Occupied Territory - United Nations Archives

...... COlJGLIC cot D7 TIONS: .J:',nemy Occupied Territory

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(T,~KEIJ FROM NO'rES FOH '•:iEEK ENDING SEPTEMBER 9TH}

NOTES ON ECONOIHC i' .. ND POLITIC~'J, DEVELOPHE'NTS IN EUROPE . (Fron Official Sources)

(i) ENEMY OCCUPIED TERFITORY

F'OOD

NE~J FOOD M]t:~SJ RES IU OCCUPIED IT: .. LY 1·1ND FR1.,NCE

i.11 rocont items illustrn.tc how militr.ry pressure is forcing ro.tloning nuthorities to undorto.ko dt,sporsal of supplies .

In Itnly tho Hond of :hho Province of Turin has decreed that, ns fro1".'l ls t ... ugust, 1944, cons1JJ:1ors, other thnn tho so r,rnident in tl1,e capitnl tovm, may surrender their brond coupons to tho Pood Off:tcos o.nd reccivo in return vouchers which will entitle then to dr&w from tho pools sufficient wheat to cover their noods for tho six months ending 31st January, 1945 .

Tho following qua.ntiti:;s of v1hcat mo.y be drawn:

t.1:2 ke; . by consumers roceivinc 0. broo.d ration of 200 r:;rnnr.10s do.ily .

59 kg . by consumers.receiving n broad ration of 275 gro.mnos dnily .

80 kg . by consu.ners rocoivine; D. brcctd ration of 3 175 gr O....'nr,10 s daily .

Mill:Lnc p ormi ts will bo issued to fD.Jr1:tly groups o.uthorising tho nillinr; of tho v:hel~t dro.vm . Vouchers vJill not bo issued •-._g[dnst supplcmonto.ry cards . In tho ovont oi' c.n increase in. tho br•oC'.d rn.tion on oquivnlont extra allow.'.U).CC of vrhcr,t will bo given .

Tl:.:.is Dcasurc :1~ · offici2lly roportod to huvc been rendered noc8sDnrv in ~view of' tho prof.:o:r.-1t situation in tho Province o.nd \,ith:tho~objcct of ·rccilitating tho food supply of the population . -·-~1. It2.lian press conm1ont suggests thn.t tho now moo.sure ornjuros tlJr•t [;1"'1in from ·tho novr crop wil l ho distributed immodintoly to the; populn.tion, e;xc luding o.ny poss ib~lity of 1t boinr; roq.ovcd fror,1 th0 pools .

&• similar mcnsuro in reported from Franco . Enrly in August it v!as nnnounccd that, in v1ow of tho dnngor tho.t sugar stocks might bo destroyed in nir rcdds, tho Socretnry of Sto.te for Food Supplies had decided. t_o ·w1kc ndvcmco distributions of sugnr in· dopnrtnonts v1horo the supply position no.de it possible . Po.ris , v1hor·o tho rations for September n.nd October ho.d nlrondy boon dis­tributed, would thus be nblc to drnvr up to .april 1945 inclusive .

DISPL.,CED P:FRSONS I

GEmL.N EV.: .. CUEES FROM THE E.:_ST IN rr1HE PROTECTOR.\TE

~-lo.ta report stntcs thnt thousvnds pf G~rmnn rofugcos from Polm1d nro· li v ilig in. tho nro8. of Morivslrn-Ostrnvo.. - Prorov . They o..rc S'.'1.id to bo · acco-::nnodntcd :1.n r:1ilY10.y i.rngon~ pl.2ced on tho largo s tnt ions and , •. ns supplies c.rc irrcgulo.r, to be obliged to sell thcir~pof~onril offocts (wntcho □, etc .) in oraer to get food . No ir1ti.mntion of their ultimo.to dcstiriQt.ion ho.s been given .

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.'.ND IN SLOV.i'..KL"..

~n article in a Slovakian paper doals with tho qucstiori of· the Polish and Ukrainian refugees who a rc streaming in Slovakia, principeclly vio. Cc.den cmd Stnrn Lubovna. _·_t these places they nrc d:l.sinfoctod nnd rocoivo u yellow rofugoc indcntity card vh ich serves o.t th0 s0L18 time as o. vrorking permit . "T_--; prevent infec­tion" tho public is wo.rnod not to associate with refugees v1ho he.vo no ycllov, card . ..... pri va. to report doscri bes the arri vnl of Gorman refugees fron the region of Lvov. Thes0 nro said to be in a wretched condition.

DEPORT .• TION FROM SOUTHERN FR:,NCE

NU1ubors of 11 ovncue·es 11 from Southern Frm1cc ha.vo passed through Belfort on' lorries undc·r guard . Thoy wore mostly Jews . Lo.st · week 750 women 8.nd girls fror,1 tho Jewish ca.mp at Dr£1ncy passed thr·ouc;h Belfort in tho direction: of Mulhous o . Tho prisons of Belfort ·~ro full.

( ii) LIB ER.'..TED .1 .. RE: .. s

FOOD

/-. fi:e>:::t convo~r of 80 tons of wheat has boon sent to Po.ris, and ~rL+l bo followed by other convoys a.rrivin:; nt regulnr intor­vn.ls . '.Fwonty thousand tons of goods o.ro said to bo due for r:. istributlon within the cnpitc.l during· tho first ten d::i.ys of this nr:mth . rho Secrctnria.t-Gonornl for Food Supplies tJ.nno.u.1.--::i.cod thnt .. ~hurc 1'lould be o. do lay in thij deli very of quoto.s of v.ih cat and .CJO intended to bridge tho go..p between' the tvrn har,rests - mnyors !lro cccordingly requested to do their utmost to help roduco the clDl~ . .-y to tho minir:mrn., and the Comrlis sionors of tho Republic will fix o. dntc -lin0 for tho delivery; n bonus of 40 fr .• wili be po.id for any q~0tus sont in before this dnte. . . .

The · distribution· of foodstuffs is proceeding syst0mntico.lly: consu:\ers .ir1 tho Seine ·Dopnrtnent will :roceiv0 250 gr['.mmos a head o.f dried vogot'lblcs, 250 grui11.incs of r:mcnroni, 2EO grammes of j nm ::ond 200 gr2rn:ios of tinned fish fron 1st September . Special tickets fer cooked rncnls nrc to bo distribritod by thci town halls in ox­c:1--i.n6c for lir;liscellnnoous food" coupons, but no ncc.t coupons will bl.', rcr.iov::;d . ..i.s .fron 11th Soptcri.bor, cooked meals will consist : only of v.:.gctnblos to tho exclusion of any r.1oat or sausE'.go moat -prcsui:10.bly b c cc.uso by then supplies of horse mcGt will not bo so plentiful .

