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SMSSMS--100100
Class Class 1818
T dT dTuesday Tuesday November November 4, 20144, 2014
Energy for Metabolism (M)1 Activity (metabolic heat)
Energy forG th (G)
What happens when an organisms eats something:
1. Activity (metabolic heat)2. Maintenance3. Metabolism of growth &
digestion
Growth (G)
MoltingReproduction
Energy Excreted
= Growth + Metabolism - ExcretionFood Ingested
I = G + M - E
Lower biomass at higher trophic levels
due to inefficiencies in tropic transfers.
G will always be smaller than I
10-20%
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Palagic Realm - stuff up in the water
Benthic Realm - stuff at the bottom of the ocean on the ground
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The The “Bathysphere”,“Bathysphere”,the first Deep Seathe first Deep Seathe first Deep Seathe first Deep Sea
SubmersibleSubmersible
Live NBC Radio coverage…Live NBC Radio coverage…September 22, 1932 September 22, 1932
off Bermudaoff Bermuda
“Final” fate of the “Final” fate of the Bathysphere:Bathysphere:A junk pile behind A junk pile behind the the CycloneCyclone, Coney Island , Coney Island
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The bathyscape“TRIESTE”
(ca. 1958-59)
Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard (above) and Navy lieutenant Donald Walsh, on their historic dive to the Challenger Deep in 1960.
3 Domains –I. Domain Archaea: Archea is Greek for “ancient”;
1. The Archaebacteria
II. Domain Bacteria: These are the “True” bacteria;2. The Eubacteria
III. Domain Eukarya: This includes all other living things on Earth:3. The Protista (mostly single-celled organisms);4. The Plantae (plants);5. The Fungi (molds, mushrooms, yeast, heterotrophs that “absorb” food);6. The Animalia (animals, which are heterotrophs that “ingest” their food)
Primary Producers:
Phytoplankton, Macroalgae, Sea Grass
Plankton- Living organisms that have no control of their movement
Detritus- dead small organic particles in the oceans
Phytoplankton - Autotrophs
Zooplankton - Heterotrophs
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Typical of the many “Pen-and-Ink” drawings of phytoplankton by early taxonomists…
From Fritsch (1935)
Haeckel (1904) Diatoms Copepods
Students looking at“live” plankton at sea
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There are ~50 slides that go here.
All are color photomicrographs of live plankton which we’ll show rapid-fire in p pclass.
Phytoplankton: autotrophs, all small,
Prokaryotic Phytoplankton
Bacteria typed plankton
1. Archea - <1 micrometer
2. True Bacteria - Cyanobacteria (thought to create oxygen)
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Archaea: Genus Halobacterium
ca. 5 µm
The Eubacteria: Cyanobacteria (bluegreen algae),such as stromatolites:
Freshwater cyanobacteria: Microcystis
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Marine cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium sp.
ca. 5 mm
Marine cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium sp.
From a ship:
From space:
Marine cyanobacteria: Synechococcus sp.
ca. 5 µm
Responsible for half of the oxygen in the World
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The tiniest marine cyanobacterium:
Prochlorococcus sp.
ca. 1 µm
Scanning electron micrograph…Cells are too small to be viewed with a light microscope (cells are same size scale as wavelength of visible light);
Fluorescence photomicrograph of phytoplankton cells: