Ocean Electricity

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OCEAN ELECTRICITY (pelamis)

A NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCE

AVR & SVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY

NANDYAL (KURNOOL.DIST)

PRESENTATION BY:

FURQUAN NADEEM,

III EEE,

8500783663,AVR & SVR CET,

NANDYAL, KURNOOL (dist), [email protected].

V.DINESH,

III EEE,

9160836151,

AVR & SVR CET,

NANDYAL, KURNOOL (dist), A.P.

[email protected]

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Abstract:

Over the last few years development associated with low or even

zero based greenhouse gas emitting energy sources is on its

peak. More recently volatility in the price of oil and gas has

increased the number of problems of low greenhouse gas

emitting energy sources. Our paper mainly concerns in this

aspect to produce electricity with the lowest p/kWh with no-fuel

and delivers power at round the clock without any pollution at88% efficiency with 750Kw rated value . Hence we go for Ocean

energy with Gaint Sea Snake - ( Pelamis Wave Energy

Converter).

About Wave Energy:

Wave energy is a concentrated form of solar energy: the Sunproduces temperature differences across the globe, causing

winds that blow over the ocean surface. These cause ripples,

which grow into swells. Such waves can then travel thousandsof miles with virtually no loss of energy. Dont confuse these

deepwater waves with the waves you see breaking onthe

beach. When a wave reaches shallow water (roughly when thedepth of the water is less than half a wavelength), it slows

down, its wavelength decreases and it grows in height, whichleads to breaking. The major losses of energy are through

breaking and through friction with the seabed, so only afraction of the resource reaches the shore.A wave carries both

kinetic and gravitational potential energy. The total energy ofa wave depends on two factors: its height H and its period

T.The power carried by the wave is proportional to H*H andto T, and is usually given in watt per meter of incident wave

front.P=(H)square*(T)/2 KW/m.

Pelamis Wave Power Ltd :

Pelamis Wave Power (www.pelamiswave.com) has been

developing the Pelamis technology for the past 10 years,Headquartered in Edinburgh,Scotland. The prototype for

the Portuguese machines was launched in February 2004 andfirst supplied electricity to the UK grid in August 2004. The

company has worked closely with a wide range ofPortuguese suppliers in the development of this project and

with a view to the onward commercial roll out of thetechnology in Portugal. And successfully Pelamis power

plant was established in jan-2007 with commercial success at

PORTUGAL.

Developing of Pelamis

Engineering development:

1998 2003: 1/20 and 1/33-scale models tested tophysically validate numerical simulations of wave

energy absorption efficiency and mooring loads

(survivability).

2001 ongoing: 1/7-scale model tested in large tank(regular waves) and Firth of Forth (random waves) to

develop control system

2002 ongoing: Full-scale power module bench rig

tested to qualify mechanical and electrical

components and to assess MTBF (reliability) andcontrol system performance

Commercial Devolopment:

Two main requirements governed the design of the Pelamismachine: survivability and availability .A wave energy

converter should be designed to resist any sea state, even themost extreme one, and then designed to maximize the power

capture. In addition,Pelamis is designed to use readilyavailable components; it is innovative in its over-all design

and assembly. Pelamis Wave Power were very thorough in

their development of Pelamis. They used severalnumerical (computer) models of different levels of

complexity, and many scale models were built and tested inwave tanks to validate the numerical predictions .In 2004 a

full-scale prototype was tested in the

North Sea and later installed in the European Marine EnergyCentre. The success of the test programme led to the sale of

three machines to a Portuguese consortium lead by Enersis.These machines have been assembled in a shipyard in

Portugal and they are being installed about now (autumn2007). A second stage with 27 more machines is already

planned. The next few years will determine if the new waveenergy industry can emulate what has been created for wind

energy in the recent past. The technology exists, conditionshave never been better and the sea has been waiting for far too

long.

Pelamis Wave Energy converter:

The Pelamis Wave Energy Converter also known as GAINT

SEA SNAKE - (Pelamis Wave Power, 2009) was developed

by Pelamis Wave Power Ltd (previously Ocean Power

Delivery). This is worlds first medium scale commercial

successfully running wave/ocean energy power plant

producing 1,407 MWH/year with a rated capacity of 750kw

at a efficiency of 88% . Depending on the wave resource,machines will on average produce 25-40% of the full rated

output over the course of a year. Each machine can provide

sufficient power to meet the annual electricity demand of

Approximately 500 homes

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Fig: Pelamis wave enery convertor in off-shore sea level.