In tho Chorbourc district furt~10r measures hn.vo boon taken to build up stocks or dniry prod~cc for other roglons of Frmce~ Tho cons1J .. r1ption of cream, _which w2s tom.po_ro.r.ily permitted fron 3rd July, ha.s a.gain been forbidden . ·Fo.mors· . no.y continue to mcLkG che:osc, pr ovidcd th.:i. t tho per con tnfo of f Ct t to 100 gr2.mr.1os of dr:/ css,::moo is between 35 nnd 30 . From J 5.th September the I:1-'.:.Xir1.UJ1 n..n.d nininun porcentr.gos o.r0 to bo loworod to 25 m cl 20 r cs1:n)c t ivoly. '

In tho Dopc.rtnant of Oise, north of -Priris, the food sho~tage is reported to. be ncuto .

In tho Ifouto -S o..voio , where tho r:.dr:-iinistrr..tion i~i 1.L."'lder F . F.I. control, th,::. food su )ply is satisfo.c tory, o.nd as soon ns trm s­port is uvaila.ble, it is hoped thnt tho Hnuto-So.voie will bo able to contribute towards feeding tho towns in tho. Rhone V8.lloy under o. systor.1 of oxchru.1.go between dopD.rtmonts oy·which tho r.uthoritics nro trying t o ensure on cquitabl~ .distribution of avnilublo food sur)plios. Iv now n.nd sir.1plifiod ration system WC'.s introduc ed on

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ls t September o..nd ccrtnin rations will be incrco.scd.. The pen.son t's ha.vc boon ordered to use only skir.n:1ed milk for their own consump­tion md it is ostimr..ted th:1.t this will increase the Hrmtc-Snvoio but tor. production by 40 tons.

In tho South-~ost, food shortngus nrc boin5 nlloviutod by the oyston of oxcho.ngo outlined above: in tho Monpollior region, v1ino nnd sG.l t froi~l Horo.ul t ho..vo boon exchanged for flour fron 1·,vcyron . In tho Bns scs-Pyronoos, o.n extra. distribution of oli vo oil hc,s bean nudo fror.1 supplies rescued fron tho Gerr.10.ns by ro.il­wny sc.botago .

The Linogcs Dopo..rtmontnl Liberc..tion C·.,r.nnitteo has fixed tho broo.d rf',tion r..t 500 5rru:-micB for n.dults nnd 250 for young child­ren. Tho Cor.nni t tee Ul"gcs pons nn ts to deliver their whoo. t pronptly.

1;.BOUR

'.i'hc nost pressing problcr.1 in tho Chorbourg nron is still thr•.t of labour supply, n.l though tho needs of tho 1';,lliod for c os hnva been partly relieved by use of ~risonors of war . Co.lls of tho French r.uthoritios for \'Torkors to assist in cloc.ring up tho str,;ots o....ll.d roi:1oving gc..rbo.ge ho.vc ronainod unnnsv10rod, ul though thorc o.ro n nunbcr of worker·s not o.t present or:1ployod . Tho higher iW .. go pnid for 01:1ploymont by the 1:1ilito,ry cst.c.b lishmonts is one source of difficulty, but the principo.l ono seems to be tho ox­pocta.tLm •) f imr:iodi.'.:.tc co.lls for mobilizntion in tho French Army . In one district, tho do.to of nustoring hns been twice announced .'.'..nd tvdcc postpemcd . ."~t Hennes rogistrntion for militnry service is in progress this week .

In order to solve questions of unemployment in Cb,crbourg in systcnntic fo..shion, workers 0.rc to ro-rogis tor ·1ahon they s ocuro food cn.rds .

,·,.. concerted effort is boine, r.rn.do in tho region of Ronnes to secure the enployr.10nt of all 8.Vn.ilnblo nan-power. Rndio Bretagnc h8.s broo.dcnst ::m o.ppoo.l for nll uorkers to roport at once to tho L;'..bour Excho.n&o in their district. It is stc.tod thf'..t they will be ompl:ryod in nilitG.ry or civil vrork according to their their trade • ..

The r:nmicipo.lity of No.ntos pluns to onploy unskilled lc,bour · , in clonning· up wnr dc.mngc . Sona essent ial public works, however, will be dolo.yod bccl'mso of tho shortc.go of building 1:m. terietls and tho lnck of . tronsport .

The; Rcgi.:)nfll C,x©issioncr of Rouen hc.s ::i.nnounced that per­sonnel or:1ployod in ont0rprisos denling in nilk, choose or buttor ns fron 1st ,.ugust, 1944, a.re not pornittcd to chc..nc;o e:rnployr:1ent nithout spcci::::]. pcrmis sion, vihile ::i. stntor.10nt has bco,n broadcast fron Linages orderinG all VIorkors in tho public services c.nd tho foocl.. .. _industrico to rennin £' .. t their posts o.nd not to join the F.F . I.

~ proclnnntion appearing in tho Mo.inc· Libre, but ~po.rontly r,ddrcssod to tho whole of l':i1ro.nco., indic.2+-rs tho.t tho C.G . T . nnd tho C . P.T . C . hnvc sot up n Cor.1ito d 1Entonte to study current probl•::n:is II nnd to prepare the soc inl ~nd econonic cho.n gos v1hich tho post -wr,.r period r.mst brine" . The p 'olicy regetrdine, the immcd­int c prosont outlined in tho proclnmo.tion docs not dovi~to fron prev;ious ·cxpressions of the two orgnniso.tions: full working cl''.. SS pnrticlpntion in rosistunce rmd liborf'..tion, full c, .. mfidcnco in tho C.N . R ., tho Provisiono.l Govornnont m1.d Gcnero.l de Gaulle. For the future, v1hilo 11 absolute o.utononyn is mainto.inod for co.ch orccmi:rntion , tho stress is on tho continuati'Jn of united o.ction

'boGun in r osisto.nco .'.l.nd tho dotcrrn.irwtion 11 to mcinto.in that unity o f' o..ct:i.on up to the fino.l diso.ppoarcnce of en.pi ta.lism, instigator

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Ii' tho clo.se co-operation pr0elaimed in this stat·entent be­comes a reality•, it will represent .a significant change from the pre :...war sit.uation. In the past, efforts to achieve U..'1.ited action were always hampered by the C , G. '11

• pretention to exclusive re­presentation of the whole workinc class and the C . F . T . C. fear of total absorption in case of close co-operation .

