OCR AS Level Chemistry A H032 Specification

ocr.org.uk/chemistrya

Oxford Cambridge and RSA

CHEMISTRY AH032For first assessment in 2016

AS LEVEL

Version 1.3 (April 2020)

Specification

QualificationAccredited

https://ocr.org.uk/alevelchemistrya

Registered office: The Triangle Building Shaftesbury RoadCambridge CB2 8EA

OCR is an exempt charity.

Disclaimer Specifications are updated over time. Whilst every effort is made to check all documents, there may be contradictions between published resources and the specification, therefore please use the information on the latest specification at all times. Where changes are made to specifications these will be indicated within the document, there will be a new version number indicated, and a summary of the changes. If you do notice a discrepancy between the specification and a resource please contact us at: [email protected]

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© OCR 2021AS Level in Chemistry A i

Contents

Introducing… AS Level Chemistry A (from September 2015) iiTeaching and learning resources iiiProfessional development iv

1 Why choose an OCR AS Level in Chemistry A? 11a. WhychooseanOCRqualification? 11b. WhychooseanOCRASLevelinChemistryA? 21c. Whatarethekeyfeaturesofthisspecification? 31d. HowdoIfindoutmoreinformation? 4

2 Thespecificationoverview 52a. Overview of AS Level in Chemistry A (H032) 52b. Content of AS Level in Chemistry A (H032) 62c. Content of modules 1 to 4 72d. Prior knowledge, learning and progression 37

3 Assessment of OCR AS Level in Chemistry A 383a. Forms of assessment 383b. Assessmentobjectives(AO) 393c. Assessment availability 393d. Retakingthequalification 403e. Assessment of extended responses 403f. Synopticassessment 403g. Calculatingqualificationresults 40

4 Admin:whatyouneedtoknow 414a. Pre-assessment 414b. Accessibilityandspecialconsideration 424c. External assessment arrangements 424d. Resultsandcertificates 434e. Post-results services 434f. Malpractice 43

5 Appendices 445a. Overlapwithotherqualifications 445b. Avoidance of bias 445c. Chemistry A data sheet 455d. How Science Works (HSW) 495e. Mathematicalrequirements 505f. Health and Safety 54

Summary of updates 55

© OCR 2021AS Level in Chemistry Aii

Introducing… AS Level Chemistry A (from September 2015)Thisspecificationallowsteacherstoadoptaflexibleapproach to the delivery of AS Level Chemistry. The course has been designed to enable centres to deliver the content modules (Modules 2–4) using the framework provided or to design a customised course. Practicalworkdonetosupportteachingofthecontentwillservetocovertherequirementsofthepracticalskillsmodule(Module1),whichisassessedinwrittenexaminations.

Thespecificationisdividedintochemicaltopics,eachcontainingdifferentkeyconceptsofchemistry.Throughoutthespecification,cross-referencesindicatethe relevance of individual learning outcomes to themathematicalcriteriathatareembeddedintheassessments.

ThisspecificationincorporatestheOfqualGCESubjectLevelConditionsandRequirementsforChemistry.

Contact the team

We have a dedicated team of people working on our ASLevelChemistryqualifications.

If you need specialist advice, guidance or support, get in touch as follows:

• 01223 553998

• [email protected]

• @OCR_science

mailto:[email protected]

https://twitter.com/ocr_science

© OCR 2021AS Level in Chemistry A iii

Teachingandlearningresources

Werecognisethattheintroductionofanewspecificationcanbringchallengesforimplementationand teaching. Our aim is to help you at every stage and we’reworkinghardtoprovideapracticalpackageofsupportincloseconsultationwithteachersandotherexperts, so we can help you to make the change.

Designedtosupportprogressionforall

Our resources are designed to provide you with a rangeofteachingactivitiesandsuggestionssoyoucanselectthebestapproachforyourparticularstudents.You are the experts on how your students learn and our aim is to support you in the best way we can.

Wewantto…

• Support you with a body of knowledge thatgrowsthroughoutthelifetimeofthespecification

• Provideyouwitharangeofsuggestionssoyoucanselectthebestactivity,approachorcontextforyourparticularstudents

• Make it easier for you to explore and interact with our resource materials, in particulartodevelopyourownschemesof work

• Createanongoingconversationsowecandevelop materials that work for you.

Plentyofusefulresources

You’llhavefourmaintypesofsubject-specificteachingandlearningresourcesatyourfingertips:

• DeliveryGuides

• TransitionGuides

• TopicExplorationPacks

• Lesson Elements.

Alongwithsubject-specificresources,you’llalsohaveaccesstoaselectionofgenericresourcesthatfocuson skills development and professional guidance for teachers.

SkillsGuides – we’ve produced a set of Skills GuidesthatarenotspecifictoChemistry,buteachcovers a topic that could be relevant to a range ofqualifications–forexample,communication,legislationandresearch.Downloadtheguidesat ocr.org.uk/skillsguides

ActiveResults – a free online results analysis service to help you review the performance of individual students or your whole school. It provides access to detailed results data, enabling more comprehensive analysis of results in order to give you a more accurate measurement of the achievements of your centre and individual students. For more details refer to ocr.org.uk/activeresults

http://ocr.org.uk/i-want-to/skills-guides/

http://ocr.org.uk/ocr-for/teachers/active-results/

© OCR 2021AS Level in Chemistry Aiv

Professional development

Take advantage of our improved Professional Development Programme, designed with you in mind. Whether you want to come to face-to-face events, look at our new digital training or search for training materials,youcanfindwhatyou’relookingforallinone place at the CPD Hub.

Anintroductiontothenewspecifications

We’ll be running events to help you get to grips with ourASLevelChemistryAqualification.

Theseeventsaredesignedtohelpprepareyouforfirstteaching and to support your delivery at every stage.

Watch out for details at cpdhub.org.uk

Toreceivethelatestinformationaboutthetrainingwe’llbeoffering,pleaseregisterforASLevelemailupdates at ocr.org.uk/updates

https://www.cpdhub.ocr.org.uk/desktopdefault.aspx

http://ocr.org.uk/i-want-to/email-updates/

© OCR 2021AS Level in Chemistry A 1

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1 Why choose an OCR AS Level in Chemistry A?

1a. WhychooseanOCRqualification?

Choose OCR and you’ve got the reassurance that you’re working with one of the UK’s leading exam boards. Our new AS Level in Chemistry A course hasbeendevelopedinconsultationwithteachers,employersandHigherEducationtoprovidestudentswithaqualificationthat’srelevanttothemandmeetstheir needs.

We’repartoftheCambridgeAssessmentGroup,Europe’s largest assessment agency and a department of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge Assessment plays a leading role in developing and delivering assessmentsthroughouttheworld,operatinginover150 countries.

Weworkwitharangeofeducationproviders,includingschools,colleges,workplacesandotherinstitutionsin both the public and private sectors. Over 13,000 centreschooseourAlevels,GCSEsandvocationalqualificationsincludingCambridgeNationalsandCambridge Technicals.

OurSpecifications

Webelieveindevelopingspecificationsthathelpyoubring the subject to life and inspire your students to achieve more.

We’vecreatedteacher-friendlyspecificationsbasedonextensive research and engagement with the teaching community. They’redesignedtobestraightforwardand accessible so that you can tailor the delivery of the course to suit your needs. We aim to encourage learners to become responsible for their own learning, confidentindiscussingideas,innovativeandengaged.

We provide a range of support services designed to helpyouateverystage,frompreparationthroughtothedeliveryofourspecifications.Thisincludes:

• Awiderangeofhigh-qualitycreativeresourcesincluding:o delivery guideso transitionguideso topicexplorationpackso lesson elementso …and much more.

• Access to Subject Advisors to support you throughthetransitionandthroughoutthelifetimeofthespecifications.

• CPD/Training for teachers to introduce the qualificationsandprepareyouforfirstteaching.

• ActiveResults–ourfreeresultsanalysisserviceto help you review the performance of individual students or whole schools.

• ExamBuilder – our free online past papers service that enables you to build your own test papersfrompastOCRexamquestions.

AllASlevelqualificationsofferedbyOCRareaccreditedbyOfqual,theRegulatorforqualificationsofferedinEngland.TheaccreditationnumberforOCR’sASLevelinChemistryAisQN:601/5256/4.

http://exambuilder.ocr.org.uk

© OCR 2021AS Level in Chemistry A2

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1b. Why choose an OCR AS Level in Chemistry A?

Weappreciatethatonesizedoesn’tfitallsoweoffertwosuitesofqualificationsineachscience:

Chemistry A–acontent-ledapproach.Aflexibleapproachwherethespecificationisdividedintotopics,eachcoveringdifferentkeyconceptsofchemistry.Teachingofpracticalskillsisintegratedwiththetheoreticaltopicsandthey’reassessedboththroughwrittenpapersand,forAlevelonly,thePracticalEndorsement.

Chemistry B (Salters) – a context-led approach. Learnersstudychemistryinarangeofdifferentcontexts, conveying the excitement of contemporary chemistry. Ideas are introduced in a spiral way with topics introduced in an early part of the course reinforcedlater.The‘B’specificationplacesaparticularemphasisonaninvestigationalandproblem-solvingapproachtopracticalworkandissupportedbyextensive new materials developed by the University of YorkScienceEducationGroup.

Allofourspecificationshavebeendevelopedwithsubject and teaching experts. We have worked in closeconsultationwithteachersandrepresentativesfromHigherEducation(HE)withtheaimofincluding

up-to-date relevant content within a framework that is interestingtoteachandadministerwithinallcentres(large and small).

OurnewASLevelChemistryAqualificationbuildsonourexistingpopularcourse.We’vebasedtheredevelopment of our AS level sciences on an understanding of what works well in centres large and small and have updated areas of content and assessmentwherestakeholdershaveidentifiedthatimprovements could be made. We’ve undertaken a significantamountofconsultationthroughourscienceforums(whichincluderepresentativesfromlearnedsocieties,HE,teachingandindustry)andthroughfocusgroupswithteachers.Ourpapersandspecificationshave been trialled in centres during development to make sure they work well for all centres and learners.

Thecontentchangesareanevolutionofourlegacyofferingandwillbefamiliartocentresalreadyfollowing our courses, but are also clear and logically laid out for centres new to OCR, with assessment modelsthatarestraightforwardtoadminister.WehaveworkedcloselywithteachersandHErepresentativesto provide high quality support materials to guide you throughthenewqualifications.

Aimsandlearningoutcomes

OCR’sASLevelinChemistryAspecificationaimstoencourage learners to:

• developessentialknowledgeandunderstandingofdifferentareasofthesubjectandhowtheyrelate to each other

• developanddemonstrateadeepappreciationof the skills, knowledge and understanding of scientificmethods

• developcompetenceandconfidenceinavarietyofpractical,mathematicalandproblemsolvingskills

• develop their interest in and enthusiasm for the subject, including developing an interest in further study and careers associated with the subject

• understand how society makes decisions about scientificissuesandhowthesciencescontributeto the success of the economy and society (as exemplifiedin‘HowScienceWorks’(HSW)).


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1c. Whatarethekeyfeaturesofthisspecification?

OurChemistryAspecificationisdesignedwithacontent-ledapproachandprovidesaflexibleapproachtoteaching.Thespecification:

• retains and refreshes the popular topics from thelegacyOCRChemistryqualification(H158)

• is laid out clearly in a series of teaching modules withAdditionalguidanceaddedwhererequiredto clarify assessment requirements

• is co-teachable with the A level

• embedspracticalrequirementswithintheteachingmodules.WhilstthePracticalEndorsement is not part of AS Level in ChemistryA,opportunitiesforcarryingoutactivitiesthatwouldcounttowardsthePractical

Endorsement are indicated throughout the specification,intheAdditionalguidancecolumn,by use of PAG,refertotheAlevelspecification,Section5,forPracticalEndorsementrequirements

• exemplifiesthemathematicalrequirementsofthecourse(seeSection5)

• highlightsopportunitiesfortheintroductionofkeymathematicalrequirements(seeSection5andtheadditionalguidancecolumnforeachmodule) into your teaching

• identifies,withintheAdditionalguidancehowthe skills, knowledge and understanding of How Science Works (HSW) can be incorporated within teaching.

