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1. Presentation By Muhammad Umer Aziz
2. Introduction A fire can severely damage a business, the
amount of damage is determined by, I. Fire Location II. Timing III.
Size A Fire damages a business property through, I. Heat II. Smoke
III. Damage caused by trying to put it out
3. Introduction Burnt objects and documents are destroyed
forever. Damage May Include Structural damage: A fire destroy or
weaken walls, floors, ceiling/roof assemblies, and structural
support.
4. Introduction Loss of Valuable Documents and Information:
Financial records, personnel files, and a wide range of vital
company records can disappear in a fire. Some of these documents
can be reconstructed from other information sources; some of this
knowledge can never be recovered.
5. Introduction Injury or Death: It threatens the lives of your
valuable employees. Some of the physical injuries will take long
time to heal and mental injuries can take even longer.
6. Introduction Customer Relations: Confidence of costumers
will lessen, due to delay in deliveries because of fire.
7. Introduction Vendor Relations: Vendors deliver their goods
on credit. A fire that temporarily disables your business may delay
your payments to them.
8. Introduction Building Security: A fire is a major security
threat to your business. This makes an ideal opportunity for theft.
Intentional fires are also set to cover up crimes.
9. THE ANATOMY OF A FIRE A fire is a chemical reaction in which
a fuel mixes with oxygen and is heated to a point where flammable
vapors are created. Fuel for fire in the workplace Furnishings
Business records Interior Finishes Display cabinets Office
equipment Laboratory chemicals Machining lubricants
10. THE ANATOMY OF A FIRE The Key Ingredients of Fire: Fuel:
Any combustible material. Oxygen: The air we breath is about 20%
oxygen, more than enough to nurture a fire. Heat: Something to
raise the fuels temperature until it combusts. Remove any of these
elements and fire will cease to burn
11. THE ANATOMY OF A FIRE
12. Classification of fire Class A Fires: Class A fires are
fires that involve ordinary combustible materials such as cloth,
wood, paper, rubber, and many plastics. Prevention Class A fires
can be prevented through good housekeeping practices.
13. Classification of fire Class B Fires: Are fires in
flammable liquids such as gasoline, petroleum oil, and paint. Also
included are flammable gases such as propane and butane. Class B
fires do not include fires involving cooking oils and grease.
Prevention Never re-fueling a running or hot engine Storing
flammables away from spark-producing sources handling flammable
liquids in well ventilated areas
14. Classification of fire Class C Fires: Are fires involving
energized electrical equipment such as motors, transformers, and
appliances. Remove the power and the Class C fire becomes one of
the other classes of fire. Prevention Inspection for worn
electrical wires and replacing them Never install a fuse with a
higher rating Keep electric motors clean and monitor them for over-
heating.
15. Classification of fire Class D Fires: Are fires in
combustible metals such as potassium, sodium, aluminum and
magnesium. These fires a very difficult to extinguish and must be
suppressed by use of a special fire fighting agent. Class K Fires:
Are fires in cooking oils and greases such as animal fats and
vegetable fats.
16. Building a Fire suppression strategy Always fight a fire
with your back to your escape route. When Its time to use a fire
extinguisher just remember PASS. PULL Pull the pin. AIM Aim the
nozzle or hose at the base of the fire from the recommended safe
distance.
17. Building a Fire suppression strategy SQUEEZ Squeeze the
operating lever to discharge the fire extinguishing agent. SWEEP
Starting at the recommended distance, Sweep the nozzle or hose from
side to side until the fire is out. Move forward or around the fire
area as the fire diminishes. Watch the area in case of
re-ignition.
18. Building a Fire suppression strategy Class A: Water to cool
material below its ignition temperature. Never use on electrical
fire!. These are generally chromed colored. Class B: Foam,CO2, or a
dry chemical to smother grease or flammable liquid fires. This
deprive the fire of its oxygen. They are generally red with large
tapered nozzle and are quite heavy.
19. Building a Fire suppression strategy Class C: CO2, dry
chemical, or Halon to smoother the fire. Class D: Dry powder,
specifically for the metal fire being extinguished. It acts as a
cooling agent. ABC rated Extinguisher: Multi-purpose, dry-chemical,
A,B and C. It is a dry-chemical extinguisher that is good for
flammable fluids and electrical fires, not suited for Class A
fires. Almost always red and have either a nozzle or short hose.