At Renn.es , the'Recional Commissariat has called attention to the fact that the Vichy Chart0 de Travail has been abrogated, with the consequences that:

(i) Trade un.ions are free to organise;

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(ii) The trade·unions which existed in 1939 are re-established; and

(iiJ.) All cpestions about the conditions of labour are to be dealt with and settled between the representatives of the labour unions _and of the public ru thori ties .

Am1;INISTRATION

'I'he Commissioner of the Republic at Ren.hes has· suspended the V l chy-sponsor·od corporative agricultural syhdica tes , corporative · U.1"1.ions and co:rporati vc federations . In each of the four Depart­ments of the :region~: there will be a provisional agricultural com­ndt tcu, appointed by the Prefect~ For the time being, the establishment of syndicates , co-operatives and mutual benofit societies will require the approva+ of the Prefect , acting upon the advice of tho agricultural committee . · ·

In mB..L7.Y Corrnnunes recently liberated south and east of Caen, tho problems of the authorities have been increased by the absence of mayors . Tho srnno difficulty was encountered in some aroas of the I,Ianche .

Ht.ALTH

A ·few cases of diphtheria and · typhoid have be~n reported from .tho Anc:ers :r;-egion, but in general the situation remains satisfuctory .

rrRANSPOR 1I.1

Transport remains a problem of foremost importance . The sho_rtagc of petrol is acute , and has prcvtzlnted the deli vary of· milk by dairies, as well as tho necessary trnvcl · of phys'icians . As us:ual in such conditions, tho French crit:i.cize apparerit mal­distribution favouring less essential uses over more essential ones . To f~cilitato civilian use of roads , iti the face of mines and otho:e he.Zf?rds, tho military signs in English are now being · supplumonted with noticos in French . Hundreds of tons of food : · arc boing daily carried to Pr.ri.s from stock-pil os in Normandy 8.11.d Brittany by military lorri es .

HOUSING

The p.oµsing shor tag·e··· in Cherbourc; is likely to ,-.,ccome more acut0 o Former inhabitants of tho town vrnro ordered to leave-' r-ocep ­tion centres by 20th ~"-ugust, and tho ma.ires in rur::il arC![l.S have stopped tho distribution of ro.tion cards to refugees from Chorbourg . Tho quarters formerly occupied by somo of tho people evacuated at Gorman insistence were requisitioned by tho Germans and put at tho disposal of the. othor tenants, thou[;h the· original tenants somo~timcs continued. to pay :i:'cnt . In addition , mo.ny owners and tenants were never informed the.t the promises had- been requisi ­tion0d . The present occupants , on tho oth-Jr hand , rofuso to leave.

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REPUGEES

The numbor of refugees distributed through the department of the Loire Inforieuro , North of Nantes , is estimated at 200,000 .

In the Dopctrtment of Oise a largo number of Russian and · Roum1mian refugees arc said to be taking refuge in the woods .

ELECTRICITY f.J'JD COI1TMUNICATIONS

All stocks of finished nnd semi-finished telegraphic, tele­phone r111d ro.dio parts and ma torials have been frozen in the hands of their· pro sent holders . Tho ir use of transfer , and tho ·man u ­fncturc of additional items, is subject to strict control.

In an nttcmpt to ro - ostnblish tho Paris electric grid system tho F . F' .I. in the Corroze , Crouse , Indra and Chor have boon ordorod to give special assistru1cc to the firms charged with restorinc tho cables connecting Paris with the Mtissif Central . A number of electricians in th0so departments arc boins compul.:. soril-y- withdro.wn from tho F . F.I. in order to join repair units . The Paris Matro has not yet rooponod, but a number of bus services in tho capitnl arc in operation .

Postal and bmkinc services have boon resQmcd during the past v:cok at various towns in tho D0partmonts of Ille - et-Verlaine, l'.1nyonnc 1 So.rtho , Orno illld Ruro-ot-Loire .

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RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS Volume I, No. 21

Compiled from sources received in the Foreign Service Library of the American Friends Service Committee

OZECH0SLOVAK RELIEF At the Relief

Czechoslovaks abroad, which Fund, has been reorganized.

specific request of the President's War Control Board the: relief program for is ch?nneled through the Nation~l War

The authorities in Washtngton felt that inasmuch as the monies provided by the National \~ar :F'und come from the general American public they should be administered by a larger and more representa­tive group than had pxevlously been the .case.

In response to directives xeceivoct :from the authorities in Washington, the previous organization, United -v.zcchoslovak Relief, voted to effect a reorganization and to :form a new body to be called American Relief for Czechoslovakia, Inc. r'

In the current year the program of r eli cf covers food, clothing and ruedi cine to civilian refugees in Ru£si a, Switzerland, England, North Af1'ica, Spain, Por.tugal, Mauritius, Italy and Palestine~ (News Flashes From Czechoslovakia Under Nazi Domination, August 28, 1944, U.S.A.)

NEWS FROM SWEDEU Stockholm, Septembe.r 8 (By wireless) The -Swedish Minister in Budapest, a.I. Danielson, and the

envoys of otber neutral countri 2s h2ve mc1.de an appeal to the · Hungarian Government to guarantee that no further deportations of Jews wtll take place~ Many si gns indicate thet such deportetions are planned, ( On June 30 King Gustaf of 8;17cden sent a personal telegram to Ad1:1iral Hortby ~ Regent of Hungary!,. asking him to use his influence to save the Jewc of Hungary from further persecution)

The number of Swedish ships enga.gec'!. in the Swedish-Swiss Greek Relief under the auspices of the Int ernational Red Cross will soon be increased with three, making 18 in all. The new onos are M.S. 11Hemland 11 (8,850 tons d.·JV., Tirfing Line) and the 11 Ahus 11

(2,160 tons d . w.) and the 11 Bohus 11 (2,150 tons d.wv), both of the Tralleborg Line. (News from Sweden, September 13 , 1944, New York)

THE REFUGEE PROBLEM The International Committee on Refugees came into existence as a result of the Evib.~1 Con-

f erance of 1938, charged with the resettlement of German and Austrian refugeeso On the outbreak of war the Committee virtually passed intn oblivion until it wa~ revived by public pressure; the Anglo-American Bermuda Conference of April:1 1943, recommended its reconstruction, and in August its Executive propo8ed an enlargement of □andate to include all who had to leave their home country in Europe as a result of racial, political ~r religious persecution. Last week the Plenary Session in London formally ratified the new constitution, and the enlarged mandateo

The neutral countries he.ve done all they can to offer asylum to \ refugees. There are also over 100,000 refugees in the Middle Eas~, and in June president Roosevelt announced. the intention to enlarge the carnps in Sicily 2nd north Africe . to accommodate 40 :,000 people3 The British Empire has provldect thou8ands with temporary homesj A,me:r:ica has accommode.ted some, and the flow into Great Britain was ~~, month at the enQ of last yeer.