Teachersupport

Theextensivesupportofferedalongsidethisspecificationincludes:

• deliveryguides–providinginformationonassessed content, the associated conceptual development and contextual approaches to delivery

• transitionguides–identifyingthelevelsofdemandandprogressionfordifferentkeystagesforaparticulartopicandgoingontoprovidelinks to high quality resources and ‘checkpoint tasks’toassistteachersinidentifyinglearners‘ready for progression’

• lesson elements–writtenbyexperts,providingallthematerialsnecessarytodelivercreativeclassroomactivities

• ActiveResults(seeSection1a)

• ExamBuilder(seeSection1a)

• mockexaminationsservice – a free service offeringapracticequestionpaperandmarkscheme(downloadablefromasecurelocation).

Along with:

• Subject Advisors within the OCR science team to help with course queries

• teacher training

• Science Spotlight(ourtermlynewsletter)

• OCR Science community

• PracticalSkillsHandbook

• Maths Skills Handbook.


1d. HowdoIfindoutmoreinformation?

Whethernewtoourspecifications,orcontinuingonfromourlegacyofferings,youcanfindmoreinformationonourwebpagesat:www.ocr.org.uk

Visitoursubjectpagestofindoutmoreabouttheassessment package and resources available to support your teaching. The science team also release a termly newsletterScience Spotlight (despatched to centres and available from our subject pages).

Findoutmore?

Contact the Subject Advisors: [email protected], 01223553998.

Visit our Online Support Centre at support.ocr.org.uk

Check what CPD events are available: www.cpdhub.ocr.org.uk

FollowusonTwitter:@ocr_science

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http://www.ocr.org.uk

mailto:[email protected]

https://support.ocr.org.uk

https://www.cpdhub.ocr.org.uk/desktopdefault.aspx

https://twitter.com/ocr_science


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2 Thespecificationoverview

2a. OverviewofASLevelinChemistryA(H032)Learners must complete both components (01 and 02) to be awarded the OCR AS Level in Chemistry A.

ContentOverview AssessmentOverview

Content is split into four teaching modules:

• Module 1 – Development of practicalskillsinchemistry

• Module2–Foundationsinchemistry

• Module 3 – Periodic table and energy

• Module 4 – Core organic chemistry

Both components assess content from all four modules.

Breadth in chemistry (01)*

70 marks

1 hour 30 minutes writtenpaper

50%

of total AS level

Depth in chemistry (02)*

70 marks

1 hour 30 minutes writtenpaper

50%

of total AS level

*Bothcomponentsincludesynopticassessment.


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2b. Content of AS Level in Chemistry A (H032)

TheASLevelinChemistryAspecificationcontentisdivided into four teaching modules and each module is further divided into key topics.

Each module is introduced with a summary of the chemistry it contains and each topic is also introduced with a short summary text. The assessable content is then divided into two columns: Learningoutcomes and Additionalguidance.

The Learning outcomes may all be assessed in the examination.TheAdditionalguidancecolumnisincluded to provide further advice on delivery and the expected skills required from learners.

ReferencestoHSW(Section5)areincludedintheguidancetohighlightopportunitiestoencourageawider understanding of science.

ThemathematicalrequirementsinSection5arealsoreferencedbytheprefixM tolinkthemathematicalskills required for AS Level Chemistry to examples of chemistrycontentwherethosemathematicalskillscould be linked to learning.

Module1ofthespecificationcontentrelatestothepracticalskillslearnersareexpectedtogainthroughoutthecourse,whichareassessedthroughoutthewrittenexaminations.

Practicalactivitiesareembeddedwithinthelearningoutcomesofthecoursetoencouragepracticalactivitiesinthelaboratory,enhancinglearners’understandingofchemicaltheoryandpracticalskills.

Thespecificationhasbeendesignedtobeco-teachablewiththeALevelinChemistryAqualification.

Learners studying the A level study modules 1 to 4 and thencontinuewiththeAlevelonlymodules5and6inyear13.TheinternallyassessedPracticalEndorsementskills also form part of the full A Level (see module 1.2. intheALevelspecification).

A summary of the content for the AS level course is as follows:

Module1–Developmentofpracticalskillsinchemistry

• Practicalskillsassessedinawrittenexamination

Module2–Foundationsinchemistry

• Atoms,compounds,moleculesandequations

• Amount of substance

• Acid–baseandredoxreactions

• Electrons, bonding and structure

Module3–Periodictableandenergy

• The periodic table and periodicity

• Group2andthehalogens

• Qualitativeanalysis

• Enthalpy changes

• Reactionratesandequilibrium(qualitative)

Module4–Coreorganicchemistry

• Basic concepts

• Hydrocarbons

• Alcohols and haloalkanes

• Organic synthesis

• Analyticaltechniques(IRandMS)


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2c. Contentofmodules1to4

Module1:Developmentofpracticalskillsinchemistry

Chemistryisapracticalsubjectandthedevelopmentofpracticalskillsisfundamentaltounderstandingthe nature of chemistry. Chemistry A gives learners manyopportunitiestodevelopthefundamentalskills

needed to collect and analyse empirical data. Skills in planning,implementing,analysingandevaluating,asoutlinedin1.1,willbeassessedinthewrittenpapers.

1.1Practicalskillsassessedinawrittenexamination

Practicalskillsareembeddedthroughoutallmodulesinthisspecification.

Learners will be required to develop a range of practicalskillsthroughoutthecourseinpreparationforthewrittenexaminations.

1.1.1Planning

Learningoutcomes Additionalguidance

Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of:

(a) experimental design, including to solve problems setinapracticalcontext

Includingselectionofsuitableapparatus,equipmentand techniques for the proposed experiment.

Learnersshouldbeabletoapplyscientificknowledgebasedonthecontentofthespecificationtothepracticalcontext. HSW3

(b) identificationofvariablesthatmustbecontrolled, where appropriate

(c) evaluationthatanexperimentalmethodisappropriate to meet the expected outcomes.

HSW6

1.1.2Implementing



(a) howtouseawiderangeofpracticalapparatusand techniques correctly

Asoutlinedinthecontentofthespecification. HSW4

(b) appropriate units for measurements M0.0

(c) presentingobservationsanddatainanappropriate format.

HSW8


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1.1.3 Analysis



(a) processing,analysingandinterpretingqualitativeandquantitativeexperimentalresults

Including reaching valid conclusions, where appropriate. HSW5

(b) useofappropriatemathematicalskillsforanalysisofquantitativedata

RefertoSection5foralistofmathematicalskillsthat learners should have acquired competence in as part of the course. HSW3

(c) appropriateuseofsignificantfigures M1.1

(d) plottingandinterpretingsuitablegraphsfromexperimental results, including:(i) selectionandlabellingofaxeswith

appropriatescales,quantitiesandunits(ii) measurement of gradients.

M3.2

M3.3, M3.4, M3.5

1.1.4Evaluation



(a) how to evaluate results and draw conclusions HSW6

(b) theidentificationofanomaliesinexperimentalmeasurements

(c) thelimitationsinexperimentalprocedures

(d) precision and accuracy of measurements and data, including margins of error, percentage errorsanduncertaintiesinapparatus

M1.3

(e) refiningexperimentaldesignbysuggestionofimprovements to the procedures and apparatus.

HSW3


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Module2:Foundationsinchemistry

This module acts as an important bridge into AS and A Level Chemistry from the study of chemistry within sciencecoursesatGCSElevel.

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of AS Chemistry:

• atomic structure

• quantitativechemistry:formulae,equations,amount of substance and the mole

• reactionsofacids

• oxidationnumberandredoxreactions

• bonding and structure.

The importance of these basic chemical concepts is seen as a prerequisite for all further chemistry modules, and it is recommended that this module shouldbestudiedfirstduringthiscourse.

This module allows learners to develop important quantitativetechniquesinvolvedinmeasuringmasses,gasandsolutionvolumes,includinguseofvolumetricapparatus.

Learnersarealsoabletodeveloptheirmathematicalskills during their study of amount of substance and whencarryingoutquantitativepracticalwork.

2.1Atomsandreactions

ThissectionbuildsdirectlyfromGCSEScience,startingwith basic atomic structure and isotopes.

Importantbasicchemicalskillsaredeveloped:writingchemicalformulae,constructingequationsandcalculatingchemicalquantitiesusingtheconceptofamount of substance.

The role of acids, bases and salts in chemistry is developedinthecontextofneutralisationreactions.

Finally,redoxreactionsarestudiedwithinthecontextofoxidationnumberandelectrontransfer.

2.1.1Atomicstructureandisotopes



Atomicstructureandisotopes

(a) isotopes as atoms of the same element with differentnumbersofneutronsanddifferentmasses

(b) atomic structure in terms of the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons for atoms and ions, given the atomic number, mass number and any ionic charge

HSW1Differentmodelsforatomicstructurecanbeusedtoexplaindifferentphenomena,e.g.theBohrmodelexplainsperiodicproperties.

HSW7 The changing accepted models of atomic structureovertime.Theuseofevidencetoacceptorrejectparticularmodels.


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Relativemass

(c) explanationofthetermsrelative isotopic mass (mass compared with 1/12th mass of carbon-12) and relative atomic mass (weighted mean mass compared with 1/12th mass of carbon-12), based on the mass of a 12C atom, the standard for atomic masses

Definitionsrequired.

(d) use of mass spectrometry in:(i) thedeterminationofrelativeisotopic

massesandrelativeabundancesoftheisotope

(ii) calculationoftherelativeatomicmassofanelementfromtherelativeabundancesofitsisotopes

M0.2, M1.2, M3.1

Knowledge of the mass spectrometer not required. Limited to ions with single charges.

(e) use of the terms relative molecular mass, Mr , and relative formula massandtheircalculationfromrelativeatomicmasses.

For simple molecules, the term relative molecular mass will be used.

For compounds with giant structures, the term relative formula mass will be used.

Definitionsofrelativemolecularmassandrelativeformula mass will not be required.

2.1.2Compounds,formulaeandequations



Formulaeandequations

(a) thewritingofformulaeofioniccompoundsfromionic charges, including:(i) predictionofionicchargefromtheposition

of an element in the periodic table(ii) recall of the names and formulae for the

followingions:NO3–, CO3

2–, SO42–, OH–,

NH4+, Zn2+ and Ag+

Notethat‘nitrate’and‘sulfate’shouldbeassumedtobeNO3

– and SO42–.

Charges on ions other than in (i) and (ii) will be provided.

(b) constructionofbalancedchemicalequations(includingionicequations),includingstatesymbols,forreactionsstudiedandforunfamiliarreactionsgivenappropriateinformation.

M0.2


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2.1.3Amountofsubstance



The mole

(a) explanationanduseoftheterms:(i) amount of substance(ii) mole (symbol ‘mol’), as the unit for amount

of substance(iii) the Avogadro constant, NA (the number of

particlespermole,6.02×1023 mol–1)(iv) molar mass (mass per mole, units g mol–1)(v) molar gas volume (gas volume per mole,

units dm3 mol–1)

M0.0, M0.1, M0.2, M0.4

Amount of substance will be used in exams using theformulaofthesubstancee.g.amountofNaCl; amount of O2.

InrecognitionofIUPAC’sreview,wewillacceptboth the classical (carbon-12 based) and revised (Avogadroconstantbased)definitionsofthemoleinexaminationsfromJune2018onwards(seehttps://iupac.org/new-definition-mole-arrived/)

The value for NA and the molar gas volume at RTP are provided on the Data Sheet.

Determinationofformulae

(b) use of the terms:(i) empirical formula (the simplest whole

numberratioofatomsofeachelementpresent in a compound)

(ii) molecular formula (the number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule)

Definitions not required.