The device is a semi-submerged structure composed of

cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints. The wave-induced

motion of these joints is resisted by hydraulic rams, whichpump high-pressure fluid through hydraulic motors via

smoothing accumulators. The hydraulic motors drive

electrical generators to produce electricity. Power from all the

joints is fed down a single umbilical cable to a junction on the

sea bed. Several devices can be connected together and linked

to shore through a single seabed cable.

Single Unit Details

Fig: Pelamis unit at the service center in portugal.

Current units are 140 m long and 3.5 m in diameter with 3power conversion modules per machine. Each unit is rated at

750 kW. Conditions of the installation site affect the amountof energy produced by Pelamis. (Pelamis Wave Power, 2009).

The units provide hands free operation. No maintenance isneeded to be carried out offshore and no offshore intervention

is required. According to the developers it has a built insurvivability. The technology has been developed and tested

for a number of years, so it has been verified and insured. Thefirst stage of production is manufacturing power conversion

modules which contain power capture systems. The module

consists of a fabricated and painted steel structure that is

populated with systems that include motor generator set,

hydraulic cylinders, accumulators, reservoirs and electrical

control cabinets. These systems are delivered to the modulepopulation facility where they are installed, assembled and the

completed power conversion module commissioned. The

main structural fabrication consists of steel tubes, nose andyoke sections. The nose section is installed with transformer,

switchgear and control systems and is commissioned. Eachtube is fitted with cabling and connecting transits as well as

ballast to ensure the correct displacement and trim of themachine. The machine is assembled of modules and tube

segments which are joined together. These joints can be madeboth on land and in the water depending on the facilities used.

The fully assembled machine then undergoes quaysidecommissioning prior to sea-trials and on-site installation at the

wave farm.

Offshore infrastructure:

The offshore infrastructure consists of three main componentswhich are necessary to install:

(i)Mooring spreads(ii) Mubsea power cables and

(iii)Latch assembly which connects the main moorings to the

dynamic cables.The latch assembly provides a single point toconnect the Pelamis units to both the main moorings and the

power cables. All components and sub-systems within thePelamis power take-off and conversion systems have been.

Pelamis has been designed to be a fault tolerant generatingsystem with the incorporation of multiple levels of

redundancy throughout all systems (structural, moorings,hydraulics, electrical and control) and with all failure paths

ending with inherently safe modes so that the survivability,

station-keeping and in most cases; generating functionality ofthe system is not compromised. This unique, fault tolerantcapacity is central to operating and maintaining a generator in

the harshest of environments, where opportunities formaintenance interventions can be very limited, especially

through heavy storm seasons (Pelamis Wave Power, 2009).

There are several projects both ongoing and planned whichinvolve Pelamis device deployment:

(i) Aguuadoura, Portugal (Power Technologies, 2009) the first multiunit wave farm, with three machines

in operation,

(ii) planned Orcadian Wave Farm, UK four Pelamismachines planned to be installed in Orkneymainland, Scotland,

(iii) Wave Hub, UK the UK first offshore facility forthe demonstration and proving of the operation of

arrays of wave energy generation devices (PelamisWave Power, 2009).

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How does it work?

Ocean Power Deliverys solution is named Pelamis, after

Pelamis platuru s, a meter-long sea snake which lives in the

Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Pelamis wave energy

converter is 150 m Long and has a diameter of 3.5 m. 74

members of staff work on Current projects and are also

developing future generations of Machines. The Pelamis is asemi-submerged, articulated floating structure composed of

four long cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints. At each

joint there is a power conversion module. Its mooring

System ensures that the Pelamis machine aligns itself head-onwith incoming waves. How does Pelamis make electricity?

As waves travel down the length of the machine the structure

Bends around the joints.

This motion pushes hydraulic rams that pump high-pressure

oilThrough hydraulic motors.

The hydraulic motors drive generators to produce electricity.

Power from all the joints is fed down a single umbilicalcable to a junction on the seabed.

fig: power generating unit.

The Technologies

The WEC device chosen for the San Francisco point design isthe Pelamis from Ocean Power Delivery (OPD). The device

consists of a total of 4 cylindrical steel sections, which areconnected together by 3 hydraulic power conversion modules

(PCM). Total length of the device is 120m and device

diameter is 4.6m. Figure 7 shows the device being tested off

the Scottish coast. Individual units are arranged in wave farmsto meet specific energy demands in a particular site as

illustrated in Figure.

Figure : Pelamis pre-production prototype undergoingsea-trials

Figure : A typical Pelamis wave farm

The following sections provide a high level overview of the

different subsystems that are device specific. Subsystemscovered include the power conversion modules (PCM), the

structural steel sections and the mooring system. The summary

table below shows the key specifications of the Pelamis.

Table 1: Pelamis Device Specifications

Structure

Overall Length 123 m

Diameter 4.6m

Displacement 700 tons

Nose 5m long conical drooped

Power Take Off 3 independent PCMs

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Total Steel Weight 380 tons

Power Conversion Module (PCM)

Power Take Off 4 x

hydraulic rams (2 heave, 2

sway)

Ram Speed

0 0.1 m/s Power Smoothing Storage

High pressure Accumulators

Working Pressure 100 350 barsPower Conversion 2 xvariable displacement

motors

Generator

2 x 125kW Generator speed

1500 rpm

Power

Rated Power 750kW

Generator Type Asynchronous

System Voltage 3-phase,415/690VAC 50/60Hz

Transformer 950kVA stepup to required voltage

Site Mooring

Water depth > 50m

Current Speed < 1 knot

Mooring Type Compliant slack moored

Fig 1: System Level Design of PCM at San Francisco

Offshore Wave Power Plant.

As illustrated in Figure-2, a total of 3 power conversion

modules (PCMs) connect the 4 individual steel tubes forming

a Pelamis device. Each PCM contains a heave and sway joint.

The modular power-pack is housed in a second fully sealed

compartment

behind the ram

bay so that in the

event of seal

failure only the

hydraulic rams

are immersed.

Access to all

system

components is via

a hatch in the top

of the power

conversion

module.

Maximum

individual The

wave- component

weight is less than

3 tons to allowreplacement using

light lifting

equipment

induced motion of

each joint is

resisted by sets of

hydraulic rams

configured as

pumps. These

pump oil into

smoothingaccumulators

which then drain

at a constant rate

through a

hydraulic motor

coupled to an

electrical

generator.

Table 2 : Pilot Plant Pelamis Performance

Device Rated Capacity 750kW

Annual Energy Absorbed 1,229 MWh/year

Device Availability 85%

Power Conversion Efficiency 80%

Performance Reduction to

demo-site (35m)80%

Annual Generation at bus bar 668 MWh/year

Average Power Output at busbar

760kW

Table 5: Commercial Plant Pelamis Performance

Device Rated Capacity 500kW

Annual Energy Absorbed 1,683 MWh/year

Device Availability 95%

Power Conversion Efficiency 88%

Annual Generation at bus bar 1,407 MWh/year

Average Electrical Power at

bus bar161 kW

Pelamis required to meettarget 300,000 MWh/yr

213

The Power Conversion Module (PCM)

_______________________________________

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Fig 2: 3-power generating units of Pelamis.

The accumulators are sized to allow continuous, smooth output

across wave groups. An oil-to-water heat exchanger isincluded to dump excess power in large seas and provide the

necessary thermal load in the event of loss of the grid. Overallpower conversion efficiency ranges from around 70% at

low power levels to over 80% at full capacity. Each of thethree generator sets are linked by a common 690V, 3 phase

bus running the length of the device. A single transformer is

used to step-up the voltage to an appropriate level fortransmission to shore. High Voltage power is fed to the sea

bed by a single flexible umbilical cable, then to shore via a

conventional sub-sea cable.

Manufacturing & Assembly

Each Pelamis machine is made up of a number of similar

sections, each of which contains an identical joint assemblyand power take off equipment. The modular design of the

machine allows PWP to maximise build efficiency and allowsfor easy transition to significant production volumes.

Pelamis machines are an assembly of off the shelf proventechnology. This use of existing technology widens the

supply chain options and increases component reliability.PWP choose suppliers and manufactures who work to the

highest quality, safety and sustainability practices. We arecommitted to developing strong relationships with both new

and existing suppliers to share and develop knowledge.