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RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXC3RPTS Volo 1 #21 U ,N ,RnRcA • has amo:r:..g its functions th2.t of the TTlelf2.re and

restoration of those who ·ni11 retn:r:-i to their homes. But tbs;: p:r,.i'oleg of the statGless refugee and of those tho1.i_sanrl.s who w:l J.l \I !10'\ rGf;urn has s t5.ll to be solvedo The J:~_1to:r:-gove:n:rnenta:r~ Gomm:1:t'lio e

'.'"' &F?..eP:5 :L~,.:i fu~:.;_0·sio":;:1s that of the welfa:r:-e E",nd :..:est oration of thcise ii:ho w:;_J.l. :re·GL"i.:.rn to th e:i.r r~omes~ But the p:rob: .. em of the strteli-3EJS r efugee mid of tho8e thow2ands ·nho '1'!JiJ.l not return h2.s still to bo 8\:-)~_:_~J Pl'.l .• rr,~ C Tn-'-· 0 '"""rl'(•·q ::,·J'T' 1'1n~,+a·1 ('0.n11,,,~ ·j-- -'-c,c r;,:, s .... + - aa"-· est::ib"" l0 o'n<>d ... -·"· · ·....., -~ _J;..L .L Uc.;.;.J. O .~t~,-.1 ... .:. ... vJ.,..J .1, v --, J. ._.~, -Jt.c-,.., ... 1_. C.!.v .J... oU ....,., J.. 1:., v,, d.

body af cxpeT.·i~s to con.:3tdcr: the po8s~,bli it.1.e·a of dcc1.:.r.1e:.1ts eni;:l·f;l:lng +h c-1 l"pf',, a ee +o ·'v-il,c, , .... rnton·1·:-: on of- •JITJ...1-:;·rcy,,··,-:,a-, sJ,.n-~-:-:i"h,-,, at P" '=> sent -u .. . v ··-'-'..,..u.c::, u L.,., !..; ...,-.JV.-l, .J., .''lic.ut; v.1,. \..V'U..U-...,.L.A,v ,...,......, .t.

ir.Lhabits; but the expGI'Lc 1 wo:r:-k Btill lies before them< 'I'he slan dcvc:f.opme::;.t of the ~-ch.Lnery :ts sy·mptor.1atic cf the

unw:tJ.1ingness of GovcTD.Gento top.; ct t:) g::--·:l.ps 7i7ith the arll:'1ittec1ly c1iffJ.ou1t p.TobJe:::1, who88 ,s;·;Ju:L.Lo-o 7Ti .. ·u cc·lJ,. not only for the fd.lcst effort of the vo~ .. 1-1.11t c1.ry scc:L·::ties 7ibo hc:•.ve so far borne· the

· brunt of the i7ork, but also fo:r: cor:atrmt sc:r:utii:-i.y of go v 0rnmcnt~d activity and the ir,sis tent pr~asuro of public opinion: (The Friend, August 25) 1944 1 London)

ITA:i:;Y 0u t of tbe meet:l~2f.; which the 'U::-i:Lte~. N atio:as Re~_j_ef r~nd RehRbilit&tion A~uinist~stion is hol~in; in Montreal, Canad~

r.:rn.y co r.1e at l east some sol"LJ.t:l.ons to a. n1Jr.1ber of pe:r::;l exing p.:obJ.enso Non8 of th.::)se wi.J.1 bG so 1.ved eas:i.ly ~ hO'iv ever~ leo.st of a:l.l the p.ro"L;l.r.m of T'.'.,.al: to cl.o 7:-:.i.'c;h ItnLy~ UFP.R:1. cc.r:.:oot -r:o~~}: in Jta:t.y~ an 1iex---one1ay country II un::i.ess she is taken forr.1ally :i.Iito the United NGtions, or uriless UNRRA:s council egrees, ~itb relief pai1 for by tbe It2c:U.o.n Gove:nu:1ent.

Mearr,vh:i l e , the food, heo.l th and clothing si tu[lti on in Italy is re;:crtsd to be gro-iving st2adily ·,ivorse.

Onr one hc.md~ several goverru:rnnts having cash balances 7rnuld like to purchase food not obtaineble in the Unite~ Stetes froo so~e JJ2U.n Americ2.n countries. 'l'hey ere not 2. ble to 00 this because of UNR?A 1 s reJ..ationship to the Coi:1biner1 Ba: rds. C"n the other h&,ncli 'L:h ,J Comb:l.ned BaT.::ds depend In' inJ.y on the U.S. W~u F'o c:i d · k:Li:i:i.rd. t:;-''t,:O:':•• . .- · , tl:)n ., At present~ W]'A (this is r~lso the policy of. the Cc,mbined Boe, Tri.s ) allooc- tes food first to the mt l.i tnry , then to lend-le use, th:1:,.'d to civ:l.J.1.:1:ns, nnd last of o.11 to relief needs,

Vv'}1eot :t.s the only food nvoilr-blc in a bundnnce for er:iergency fEh."ctl:-:.g. An m~oxo.ple of the pT.obJ.em j_s the fa.ct that UNRRA asked •l'f;;'A -f'r,··· +hr"•~ l"''·!·,on b ~n- c, OL' c1·---\ '->·"1 lo"'::ins bu+ r""cei••,."d n·ri 1 -,· .:;or- or-.o .'. .1.: ...1- _; '- L!.~--.t.:.!1.:..- .a.l..L..-~, ·. . C.{.'"')O J. I...!~'•'-'"-· t:;;c,.,.., .J V Vt;.:; 1. v .-... y ,..., V, .._,I

p ounds, dG~T1. tc ·Gll8 fo.ct th:1~c:ci.(!d beans arc now off t:10 rc.tion list,, (\io:J:}(.1.--·rJ:::-es:s,,) (the Wor .l.d From Wnshington, Septecbcr 20)1944, Wcsh:. r.gto::-.• )

GF,EZK RELIEF~ CTJOTHIFG J\'..1 account of the d:l. stri bu.ti on of t~1e first clothing stocks to be sent to Gre ece from

