Ocular drug delivery system & ocuserts

• 1.Ocular Drug Delivery System

2. Human eye consist of :- 1. Sclera, 2. Choroids, Outer-Epithelium(lipophilic), 3. Cornea, Middle-Stroma(hydrophilic), Inner-4. Cilliary Body- Endothelium(lipophilic).Secretion of aq. humor,5. Lens, 6. Retina, 7. Conjuctiva, 8. VitreousCompartment,9. Lacrimal gland. 3. Mechanism of OcularAbsorption Penetration across Sclera & Conjuctiva into Intra Ocular tissues Non-Productive: because penetrated drug is absorbed by general circulation Outer Epithelium: rate limiting barrier, with pore size 60 , Only access to small ionic & lipohilic molecules Trans cellular transport: transport between corneal epithelium & stroma. 4. General Pathway For Ocular Absorption 5. Factors Affecting Intraocular Bioavailability: 1. Inflow & Outflow of Lacrimal fluids. 2. Efficient naso-lacrimal drainage. 3. Interaction of drug with proteins of Lacrimal fluid. 4. Dilution with tears.Role Of Polymer In ODDS. Solution Viscosity Solution Drainage. Polymereric mucoadhesive vehicle: Retained in the eyedue to non-covalent bonding with conjuctival mucine. Mucine is capable of picking of 40-80 times of weight ofwater. 6. Classification Of Ophthalmic Dosage Form:A) Based on RootB) Based onof AdministrationPhysical Form 1.Topical Soln: Multiple 1. Aqueous Soln.Dose container WithPreservatives. 2. Suspension. 2. Intra-ocular Soln: ForSurgery, Single dose, 3. Ointments.Without preservative. 4. Gels. 3.Ophthalmic SolnInjections: Intra-ocular 5. Eye Lotions.injection, given in eyetissues, without 6. Solid Inserts.preservative. 7. Ocular indication of controlled-release systemsIndication Drug & Disease1. Short, topical ocular half-life Heparin for Ligneous disease2. Small, topical ocular, therapeuticPilocarpine for chronic open-angleindexGlaucoma3. Systemic side effects Timolol for Glaucoma and cyclosporin A for graft rejection4. Need for combination therapyCromoglycate and corticosteroid for Asthma and Allergies5. Drug delivery over a prolonged period Acute corneal infections, Corneal Graft rejection episodes6. Long-continued low dosage for Prevention of Corneal Graft Rejection ortherapy or prophylaxis Herpetic diseases, 8. Ocular Control Release System: Ophthalmic InsertsDefinition:- Solid or Semisolid in nature,- Placed in lower Fornix- Composed of Polymeric vehicle containing drug.Desired Criteria For Control Release Ocular Inserts.Reproducibility Ease ofComfort of releaseSterility Stability Ease of mfg. handling kinetics 9. Advantages1. Accurate dosing. Limitations2. Absence of preservative. 1. Perceived by patient as foreign body.3. Increase in shelf life due to 2. Movement around the eye.absence of water. 3. Occasional loss during sleep or while rubbing eyes. 4. Interference with vision. 5. Difficulty in placement & removal. 10. Types Of Ocular Control Release System 11. A) Non-Erodible :1.Ocusert: Developed by Alza Corporation, Oval flexible ocular insert, Release Rate:20-40mg/hrfor 7day Consist of-PartMaterialDrug Reservoir PilocarpineCarrier material Alginic acidRate controllerEthylene vinyl acetate copolymerEnergy SourceConc. Of PilocarpineDelivery PortalCopolymer membrane Annular ring : Impregnated with Ti02 : For Visibility 12. 2) Contact Lens : Presoaked Hydrophilic lens. Drug Release : within 1st 30 Min. Alternate approach : incorporate drug either as soln or suspensionof solid monomer mixture. Release rate is up to : 180 hr.3) Diffusional Inserts : Central reservoir of drug enclosed in Semi permeable or microporous membrane for diffusion of drug. Diffusion is controlled by Lacrimal Fluid penetrating through it. It prevents continues decrease in release rate due to barrier. Release follows : Zero Order Kinetics. 13. B) Erodible Inserts1.Lacrisert: Sterile, Rod Shaped device. Composition: HPC without preservative. Weight:5mg, Dimension:Diameter:12.5mm, Length:3.5mm Use:-Dry eye treatment, Keratitis Sica.2.SODI: Soluble Ocular Drug Insert. Small water soluble developed for Cosmonauts who could not usetheir eye drop in liquid condition. Composition : Acryl amide, Vinyl Pyrolidone, Ethylacrylate. Weight 15-16 mg. In 10-15 sec Softens; In 10-15 min. turns in Viscous Liquids; After 30-60min. Becomes Polymeric Solution. 14. Advantages of SODI Single SODI application :replaces 4-12 eye dropsInstillation,or 3-6 application of Ointments. Once a day treatment of Glaucoma & Trachoma.3)Minidisc: It is made up of counter disc with Convex front & Concaveback surface in contact with eye ball. 4-5mm in diameter. Composition : Silicon based pre polymer. Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic. Drug release from 170 hr. 15. C) Nanoparticle:For water soluble drugs.Size:10-1000nmDrug is Dispersed, Encapsulated, or AbsorbedProduced by Emulsion PolymerizationPolymerization is carried out by : Chemical initiation, Gamma irradiation, Visible light.Emulsifier stabilizes polymer particlePolymer used are Biodegradable.E.g. :- Nanoparticle of Pilocarpine enhancesMitotic response by 20-23%. 16. D) LiposomeBiodegradable, Non-toxic in nature.Vesicle composed of lipid membrane enclosed in anaqueous volume.Formed when matrix of phospholipids is agitated inaqueous medium to disperse two phase.Phospholipids used are : Phophotidylcholine, Phophotidicacid,Sphingomyline,Phosphotidyleserine, .Cardiolipine 17. Advances in ocular drug delivery1. Ophthalmic gel for pilocarpine Poloxamer 407 (low viscosity, optical clarity, mucomimeticproperty)2. Ophthalmic prodrug Dipivalyl epinephrine (Dipivefrin) Lipophilic increase in corneal absorption Esterase within cornea and aqueous humor3. Continuous delivery system based upon the osmoticproperty Thin flat layer, contoured three-dimensional unit Conform to the space of the upper cul-de-sac Delivery of diethyl carbamazine in ocular onchocerciasis 18. 4.Gel delivery system Biodegradable polyisobutyl-cyano acrylate (PIBCA) colloidalparticulate system of pilocarpine to incorporate it into aPluronic F127 (PF 127)-based gel delivery system.5)Mucoadhesive Polymer. mucoadhesive polymer, the tamarind seed polysaccharide, as a delivery system for the ocular administration of hydrophilic and hydrophobic antibiotics. 19. Reference: N.K.Jain, Advances in Controlled & Novel Drug Delivery,CBS Publication, & distributor, New Delhi, pg No.219-223. Remington & Gennaro ; The Science & Practice OfPharmacy. Mack Publication Company. Easton, Pennsylvania.Pg. No. 1563-1567.Web Sites: www.vision-care-guide.com www.google/images/eye/anatomy& physiology 20. Creativity is allowing one self to make mistakes.Art is knowing which one to keep.