.Fig: Internal parts of PCM.

The key stages of manufacturing

Sub assembly of major power take-off components

Hydraulic cylinders, motors, generators, reservoirs,accumulators and associated piping and wiring are assembled

and commissioned. A key difference between the P2 andearlier designs is that the power modules are assembled on

an open frame before posting into the tube sections. Thisminimizes costs and speeds up manufacture.

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Photo above: PWP engineers assemble the motor

generator sets.

Structural steel tube and power module fabrication:

Tube fabrication can be carried out close to the site of the

project to minimise transport costs.

Photo above: Steel cans are welded together to form

longer tubes at PWPs facility in Leith photo courtesy of

Rob McDougall.

Tube assembly and painting:

The power modules are joined to the tubes and installation ofthe sub assemblies and wiring is completed.

Tube Launch:

The tubes are currently individually lifted into the water prior

to mating the joints. In future, a slipway could be used to

cheaply and quickly launch fully assembled machines orindividual sections.

Photo above: A tube section (with integrated power

module) is lifted into the water.

Final assembly & Commissioning:

Tubes are joined together, bearing attachments are made andcable transits completed. Once in the water the machines are

ballasted to the desired level of submergence. Over half themachines final weight is ballast. The machine is then

commissioned at the quayside before being towed to theprojectsit

The first P2 Pelamis machine, owned by E.ON, arrives in

Orkney.

Installation of Pelamis WEC Plant

Prior to Pelamis machines being installed on site and gridconnected the wave farm site must first be prepared to receivethe machines. This work includes:

Pelamis Related Offshore Infrastructure:

There are three main components to the offshore infrastructurethat it is necessary to install to support a Pelamis wave farm:

Mooring Spreads:

Each machine requires its own individual mooring spread

consisting of the main moorings and a yaw restraint line. Themain moorings consist of a number of anchors connected to a

central point. The yaw restrain line is a simple single anchorand mooring line configuration. There is scope for

neighboring mooring spreads to share anchor points,depending on the anchoring techniques employed at the site.

The Pelamis mooring spread has been designed to minimize

its footprint area, allowing the highest concentration of MWcapacity to seabed space and reducing infrastructure costs (on

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a typical site up to 30MW of generating capacity could be

installed within 1km2).

Fig: Mooring Arrangement of Pelamis

Subsea Power Cables:

A power export cable is required to take the power from siteto shore. The export cable is laid by contracted cable installersin the manner and route identified in the development and

specification stage (note larger projects may require more thanone power export cable). From each array of Pelamis

machines a dynamic down feeder cable connects to the exportcable, with the machines in the array connected together via

dynamic inter-connector cables. The dynamic cables areinstalled after the mooring spreads are complete and are then

connected to the export cable. This split allows the exportcable to be installed ahead of the other offshore infrastructure,

in turn allowing work on the onshore sub-station to beconducted in parallel with the offshore work. Once connected,

the subsea cable network can be commissioned and tested forintegrity from the substation, prior to machine installation.

Fig: Sub Sea Cables

Latch Assembly:

PWP has developed a latching assembly which connects themain moorings to the dynamic cables. This latch assembly

then provides a single point to connect the Pelamis machines

to both the main moorings and the power cables. The latchassembly is the last piece of infrastructure to be installed.

PWP has conducted all installation engineering necessary for

the site construction work completed to date and has now useda wide range of installation vessels.

The modularization in the design of the offshore infrastructureprovides the greatest flexibility in the specification for the

required installation vessels, which in turn also providesflexibility in the programming of the work and the ability to

minimize installation costs (depending upon vessel

availability and current market rates). It is worth noting thatthis flexibility also applies to decommissioning a Pelamisinstallation, something which PWP has already completed

successfully.

System Design Single Unit:

Pelamis WEC device is floating on the surface and moored in

a water depth of 35m. An umbilical riser cable is connecting

the Pelamis to a junction box on the ocean floor. From thisjunction box, a double armored 3 phase cable is buried into

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the soft ocean floor sediments and brought to the sewer pipe

outfall, which extends 3.75 miles out from the shore. Thecable landing site for the demonstration site is at the San

Francisco Oceanside wastewater treatment facility. The

wastewater treatment facility is connected by a 12kVdistribution line to the nearest substation, which can be used

to feed power into the grid.