(c) calculationsofempiricalandmolecularformulae,fromcompositionbymassorpercentagecompositionsbymassandrelativemolecularmass

M0.2, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4

Toincludecalculatingempiricalformulaefromelemental analysis data.

(d) the terms anhydrous, hydrated and water of crystallisationandcalculationoftheformulaof a hydrated salt from given percentage composition,masscompositionorbasedonexperimental results

M0.2, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4

PAG1

Calculationofreactingmasses,gasvolumesandmoleconcentrations

(e) calculations,usingamountofsubstanceinmol,involving:(i) mass(ii) gas volume(iii) solutionvolumeandconcentration

M0.0, M0.1, M0.4, M1.1, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4

Learnerswillbeexpectedtoexpressconcentrationin mol dm–3 and g dm–3.

(f) theidealgasequation: pV = nRT

M0.0, M0.1, M0.4, M1.1, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4

The value for R is provided on the Data Sheet. Learnerswillbeexpectedtoexpressquantitiesin SI units.


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(g) useofstoichiometricrelationshipsincalculations M0.2

Percentageyieldsandatomeconomy

(h) calculationstodetermine:(i) thepercentageyieldofareactionorrelated

quantities(ii) theatomeconomyofareaction

M0.2, M1.1, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4

(i) the techniques and procedures required during experiments requiring the measurement of mass, volumesofsolutionsandgasvolumes

PAG1 HSW4Manyopportunitiestocarryoutexperimentalandinvestigativework.

(j) thebenefitsforsustainabilityofdevelopingchemical processes with a high atom economy.

HSW10 Use of processes with high atom economy in chemical industry and other areas.

2.1.4 Acids



Acids,bases,alkalisandneutralisation

(a) the formulae of the common acids (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 and CH3COOH) and the common alkalis (NaOH,KOHandNH3)andexplanationthatacidsrelease H+ionsinaqueoussolutionandalkalisrelease OH–ionsinaqueoussolution

(b) qualitativeexplanationofstrongandweakacidsintermsofrelativedissociations

(c) neutralisationasthereactionof:(i) H+ and OH– to form H2O(ii) acids with bases, including carbonates,

metal oxides and alkalis (water-soluble bases),toformsalts,includingfullequations

Acid–basetitrations

(d) the techniques and procedures used when preparingastandardsolutionofrequiredconcentrationandcarryingoutacid–basetitrations


(e) structuredandnon-structuredtitrationcalculations,basedonexperimentalresultsoffamiliar and non-familiar acids and bases.

M0.1, M0.2, M1.1, M1.2, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4


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2.1.5 Redox



Oxidationnumber

(a) rulesforassigningandcalculatingoxidationnumber for atoms in elements, compounds and ions

Learnerswillbeexpectedtoknowoxidationnumbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides.

(b) writingformulaeusingoxidationnumbers HSW8Appropriateuseofoxidationnumbersinwrittencommunication.

(c) use of a Roman numeral to indicate the magnitudeoftheoxidationnumberwhenan element may have compounds/ions with differentoxidationnumbers

Examples should include, but not be limited to, iron(II) and iron(III). Learners will be expected to write formulae from names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice versa. Notethat'nitrate’and‘sulfate’,withnoshownoxidationnumber,areassumedtobeNO3

– and SO4

2–.

HSW8Systematicandunambiguousnomenclature.

Redoxreactions

(d) oxidationandreductionintermsof:(i) electron transfer(ii) changesinoxidationnumber

Should include examples of s-, p- and d-block elements.

(e) redoxreactionsofmetalswithacidstoformsalts,includingfullequations(see also 2.1.4 c)

Metals should be from s-, p- and d- blocks e.g. Mg, Al, Fe, Zn. Ionicequationsnot required. In (e),reactionswithacidswillbelimitedtothoseproducingasaltandhydrogen.Reactionsinvolvingnitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid could be assessed in the context of (f).

(f) interpretationofredoxequationsin(e), and unfamiliarredoxreactions,tomakepredictionsintermsofoxidationnumbersandelectronloss/gain.

M0.2


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2.2Electrons,bondingandstructure

Thissectionintroducestheconceptofatomicorbitalsand develops a deeper understanding of electron configurationslinkedtotheperiodictable.

The central role of electrons in ionic and covalent bonding is then studied. The important role of

moleculesisstudied,includinganexplanationofpolarityandintermolecularforces.Finally,thissectionlooks at how bonding and structure contribute to propertiesofsubstances.

2.2.1Electronstructure



Energylevels,shells,sub-shells, atomicorbitals,electronconfiguration

(a) thenumberofelectronsthatcanfillthefirstfourshells

(b) atomic orbitals, including: (i) as a region around the nucleus that can hold

up to two electrons, with opposite spins(ii) the shapes of s- and p-orbitals(iii) the number of orbitals making up s-, p- and

d-sub-shells, and the number of electrons thatcanfills-,p-andd-sub-shells

HSW1,7 Development of models to explain electron structure.

(c) fillingoforbitals:(i) forthefirstthreeshellsandthe4sand4p

orbitals in order of increasing energy(ii) for orbitals with the same energy,

occupationsinglybeforepairing

Learners are expected to be familiar with the 'electronsinbox'representations.

HSW1Developmentofrefinedmodelsforelectronstructure.

(d) deductionoftheelectronconfigurationsof:(i) atoms, given the atomic number, up to

Z=36(ii) ions, given the atomic number and ionic

charge, limited to s- and p-blocks up to Z=36.

Learnersshouldusesub-shellnotation,i.e.foroxygen: 1s22s22p4. TheelectronconfigurationsofCrandCuwillnot be assessed.


2

2.2.2Bondingandstructure



Ionicbonding

(a) ionicbondingaselectrostaticattractionbetweenpositiveandnegativeions,andtheconstructionof'dot-and-cross'diagrams

(b) explanationofthesolidstructuresofgiantioniclattices,resultingfromoppositelychargedionsstronglyattractedinalldirectionse.g.NaCl

(c) explanationoftheeffectofstructureandbondingonthephysicalpropertiesofioniccompounds,includingmeltingandboilingpoints,solubilityandelectricalconductivityinsolid,liquid and aqueous states

HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain macroscopicproperties.

Covalentbonding

(d) covalentbondasthestrongelectrostaticattractionbetweenasharedpairofelectronsandthe nuclei of the bonded atoms

(e) constructionof‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams of molecules and ions to describe:(i) single covalent bonding(ii) multiplecovalentbonding(iii) dativecovalent(coordinate)bonding

‘Dot-and-cross’ diagrams of up to six electron pairs (including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom.

(f) use of the term average bond enthalpy as a measurement of covalent bond strength

Learners should appreciate that the larger the value of the average bond enthalpy, the stronger the covalent bond. Definitionandcalculationsnot required. Averagebondenthalpiesandrelatedcalculationsare covered in detail in 3.2.1 f.

Theshapesofsimplemoleculesandions

(g) the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules and ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted byelectronpairrepulsion,includingtherelativerepulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone pairs of electrons

M4.1, M4.2

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to illustrate shapes of molecules and ions.

HSW1,2 Using electron pair repulsion theory to predict molecular shapes.

(h) electron pair repulsion to explain the following shapes of molecules and ions: linear, non-linear, trigonal planar, pyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral

Learners are expected to know that lone pairs repel more than bonded pairs and the bond angles for common examples of each shape including CH4(109.5°),NH3 (107°) and H2O (104.5°).


2

Electronegativityandbondpolarity

(i) electronegativityastheabilityofanatomtoattractthebondingelectronsinacovalentbond;interpretationofPaulingelectronegativityvalues

Learnersshouldbeawarethatelectronegativityincreases towards F in the periodic table.

HSW1,2Usingideasaboutelectronegativitytopredict chemical bond type.

(j) explanationof:(i) a polar bond and permanent dipole within

molecules containing covalently-bonded atomswithdifferentelectronegativities

(ii) a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape

A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles thatdonotcancelduetotheirdirectione.g.H2O and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an overall dipole.

Intermolecularforces

(k) intermolecular forces based on permanent dipole–dipoleinteractionsandinduced dipole–dipoleinteractions

Permanent dipole–dipole and induced dipole–dipole interactionscanboth be referred to as van der Waals’ forces.

Induceddipole–dipoleinteractionscanalsobereferred to as London (dispersion) forces.

HSW1,2Dipoleinteractionsasamodeltoexplainintermolecular bonding.

(l) hydrogen bonding as intermolecular bonding betweenmoleculescontainingN,OorFandtheHatomof–NH,–OHorHF

Including the role of lone pairs.

(m) explanationofanomalouspropertiesofH2O resultingfromhydrogenbonding,e.g.:(i) the density of ice compared with water(ii) itsrelativelyhighmeltingandboilingpoints

HSW1 Use of ideas about hydrogen bonding to explainmacroscopicproperties.

(n) explanationofthesolidstructuresofsimplemolecularlattices,ascovalentlybondedmoleculesattractedbyintermolecularforces,e.g. I2, ice

(o) explanationoftheeffectofstructureandbondingonthephysicalpropertiesofcovalentcompoundswithsimplemolecularlatticestructuresincludingmeltingandboilingpoints,solubilityandelectricalconductivity.


2

Module3:Periodictableandenergy

The focus of this module is inorganic and physical chemistry,theapplicationsofenergyusetoeveryday life and industrial processes, and current environmental concerns associated with sustainability.

The content within this module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed inModule2:Foundationsinchemistry.

This module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of inorganic and physical chemistry:

• theperiodictable:periodicandgroupproperties

• enthalpychangesandtheirdetermination

• ratesofreaction

• reversiblereactionsandchemicalequilibrium

• considerationofenergyandyieldinimprovingsustainability.

This module allows learners to develop important qualitativepracticalskills,especiallyobservationalskillsrequiredforanalysis,andaccuratequantitative

techniquesinvolvedindeterminationofenergychangesandreactionrates.

Thereareopportunitiesfordevelopingmathematicalskillswhenstudyingenthalpychangesandreactionratesandwhencarryingoutquantitativepracticalwork.

Synopticassessment

Thismoduleprovidesacontextforsynopticassessment and the subject content links strongly with contentencounteredinModule2:Foundationsinchemistry.

• Atoms, moles and stoichiometry

• Acidandredoxreactions

• Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be assumedandexaminationquestionswillbesetthatlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry.

3.1 The periodic table

Periodictrendsarefirststudiedtoextendtheunderstandingofstructureandbonding.GrouppropertiesarethenstudiedusingGroup2andthehalogens as typical metal and non-metal groups respectively,allowinganunderstandingofredoxreactionstobedevelopedfurther.

Finally,thissectionlooksathowunknownioniccompoundscanbeanalysedandidentifiedusingsimple test-tube tests.


2

3.1.1 Periodicity



Thestructureoftheperiodictable

(a) the periodic table as the arrangement of elements:(i) by increasing atomic (proton) number(ii) inperiodsshowingrepeatingtrends

inphysicalandchemicalproperties(periodicity)

(iii) ingroupshavingsimilarchemicalproperties

HSW1,7,11 The development of the Periodic Law andacceptancebythescientificcommunity.

HSW7,11 The extension of the periodic table throughdiscoveryandconfirmationofnewelements.

Periodictrendinelectronconfiguration andionisationenergy

(b) (i) theperiodictrendinelectronconfigurationsacross Periods 2 and 3 (see also 2.2.1 d)

(ii) classificationofelementsintos-,p-andd-blocks

(c) firstionisationenergy(removalof1molofelectrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms) and successiveionisationenergy,and:(i) explanationofthetrendinfirstionisation

energies across Periods 2 and 3, and down a group,intermsofattraction,nuclearchargeand atomic radius

(ii) predictionfromsuccessiveionisationenergies of the number of electrons in each shell of an atom and the group of an element

M3.1

Definitionrequiredforfirstionisationenergyonly. Explanationtoincludethesmalldecreasesasaresult of s- and p-sub-shell energies (e.g. between BeandB)andp-orbitalrepulsion(e.g.betweenNand O).

HSW1,2TrendsinionisationenergysupporttheBohr model of the atom.

Periodictrendinstructureandmeltingpoint

(d) explanationof:(i) metallicbondingasstrongelectrostatic

attractionbetweencations(positiveions)and delocalised electrons

(ii) agiantmetalliclatticestructure,e.g.allmetals

Nodetailsofcubicorhexagonalpackingrequired.

(e) explanationofthesolidgiantcovalentlatticesofcarbon (diamond, graphite and graphene) and silicon as networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds

HSW1,9 Use of ideas about bonding to explain the strengthandconductivepropertiesofgraphene,anditspotentialapplicationsandbenefits.


2

(f) explanationofphysicalpropertiesofgiantmetallicandgiantcovalentlattices,includingmeltingandboilingpoints,solubilityandelectricalconductivityintermsofstructureandbonding

Explanationsshouldbeintermsofthetypesofparticlepresentinalattice,therelativestrengthofforcesandbonds,andthemobilityoftheparticlesinvolved, as appropriate.

HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain macroscopicproperties.

(g) explanationofthevariationinmeltingpointsacross Periods 2 and 3 in terms of structure and bonding (see also 2.2.2 o).

M3.1

Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant covalenttosimplemolecularlattice.

3.1.2Group2



Redoxreactionsandreactivityof Group2metals

(a) the outer shell s2electronconfigurationandthelossoftheseelectronsinredoxreactionstoform2+ ions

(b) therelativereactivitiesoftheGroup2elementsMg→Bashownbytheirredoxreactionswith:(i) oxygen(ii) water(iii) dilute acids

Reactionswithacidswillbelimitedtothoseproducing a salt and hydrogen.

(c) thetrendinreactivityintermsofthefirstandsecondionisationenergiesofGroup2elementsdown the group (see also 3.1.1 c)

M3.1

Definitionofsecondionisationenergyisnot required, but learners should be able to write an equationforthechangeinvolved.

ReactionsofGroup2compounds

(d) theactionofwateronGroup2oxidesandtheapproximatepHofanyresultingsolutions,including the trend of increasing alkalinity

(e) usesofsomeGroup2compoundsasbases,includingequations,forexample(butnotlimitedto):(i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid

soils(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3as‘antacids’intreating

indigestion.


2

3.1.3Thehalogens



Characteristicphysicalproperties

(a) existence of halogens as diatomic molecules and explanationofthetrendintheboilingpointsofCl2, Br2 and I2, in terms of induced dipole–dipole interactions(Londonforces)(seealso2.2.2k)

Redoxreactionsandreactivityof halogensandtheircompounds

(b) the outer shell s2p5electronconfigurationand the gaining of one electron in many redox reactionstoform1–ions

Throughoutthissection,explanationsofredoxreactionsshouldemphasiseelectrontransferandoxidationnumberchangesandincludefullandionicequations(see also 2.1.5 Redox).

(c) thetrendinreactivityofthehalogensCl2, Br2 and I2,illustratedbyreactionwithotherhalideions

Including colour change in aqueous and organic solutions.

(d) explanationofthetrendinreactivityshownin(c), from the decreasing ease of forming 1– ions, intermsofattraction,atomicradiusandelectronshielding

(e) explanationofthetermdisproportionation as oxidationandreductionofthesameelement,illustrated by:(i) thereactionofchlorinewithwaterasused

in water treatment(ii) thereactionofchlorinewithcold,dilute

aqueous sodium hydroxide, as used to form bleach

(iii) reactionsanalogoustothosespecifiedin(i) and (ii)

(f) thebenefitsofchlorineuseinwatertreatment(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (e.g. hazards of toxic chlorine gas and possiblerisksfromformationofchlorinatedhydrocarbons)

HSW9,10,12 Decisions on whether or not to chlorinatewaterdependonbalanceofbenefitsandrisks,andethicalconsiderationsofpeople’srighttochoose.Considerationofothermethodsofpurifyingdrinking water.

Characteristicreactionsofhalideions

(g) theprecipitationreactions,includingionicequations,oftheaqueousanionsCl –, Br– and I– with aqueous silver ions, followed by aqueous ammonia,andtheiruseasatestfordifferenthalide ions.

Complexes with ammonia are not required other thanobservations. PAG4 HSW4Qualitativeanalysis.


2

3.1.4Qualitativeanalysis



Tests for ions

(a) qualitativeanalysisofionsonatest-tubescale; processesandtechniquesneededtoidentifythefollowing ions in an unknown compound:(i) anions:

• CO32–,byreactionwithH+(aq)

forming CO2(g) (see 2.1.4 c)

• SO42–,byprecipitationwithBa2+(aq)

• Cl –, Br–, I– (see3.1.3g)

(ii) cations:NH4+, byreactionwithwarm

NaOH(aq)formingNH3.

Sequence of tests required is carbonate, sulfate then halide. (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble.)

PAG4 HSW4Qualitativeanalysis.

3.2 Physical chemistry

Thissectionintroducesphysicalchemistrywithinthegeneral theme of energy.

Learnersfirststudytheimportanceofenthalpychanges,theirusesanddeterminationfromexperimental results including enthalpy cycles.

Thissectiontheninvestigatesthe ways in which a changeinconditionscanaffecttherateofachemicalreaction,intermsofactivationenergy,theBoltzmanndistributionandcatalysis.

Reversiblereactionsarethenstudied,includingthe dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium and theinfluenceofconditionsuponthepositionofequilibrium.

Finally, the integrated roles of enthalpy changes, rates, catalysts and equilibria are considered as a way of increasing yield and reducing energy demand, improving the sustainability of industrial processes.

3.2.1Enthalpychanges



Enthalpychanges:∆Hofreaction,formation, combustionandneutralisation

(a) explanationthatsomechemicalreactionsareaccompanied by enthalpy changes that are exothermic(∆H,negative)orendothermic(∆H,positive)

(b) constructionofenthalpyprofilediagramstoshowthedifferenceintheenthalpyofreactantscompared with products

M3.1


2

(c) qualitativeexplanationofthetermactivation energy,includinguseofenthalpyprofilediagrams

M3.1

Activationenergyintermsoftheminimumenergyrequiredforareactiontotakeplace.

(d) explanationanduseoftheterms:(i) standard conditions and standard states

(physicalstatesunderstandardconditions)(ii) enthalpy change of reaction (enthalpy

changeassociatedwithastatedequation,∆rH)

(iii) enthalpy change of formation(formationof 1 mol of a compound from its elements, ∆fH)

(iv) enthalpy change of combustion (complete combustionof1molofasubstance,∆cH)

(v) enthalpy change of neutralisation (formationof1molofwaterfromneutralisation,∆neutH)

Definitionsrequiredforenthalpychangesofformation,combustionandneutralisationonly.

Standardconditionscanbeconsideredas100kPaandastatedtemperature,298K.

(e) determinationofenthalpychangesdirectlyfromappropriate experimental results, including use oftherelationship:q = mc∆T

M0.0, M0.2, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4 PAG3

Bond enthalpies

(f) (i) explanationofthetermaverage bond enthalpy (as the breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules)

(ii) explanationofexothermicandendothermicreactionsintermsofenthalpychangesassociated with the breaking and making of chemical bonds

(iii) use of average bond enthalpies to calculate enthalpychangesandrelatedquantities(see also 2.2.2 f)

M0.0, M0.2, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4

Formaldefinitionofaveragebondenthalpynot required.

Learners are expected to understand that an actual bondenthalpymaydifferfromtheaveragevalue.

Hess’lawandenthalpycycles

(g) Hess’lawforconstructionofenthalpycyclesandcalculationstodetermineindirectly:(i) anenthalpychangeofreactionfrom

enthalpychangesofcombustion(ii) anenthalpychangeofreactionfrom

enthalpychangesofformation(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy

cycles

M0.0, M0.2, M1.1, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4, M3.1

DefinitionofHess'lawnot required. Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided.

HSW2Applicationoftheprincipleofconservationofenergy to determine enthalpy changes.

(h) the techniques and procedures used to determine enthalpy changes directly and indirectly.

M3.1, M3.2

PAG3 HSW4Opportunitiesforcarryingoutexperimentalandinvestigativework.


2

3.2.2Reactionrates



Simple collision theory

(a) theeffectofconcentration,includingthepressureofgases,ontherateofareaction,interms of frequency of collisions

(b) calculationofreactionratefromthegradientsofgraphsmeasuringhowaphysicalquantitychangeswithtime

M3.1, M3.2, M3.5

Suitablephysicalquantitiestomonitorcouldincludeconcentration,gasvolume,mass,etc.

Catalysts

(c) explanationoftheroleofacatalyst:(i) inincreasingreactionratewithoutbeing

usedupbytheoverallreaction(ii) inallowingareactiontoproceedviaa

differentroutewithloweractivationenergy,asshownbyenthalpyprofilediagrams

Details of processes are not required.

(d) (i) explanationofthetermshomogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

(ii) explanationthatcatalystshavegreateconomicimportanceandbenefitsforincreased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand fromcombustionoffossilfuelswithresultingreductioninCO2 emissions

HSW9,10Benefitstotheenvironmentofimprovedsustainability weighed against toxicity of some catalysts.

(e) the techniques and procedures used to investigatereactionratesincludingthemeasurementofmass,gasvolumesandtime


TheBoltzmanndistribution

(f) qualitativeexplanationoftheBoltzmanndistributionanditsrelationshipwithactivationenergy (see also 3.2.1 c)

M3.1

(g) explanation,usingBoltzmanndistributions,ofthequalitativeeffectontheproportionofmoleculesexceedingtheactivationenergyandhencethereactionrate,for:(i) temperature changes(ii) catalyticbehaviour(see also 3.2.2 c).

M3.1

HSW1,2,5UseofBoltzmanndistributionmodeltoexplaineffectonreactionrates.


2

3.2.3Chemicalequilibrium



DynamicequilibriumandleChatelier’sprinciple

(a) explanationthatadynamicequilibriumexistsin a closed system when the rate of the forward reactionisequaltotherateofthereversereactionandtheconcentrationsofreactantsandproducts do not change

(b) leChatelier’sprincipleanditsapplicationforhomogeneousequilibriatodeducequalitativelytheeffectofachangeintemperature,pressureorconcentrationonthepositionofequilibrium

DefinitionforleChatelier'sprinciplenot required.

HSW1,2,5 Use of le Chatelier’s principle to explain effectoffactorsonthepositionofequilibrium.

(c) explanationthatacatalystincreasestherateofbothforwardandreversereactionsinanequilibriumbythesameamountresultinginanunchangedpositionofequilibrium

(d) the techniques and procedures used to investigatechangestothepositionofequilibriumforchangesinconcentrationandtemperature.

Qualitativeeffectsonly.

HSW4Opportunitiestocarryoutexperimentalandinvestigativework.

(e) explanationoftheimportancetothechemicalindustry of a compromise between chemical equilibriumandreactionrateindecidingtheoperationalconditions

HSW6Balancingtheeffectsofequilibrium,rate,safetyandeconomicstodeterminetheconditionsusedinindustrialreactionse.g.Haberprocess.

Theequilibriumconstant,Kc

(f) expressions for the equilibrium constant, Kc ,forhomogeneousreactionsandcalculationsof the equilibrium constant, Kc ,fromprovidedequilibriumconcentrations

M0.2, M1.1, M2.3, M2.4

Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc.

(g) estimationofthepositionofequilibriumfromthe magnitude of Kc.

M0.3

Aqualitativeestimationonlyisrequired.


2

Module4:Coreorganicchemistry

This module introduces organic chemistry and its importantapplicationstoeverydaylife,includingcurrent environmental concerns associated with sustainability.

The module assumes knowledge and understanding of the chemical concepts developed in Module 2: Foundationsinchemistry.

