Ocean/Atmosphere/ Geosphere/Biosphere. Atmospheric Circulation and Climate Coreolis Force Horizontal Ocean Circulation Vertical Ocean Circulation Circulation and Animals ENSO. Solar Energy. Overall average Earth T: 15C Greenhouse gasses important to maintain - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Solar EnergySolar EnergyOverall average Earth T: 15COverall average Earth T: 15C
Greenhouse gasses important to maintainGreenhouse gasses important to maintainLow light wavelengths (Visible light) to earthLow light wavelengths (Visible light) to earth
Earth re-radiates high wavelengths (heat; Earth re-radiates high wavelengths (heat; infrared)infrared)
Solar EnergySolar EnergyAngle of incidence effects how much E to particular Angle of incidence effects how much E to particular areaarea
(Ice ablation is also important in re-radiation)(Ice ablation is also important in re-radiation)
Variable proportion of QVariable proportion of Qoutout per geographic region per geographic region
Continent EffectsContinent EffectsHigher range of T changes over continentsHigher range of T changes over continents
Water is better insulator: holds onto heatWater is better insulator: holds onto heatWinter, midcontinent: high PWinter, midcontinent: high PSummer, midcontient: low PSummer, midcontient: low P
--> alters ocean influences on climate--> alters ocean influences on climate
Mountains disrupt atmospheric circulation patternsMountains disrupt atmospheric circulation patternsTibetan Plateau uplift and monsoonal circulationTibetan Plateau uplift and monsoonal circulation
Chain reaction:Chain reaction:Ocean + solar radiation effects --> convection cells Ocean + solar radiation effects --> convection cells
Trade winds from atmospheric convection cellsTrade winds from atmospheric convection cellsLead to equatorial currentsLead to equatorial currentswhich leads to western boundary currentswhich leads to western boundary currentswhich leads to eastern boundary currentswhich leads to eastern boundary currents
Equatorial + W boundary + E boundary = Subtropical GyreEquatorial + W boundary + E boundary = Subtropical Gyre
Subpolar gyres also exist, smallerSubpolar gyres also exist, smaller
But…ideal conditions not realBut…ideal conditions not realOther currents, wind variation, boundaries, water layersOther currents, wind variation, boundaries, water layers
Geostrophic CurrentsGeostrophic CurrentsDifferences in pressure: Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)Differences in pressure: Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)FrictionlessFrictionlessWater “piles up” in hill Water “piles up” in hill (max 1m; very low slope,100’s kms)(max 1m; very low slope,100’s kms)Hi P uphill; water flows to lo PHi P uphill; water flows to lo PCoriolis force deflects flowCoriolis force deflects flowWhen Coriolis = PGF When Coriolis = PGF
UpwellingUpwellingCommon along continental margins Common along continental margins Currents moved away from area --> Currents moved away from area -->
upwellingupwellingSupports world’s fisheriesSupports world’s fisheriesSan Diego -- LA coastline and sharksSan Diego -- LA coastline and sharks
Adults: Adults: upwelling brings upwelling brings nutrientsnutrientscurrents are predictablecurrents are predictable
TransportTransportFood Food timing of spawningtiming of spawning
After 1997-1998 El Nino/La NinaGreen and blue in ocean is highphytoplankton bloom (artificial color)
Zooplankton amountsZooplankton amountsWarmer colors = more zooplanktonWarmer colors = more zooplanktonBlue hatch areas: sperm whale catches
Gyres
Conveyer BeltUpwelling
In upper Paleozoic times, In upper Paleozoic times, supercontinent Pangaea: one large supercontinent Pangaea: one large ocean: how would ocean currents, ocean: how would ocean currents, climate, effects on organisms be climate, effects on organisms be changed?changed?