System Design - Commercial Scale Wave Power Plant:

Whereas the conceptual design of the demonstration plantsystem focused on finding existing easements, allowing the

installation of a small demonstration system in a cost effectivemanner, the commercial scale wave plant design focused on

establishing a solidcosting base case, and assessing manufacturing and true

operational costs for a the commercial-scale plant. Thecommercial scale cost numbers were used to compare energy

costs to commercial wind farms to come to a conclusion on

the cost competitiveness of wave power in this particular

location. While the demonstration plant lying within the SFexclusion zone of the Monterey Bay National Marine

Sanctuary provides an excellent demonstration opportunity, alocation further offshore will yield better economics for the

commercial plant as the wave power level is higher. Thefollowing subsections outline the electrical system setup, the

physicallayout and the operational and maintenance requirements of

such a deployment.

Electrical Interconnection and Physical Layout:

the commercial system with a total of 4 clusters, each one

containing53 or 54 Pelamis units (213 Pelamis WEC devices), connectedto sub-sea cables. Each cluster consists of 3 rows with 17 or

18 devices per row. Four sub-sea cables connect the fourclusters to shore. The electrical interconnection of the devices

is accomplished with flexible jumper cables, connecting theunits in mid-water.The introduction of four independent sub-

sea cables and the interconnection on the surface will provide

some redundancy in the wave farm arrangement. The 4

clusters are each 2.67 km long and 1.8 km wide, covering anocean stretch of roughly 11 km. The 4 arrays and their safety

area occupy roughly 20 square kilometers. Furtherdevice stacking of up to 4 rows might be possible reducing the

array length, but is not considered in this design, assubsequent rows of devices will likely see a diminished wave

energy resource and therefore yield a lower output. Sucheffects and their impacts on

performance are not well understood at present.

Based on the above setup the following key site parameters

emerged:

Array Length 11 km

Array Width 1.8 km

Device Spacing 150m

Number of Rows 3

System Voltage 26kV

Operations & Maintenance

Remote Control & Monitoring:

Once Pelamis machines have been installed on site, operation

of the machines is handed over to shore control. Pelamismachines are operated via a bespoke SCADA system with the

capability of project operation to be incorporated withinclients existing generator operating platforms. This has been

successfully demonstrated in the Aguadoura project bymachine control from the Pelamis offices in Edinburgh and

real time data feed into the Enersis SCADA system. Forfurther information see news story.

Safety:

Pelamis dedication to safety begins at the conceptual designand strategy stage. In terms of O & M strategy this means

maintenance is done offsite at an appropriate operations base

and machine handling techniques are designed to minimisemanual intervention and proximity of vessels and machines to

each other. Similarly Pelamis has developed throughexperience many tools and techniques for installation,

surveying, modification and decommissioning of subseainfrastructure without the use of divers and full consideration

of the many factors affecting safety at sea.

Rapid hands-free connection and disconnection:

Crucial to achieving high operability rates is Pelamis strategyof offsite maintenance and development of a rapid hands-

free connection and disconnection system. In bothconnection and disconnection the only manual intervention is

the connection of slack synthetic ropes on the surface prior tocontrolling the latching and unlatching mechanisms by remote

wifi link from the tow vessel. This system has increased theweather conditions in which marine operations can take place

and significantly reduce the time necessary for intervention.

Connection and disconnection is now a matter of minutes

allowing the use of much shorter weather windows whichoccur more frequently. Pelamis has successfully performed

these operations in waves of over 2m significant height and iscurrently engineering developments to stretch the limiting

weather criteria for recovery to 3.5m significant wave height.

Reliability & Multiple Redundancy:

Unlike many generators, which lose all generating capacity

through single point failures, Pelamis has been designed to be

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a fault tolerant system with the incorporation of multiple

levels of redundancy throughout all systems (structural,moorings, hydraulics, electrical and control). Additionally

failure paths , where possible, have been engineered to end

with inherently safe modes so that the survivability, station-keeping and in most cases generating functionality of the

system is not compromised. Pelamis can therefore continuegenerating electricity safely, in many cases with little or no

loss of performance, with multiple failures within its systems.Intervention strategy can then be tailored to maximise

economic performance of the farm using in-house softwarewhich Pelamis has developed rather than being driven by a

simple need for earliest possible recovery.