These units are light weighted.
20. Building a Fire suppression strategy Detection System:
Photoelectric Detectors: Detect smoke from smoldering fires.
21. Building a Fire suppression strategy Ionization Detector:
Detect fires that have more flame than smoke. Flash fires can be
ignited based on the fuel and heat source combination, such as in
some industrial applications.
22. Building a Fire suppression strategy Temperature Detectors:
Detect excessive temperatures from fires or other heat
sources.
23. Building a Fire suppression strategy A fire alarm system
must do more than just ringing a bell, it should. Trigger the
closing of fire doors. Activate the early fire suppression
system(usually CO2 or Halon) if the fire is in that room. Release
electronic locks so that people can get out and rescue crews can
get it. Notify the people within the facility to evacuate. Audible
and visible alarms. Notify the fire department of the emergency. In
some cases, shut down automatic factory equipment.
24. Sprinkler system Automatic sprinklers are the most
important feature of a fire management program. Fire sprinklers are
the cheapest method of containing a fire while people evacuate a
facility. They are most effective during fires initial flame growth
stage. A typical sprinkler system will deliver 25 gallons of water
per minute.
25. Sprinkler system
26. Sprinkler system Benefits: Sounding the alarm. Sprinkler
will activate even if no one is present. Early detection reduces
the amount of heat and smoke damage and allows more orderly
evacuation of facility. Minimizes intrusion opportunities because
the fire is contained and detected early. Insurance companies
normally offer reduced premiums (An amount paid or required, often
as an installment payme nt, for an insurance policy.) for buildings
with sprinkler systems.
27. Sprinkler system Considerations while selecting a
Sprinkler: Desired response time. Criticality of what you are
protecting. The volatility of what you are protecting. Aesthetics
(responsive). Normal room temperature. Elements of Sprinkler
System: Dependable water supply, water must be available even if
electric service is lost. Connect the sprinkler heads to the water
supply through a network of water pipes. Rusted, weak, clogged, or
too narrow pipes will reduce efficiency of sprinkler system.
Sprinkler head is activated by heat, it distributes water onto the
fire and at intervals along the pipes is independent.
28. Sprinkler system Components of Sprinkler Head: i. Frame:
Provide structure that holds the sprinkler system. ii. Thermal
linkage: Controls the water release. iii. Cap: It provides a water
tight seal over the sprinkler orifice, held in place by the thermal
link. iv. Orifice: The opening in the water pipe at the base of the
sprinkler valve is called the orifice. Water comes from this
opening. v. Deflector: splatters the water stream shooting out of
orifice into a pattern that is more efficient for fire suppression.
vi. Water Source: A key element in your sprinkler system is
reliable water source. This can be from public water system, rural
lakes or water cisterns.
29. Sprinkler system
30. Sprinkler system Water Supply Evaluation: Resistant to
drought. Pipes must support water flow. It must maintain a steady
water pressure. Features of Sprinkler System: Alarms. Control
Valves.( allows to shut off the flow of water to sprinkler heads,
if fire is out.)
31. Sprinkler system Types of Sprinkler Systems: 1. Wet Pipe:
Most common, water pressure is constantly maintained in the
sprinkler pipe. Quick in action. Used in areas which are not
exposed to frost-bite. 2. Dry Pipe: uses a valve that holds the
water out of the pipe. Instead of water, the pipes holds
pressurized gas or air. When the thermal link is melted by the
fire, the cap is released and the air in the pipes is released.
Useful in unheated areas in cold climates. This prevents freezing
of pipes.
32. Sprinkler system
33. Sprinkler system
34. Sprinkler system Pre- Action Configuration: Uses a dry-pipe
approach, but the valve controlling the water is activated by fire
alarm detection system. This system uses two step process to fire
suppression. 1. When a fire detection system detects a fire, this
releases the valve and allow the water to enter the pipes 2. The
sprinkler heads thermal link fatigues and allows water to flow onto
the fire. Higher initial costs, short delay when air in the pipes
is displaced by water.
35. Sprinkler system Water Mist Systems: Uses water mist to
suppress fire. Micro mists discharge fine water droplets at a very
high pressure. Minimizes damage to property.
