October 6, 2015 Turn in your Progressive Movement Recap Worksheet from Friday if you took it home! Progressive Test Thursday, we will meet in the library!

October 6, 2015

• Turn in your Progressive Movement Recap Worksheet from Friday if you took it home!

• Progressive Test Thursday, we will meet in the library!

• 1st 9 Weeks Common Assessment is NEXT THURSDAY also in the library

Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson

•Put the three progressive president in the order in which they

served as president

Upton Sinclair

• author of “The Jungle,” uncovered problems of the

meat packing industry

16th Amendment

•Amendment that created the income tax

President Wilson

•Won the 1912 election because the Republican

vote was split.

18th Amendment

•Amendment that prohibited the use, sell, or transport of alcohol

Muckrakers

• Journalist who influenced political, economic, and social reforms like corruption in big business and the government

with their writings

Suffrage

•Right to vote

Jane Addams

•establishment of settlement houses to

assist the poor

24th Amendment

•Amendment that abolished the poll tax

Booker T. Washington

•set up a vocational school for African

Americans

19th Amendment

• Amendment that gave women’s the right to vote

W.E.B. Du Bois

•Founded the NAACP, working for equality

among the races

Federal Reserve System

•System created by Wilson that regulated

interest rates and money supply

President Taft

• Signed Payne Aldrich Act which ruined his reputation

as a progressive

The Progressive PresidentsBetween 1901 and 1919, three Presidents began

a series of Progressive reforms.

Teddy Roosevelt William Howard TaftWoodrow Wilson

Presidents of the Progressive Era

• 1901-1921– Theodore Roosevelt– William Taft– Woodrow Wilson

• Committed to reform, challenged the industrial giants, expanded power of the presidency

• Teddy Roosevelt came from a rich family, but had grown up a sickly child.

• Teddy overcame his illness by being actively involved in sports and hunting.

• His accomplishments included:– New York City Police Commissioner– Rancher in the Dakotas– Officer in the Spanish American War– Governor of New York

• He became President with the assassination of Pres. William McKinley.

Theodore Roosevelt1901 – 1909

Theodore Roosevelt1901 – 1909

• His economic agenda was called the Square Deal.

• Under the Square Deal he launched new laws to protect the consumer’s health from false advertising:

– Meat Inspection Act (1906)– Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)– Increased powers of the I.C.C. to

regulate railroads, telephones, and the telegraph.

Theodore Roosevelt1901 – 1909

• As President, Teddy believed in fair play and was suspicious of big business, particularly trusts or monopolies.

• Roosevelt felt there were some ‘good’ trusts and some were ‘bad’ trusts.

• He used the Sherman Anti-trust Act against some ‘bad trusts’ he felt acted against the public interest.

• Roosevelt became known as the ‘Trust-busting President’

• The Coal Miners Strike (1902) proved he was willing to use the power of the federal government to protect the public interests.

• When the coal miners and the mine owners could not agree on a settlement, a strike looked near.

• Roosevelt stepped in and threatened to used the military to keep the mines running for the good of the nation.

• Problem solved!

Theodore Roosevelt1901 – 1909

Theodore Roosevelt1901 – 1909

• He was a big game hunter but, conservation of natural resources was important and he stopped the government from selling off public lands and added millions of acres to the national parks and forests.

William Taft

• Took over in 1908, supported by Roosevelt to continue reform program.

• Taft was quiet, reserved, and cautious- the exact opposite of Roosevelt

• Taft supported low tariffs in his party platform • 1909-signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill, which

raised tariffs and tarnished his record as a progressive

• Roosevelt served two terms as President before he decided not to run for a third time. (no one had ever ran 3 times)

• He supported his Vice-President William Howard Taft as the Republican nominee for President.

• Taft won the election of 1908 and continued with Roosevelt’s Progressive policies, for a while.

From Teddy to Taft

William Howard Taft1909 - 1912

T A F T

• Roosevelt supported Pres. Taft, until Taft began doing things not considered to be a part of the Progressive agenda.

• Taft was nominated for President again in 1912, but Teddy decided to run against him.

• Roosevelt started his own third party called the Bull Moose Party.