Preventative Maintenance:

Pelamis uses risk-based methodology to determine inspectionand preventative maintenance intervals and is gaining

valuable in-application reliability data on its componentsthrough the operation of full scale working machines. Planned

maintenance is carried out at a suitable O & M facility such as

the one established in Leixes harbor with the work targetedto occur during the months of lower wave energy.

Vessels:

Pelamis Wave Power has gained tremendous experience inapplying a broad range of vessels from large offshore anchor

handlers to small workboats and survey vessels and optimizedsystems and procedures to suit. Developing this in depth

knowledge of the vessel markets involved and the capabilitiesand working practices of the vessels and their crew has

allowed Pelamis to tailor procedures and design to maximize

operational efficiency and safety whilst building the flexibilityneeded to take advantage of market conditions to minimisecost. In doing so, Pelamis has also built effective relationships

with key players in the industry.

dvantages of pelamis wave power

Pelamis offers technological, economic and environmentaladvantages including:

Low cost of investment is less

It also displace above 2000 carbon dioxide emissions

tons per year

Avoids pollution

There is going to be only starting investment.

Minimum environmental impact.

Plenty of space plus high 'power-density'.

Survivability - 100 year wave.

100% available technology.

Hydraulic Power Take Off.

Power smoothing.

Tunable.

Maximum site flexibility.

Minimum work on-site.

Off-site maintenance.

Major advantage is no requirement of fuel.

Challenges

Disturbance or destruction of marine life (includingchanges in the distribution and types of marine life

near the shore)

Possible threat to navigation from collisions due to

the low profile of the wave energy devices above thewater, making them undetectable either by direct

sighting or by radar. Also possible is the interferenceof mooring and anchorage lines with commercial and

sport-fishing.

Degradation of scenic ocean front views from waveenergy devices located near or on the shore, and fromonshore overhead electric transmission lines

Conclusion:

In India there are many power plants producing electricity Forproduction of electricity tones of coal is going to used but

there is no land requirement and fuel cost for the pelamispower plant.. there is only needs to invest amount for

installation and runs at very low operating cost. And thepower plants 24 hrs and can provided electricity without

interruption.so compared to all power plants this the bestpower plant producing electricity 24hrs in a day without

pollution.

Offshore Demonstration Wave Power plant for a lot of

reasons, including but not limited to:

Good wave climate

Nearby harbor facilities offering marine engineering andlocal infrastructure

Forward looking city leaders with a renewable energy vision Supportive public who voted for a bond measure to

implement renewable energy by a large percentage Existing wastewater outflow pipe reducing the cost of

landing the transmission cableAnd reducing the difficulty of permitting

Existing marine sanctuary exclusion zone useful fordemonstration plant with

Minimum permitting issues Existing environmental monitoring program provides the

capability of determining

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References:

1. Boud R., 2003, Status and Research and DevelopmentPriorities, Wave and Marine Accessed Energy, UK Dept.

of Trade and Industry (DTI), DTI Report # FES-R-132,

AEAT Report # AEAT/ENV/1054, United KingdomEnergy Systems Research Unit, 2009, website accessed14/01/2009.

www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/0102/RE_info/wave%20power.htm.

2. Pelamis wave power ltd, which an UK based powergenerating company www.pelamiswave.com.

3. San Fransico Pelamis conceptual Report: E2I EPRI

Global 006A SF,Principal Investigator: Mirko

Previsic, Contributors: Roger Bedard, George

Hagerman and Omar Siddiqui.

4. Portuguese organizations including AICEP-PortugalGlobal (www.investinportugal.pt), Instituto Hidrogr.fico

(www.hidrografico.pt ), Wave Energy Centre (www.wave-energy-centre.org), INESC Porto (www.inescporto.pt)

and INETI (www.ineti.pt).

5. From the blog of Joao Cruz is a mechanical engineer atPelamis Wave Power in Edinburgh, where he developssoftware and methods to better characterise and predict the

state of the sea. He and his colleagues will be monitoringthe worlds first wave energy farm which will be installed

later this year (2007) in Portugal.www.pelamiswave.com.