A ;r,,., ·i-,.,..., -; ~t b'", ,_,~-•c,--,···r ,J;..1-,-1,., t i"hc, c.--~,.,,.,1,- w R ~ 0 c 4 '7.;· i·on r;1cr .... , ... L, Uc. .. ·~ .;1).b , (;,8.1 i.1c!.tcv u.\.C:.-.,C...J . v O -- .,_, -.~1,:;t_;,. V,, •• ~.SoO .,_ . lr •

'2o s.r::.\oN~C3. :..,tc the ,n::<'.u.:; c,J these g2~rr.12nts to the GrGeks, it is interGs·laing J;,;o poiEt out th2,.t o.t tho t:1.r.1c of dl.et-:-.1...b·,J.tiou one p2.ir of sho68 cost 30 ail:ion drQch~as on the AtheniaTI 0nrket nhile the s{.ln:ry c~f , a Un:'.versi ty profe::isoI' was 10 to 15 mtJ.11on c:ra.chrnas per r:10:'.'lth: ,,

'I'he c;l,)thj ng short2.ge h [ s o.f:fected e.::l clasecs bi.:tt the attuat:b:,: i.n tho mounta:;.n sections of· the p::::o•;r.~r1c,:2 s J.s 8cpeo:u::i.l1y c::::itloo.1 2.s the paople are truly destitute.

Di stj~80f~ · 112.s nl.Go b<2-en ~1vi cle:.:;pT ·2c.~c1 2.noc1g mA1"lbs-cs of the 11r:1tddle c1.i3.r.~E.~~· H T'b.ese ~pco1.11.e h2,ve beor1 sc·1.J.) .. ::-1g the:.1 .. 1;o~sesF;i.o~:uJ :3i;.1co tJJ.G bogt~~ning of the wa:r in orde1' to live a.nd ere by now pr-actic s.J..ly

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS. Vol. 1 #2•·: -3-

destitute. Lawyers h rve no regular income; there is no demnnd for the work of artists; and others of the aiddle class are on a fixed salary which is quite inadequate to meet their needs. Boo tblncks, cigarette vendors, l e.borers working on n job basis, can earn with a few hours a day, the 50 to 60 million drn.chmas a oonth necessary f or the needs a themselves nnd their families; but the fixed eum of from 10 to 15 milli on drachnas which constitutes tho income of the white collar workers 1 s far belo11 the r.1inimum needer!. t9 support life.

The local car.mi ttees oake the actual di stri buti on. They draw up lists t o include the nam e s.nc't a ge of each child bcnofi ting, the kind of erticlc r eceived, and t ho d ate of delivery. Parents or . guardians si r n th o li s t as a r eceipt. 2.nc~ cnch □ember of the cmm:i i ttee si gns aleo as a guci.rant cc th2.t the deli very took place.

Any sale of the article s is s trJc t lv f orbicldcn. This is checked later and any offen~ers nre excluded from further participa­tion in the distributions.

During these distri butions no charge 11as mr.de for any of the articles and transport costs ~er e borne by the Cormnission.

RELIEF PROG&\ :M Food sh~pments to Greece between July 20 and August 20

follows;­Co1!ll1odi ty

11ere as

WVhea t .................. . Spaghetti and Flour .. , •. ,

Tons several ne"N i ter:•18 7vere in­cluded in these r blicf cargoes, notably:

Oval tine . ........... . .... .

30,690 740

lO 24

413 882

Co1:11JOdi ty Tons Cod and Halibut Oil ..... . Fi sh ...... ~ ....•.........• ldilk . .. . _. -~ ...... ........ _ ._ ...• Dried Ve§etables ••.....••

Orange Marcnlade .. • •.....••• Dehy nrated Cabbage Soup .•••• Dehydrated Potato-Oni on

27 33

Rice ...................• : Soup . ............ ...... .. ~ .... .

5,887 661 550 345

Soup . ................... • ... Dry Ski□ Milk ••. .............

161 156

'-'Sugar and Jar.1 ........... •-(Ne~s Letter, Scpt e□jer 7, 1944, Ne~ York)

NORWAY:· FOOD FOR ,ffi!ILDREN 11 Sv eneka Nor geshj elpen, 11 a S1rndish relief o r gani zati on,. has cor.1pletec'1. plans for .

the fee ding of 144 ,000 chilrlren nnr9. n.ged p ersons a t scho ,:i ls and ap~Q±all.y:-iQI'.eo.ted '"foo d stati ons" in Nor7vay during the cominc; fall., It is statecl the toods thus provi rt ed will be. better and more varied than heretofore. The project is financed through donations made by bus1 ne.ss firms,_ or gani intionA and indivi.duals. (News of Norway, Sept ember 22, 1944,. Washirnston D •. C.)

INFECTIOUS nrs:q;AS:i::S Without further c:~xplanati on, the Amsterdam dail1 Alger:rnen Hnndelsblaq g£,ve on July 12 the follow­

ing cryptic r eport: The t otal number of infecti ous diseases from June 8 until June 24 ~as 294. There were no cases of typhoid fever during that peri od. From June 25 until July l there were in Amster­dam 606 cases of paratyphus, bringing the total number of cases of infectious diseases to 916. The paper also reported that during the woek of June :18 there wera seventy-three cases of malaria in Amsterdam,. ~gainst forty-six the previous ·.r;eek •.

Malaria was pra.ctically non-existent in the Netherlands before

~ . . RELIEF AND RBCONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS Vol 1 ,r2l -4-

. .. the Gel'1Jan inv~sion. According to official statistics, the number of m2,lorie. cases during 1938 and 1939 was four for the t1Jo-ye2r period. (The Netherlnn~s Digest, Septe□bcr 15j 1944, New York)

FOOD: PARIS Though tho Alli es have brought r,1orc than 12,000 tons of foodstuffs into Paris anr. the distri i-mtion of meats,

fats, milk and vcgetatles has substantially incrc~sed by cocparison with the starvation ration of the Vicb.y regime, the averv..gc Purisio.n now g~:!ts b•rGly 100 calories duily, or less than half the ar..iount needed, Pc.ul Gi acobi, Cor.1r:1i ssi cmer for FD ::ds, said torl.ay.

},i. Giacobbi pointed out thet the ori r~inal progrmn c'levised before the li bcration had culled for the Allies to bring 2,400 tons cf foc.d daily to Feris. This prograi:1, like other plans made in Algiers, 110.s based on the assuopti on of a prolonged struggle for the liberation of France and the consequent exhuustion of stock. The li berntion cer.10 uore rapictly anrl the reserves are greeter than expected. C'n the other hund, cor.1r.1unice.tions of e.11 kinds 1vere daoaged and, 1Vhi le the we.r continues, mili te.ry der.1cmds -nill cor.ie first.