• But, Teddy’s 3rd Party split the votes and neither Taft nor Roosevelt would win in 1912.

William Howard Taft1909 - 1912

Election of 1912

– Election of 1912- Roosevelt decided to run again because Taft betrayed the progressive ideals

– Republicans chose Taft to represent them Roosevelt formed a third political party, Progressive Party aka “Bull Moose Party”

– Woodrow Wilson was running for the Democrats and Eugene V. Debs as a Socialists.

Woodrow Wilson

– Wilson 42% (D)– Debs 7% (Socialist)– Taft-23% (R)– Roosevelt 27.5%

– Wilson wins, NEW FREEDOM- a reform program set in place to eliminate trusts and reduce corruption in the federal government

– HE was most noted for his laws on banking, tariff reform and the creation of the Federal Trade Commission.

• The split between Roosevelt and Taft allowed the Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson to win the 1912 Presidential election.

• Wilson’s economic agenda was called the “New Freedom”.

• Pres. Wilson felt like Roosevelt:– Big business needed to be tamed– Trusts should be broken up– Banking system needed fixed– Tariffs only benefitted the rich

Woodrow Wilson1912 - 1916

16th

Amendment

• Underwood Tariff –– A tariff is a tax on imports. – Wilson felt tariffs benefitted the rich

and he lowered the tariffs.– To make up for lost revenue ($) he

introduced America’s first income tax.

• Graduated Income Tax – – Means that rich taxpayers are taxed

at a higher rate– 16th Amendment gave Congress

power to tax a persons income.

Woodrow Wilson’sNew Freedom Legislation

• Federal Reserve Act – – Reformed the banking industry.– Federal Reserve Bank serves as a bankers bank, where the

banks borrow their money.– Fed’s control interest rates and the amount of money a bank

can loan.

• Antitrust Legislation – – Clayton Antitrust Act gave government more power to

regulate unfair business practices.– Federal Trade Commission protects consumers against unfair

business practices by corporations.

Woodrow Wilson’sNew Freedom Legislation

The Progressive

Era

The Muckrakers• As the cities continued to

expand the newspapers and magazines began to reach a larger audience.

• Investigative reporters, writers, and social scientists exposed the industrial and governmental corruption.

• These writers became known as Muckrakers, because they raked up all the muck or the dirt of American life.

The Muckrakers• Muckrakers examined the rise of

industry and the abuses that were often used in the effort to become rich.

• Muckrakers examined business practices and the negative effect they had on the consumers and the lives of the very poor.

• Muckrakers are often considered to be the first Progressives.

Muckrakers and Their Influences

• Government passed the – “Meat Inspection Act” law

that set standards of cleanliness and required federal inspection of meat plants.

– “Pure Food & Drug Act” law that required foods to be pure and accurately labeled.

Upton SinclairHe exposed dangerous

working conditions and unsanitary practices in meat packing industry in his book The Jungle.

Excerpt from “The Jungle”

• Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle portrayed the new industrial economy as inhumane, destructive, and uncaring.

“The meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one – there were things that went into the sausage that in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. There was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their

dinner, and so they made a practice of washing them in the water that was ladled into the sausage.

“Meat Inspection Act” law that set standards of cleanliness and required federal inspection of meat plants.

Because of Upton Sinclair’s novel ‘The Jungle’ the government passed the ….

“Pure Food & Drug Act” because of ads like these, this law required foods and drugs be pure and accurately

labeled.

Problem – the horrible living conditions of the poor in the cities.

Led to New York City passing building codes to promote safety and health.

Muckrakers and Their Influences Jacob RiisHe exposed the poverty, living conditions, and disease of the urban poor in his book “How the Other Half Lives” .

Muckrakers and Their Influences

Problem – trusts and monopolies had an unfair advantage among businesses.

Government passed Sherman Anti-Trust Act outlawing monopolies.

Ida TarbellExposed Standard Oil’s ruthless business tactics of forcing others out of business and thereby creating a monopoly.

Muckrakers and Their Influences

Problem – city and state leaders were often corrupt, took bribes or broke the law.

Lincoln SteffensWriter who exposed corruption in city and state governments in his book, “The Shame of the Cities”.