The module provides learners with a knowledge and understanding of the important chemical ideas that underpin the study of organic chemistry:

• nomenclatureandformularepresentation,functionalgroups,organicreactionsandisomerism

• aliphatichydrocarbons

• alcohols and haloalkanes

• organicpracticalskillsandorganicsynthesis

• instrumentalanalyticaltechniquestoprovideevidence of structural features in molecules.

This module also provides learners with an opportunity todevelopimportantorganicpracticalskills,includinguseofQuickfitapparatusfordistillation,heatingunderrefluxandpurificationoforganicliquids.

In the context of this module, it is important that learners should appreciate the need to consider responsible use of organic chemicals in the environment. Current trends in this context include reducing demand for hydrocarbon fuels, processing plasticwasteproductively,andpreventinguseofozone-depletingchemicals.

Synopticassessment

Thismoduleprovidesacontextforsynopticassessment and the subject content links strongly with thecontentencounteredinModule2:Foundationsinchemistry.

• Atoms, moles and stoichiometry

• Acidandredoxreactions

• Bonding and structure

Knowledge and understanding of Module 2 will be assumedandexaminationquestionswillbesetthatlink its content with this module and other areas of chemistry.

4.1 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

Thissectionisfundamentaltothestudyoforganicchemistry.

Thissectionintroducesthevarioustypesofstructuresusedroutinelyinorganicchemistry,nomenclature,and the important concepts of homologous series,

functionalgroups,isomerismandreactionmechanismsusing curly arrows.

Theinitialideasarethendevelopedwithinthecontextof the hydrocarbons: alkanes and alkenes.


2

4.1.1Basicconceptsoforganicchemistry



Namingandrepresentingtheformulae oforganiccompounds

(a) applicationofIUPACrulesofnomenclatureforsystematicallynamingorganiccompounds

Nomenclaturewillbelimitedtothefunctionalgroupswithinthisspecification. E.g. CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2OHhasthesystematicname: 2-methylbutan-1-ol. Learners will be expected to know the names of the firsttenmembersofthealkaneshomologousseriesand their corresponding alkyl groups.

HSW8Useofsystematicnomenclaturetoavoidambiguity. HSW11TheroleofIUPACindevelopingasystematicframework for chemical nomenclature.

(b) interpretationanduseoftheterms:(i) general formula (the simplest algebraic

formula of a member of a homologous series) e.g. for an alkane: CnH2n+2

(ii) structural formula (the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) e.g. for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

(iii) displayed formula(therelativepositioningof atoms and the bonds between them) e.g. for ethanol:

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O H

(iv) skeletal formula (thesimplifiedorganicformula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbonskeletonandassociatedfunctionalgroups) e.g. for butan-2-ol:

OH

M4.2

See also 2.1.3 b for empirical formula and molecular formula. Definitionsnot required.

In structural formulae, the carboxyl group will be represented as COOH and the ester group as COO.

The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and benzene:

HSW8Communicationusingorganicchemicalstructures;selectingtheappropriatetypeofformulafor the context.


2

Functionalgroups

(c) interpretationanduseoftheterms:(i) homologous series (a series of organic

compoundshavingthesamefunctionalgroup but with each successive member differingbyCH2)

(ii) functional group (a group of atoms responsibleforthecharacteristicreactionsof a compound)

(iii) alkyl group (of formula CnH2n+1)(iv) aliphatic (a compound containing carbon

and hydrogen joined together in straight chains,branchedchainsornon-aromaticrings)

(v) alicyclic(analiphaticcompoundarrangedinnon-aromaticringswithorwithoutsidechains)

(vi) aromatic (a compound containing a benzene ring)

(vii) saturated (single carbon–carbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of multiplecarbon–carbonbonds,includingC=C, C/Candaromaticrings)

Definitionrequiredforhomologousseriesonly.

R may be used to represent alkyl groups, but also other fragments of organic compounds not involved inreactions.

The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used toindicatethepresenceofmultiplecarbon–carbonbondsasdistinctfromthewiderterm‘degreeofsaturation’usedalsoforanymultiplebondsandcyclic compounds.

(d) use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

Isomerism

(e) explanationofthetermstructural isomers (compounds with the same molecular formulabutdifferentstructuralformulae)anddeterminationofpossiblestructuralformulaeofan organic molecule, given its molecular formula

M4.2

Reactionmechanisms

(f) thedifferenttypesofcovalentbondfission:(i) homolyticfission(intermsofeachbonding

atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals)

(ii) heterolyticfission(intermsofonebondingatom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair)


2

(g) the term radical (a species with an unpaired electron) and use of ‘dots’ to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

Radical mechanisms will be represented by a sequenceofequations. Dots, •, are required in all instances where there is a single unpaired electron (e.g. Cl • and CH3•). Dots are not required for species that are diradicals (e.g. O).

(h) a ‘curly arrow’ described as the movement of an electronpair,showingeitherheterolyticfissionorformationofacovalentbond

‘Half curly arrows’ are not required, see 4.1.2 f.

HSW1,8Useofthe‘curlyarrow’modeltodemonstrateelectronflowinorganicreactions.

(i) reactionmechanisms,usingdiagrams,toshowclearly the movement of an electron pair with ‘curly arrows’ and relevant dipoles.

Any relevant dipoles should be included. Curly arrows should start from a bond, a lone pair of electronsoranegativecharge.

HSW1,2,8Useofreactionmechanismstoexplainorganicreactions.

4.1.2Alkanes



Propertiesofalkanes

(a) alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons containing singleC–CandC–Hbondsasσ-bonds(overlapof orbitals directly between the bonding atoms); freerotationoftheσ-bond

Hybridisationnot required.

HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds.

(b) explanationofthetetrahedralshapeandbond angle around each carbon atom in alkanes in terms of electron pair repulsion (seealso2.2.2g–h)

M4.1, M4.2

Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams.

(c) explanationofthevariationsinboilingpointsofalkaneswithdifferentcarbon-chainlengthandbranching, in terms of induced dipole–dipole interactions(Londonforces)(seealso2.2.2k)

M3.1

Reactionsofalkanes

(d) thelowreactivityofalkaneswithmanyreagentsin terms of the high bond enthalpy and very low polarityoftheσ-bondspresent(see also 2.2.2 j)

HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to explainmacroscopicpropertiesofalkanes.

(e) completecombustionofalkanes,asusedinfuels,andtheincompletecombustionofalkanefuelsinalimitedsupplyofoxygenwiththeresultingpotentialdangersfromCO


2

(f) thereactionofalkaneswithchlorineandbrominebyradicalsubstitutionusingultravioletradiation,includingamechanisminvolvinghomolyticfissionandradicalreactionsintermsofinitiation,propagationandtermination(see also4.1.1f–g)

Learners are not required to use ‘half curly arrows’ in this mechanism. Equationsshouldshowwhichspeciesareradicalsusing a single ‘dot’, •, to represent the unpaired electron.

(g) thelimitationsofradicalsubstitutioninsynthesisbytheformationofamixtureoforganicproducts,intermsoffurthersubstitutionandreactionsatdifferentpositionsinacarbonchain.

4.1.3Alkenes



Propertiesofalkenes

(a) alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing aC=Cbondcomprisingaπ-bond(sidewaysoverlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below thebondingCatoms)andaσ-bond(overlapoforbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 4.1.2 a);restrictedrotationoftheπ-bond

Hybridisationisnot required.

HSW1 Use of the model of orbital overlap to explain covalent bonding in organic compounds.

(b) explanationofthetrigonalplanarshapeandbond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion (see also2.2.2g–h,4.1.2b)

M4.1, M4.2


2

Stereoisomerisminalkenes

(c) (i) explanationoftheterms: • stereoisomers (compounds with the

same structural formula but with a differentarrangementinspace)

• E/Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restrictedrotationaboutadoublebond and the requirement for two differentgroupstobeattachedtoeach carbon atom of the C=C group)

• cis–trans isomerism (a special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituentgroupsattachedtoeachcarbon atom of the C=C group are the same)

(ii) use of Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) priority rulestoidentifytheE and Z stereoisomers

M4.2, M4.3

C C

H

HE-but-2-ene

(trans)Z-but-2-ene

(cis)

CH3

H3C

H3C

C C

H

CH3

H

Use of E as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on each carbon atom of the C=C bond.

AssigningCIPprioritiestodoubleortriplebondswithin R groups is not required:

C C

R''

R' R'''

R

(d) determinationofpossibleE/Z or cis–trans stereoisomers of an organic molecule, given its structural formula

M4.2, M4.3

Additionreactionsofalkenes

(e) thereactivityofalkenesintermsoftherelativelylowbondenthalpyoftheπ-bond

(f) additionreactionsofalkeneswith:(i) hydrogen in the presence of a suitable

catalyst,e.g.Ni,toformalkanes(ii) halogens to form dihaloalkanes, including

the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for unsaturationinacarbonchain

(iii) hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes(iv) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst,

e.g. H3PO4, to form alcohols

(g) definitionanduseofthetermelectrophile (an electron pair acceptor)

(h) themechanismofelectrophilicadditioninalkenesbyheterolyticfission(seealso4.1.1h–i)

Forthereactionwithhalogens,eitheracarbocationor a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable.

HSW1,2,8Useofreactionmechanismstoexplainorganicreactions.


2

(i) useofMarkownikoff’sruletopredictformationofamajororganicproductinadditionreactionsof H–X to unsymmetrical alkenes, e.g. H–Br to propene,intermsoftherelativestabilitiesofcarbocationintermediatesinthemechanism

Limitedtostabilitiesofprimary,secondaryandtertiarycarbocations. Explanationforrelativestabilitiesofcarbocationsnot required.

HSW1,2,5 Use of stability to explain products of organicreactions.

Polymersfromalkenes

(j) additionpolymerisationofalkenesandsubstitutedalkenes,including:(i) therepeatunitofanadditionpolymer

deduced from a given monomer(ii) identificationofthemonomerthatwould

produceagivensectionofanadditionpolymer

Wastepolymersandalternatives

(k) thebenefitsforsustainabilityofprocessingwastepolymers by:(i) combustionforenergyproduction(ii) use as an organic feedstock for the

productionofplasticsandotherorganicchemicals

(iii) removal of toxic waste products, e.g. removal of HCl formed during disposal bycombustionofhalogenatedplastics(e.g. PVC)

HSW9,10Benefitsofcheapoil-derivedplasticscounteracted by problems for the environment of landfill;themovetore-usingwaste,improvingtheuse of resources.

(l) thebenefitstotheenvironmentofdevelopmentof biodegradable and photodegradable polymers.

HSW9,10Benefitsofreduceddependencyonfiniteresourcesandalleviatingproblemsfromdisposalofpersistentplasticwaste.


2

4.2Alcohols,haloalkanesandanalysis

Thissectionintroducestwofurtherfunctionalgroups: alcohols and haloalkanes, and considers the importance of polarity and bond enthalpy to organic reactions.

Throughoutthissection,therearemanyopportunitiesfordevelopingorganicpracticalskills,includingpreparationandpurificationoforganicliquids.

Finally, the important techniques of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to illustrate instrumental analysis as a valuable tool for identifyingorganiccompounds.

4.2.1 Alcohols



Propertiesofalcohols

(a) (i) thepolarityofalcoholsandanexplanation,in terms of hydrogen bonding, of the water solubilityandtherelativelylowvolatilityofalcohols compared with alkanes (see also 2.2.2 l and 4.1.2 c)

(ii) classificationofalcoholsintoprimary,secondaryandtertiaryalcohols

Reactionsofalcohols

(b) combustionofalcohols

(c) oxidationofalcoholsbyanoxidisingagent,e.g. Cr2O7

2–/H+ (i.e. K2Cr2O7/H2SO4), including:(i) theoxidationofprimaryalcoholstoform

aldehydes and carboxylic acids; the control oftheoxidationproductusingdifferentreactionconditions

(ii) theoxidationofsecondaryalcoholstoformketones

(iii) theresistancetooxidationoftertiaryalcohols

Equationsshoulduse[O]torepresenttheoxidisingagent.