The Allies have bro~(ht in 4,875 tons of flour, 558 tons of wheat, 228 tons of cannerl □eats, 206 tons of potatoes, eleven tons of butter, 123 tons of coffee, etc. Yet the brena rntion in Paris hc.:.s not y0t been increo..sed above the Viet' ro.tion, 275 gror.1s for arJults, except manual workers, who get 375 grams.

But Vichy's ration of ninety grams of moat 11eekly hrs been ramrt to 250 graL1s and the ration of 180 grams of fat has been raised to 250 1 ·.vhile one kilograc or two and one-fifth pounds of poto.toes a person is distril)utec'l every three dnys . The cillt supply, 7Jh7..ch was reduc·sd to 26,000 litrea daily in August, is now about 200 1 000. But 1,000,000 litres is the nor□al supply. .

The noroal daily influx of foodstuffs before the war ~as about 6,000 tons; the influx torlay is ahout half that, M. Giscrobi said. Parisians say that the food situetion is better oainly because vegetables are coming in in ne1v quantities. The Allies' flour has not yet m2.t erially ir.1prover1. the :Jree.0. supply, -pc.rtly 11ecause bakeries lack li ght r..nd fuel. (n e·i1 York Tir.rns, 9/. 21/ 44.)

MAIL Postal c2.rcts □av no1V 1Je sent to li:1or2.ted northern provinces in France. Post□rster Generc:.l Walker hv.s announcerl. that non­

illustrutcrt postccrds written either in English or in French ~ill be accepted for delivery to civilians in thesG places: Creully, Cantons of Douvres, Baycux, Ryes, Tilly Cacnt Bnlleroy, Trevieres, and Insl gny-sur-Mer in the Depart□ent of Cal"lfe.dos, as 1VC11 as ~ ··r Cantons north of and inclu~ing st: Jean-de Daye, Periers and st. Clai r--su:r--1 1 Ell ex, in the DGpartment of Manche.

The cost of the postcards ·!.'ill be three cents.

UNRRA Mon+,~eal, Sept. 20--Herbert H. Lehman, as Director General, rcvc,aled today that the United Nations Relief nnr. Rehabili ta-­

ti on Ad1.1inistration expected to spend at least $1,000,000,000 in 19~15 for supplies and services for the peoples liberated fr01:1 Axis occupc1.tion. This is onG-half of its total potential resources. (Ne1v York Times, 9-21-44,)

AUSTR'.!A! .. LIVING CONDITIONS The cvr:tcuation of the ci vil::.an popula­t J o::i f :r.or.1 a nt'L1b CJ.' of Gerr,ian cities. and

the transfer of a number of offtuos t-.i Vicnr:.3. h:.s resulted 1n e:; :reat overcrowding and practically every house is inf e sted ~ith vermin.

. . .

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION SXCERPTS VOL . 1 #21 - 5 -

for a few weeks there was an epidemic of typhus . b The rations are supplemented by black market purchases which since the Allied invasion have become so high that practically no one is in posttion to p~y the prices. Many of the 800 Jews in Vienna who still lived in th9 ci ty at the tim~_of the deportations were being hidden by thoir f~llow citizens and are receiving from the population moral as well as m0.t eri al help. • ( Aus tro-Arneri can Tribune, September, 1944)

UNRRA-ITALY The council of the UNRRA received officiR.l assurances that the JJilitary authorities will turn over European

relief to UNRRA RS soon as possiblr-; and that adequate supplies of food, cotton a.nd wool for clothi ng and rerrnurces for rehabil­itation of agriculture and industry of liberated countries will be available . This servad to Pllay apprehension on the part of the 44 participating countries that UNRRS would be unduly r\3tarded in ge tting down to work and would find itself unable for lack of supplies to do satisfactory 'Nork when tho time fin ally came . General .ci:dgerton said th"i t the food1,ro blcm in Ital Jr was di ffi ­cult because grain shipments from northern Italy wore blocked, the distribution system collapsed with the fall of the Fascist regime transportation facilities were destroye~ prices rose so high that some fo9d items went beyond the re~ch of the poor, and lack of port faciliti0s and shortage of ships int erf ered with relief operations. I~ the early stages of the lib2-ration of Paris, he said, tho military mmed in 1,500 tons of food daily by airplane and truck . Paris was still living on a day- t9-day basis , he said , but conditJ9~$ were improving as additional trucks were landed in France and rail lines were rapaired . (New York Times , 9/20/44) ••••• A plc1n to create ;:in all - Italian organizAtinn to dtrect and deal with Italy's immense and urgent relief problem hrt~. t~,ke n shPpG in the :=i.nnouncer,ent of the for-mRt ion of the NRtionnl Agency for the Distribution of Relief Supplies to Italy • ••• The a~ency i ~ desi~ned to turn ovAr to the Italians the res ponsibility for d.i~tributing; supplies contr:mi buted by Americnn Re:)_ief for Itn.ly . The President h11.s tn.ken ri.

lively interest in the work of the orgP.n izr.tion r-ind. wtth thms support,.Mr. Myron c. -Tnylor:•ha:s enlint 8d the enthusiastic collrtboration of the Church P.!1d Sta to officials. (N. Y. Times, 9/19/44). Denn Acheson, asGist:1.nt siJcr•)tnr:v of StFJ.te A.nd member of the cou11cil of the United "rations Rol_icf and Rohnbilitation Adminis trR ti on has announced th:·.t th!'; P. S. ProposRl for r n 11 cf to Itnly does not provide for the shipment of food supplies to that country except for the 11 displnced. 11 persons of other nation­alities, mostly of Yugoslavia, who were in Italy. M.P . L. Steen­bcrghe, Ncthorlands Council member , came out against help for Italy urging UNRRA to r cfrnin from any extension of its work boyong relief for liverr.ited ri.ren.s in the United NationsJ The Policy Committee a~opted a resolution subject to approval of the council a.uthorizing UNRRA to operate in any United Nations areas under control of u. s. which are of importnnce to the military operations of the United rlntions ~nd which are stricken with fn.mii:10 or disease . Under this resolution UNRRA could. send a.id to India in case of another fEl.mine such as thc1.t of last year, which UNRRA under cons ti tut ion 1:1as unabl9 to do , The amendment conforms to the reservations tri.k.cn by U. S. Con~ress in its legislation authorizing funds for UNRRA.