Jane AddamsFounded a settlement house called Hull

House to help immigrants and needy find a place to live, jobs, or get an education.

Beginning of social services like Youth Shelter, Food Bank, or Roxanne’s House

Social Reformers

Reforming State Governments• At the state level, several Progressive governors took

steps to limit corruption and the influence of big business.

• Robert LaFollette the Progressive governor of Wisconsin’s and Theodore Roosevelt of New York both took steps to limit the powers of big business within their states.

Political Reforms

• Secret Ballot – to keep people from being intimidated or forced to vote a certain way.

• Initiative – voters could introduce bills themselves.• Referendum – voters could force legislators to place a bill

on the ballot to be voted on.• Recall – elected officials could be removed from office by

voters in a special election.• Direct Election of Senators – 17th Amendment Senators

are elected by the people of a state.

To give people more power, a direct voice in the government, and make it more responsive to the people. Progressives passed several laws.

Social Legislation

• States also passed laws to overcome some of the worst effects of industrialization.

• Abolishing child labor and improving the working conditions in the factories.

• New regulations concerning the construction and safety of urban housing.

Civil Service Reform• Much of the corruption in government

could be traced to the ‘spoils system’.• This gave government jobs as rewards

to those who helped get a candidate elected.

• These people were often not qualified for the job.

• When Pres. Garfield was assassinated by an office-seeker, Congress decided it was time to act.

Pres. McKinley

gets capped

I’ve been shot !

Civil Service Reform

• Pendleton Act (1883) passed by Congress created the

Civil Service Commission.• This commission gave exams that

selected government appointees based on merit, not on who they knew.

• Helped to rid government of corruption and made it more efficient.

Progressive Era and Labor

• During the Progressive Era, public attitude towards labor unions began to change.

• The violence that had become associated with the labor unions caused a loss of public support for unions.

• The government often had to use the military against the union protests.

• All this would soon change!

Progressive Era and Labor

• In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory caught fire and the public’s attention.

• Immigrant women and girls worked on the upper floor in a sweatshop making clothing.

• Fire spread rapidly and to make matters worse:– the doors were bolted shut, – the sprinkler system failed, – the fire escape was faulty.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

• The fire department arrived but not in time to save the girls from either dying in the fire or jumping to their death on the street below.

• In all 146 people died due to conditions in the factory.

• Soon after the tragedy, the Congress would pass laws sympathetic to union and called for safer conditions.

Progressive Era and LaborTriangle Shirtwaist Factory

Effects of Triangle Fire• Department of Labor (1913) – Congress

created a Cabinet post to study the problems of labor & to -“promote the welfare of working people and improve their working conditions”.

• Clayton Anti-trust Act (1914) – prevented courts from restricting activities of unions.

• Child Labor Act (1916) – Prohibited sale of goods made by child labor.

Women’s Suffrage Movement

• In the early 19th century, the United States was a ‘patriarchal’ society – men held the positions of authority and women were considered inferior.

• Women lacked the right to vote, to serve on juries, or to hold public office.

• They were excluded from public life and were left in charge of the home and children.

• In most states, once a woman married, she lost control of her property and wages to her husband.

Women’s Suffrage Movement• By the middle of the 19th century,

some women began to organize to gain more rights.

• In 1848, they held a convention at Seneca Falls, New York.

• The convention passed a resolution that paraphrased the Declaration of Independence.

• It proclaimed that women were equal to men and deserved the right to vote, or suffrage.

Susan B. Anthony• In 1872, Susan B. Anthony attempted to

vote, exercising her 14th Amendment right (citizenship).

• But, a judge refused to grant her the right to vote.

• In 1874, the Supreme Court ruled that women were citizens, but they couldn’t vote, because voting was not a ‘privilege’ of citizenship.

• The Suffragettes were able to obtain suffrage for women living in the western states. Area in white

Women’s Suffrage Movement• But, Susan was unable to succeed in

introducing a constitutional amendment requiring all states to give women suffrage.

• By 1890 several women’s suffrage groups joined together to form the National American Women Suffrage Assn.

• This group was led by reformers:– Susan B. Anthony– Elizabeth Cady Stanton

But do I have to vote for a man ?