PAG7

(d) eliminationofH2O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (e.g. H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form alkenes

Mechanism not required.

(e) substitutionwithhalideionsinthepresenceofacid(e.g.NaBr/H2SO4) to form haloalkanes.

Mechanism not required.


2

4.2.2Haloalkanes



Substitutionreactionsofhaloalkanes

(a) hydrolysisofhaloalkanesinasubstitutionreaction:(i) by aqueous alkali(ii) bywaterinthepresenceofAgNO3 and

ethanol to compare experimentally the ratesofhydrolysisofdifferentcarbon–halogen bonds

PAG7

(b) definitionanduseofthetermnucleophile (an electron pair donor)

(c) themechanismofnucleophilicsubstitutioninthehydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali (seealso4.1.1h–i)

HSW1,2Useofreactionmechanismstoexplainorganicreactions.

(d) explanationofthetrendintheratesofhydrolysisof primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbon–halogen bonds (C–F, C–Cl, C–Br and C–I)

Environmentalconcernsfromuseoforganohalogencompounds

(e) productionofhalogenradicalsbytheactionofultraviolet(UV)radiationonCFCsintheupperatmosphereandtheresultingcatalysedbreakdownoftheEarth’sprotectiveozonelayer,includingequationstorepresent:(i) theproductionofhalogenradicals(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl •

andotherradicalse.g.•NO.

Simpleequationsofthebreakdownprocessarerequired, e.g. CF2Cl2 → CF2Cl • + •Cl •Cl + O3 → •Cl O + O2 •Cl O + O → •Cl + O2 Learners could be expected to construct similar equationsforotherstatedradicals.

HSW9,10,11,12BenefitsofCFCs;acceptanceofscientificevidenceexplainingozonedepletionleadingtogovernmentlegislationagainstCFCuse.


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4.2.3Organicsynthesis



Practicalskills

(a) the techniques and procedures for:(i) useofQuickfitapparatusincludingfor

distillationandheatingunderreflux(ii) preparationandpurificationofanorganic

liquid including: • useofaseparatingfunneltoremove

an organic layer from an aqueous layer

• drying with an anhydrous salt (e.g. MgSO4, CaCl2)

• redistillation

PAG5 HSW4Opportunitiestocarryoutexperimentalandinvestigativework.

Syntheticroutes

(b) for an organic molecule containing several functionalgroups:(i) identificationofindividualfunctionalgroups(ii) predictionofpropertiesandreactions

Learnerswillbeexpectedtoidentifyfunctionalgroupsencounteredinthisspecification:alkanes,alkenes, alcohols and haloalkanes.

HSW3Developmentofsyntheticroutes.

(c) two-stagesyntheticroutesforpreparingorganiccompounds.

Learners will be expected to be able to devisetwo-stagesyntheticroutesbyapplyingtransformationsbetweenallfunctionalgroupsstudiedinthisspecification.

Extrainformationmaybeprovidedonexampaperstoextendthelearner’stoolkitoforganicreactions.

HSW3Developmentofsyntheticroutes.


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4.2.4Analyticaltechniques



Infrared spectroscopy

(a) infrared(IR)radiationcausescovalentbondstovibrate more and absorb energy

(b) absorptionofinfraredradiationbyatmosphericgases containing C=O, O–H and C–H bonds (e.g. CO2, H2O and CH4), the suspected link to global warmingandresultingchangestoenergyusage

HSW9,10,11,12Acceptanceofscientificevidenceexplaining global warming has prompted governments towards policies to use renewable energy supplies.

(c) use of an infrared spectrum of an organic compoundtoidentify:(i) analcoholfromanabsorptionpeakofthe

O–H bond(ii) analdehydeorketonefromanabsorption

peak of the C=O bond(iii) acarboxylicacidfromanabsorptionpeakof

theC=Obondandabroadabsorptionpeakof the O–H bond

M3.1

Inexaminations,infraredabsorptiondatawillbeprovided on the Data Sheet. Learners should be aware that most organic compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000 cm–1duetoabsorptionbyC–Hbonds.

(d) interpretationsandpredictionsofaninfraredspectrum of familiar or unfamiliar substances using supplied data

M3.1

Restrictedtofunctionalgroupsstudiedinthisspecification.

HSW3,5Analysisandinterpretationofspectra.

(e) use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases causingairpollution(e.g.COandNOfromcaremissions) and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

HSW12Useofanalyticaltechniquestoprovideevidence for law courts, e.g. drink driving.

Mass spectrometry

(f) use of a mass spectrum of an organic compound toidentifythemolecularionpeakandhencetodetermine molecular mass

M3.1

Limited to ions with single charges. Mass spectra limited to organic compounds containing C, H and O encountered in this specification.

Learners should be aware that mass spectra may containasmallM+1peakfromthesmallproportionof carbon-13.



2

(g) analysisoffragmentationpeaksinamassspectrumtoidentifypartsofstructures

M3.1

Learners should be able to suggest the structures of fragment ions.


Combinedtechniques

(h) deductionofthestructuresoforganiccompoundsfromdifferentanalyticaldataincluding:(i) elemental analysis (see also 2.1.3 c)(ii) mass spectra(iii) IR spectra.

M3.1

Limitedtofunctionalgroupsencounteredinthisspecification.

Learners will not be expected to interpret mass spectra of organic halogen compounds.

HSW3,5,6Analysisandinterpretationofdifferentanalyticaldata.


2

2d. Priorknowledge,learningandprogression

ThisspecificationhasbeendevelopedforlearnerswhowishtocontinuewithastudyofchemistryatLevel3intheNationalQualificationsFramework(NQF).TheASlevelspecificationhasbeenwrittentoprovideprogressionfromGCSEScience,GCSEAdditionalScience,GCSEFurtherAdditionalScienceorfromGCSEChemistry. Learners who have successfully taken other Level2qualificationsinScienceorAppliedSciencewith appropriate chemistry content may also have acquiredsufficientknowledgeandunderstandingtobegin the AS Level Chemistry course.

There is no formal requirement for prior knowledge of chemistryforentryontothisqualification.

Otherlearnerswithoutformalqualificationsmayhaveacquiredsufficientknowledgeofchemistrytoenableprogression onto the course.

Some learners may wish to follow a chemistry course for only one year as an AS, in order to broaden their curriculum, and to develop their interest and understandingofdifferentareasofthesubject.Othersmayfollowaco-teachableroute,completingthe one-year AS course and/or then moving to the two-year A level. For learners wishing to follow an apprenticeshiprouteorthoseseekingdirectentryinto chemical science careers, this AS level provides a strong background and progression pathway.

ThereareanumberofSciencespecificationsatOCR.Find out more at www.ocr.org.uk



3

3 Assessment of OCR AS Level in Chemistry A

3a. Formsofassessment

Both externally assessed components (01 and 02) contain some synopticassessment.Bothcomponentsadditionallycontainsomeextendedresponse

questions;inComponent02someofthesearemarkedusing Level of Response mark schemes.

Breadth in chemistry (Component 01)

This component is worth 70 marks and is split into twosectionsandassessescontentfromallteachingmodules,1to4.Learnersanswerallquestions.

SectionAcontainsmultiplechoicequestions.Thissectionofthepaperisworth20marks.

SectionBincludesshortanswerquestionstyles(structuredquestions,problemsolving,calculations,practical)andextendedresponsequestions.Thissectionofthepaperisworth50marks.

Depth in chemistry (Component 02)

This component assesses content from across all teaching modules, 1 to 4. Learners answer all questions.Thiscomponentisworth70marks.

Questionstylesincludeshortanswer(structuredquestions,problemsolving,calculations,practical)andextendedresponsequestions,includingthosemarkedusing Level of Response mark schemes.


3

3b. Assessmentobjectives(AO)

TherearethreeassessmentobjectivesinOCR’sASLevelinChemistryA.Thesearedetailedinthetablebelow.

Learners are expected to demonstrate their ability to:

AssessmentObjective

AO1 Demonstrateknowledgeandunderstandingofscientificideas,processes,techniquesandprocedures.

AO2

Applyknowledgeandunderstandingofscientificideas,processes,techniquesandprocedures: • inatheoreticalcontext • inapracticalcontext • whenhandlingqualitativedata • whenhandlingquantitativedata.

AO3

Analyse,interpretandevaluatescientificinformation,ideasandevidence,includinginrelationto issues, to:

• make judgements and reach conclusions • developandrefinepracticaldesignandprocedures.

AOweightingsinASLevelinChemistryA

Therelationshipbetweentheassessmentobjectivesandthecomponentsareshowninthefollowingtable:

Component % of AS Level in Chemistry A (H032)

AO1 AO2 AO3

Breadth in chemistry (H032/01) 22–24 19–21 6–9

Depth in chemistry (H032/02) 13–16 21–24 14–15

Total 35–40 40–45 20–24

3c. Assessment availability

TherewillbeoneexaminationseriesavailableeachyearinMay/Junetoall learners. All examined componentsmustbetakeninthesameexaminationseries at the end of the course.

ThisspecificationwillbecertificatedfromtheJune2016examinationseriesonwards.


3

3d. Retakingthequalification

Learnerscanretakethequalificationasmanytimesas they wish. They retake all components of the qualification.

3e. Assessment of extended responses

Theassessmentmaterialsforthisqualificationprovidelearners with the opportunity to demonstrate their ability to construct and develop a sustained and coherent line of reasoning and marks for extended responses are integrated into the marking criteria. Extendedresponsequestionsareincludedinbothexternally assessed components. This includes two

questionsinComponent02,whichwillbeassessedusingquestionsmarkedbyLevelofResponse,inwhichthe quality of the extended response is explicitly rewarded.Thesequestionswillbeclearlyidentifiedinthe assessment papers.

3f. Synopticassessment

Synopticassessmentteststhelearners’understandingoftheconnectionsbetweendifferentelementsofthesubject.

Synopticassessmentinvolvestheexplicitdrawingtogether of knowledge, understanding and skills learnedindifferentpartsoftheASlevelcourse.Theemphasisofsynopticassessmentistoencouragethedevelopment of the understanding of the subject as a discipline. Both components within Chemistry A containanelementofsynopticassessment.

Synopticassessmentrequireslearnerstomakeanduseconnectionswithinandbetweendifferentareasofchemistry, for example, by:

• applying knowledge and understanding of more thanoneareatoaparticularsituationorcontext

• using knowledge and understanding of principles and concepts in planning experimental and investigativeworkandintheanalysisandevaluationofdata

• bringingtogetherscientificknowledgeandunderstandingfromdifferentareasofthesubject and applying them.

3g. Calculatingqualificationresults

Alearner’soverallqualificationgradeforASLevelinChemistry A will be calculated by adding together their marks from the two components taken to give their total weighted mark.

Thismarkwillthenbecomparedtothequalificationlevel grade boundaries for the relevant exam series to determinethelearner’soverallqualificationgrade.


4

4 Admin:whatyouneedtoknow

Theinformationinthissectionisdesignedtogiveanoverview of the processes involved in administering thisqualificationsothatyoucanspeaktoyourexamsofficer.AllofthefollowingprocessesrequireyoutosubmitsomethingtoOCRbyaspecificdeadline.

Moreinformationabouttheprocessesanddeadlinesinvolved at each stage of the assessment cycle can be foundintheAdministrationareaoftheOCRwebsite.

OCR’s Admin overview is available on the OCR website at http://www.ocr.org.uk/administration.

4a. Pre-assessment

Estimatedentries

Estimatedentriesareyourbestprojectionofthenumber of learners who will be entered for a qualificationinaparticularseries.

EstimatedentriesshouldbesubmittedtoOCRbythespecifieddeadline.Theyarefreeanddonotcommityour centre in any way.