"' ,!IC .. ' .. -

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION ~XCERPTS Vol, 1 #21 ~ 6 -

Introduced by the United States, resolution was runended by Norway to mnke sure thR.t f:I.Ssistance for Germany; would not bn authorized. lVIr . Acheson proposed at a closed meP.ting of the policy comrni ttec thn.t UNRRA constitution b9 amended t0 ftuthorize relief for all 11 displaced11 ,Jewish victims of Nazi pernecution found in German and other enemy territory. (N.Y. TIMES - 9-22-44)

INDIA - FOOD A press note issued by the Food Department, Govern­ment of India on July 1 stated:

His Majesty 1 s Government, who ri.re in close touch with the food si tw=1.t ion in Indin, have informed the Government of Indi<1. that arrangements will be made to ship 400,000 tons of wheat to Indian ports, before the end of September 1944. Food grnin shipments to 1ndia during the 12 months, October 1943 to September 1944, will t.herefore amnµnt tn 800,000 tons. His Magesty'.s Government vvill review the position oarly in August 1944 and agr-tin aarly in Novembor 1944.. (Indin.n Informn.tinn - 7/15/44 p. 46)

ARTICLES OF GENERAL INTEREST Tho follm'fing n.rticlos in tho Survey Grn.phic hn.vo boon suggested

ns good infnrmntiva mntorinl: Is Thero ~n Answo!, Gertrude Kummer~ August, 1944 -. (This helps in undorstn_naing of rofugoos) Nillions tn Roseuo, Blnir Bolles, Soptombor, 1944 (~ccount of tho WKr Rofugoo Bon.rd ).

'BELG1ID1I A clipping frnrn tho Br 0 0klyn , Now York Engle stri_tcrn thn.t Bolq;ium 'trill nood ton yon.rs tn rogrunnormnlcy.

11 i'i1'.1rny .Belgian Homen hFtve lost 20 tn 40 pnunds n.nd the children h8.VO bo0n stunted for lll.ck nf sufficient fond n.nd vi t:,_mins . Autbori tics report thn.t the pc0plo of Brus:sols hn.vo not seen pnr]t nr fish since tho nceupn.t inn. Tho brend vms so bn_d dogs refused. to cn.t 1 t. It 1:rn.s mn.a.o of grnund bcnns n.nd pon.s with grE1.:s s n.nd n. li ttlo rcnl fl our. 11

Gormnn-cnntrnllod nowspn.pors in 0ccupicd Belgium cont:-i_inod tho following: 11 Tho vrn.r h'l. S cri.usod loss of fiftocn billion frn.ncs (nbnut $480,000,000) to BoJ_gin.n -n_gricu:Lturc. The impover­ishment of thp_t industry extends tn the livost0ck, equipment, n.nd tho rosorvo fertility nf tho snil~ Tho numpor nf bovines hn.s fnllen by 670~ 82.9 bori.d; the number of pigs by -365, 000; thn.t nf horses by 40., 000,, r .nd p0ul try by 16, 500~ 000. 11 ( N cws from Belgium, 9/23/44, p 304)

~;!_,ITZERLAi'TD Rolntivcly slight ch1;1.ngo 'Hn_s shn1om in livestock . numbers in Switzorlnnd in 1944 ns cnr:1p::,r ,;d with 1943,

,-ccnrdipg tn April census ropnrts.. Cnttlo docr :) nsod ;ibnut 1.% n.nd hogs 5% •. Numbors c,f sheep, gnnts n_nd horsos n.11. showed in­crori.sos . Cri.ttlo nnd h0g numbers, hn 1i,rovcr, 11rnro c0nsidor0.bly below pro-wnr level. (Fnroign Grn-ps ri.nd Mn.rkots 9/25/44 p. 151)

ds 10-3-44

(Note: bottom line on page 1 reads ~a follows:

given at 800 a month at the end of last year.)

'

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS Volume I, No. 20

... ,

Compiled from sources re­ceived in th€ Foreign Service Library of the American Friends Service Committee

CANADIAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE In a recent is sue of "The Canadian Friend" it is brought

out that the Canadian Friends Service Committee is a member of the Council of Cana dian Volunt a ry Age ncies as s isting UNRRA and it i s poss i bl e tha t some coo pe ration may be g iv en by the Committee t hr ough that Counc i l. I n artd ition to this, the Co mmitt e e is con­tinuing j_ t s cc•-op2rat i on wi. th the Ca n adj_ an Oo !'r.mi t tee of tl:. e Sav e t h8 Chi~dren ~1~d. This ~qin t ains a r elati anship which was fi ~s t macte in th:i_s cou:1t:ry ::n JS'::;?, cl.t t :!:rn t i me o:f the .Russian Fami ne . The Friends~ r epre sent~ttves w~o have be en a cting i n j oi ~t c o~­mittee -,'.:o:ck - w:Ltr th e ~1;_ -:. -~ 8 tt e c.n-,:!_1,-: :;:·en ] 11 ,; cJ. are t8 be charter m~mb Ar s cf the fun d whon ~t js ~~~crp~rdted in the near fu t u r e . I t j_s 1nteres~jng tc no~e th8.t ~eace tt~e work in ehina i s be ing co r: s i de:-ed by the Sav e -',:l-'2 Cb:.i 1.a:r .rn fu.:1c., '1'.h e Canacl.tan ~~SC a l so ma:rnta i ns an assoc.:at :: on w-,.·cn t :1e 1J~1r1 s t :i an ~;ocj_al Council of Canacla wh:i.ch koeps -c:1,:: :11 :i.n c:or; e tc,uch w:.ith such quest i ons as t e!I',pe r cm ce , garnbl:i_ng > juv 2n:i le o.e l lnqu e::i c y _, prisons ) hou s ing and othe rs. The Chr i s ti a ~ Soc ial Council ~n co ope r a t ion with the World Council of Church Es (Can adi a n Co mmitt ee ) r ecently set up a Commi ss i on on Pea ce and R0construction. Th e s ittings of the Conm i ss j on wh i ch continu ed f rom late De c emb er 1943 un t il J'un e a r e to be r esu~ed in Sept ember. (C anadian Fri end, Sept embe r 1944 , Tor on-.tc)

SCA}jj:.tnA'r IA: FOOD P..EL IEF A radio bullet in fl ash ed ove :r t :1e Swedish network at 7:20 t od~y as ~el l

as speci a l edit ion s of the newspapers informed the Swedl6b pDjlic a bout t he l ong awa it e d Rus so-Finni s h truce which to ok effect at e i bh t o