Look women will be able to vote !

Nineteenth Amendment • During World War I, women had taken

the place of the fighting man in the work place, as women stepped up to meet the challenges of war, it became hard to deny them suffrage.

• As a result of World War I and women’s involvement the U.S. Congress passed 19th Amendment.

• The 19th Amendment stated that no state could deny a citizen the right to vote based on their sex.

Impact of the 19th Amendment

• The 19th Amendment was a step forward in making the USA a true democracy – a system of government by the people.

• But, it did not lead to dramatic changes in our political system, as women did not sweep men out of public office.

• Even today many women face discrimination and are paid less than a man doing the same work.

W.E.B. DuBois• Help found the NAACP to help

African Americans gain civil rights.First African American to earn a Ph.D.

from Harvard.W.E.B. felt African Americans should

achieve immediate racial equality and supported open protests.

He often disagreed with another Civil Rights pioneer Booker T.

Social Reformers

Booker T. Washington• Booker agreed with W.E.B. that

African Americans should seek their civil rights, but he disagreed on how they should achieve those rights.

• He argued that African Americans should gain equality by focusing on job training, not by demanding.

Social Reformers

Social Reformers

Ida B. Wells• Lynching (murder by hanging)

was a common tactic used to intimidate African Americans, especially in the South.

• After 3 of her friends were wrongfully lynched for crimes they didn’t commit, she started a national anti-lynching campaign.

Social ReformersAnti-Defamation League• Jewish organization opposed to

religious prejudice.

ADDRESSING EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• BUSTING TRUSTS– Roosevelt passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act- could not merge

and form a trust or monopoly – Became known as a “trustbuster” by breaking up J.P. Morgan’s

Northern Securities Company and limiting the power of the Railroads

– Taft brought 90 lawsuits against trusts during his presidency being very harsh

– Wilson strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by passing the Clayton Anti-Trust Act in 1914- outlawed underselling and protected labor unions

– Many conservatives thought the government should not have interfered at all with business

ADDRESSING THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Protecting Consumers and Workers– Roosevelt passed the Meat Inspections

Act and The Pure Food and Drug Act established the FDA (food and drug administration) to test and approve drugs

– Roosevelt helped coal miners when he pressured the miners and owners to submit to arbitration- a legal process in which neutral outside party helps resolve a dispute.

• Protecting Consumers and Workers–Taft and Wilson expanded worker protections by

establishing the Children’s Bureau to investigate child labor.

–Wilson passed the Keating Owen Child Labor Act in 1916 which prohibited companies from hiring children under the age of 14.

–Taft and Wilson also supported an 8 hour work day, under Taft the 8 hour day became the rule for government employees.

• Protecting the Environment

–Preservation- the protecting of wilderness lands from all forms of development

–Conservation- the limited use of resources–Roosevelt backed the creation of the U.S. Forest Service-

which protected forest and other natural areas from excessive development. Roosevelt set aside 150 million acres of national forest

–Taft added 2.7 million acres to the National Wildlife Refuge System

–Wilson supported the creation of the National Park Service to manage national parks (Yellowstone) for preservation and public use.

REFORMING THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

• Reforming the Banking System

– Wilson: Federal Reserve Act in 1913- this divided the country into 12 regions

– Created the Federal Reserve System- a central bank of the United States.

– “The Fed” would offer a safety net to private banks buy lending them money and would set the monetary policy to regulate the amount of money in circulation by interest rates.

REFORMING THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT• Reforming Taxes and Tariffs

–Big business’s favored high tariffs-taxes on imported goods, but progressives felt this was unfair to consumers

–Taft passed the 16th Amendment- Income tax amendment, a graduated income tax which placed a higher burden on those who had more money.

–Wilson signed the Underwood Tariff Act in 1913 which reduced tariffs and created the graduated income tax

REFORMING THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

• AMENDMENTS– 17th Amendment- direct election of

senators, gave the people more power

– 18th Amendment- prohibition of “the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors”

– 19th Amendment- “the right of citizens of the United states to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United states or by any state on account of SEX! WOMEN CAN VOTE