Oceans ID: eee105 Password: prAIRie.

Oceans

http://life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/http://life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/ID: eee105ID: eee105Password: prAIRiePassword: prAIRie

Who owns the Oceans?

3 miles off coast3 miles off coast or 12 miles?or 12 miles? or continental margin?or continental margin?

Territorial watersTerritorial waters

Continental shelfContinental shelf

Who owns the Oceans?

3 miles off coast3 miles off coast or 12 miles?or 12 miles? or continental margin?or continental margin?

Territorial watersTerritorial waters

Continental shelfContinental shelf200 mile fishing control 200 mile fishing control

Who owns the Oceans?

Tragedy of the Commons

Garrett Hardin, Science, 162(1968):1243-1248.

Tragedy of the Commons

• Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.

Garrett Hardin, Science, 162(1968):1243-1248.

Fishing13% of world’s protein from the oceans13% of world’s protein from the oceans

Overfishing

Atlantic codAtlantic cod

Overfishing

Canadian Cod CatchCanadian Cod Catch

Overfishing1994 U.S.Commerce Dept.1994 U.S.Commerce Dept.

closed Georges Bank to fishing.closed Georges Bank to fishing.

Cod are “commercially extinct”Cod are “commercially extinct”

Overfishing

• ‘‘60’s-’70’s Alaskan salmon declined60’s-’70’s Alaskan salmon declined

• ‘‘70’s Peruvian anchovy collapsed70’s Peruvian anchovy collapsed

• ‘‘90’s Newfoundland cod closed90’s Newfoundland cod closed

• ‘‘98 North Atlantic salmon moratorium98 North Atlantic salmon moratorium

• 80% of U.S.’s 191 commercially80% of U.S.’s 191 commercially

important fish stocks are fullyimportant fish stocks are fullyexploited or overfishedexploited or overfished

Overfishing

American Fisheries SocietyAmerican Fisheries Society

November 2000 reportNovember 2000 report

lists 82 marine fish species lists 82 marine fish species endangeredendangered

OverfishingAs coastal fisheries become barren, As coastal fisheries become barren, fishers turn to deeper waters. fishers turn to deeper waters.

e.g. discovery of Orange Roughy, 1980’s e.g. discovery of Orange Roughy, 1980’s

live to 150 years live to 150 years don’t breed until 30 don’t breed until 30

OverfishingAs coastal fisheries become barren, As coastal fisheries become barren, fishers turn to deeper waters. fishers turn to deeper waters.

e.g. discovery of Orange Roughy, 1980’s e.g. discovery of Orange Roughy, 1980’s

Overfishing

Overfishing

Drift Netting

• 40 - 90 mile gill nets

international waters in 1992Banned by United nations from

“Wall of Death”

Drift Netting

Dolphin-free Tuna

In Eastern Tropical Pacific yellowfin tuna

accompanied by dolphin schools

Dolphin-free Tuna

Tuna were captured by encirclement

Dolphins died in great numbers

Dolphin-free Tuna

by encirclementby encirclementU.S. Congress banned tuna caughtU.S. Congress banned tuna caught

Banned foreign-caught tuna if encircled Banned foreign-caught tuna if encircled

Created Dolphin-Free Label Created Dolphin-Free Label

Tuna canners & stores volunteered Tuna canners & stores volunteered

Dolphin mortality declined Dolphin mortality declined

Dolphin-free Tuna

However U.S.Government now backtracking However U.S.Government now backtracking

Whaling

Whaling

Whaling

Minke Whales

SpermWhalesSpermWhales

Minamata

‘‘50’s periodic fish kills50’s periodic fish kills

““cat suicides”cat suicides”

““cat dancing disease”cat dancing disease”

Minamata disease

bacteriabacteria

Minamata disease

metallic mercurymetallic mercury

Methyl mercuryMethyl mercury

Absorbed into fatsAbsorbed into fats

Gray mulletGray mullet 10.6 ppm Hg10.6 ppm Hg

crabcrab 35.7 ppm Hg35.7 ppm Hg

HumanHuman liverliver 70.5 ppm Hg70.5 ppm Hg

kidneykidney 144 ppm Hg144 ppm Hg

BioaccumulationBioaccumulation

Minamata disease

Jan. 12, 2001 -- Pregnant women should avoideating certain species of large ocean fish, theFDA announced today, because of a danger of

contamination by methyl mercury, a substance

that can harm the nervous system in a

developing baby.