAN
RNCNode B
Iub
eNB
E-UTRAN
LTE
Enhanced Techniques
Flexible Bandwidth
Flexible Spectrum Options
High Data Rates
Very Fast Scheduling
Improved Latency
LTE provides a new radio access technique, as well as
enhancements in the E-UTRAN
(Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network). These
enhancements are further
discussed as part of this course.
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1.2.8 Release 9 and Beyond
Even though LTE is a Release 8 system, it is further enhanced in
Release 9. There are a huge
number of features in Release 9. One of the most important is
the support of additional
frequency bands.
Figure 1-10 Release 9 and Beyond
LTE
Release 8
LTE
Release 9
LTE Advanced
Release 10
Release 10 includes the standardization of LTE Advanced, i.e.
the 3GPPs 4G offering. As such it includes modification to the LTE
system to facilitate 4G services.
1.3 Radio Interface Techniques
In wireless cellular systems, mobiles have to share a common
medium for transmission. There
are various categories of assignment, the main four include:
FDMA (Frequency Division
Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), CDMA
(Code Division Multiple
Access) and OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access).
Figure 1-11 Radio Interface Techniques
FDMA
TDMA CDMA
OFDMA
Radio Interface
Techniques
1.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access
In order to accommodate various devices on the same wireless
network, FDMA divides the
available spectrum into sub-bands or channels. The concept of
FDMA is illustrated in Figure
1-12. Using this technique a dedicated channel can be allocated
to a user, whilst other users
occupy other channels, i.e. frequencies.
In a cellular system mobiles typically occupy multiple channels;
one for the downlink and one
for the uplink. This does however make FDMA less efficient since
most data applications are
downlink intensive.
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Figure 1-12 Frequency Division Multiple Access
Frequency
Power Time
FDMA
Each user allocated a
different subband/
channel.
FDMA channels also suffer since they cannot be close together
due to the energy from one
transmission affecting the adjacent/neighboring channels. To
combat this, additional guard
bands between channels are required, which also reduces the
systems spectral efficiency.
1.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access
In TDMA systems the channel bandwidth is shared in the time
domain. Figure 1-13 illustrates
the concept of TDMA. It shows how each device is allocated a
time on the channel, known as
a timeslot. These are then grouped into a TDMA frame. The number
of timeslots in a TDMA frame is dependent on the system, for
example GSM utilizes 8 timeslots.
Figure 1-13 Time Division Multiple Access
Frequency
PowerTime
TDMA
Each user allocated a
different time on the
channel.
Devices must be allocated a timeslot; therefore it is usual to
have one or more timeslots
reserved for common control and system access.
TDMA systems are normally digital and therefore offer additional
features such as ciphering
and integrity. In a