Finalentries

Final entries provide OCR with detailed data for each learner, showing each assessment to be taken. Itisessentialthatyouusethecorrectentrycode,considering the relevant entry rules.

FinalentriesmustbesubmittedtoOCRbythepublished deadlines or late entry fees will apply.

All learners taking AS Level in Chemistry A must be entered using the entry code H032.

Entryoption Components

Entry code Title Code Title Assessment type

H032 Chemistry A 01 Breadth in chemistry External assessment

02 Depth in chemistry External assessment

Private candidates

Private candidates may enter for OCR assessments.

A private candidate is someone who pursues a course ofstudyindependentlybuttakesanexaminationorassessmentatanapprovedexaminationcentre.Aprivatecandidatemaybeapart-timestudent,someone taking a distance learning course, or someone being tutored privately. They must be based in the UK.

Private candidates need to contact OCR approved centres to establish whether they are prepared to host them as a private candidate. The centre may charge for this facility and OCR recommends that the arrangement is made early in the course.

Further guidance for private candidates may be found on the OCR website: http://www.ocr.org.uk

HeadofCentreAnnualDeclaration

TheHeadofCentreisrequiredtoprovideadeclarationtotheJCQaspartoftheannualNCNupdate,conductedintheautumnterm,toconfirmthatalllearners at the centre have had the opportunity to undertaketheprescribedpracticalactivities.

Any failure by a centre to provide the Head of Centre AnnualDeclarationwillresultinyourcentrestatusbeing suspended and could lead to the withdrawal of our approval for you to operate as a centre.

http://www.ocr.org.uk/administration



4

4b. Accessibilityandspecialconsideration

Reasonable adjustments and access arrangements allowlearnerswithspecialeducationalneeds,disabilitiesortemporaryinjuriestoaccesstheassessment and show what they know and can do, without changing the demands of the assessment. Applicationsfortheseshouldbemadebeforetheexaminationseries.Detailedinformationabouteligibility for access arrangements can be found intheJCQAccess Arrangements and Reasonable Adjustments.

Specialconsiderationisapost-assessmentadjustmenttomarksorgradestoreflecttemporaryinjury,illnessorotherindispositionatthetimetheassessmentwastaken.

DetailedinformationabouteligibilityforspecialconsiderationcanbefoundintheJCQA guide to the special consideration process.

4c. Externalassessmentarrangements

RegulationsgoverningexaminationarrangementsarecontainedintheJCQInstructions for conducting examinations.

Learnersarepermittedtouseascientificorgraphicalcalculator for both components. Calculators are subject to the rules in the document Instructions for Conducting ExaminationspublishedannuallybyJCQ(www.jcq.org.uk).

http://www.jcq.org.uk


4

4d. Resultsandcertificates

Grade scale

AdvancedSubsidiaryqualificationsaregradedonthescale: A, B, C, D, E, where A is the highest. Learners who fail to reach the minimum standard for E will be

Unclassified(U).OnlysubjectsinwhichgradesAtoEareattainedwillberecordedoncertificates.

Results

Results are released to centres and learners for informationandtoallowanyqueriestoberesolvedbeforecertificatesareissued.

Centres will have access to the following results informationforeachlearner:

• thegradeforthequalification

• the raw mark for each component

• the total weighted markforthequalification.

Thefollowingsupportinginformationwillbeavailable:

• raw mark grade boundaries for each component

• weighted mark grade boundaries for the qualification.

Untilcertificatesareissued,resultsaredeemedtobe provisional and may be subject to amendment. Alearner’sfinalresultswillberecordedonanOCRcertificate.

Thequalificationtitlewillbeshownonthecertificateas‘OCRLevel3AdvancedSubsidiaryGCEinChemistry A’.

4e. Post-resultsservices

A number of post-results services are available:

• Reviewofresults – If you are not happy with the outcome of a learner’s results, centres may request a review of marking.

• Missingandincompleteresults – This service should be used if an individual subject result for a learner is missing, or the learner has been omittedentirelyfromtheresultssupplied.

• Access to scripts – Centres can request access to marked scripts.

4f. Malpractice

Anybreachoftheregulationsfortheconductofexaminationsandcourseworkmayconstitutemalpractice(whichincludesmaladministration)andmust be reported to OCR as soon as it is detected.

Detailedinformationonmalpracticecanbefoundin the Suspected Malpractice in Examinations and Assessments: Policies and Procedures published by JCQ.


5

5 Appendices

5a. Overlapwithotherqualifications

There is a small degree of overlap between the content ofthisspecificationandthoseforotherASlevel/AlevelSciences.

Examples of overlap include:

Biology

• Aminoacids,proteins,chromatography,buffers,pH, catalysis.

Geology

• The atmosphere.

Physics

• Atomic structure.

Science

• Atomic structure.

• The atmosphere, the development of renewable alternativestofiniteenergyresources,enthalpychanges,ratesofreaction,catalysis.

• Amino acids, proteins, infrared spectroscopy, chromatography.

5b. Avoidance of bias

TheASlevelqualificationandsubjectcriteriahavebeenreviewedinordertoidentifyanyfeaturewhichcould disadvantage learners who share a protected

CharacteristicasdefinedbytheEqualityAct2010.Allreasonable steps have been taken to minimise any such disadvantage.


5

5c. Chemistry A data sheet

Data Sheet for Chemistry A

GCEAdvancedSubsidiaryandAdvancedLevel

ChemistryA(H032/H432)

TheinformationinthissheetisfortheuseofcandidatesfollowingChemistryA(H032/H432).


5

GeneralInformation

Molar gas volume = 24.0 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure, RTP

Avogadro constant, NA=6.02×1023 mol–1

Specificheatcapacityofwater,c=4.18Jg–1 K–1

Ionic product of water, Kw=1.00×10–14 mol2 dm–6at298K

1 tonne = 106 g

Arrheniusequation:k = Ae–Ea/RT or ln k = –Ea/RT + ln A

Gasconstant,R=8.314Jmol–1 K–1

Characteristicinfraredabsorptionsinorganicmolecules

Bond Location

C=C

C=O

C–O

C–F

C–X

C–C

O–H

O–H

C–H

N–H

C/N

Alkanes, alkyl chains

Haloalkanes (X = Cl, Br, I)

Fluoroalkanes

Alcohols, esters, carboxylic acids

Alkenes

Nitriles

Alkyl groups, alkenes, arenes

Carboxylic acids

Amines, amides

Alcohols, phenols

Arenes

Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters,amides, acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides

750–1100

500–800

1000–1350

1000–1300

1620–1680

2220–2260

2850–3100

2500–3300 (broad)

3300–3500

3200–3600

1630–1820

Several peaks in range1450–1650 (variable)

Wavenumber / cm–1

aromaticC=C

© O

CR 2021AS Level in Chem

istry A47

5

13CNMRchemicalshiftsrelativetoTMS

1HNMRchemicalshiftsrelativetoTMS

0123456δ / ppm

78

δ / ppm160180200

C O

220 80100120140 60 02040

9101112

C C

C C

C O

O H

H

N H

C

O

OHCH

OHC

ClHC

BrHC NHCRHC

H

OCHC

O

C C

C N

C ClC Br

CH

CC

CC

C

C

Chemicalshiftsarevariableandcanvarydependingonthesolvent,concentrationandsubstituents.Asaresult,shiftsmaybeoutsidetherangesindicatedabove.

OHandNHchemicalshiftsareveryvariableandareoftenbroad.Signalsarenotusuallyseenassplitpeaks. NotethatCHbondedto‘shiftinggroups’oneitherside,e.g.O–CH2–C=O,maybeshiftedmorethanindicatedabove.

© O

CR 2021AS Level in Chem

istry A48

5

The Periodic Table of the Elements

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (0)

1 Key 18 1 H

hydrogen

1.0 2

atomic number Symbol

name

relative atomic mass

13 14 15 16 17

2 He

helium

4.0

3 Li

lithium

6.9

4 Be

beryllium

9.0

5 B

boron

10.8

6 C

carbon

12.0

7 N

nitrogen

14.0

8 O

oxygen

16.0

9 F

fluorine

19.0

10 Ne neon

20.2 11 Na

sodium

23.0

12 Mg

magnesium

24.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 Al

aluminium

27.0

14 Si

silicon 28.1

15 P

phosphorus

31.0

16 S

sulfur

32.1

17 Cl

chlorine

35.5

18 Ar

argon

39.9 19 K

potassium

39.1

20 Ca

calcium

40.1

21 Sc

scandium

45.0

22 Ti

titanium

47.9

23 V

vanadium

50.9

24 Cr

chromium

52.0

25 Mn

manganese

54.9

26 Fe iron

55.8

27 Co cobalt

58.9

28 Ni

nickel

58.7

29 Cu

copper

63.5

30 Zn zinc

65.4

31 Ga

gallium

69.7

32 Ge

germanium

72.6

33 As

arsenic

74.9

34 Se

selenium

79.0

35 Br

bromine

79.9

36 Kr

krypton

83.8 37 Rb

rubidium

85.5

38 Sr

strontium

87.6

39 Y

yttrium

88.9

40 Zr

zirconium

91.2

41 Nb

niobium

92.9

42 Mo

molybdenum

95.9

43 Tc

technetium

44 Ru

ruthenium

101.1

45 Rh

rhodium

102.9

46 Pd

palladium

106.4

47 Ag silver

107.9

48 Cd

cadmium

112.4

49 In

indium

114.8

50 Sn tin

118.7

51 Sb

antimony

121.8

52 Te

tellurium

127.6

53 I

iodine

126.9

54 Xe

xenon

131.3 55 Cs

caesium

132.9

56 Ba

barium

137.3

57–71 lanthanoids

72 Hf

hafnium

178.5

73 Ta

tantalum

180.9

74 W

tungsten

183.8

75 Re

rhenium

186.2

76 Os

osmium

190.2

77 Ir

iridium

192.2

78 Pt

platinum

195.1

79 Au gold

197.0

80 Hg

mercury

200.6

81 Tl

thallium

204.4

82 Pb lead

207.2

83 Bi

bismuth

209.0

84 Po

polonium

85 At

astatine

86 Rn radon

87 Fr

francium

88 Ra

radium

89–103 actinoids

104 Rf

rutherfordium

105 Db

dubnium

106 Sg

seaborgium

107 Bh

bohrium

108 Hs

hassium

109 Mt

meitnerium

110 Ds

darmstadtium

111 Rg

roentgenium

112 Cn

copernicium

114 Fl

flerovium

116 Lv

livermorium

57 La

lanthanum

138.9

58 Ce

cerium

140.1

59 Pr

praseodymium

140.9

60 Nd

neodymium

144.2

61 Pm

promethium

144.9

62 Sm

samarium

150.4

63 Eu

europium

152.0

64 Gd

gadolinium

157.2

65 Tb

terbium

158.9

66 Dy

dysprosium

162.5

67 Ho

holmium

164.9

68 Er

erbium

167.3

69 Tm

thulium

168.9

70 Yb

ytterbium

173.0

71 Lu

lutetium

175.0 89

Ac actinium

90 Th

thorium

232.0

91 Pa

protactinium

92 U

uranium

238.1

93 Np

neptunium

94 Pu

plutonium

95 Am

americium

96 Cm curium

97 Bk

berkelium

98 Cf

californium

99 Es

einsteinium

100 Fm

fermium

101 Md

mendelevium

102 No

nobelium

103 Lr

lawrencium

•

•

••

••


5

5d. HowScienceWorks(HSW)

How Science Works was conceived as being a wider view of science in context, rather than just straightforwardscientificenquiry.Itwasintendedtodeveloplearnersascriticalandcreativethinkers,ableto solve problems in a variety of contexts.

Developingideasandtheoriestoexplaintheoperationofmatterandhowitscomposition,structure,propertiesandchangesitundergoes,constitutesthe basis of life and all nature. How Science Works developsthecriticalanalysisandlinkingofevidenceto support or refute ideas and theories. Learners should be aware of the importance that peer review andrepeatabilityhaveingivingconfidencetothisevidence.