36. Risk Assessment What can we do? Identify potential fire
hazards and eliminate them. Employee awareness program Update fire
protection program according to the changes made within facility.
Identify critical areas. Follow building codes and fire safety
regulations. Invite fire inspector. Evaluate your facilitys fire
program, it is useless if it is not available to employees. Fire
safety plan should incorporate with other emergency plans.
37. Risk Assessment Things to look for: Automatic fire
suppression system to contain fire, e.g. sprinkler system. Internal
barriers to a fire in the form of fire doors and firewalls to
hinder the spread of a fire. Well-marked emergency exits that are
kept free from clutter (mess, disorder). Automatic fire detection
to alert occupants. Manual fire alarms as a means to quickly alert
all occupants to evacuate. A system of fire extinguishers and fire
hoses that can be used to contain small fires.
38. Risk Assessment Consider these issues, while making
companys safety policies. Personal space heater: It Can start fire,
because it provides elevated temperature to start a fire and fuel
is all around it. Heaters should be banned, if possible. If that is
not practical, then an acceptably safe heater must be identified by
the company.
39. Risk Assessment Coffee Pots: May be low quality and left on
with no one to attend them. Select high quality coffee maker that
is safe as you need it to be in your environment (office, factory,
warehouse etc.). Require that someone occasionally checks to ensure
that the appliance is turned of when not in use.
40. Risk Assessment Overloaded Outlets: Addition of more and
more extension cords and surge protectors to a single outlet to
feed growing flood of office electronic should not be allowed.
41. Risk Assessment General Housekeeping: keep offices simple
and uncluttered. Excess papers and other materials are potential
fuels to a fire. Utility closets and rarely used facility areas
must be inspected.
42. Action Steps for your Plan Fire- Resistant Storage:
43. Action Steps for your Plan What does a typical business
need to store in a fire proof container? Cash, checks and
securities. Software license Magnetic media backup (use a container
specifically rated for this). Engineering documents, including work
in progress. Any legal papers difficult or impossible to replace,
such as tax documents. Works of art. Precious materials. Other
steps to take include these: Make copies of critical documents and
magnetic media and store them in a different building. Place
fire-proof storage containers in your facility where they dont fall
through a floor weakened by a fire.( basement or ground floor) and
where there is minimal material overhead to fall on it and crush
the container.
44. Evacuation Planning An essential part of any emergency
plan. Ensure that everyone has left the building. Helps the fire
and rescue squads to focus their efforts on locating people known
to still be in the building. Evacuation plan come in forms:
Evacuate the building ( fire, earthquake) Evacuate the area (
natural disaster e.g. hurricane) Evacuate into a shelter (
tornado)
45. Evacuation Planning
46. Evacuation Planning 11-step process: 1. Determine the
conditions that would trigger an evacuation. 2. Establish
evacuation supervisors to ensure areas are clear, to assist others,
and to account for everyone at the rendezvous (meeting) site. 3.
Pull together a system for accounting that everyone is out of the
building or in the storm shelter. 4. Assign someone to assist,
anyone with disabilities and those who may not speak English. 5.
Post evacuation procedures around the facility. Maps showing the
nearest exits.
47. Evacuation Planning 6. Designate key people to shut down
critical or dangerous operations during the evacuation.
Transferring toxic chemicals, halted automatic pain spraying
operations etc. 7. Designate someone to quickly secure the petty
cash box, close the safe and lock all cash registers before
evacuating the area. 8. Ensure evacuation routes are kept clear and
unobstructed. 9. Install emergency lighting in case electricity
fails. 10. Designate outside assembly areas for each section of
building. 11. Actions in the assembly areas should be clearly
understood by the evacuation supervisors. To facilitate the
headcount, department roster should be kept adjacent to the
evacuation exist so they can be picked up on the way out.
48. Evacuation Planning These rosters list the name of every
employee and long- term contract worker by department. Use the
roster to see if the normal staff is accounted for. Ask if the
missing are out sick that day or known to be working elsewhere in
the facility. Ask if any other contract employees were working in
the area that day. Forward the completed roll call results to the
Evacuation Command Center (ECC) as soon as possible. Note the names
and last known locations of any missing people. DO NOT reenter the
building as these people may be at the different rendezvous
(meeting point, assignation point) point.