Learners are expected to understand the variety ofsourcesofdataavailableforcriticalanalysistoprovide evidence and the uncertainty involved in its measurement. They should also be able to link that evidencetocontextsinfluencedbyculture,politicsandethics.

Understanding How Science Works requires an understandingofhowscientificevidencecaninfluenceideas and decisions for individuals and society, which islinkedtothenecessaryskillsofcommunicationforaudienceandforpurposewithappropriatescientifictechnology.

IncorporatingSection8(theskills,knowledgeandunderstanding of How Science Works) of the DfE criteriaforscienceintothespecification.

TheexamplesgivenwithinthespecificationarenotexhaustivebutgiveaflavourofopportunitiesforintegratingHSWwithinthecourse.

ReferencesinthisspecificationtoHow Science Works (HSW) are to the following statements:

• HSW1 Use theories, models and ideas to developscientificexplanations

• HSW2 Use knowledge and understanding toposescientificquestions,definescientificproblems,presentscientificargumentsandscientificideas

• HSW3 Use appropriate methodology, including informationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT),toanswerscientificquestionsandsolvescientificproblems

• HSW4 Carryoutexperimentalandinvestigativeactivities,includingappropriateriskmanagement, in a range of contexts

• HSW5 Analyse and interpret data to provide evidence,recognisingcorrelationsandcausalrelationships

• HSW6 Evaluate methodology, evidence and data,andresolveconflictingevidence

• HSW7 Knowthatscientificknowledgeandunderstandingdevelopsovertime

• HSW8 Communicateinformationandideasinappropriate ways using appropriate terminology

• HSW9 Considerapplicationsandimplicationsofscienceandevaluatetheirassociatedbenefitsand risks

• HSW10 Consider ethical issues in the treatment of humans, other organisms and the environment

• HSW11 Evaluatetheroleofthescientificcommunityinvalidatingnewknowledgeandensuring integrity

• HSW12 Evaluate the ways in which society uses science to inform decision making.


5

5e. Mathematicalrequirements

In order to be able to develop their skills, knowledge and understanding in AS Level Chemistry, learners need to have been taught, and to have acquired competencein,theappropriateareasofmathematicsrelevant to the subject as indicated in the table of coverage below.

Theassessmentofquantitativeskillswillincludeatleast20%Level2(orabove)mathematicalskillsforchemistry(seelaterforadefinitionof‘Level2’mathematics).Theseskillswillbeappliedinthecontext of the relevant chemistry.

Allmathematicalcontentwillbeassessedwithinthelifetimeofthespecification.

Thislistofexamplesisnotexhaustiveandisnotlimitedto Level 2 examples. These skills could be developed inotherareasofspecificationcontentfromthoseindicated.ForthemathematicalrequirementsfortheALevelinChemistryAseetheAlevelspecification.

Additionalguidanceontheassessmentofmathematicswithin chemistry is available on the OCR website.

Mathematicalskilltobe assessed

Exemplificationofthemathematicalskillinthecontext of AS Level Chemistry (assessment is not

limitedtotheexamplesbelow)

Areas of the specificationwhich

exemplify the mathematicalskill

(assessment is not limited to the examplesbelow)

M0–Arithmeticandnumericalcomputation

M0.0 Recognise and make use of appropriate unitsincalculations

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • convert between units e.g. cm3 to dm3 as part

ofvolumetriccalculations • understandthatdifferentunitsareusedin

similar topic areas, so that conversions may benecessarye.g.JandkJ.

1.1.2(b), 2.1.3(a,e,f), 3.2.1(e,f,g)

M0.1 Recognise and use expressions in decimal and ordinary form

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • use an appropriate number of decimal places

incalculations • carryoutcalculationsusingnumbersin

standard and ordinary form e.g. use of the Avogadro constant

• convert between numbers in standard and ordinary form

• understandthatsignificantfiguresneedretaining when making conversions between standard and ordinary form e.g. 0.0050 mol dm–3 is equivalent to 5.0×10–3 mol dm–3.

2.1.3(a,e,f)


5







M0.2 Useratios,fractionsand percentages

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • calculate percentage yields • calculatetheatomeconomyofareaction • constructand/orbalanceequationsusing

ratios.

2.1.1(d), 2.1.2(b), 2.1.3(c,d,g,h), 3.2.3(f)

M0.3 Estimateresults Learners may be tested on their ability to: • estimatethepositionofequilibriumfromthe

positionofKc.

3.2.3(g)

M0.4 Use calculators to findandusepowerfunctions

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • carryoutcalculationsusingtheAvogadro

constant.

2.1.3(a,e,f)

M1–Handlingdata

M1.1 Use an appropriate numberofsignificantfigures

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • reportcalculationstoanappropriatenumber

ofsignificantfiguresgivenrawdataquotedtovaryingnumbersofsignificantfigures

• understand that calculated results can only be reported to the limits of the least accurate measurement.

1.1.3(c), 2.1.3(e,f), 2.1.4(e), 3.2.1(g), 3.2.3(f)

M1.2 Findarithmeticmeans Learners may be tested on their ability to: • calculateweightedmeans,e.g.calculationof

an atomic mass based on supplied isotopic abundances

• selectappropriatetitrationdata(i.e.identificationofoutliers)inordertocalculatemeantitres.

2.1.1(d), 2.1.4(e)

M1.3 Identifyuncertaintiesin measurements and use simple techniques to determine uncertainty when data are combined

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • determineuncertaintywhentwoburette

readingsareusedtocalculateatitrevalue.

1.1.4(d)

M2–Algebra

M2.1 Understand and use the symbols: =, <, <<, >>, >, \, ~, ⇌

Noexemplificationrequired.


5







M2.2 Change the subject of anequation

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • carry out structured and unstructured mole

calculations.

2.1.3(c,d,e,f), 2.1.4(e), 3.2.1(e,f,g)

M2.3 Substitutenumericalvalues into algebraic equationsusingappropriate units for physicalquantities

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • carryoutenthalpychangecalculations • calculate the value of an equilibrium constant,

Kc.

2.1.3(c,d,e,f), 2.1.4(e), 3.2.1(e,f,g), 3.2.3(f)

M2.4 Solve algebraic equations

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • carryoutHess’lawcalculations.

2.1.3(c,d,e,f), 2.1.4(e), 3.2.1(e,f,g), 3.2.3(f)

M3–Graphs

M3.1 Translateinformationbetween graphical, numerical and algebraic forms

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • interpret and analyse spectra.

2.1.1(d), 3.1.1(c,g), 3.2.1(b,c,g), 3.2.2(b,f,g), 4.2.4(c,d,f,g)

M3.2 Plot two variables from experimental or other data

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • plotconcentration–timegraphsfrom

collected or supplied data • drawlinesofbestfit • extrapolate and interpolate.

1.1.3(d), 3.2.1(h), 3.2.2(b)

M3.5 Draw and use the slope of a tangent to a curve as a measure of rate of change

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • calculatetherateofareactionfromthe

gradientofaconcentration–timegraphforafirstorsecondorderreaction.

1.1.3(d), 3.2.2(b)

M4–Geometryandtrigonometry

M4.1 Use angles and shapes in regular 2-D and 3-D structures

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • predict/identifyshapesofandbondanglesin

molecules with and without a lone pair(s), for exampleNH3, CH4, H2O etc.

2.2.2(g), 4.1.2(b)

M4.2 Visualise and represent 2-D and 3-D forms including 2-D representationsof3-Dobjects

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • drawdifferentformsofisomers.

2.2.2(g), 4.1.1(b,e), 4.1.2(b), 4.1.3(c,d)

M4.3 Understand the symmetry of 2-D and 3-D shapes

Learners may be tested on their ability to: • describe the types of stereoisomerism shown

by molecules/complexes.

4.1.3(c,d)


5

DefinitionofLevel2mathematics

Within AS Level Chemistry, 20% of the marks available withinwrittenexaminationswillbeforassessmentofmathematics(inthecontextofchemistry)ataLevel2standard,orhigher.Lowerlevelmathematicalskillswillstillbeassessedwithinexaminationpapersbutwillnotcountwithinthe20%weightingforchemistry.

The following will be counted as Level 2 (or higher) mathematics:

• applicationandunderstandingrequiringchoiceofdataorequationtobeused

• problemsolvinginvolvinguseofmathematicsfromdifferentareasofmathsanddecisionsaboutdirectiontoproceed

• questionsinvolvinguseofAlevelmathematicalcontent (as of 2012), e.g. use of logarithmic equations.

The following will not be counted as Level 2 mathematics:

• simplesubstitutionwithlittlechoiceofequationor data

• structuredquestionformatsusingGCSEmathematics(basedon2012GCSEmathematicscontent).

Additionalguidanceontheassessmentofmathematicswithin chemistry is available on the OCR website as a separate resource, the Maths Skills Handbook.


5

5f. Health and Safety

In UK law, health and safety is primarily the responsibility of the employer. In a school or college theemployercouldbealocaleducationauthority,the governing body or board of trustees. Employees (teachers/lecturers, technicians etc), have a legal duty to cooperate with their employer on health and safety matters.Variousregulations,butespeciallytheCOSHHRegulations2002(asamended)andtheManagementofHealthandSafetyatWorkRegulations1999,requirethatbeforeanyactivityinvolvingahazardousprocedure or harmful microorganisms is carried out, or hazardous chemicals are used or made, the employer must carry out a risk assessment. A useful summary of the requirements for risk assessment in school or college science can be found at http://www.ase.org.uk/resources/health-and-safety-resources/risk-assessments/

For members, the CLEAPSS® guide, PS90, Making and recording risk assessments in school science1 offersappropriate advice.

MosteducationemployershaveadoptednationallyavailablepublicationsasthebasisfortheirModelRiskAssessments.

Where an employer has adopted model risk assessments an individual school or college then has to review them, to see if there is a need to modify oradapttheminsomewaytosuittheparticularconditionsoftheestablishment.

Suchadaptationsmightincludeareducedscaleofworking, deciding that the fume cupboard provision was inadequate or the skills of the candidates were insufficienttoattemptparticularactivitiessafely.Thesignificantfindingsofsuchriskassessmentshouldthen be recorded in a “point of use text”, for example on schemes of work, published teachers guides, work sheets,etc.Thereisnospecificlegalrequirementthatdetailed risk assessment forms should be completed foreachpracticalactivity,althoughaminorityofemployers may require this.

Whereprojectworkorinvestigations,sometimeslinkedtowork-relatedactivities,areincludedinspecificationsthismaywellleadtotheuseofnovelprocedures, chemicals or microorganisms, which are not covered by the employer’s model risk assessments. The employer should have given guidance on how toproceedinsuchcases.Often,formembers,itwillinvolvecontactingCLEAPSS®.

1These,andotherCLEAPSS®publications,areontheCLEAPSS®SciencePublicationswebsitewww.cleapss.org.uk.NotethatCLEAPSS®publicationsareonlyavailabletomembers.FormoreinformationaboutCLEAPSS®gotowww.cleapss.org.uk.

http://www.ase.org.uk/resources/health-and-safety-resources/risk-assessments/

http://www.ase.org.uk/resources/health-and-safety-resources/risk-assessments/

http://www.cleapss.org.uk

http://www.cleapss.org.uk


Summaryofupdates

Date Version Section TitleofSection Change

May2018 1.1 Front cover Disclaimer AdditionofDisclaimer

January2019 1.2 2c Content of modules 1 to 4 Guidanceonthenewdefinitionofmoles2.1.3 (a)

Update to average bond enthalpy guidance3.2.1 (f)

April 2020 1.3 1d

4e

HowdoIfindoutmoreinformation?

Post-results services

Insert of Online Support Centre link

Enquiries about results changed to Review of results

Updatetospecificationcoversto meet digital accessibility standards

© OCR 2021AS Level in Chemistry A56 112936/11

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o Be among the first to hear about support materials and resources as they become available – register for Chemistry updates

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