1 cl ock t h j_ s r.!orn j:1g . §tockholms -•Ti~g.B.1}1E~ll Rn,1 oun ccd tha t

Swuden ha d gua r ant ee j Fin land f ood unt il th e i so l a t ion of the count :ry j_ s G:r.ake n, wh il e R.~~-Q_§.JLy_he t e:....;. points ou t t ha t ~lv18r_1.e:1 i s ec1_g ·:.: r 1~, awa:i.t j_ ng th e oppuTtu nj_t y to he l p Norway t oo during it s tran sition peri od , Than ks t o a f a ir harv e st Sweden! s own g r ain r es e r ves a ~e es tj ma t e d a t 400, 000 ton s a ft e r having bee n a ll but exhausted by t he t wo crop failures i n 1940 and 1941. Fur t he:tmo r e, i,he p8_pe r antic i.nates that the N

0r t h Sea blockade

will be lifted before t he cur r ent consu mp ~i on yea r is over. Gr a i n a nd flour, sugar and some ed j ~Je f a ts Sweden can spare a t once , whi l e ~he dry l ate suMwe r has a ll but ruined its pota to c ::aop , Some ships lo .-,.dec: wi th 2:Tain earr·12.rked fo r Finl and h ave been kep: ready to sa~l for fin ~}s h po~ts as soon as t he war s j_ ti_,ation s:x1uld peP11it , p..,nd tl·1e St c>e:k~.c,:::.m c •.:,r.responden t of' t he Finn i s~1 newspaper , E.s J. s _ir. ,;~_n -~; •-:i.n orr._ :, t:; :,_·spc,:ct. s that nego t i a t 1ons fo:".' such food suppl j s s :1::,.-..., :c been 1,incle-:' rc1,y j_ o r some time . Pa y­men t s wi ll be made f r om t he r ecent appropr i ation by the Swed i sh Rik sdag , amounting t o 40J ,000, 080 krono r (about $1 00,000,o nc) to be u sei for r ehabilit ation purposes . (Thanks to cr edits fro m t ji s fund the Royal Nor~egian Gov ernment in London ha s alrea dy p l a c ed onJ_e rs for about 60,000,000 kronor in Sweden, deliveries to be made as soon as Norway is free. (Se No, 161) Since Swe dish ships no longer serve German ports,. plenty of tonnage i s ava ilable for the relief of Finland, now that it is out of

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS * 2 - Vol 1 #20

the war. Afton-Tidningen reports that the produGtion of medi­cines for relief purposes started last week . The 4:8]000 Finnish children already in Sweden are expected to stay all winter. Each week about 900 more arrive. The number of sick ones is expected to increase , hospital facilities in Finland being very limited. Finnish Refugees: Some of the 1,500 Finnish refugees who have recently reached Umea in northern Swed.en have expressed the in­tention of continuing to Canada as soon as circumst:i.nces permit. Too many wars and invasions, they claim, make it hopeless to cultivate the soil of their native land any longer. They com­plained of the lack of food in Finland. A spec].al shelter for those afflicted with tuberculosis has been re~ected. At Nynas­harn, on Sweden's east coast south of Stockholm, 40 Estonians have just landed from smal 1 boats. Since August 2 3, 186 B;:,l tic refugees have reached Gotland, the large Swed ish island in the center of the Baltic. Some of th em hqve rel~ted that three of their boats containing over a hundred persons had been sunk by the Germqns. For the care of Swedes who hqve escaped from Es­tonia the Swedish Governrr:ent has approp1·iated lfl)O~OOO kronor. To the Finnish Aid Society a.n additional gr;:-,n t of 50 ,,000 kronor has been made for the special care of infants and pregnant women who c:i.rrive from Finland. The return of Finns interned in England is regarded in Stockholm as a sur e sign thRt peace negotiations are unde1· way ........ The Swedish Aid to Norw;~y Soc·~ety has received permission to ship an additional 3 , 000 ton s of i)ani.sh sugar to Nor~ay. (News from Sweden, Sept. 6i 1944 pp.l,3 7 4, N.Y.)

ITALY: JEWISH RELIEF Two JDC representatives are now in Italy. Max Perlman, who did an excellent job for

the JDC in North Africa, has been transferred to Rome, formerly an internment center for Jewish refugees at the southern end of the Peninsula . A~thur D. Greenleigh has visited Bari where , be­fore the 1par , 18,000 native Jews lived and 1:•orked and where today ths decimated remnants of the comnrunity su::rvive. Throughout the dark days in Rome, JDC aid continued to be distributed thr ough the Vatican and through other means . Not once has JDC's activity halted since it first began to function in 1933 . Aft er Italy entered the war the JDC J.nformed its local commit tee s that when war came they cculd borrow against JDC 1 s crectjt for si~ months at the last monttly rate of spending. The JDC l earned later that th e loc;:-11 cor11:j_tt8e:i'i .. lacl cont ir1'clCd to torrow beyond the r1.uthor ­iz 2d perioci.. ;:-,..-[; $9 ':,~cco a YE'R.:l:, V"foen the enemy ,Fc1s fj_rst driven fT o:.c. ~:he toe of Jt2ly, .:DO ap pro\,·cd R_ g:::.'ai1t of ~10? 000 for s~oeedy use tl:.1.·cug:..'. tl1e :~nte1·g'..,v2..rn i";·c::rital C?mm:1 ttc:e on Rciu6ees. 11£cre r er::cn 1,·:.-:,·J ,7 DC scent ~c:iO,'.'k)J in PPJ.e,;·'~3.r'.3 foT t:i.--1e 1mrc;hc1.se of cJ.cth.i.Dg for int,e;:r-r.ue3 in Ita:-'..ia.n c~:trfipe, .4. n 1.:nr,ter cf tta :e;,,;;ish intern8ec were ]~teT t~8nsiurr ad fr0m Italy to PaJes~lne. Shortly a::ter, otbe:c f·Jnus Jc,J .It·,_:i.Jjµr, Te] jef ,rs:r- ~: Fc::.1.clc.:c1.tecl_. m:::.k"Lng possL:ile the rso:92r..·i.:ng 2:1d cont.: n,_:::,~c:)e rJf .Jewish schools ai.1d in s titutj_ons . F~nd2 wore ~lso ~Jplied to the deve lopmen~ of ~o:r~shups :n t he ca,t:p2 :· s "'t"lJ: ;'_s lo.~ th.::: cq~_ipment of hostels Fl !.Fi.1;7..es. -~-r1cmg t.h.2 p.Ls,r.s 01 ·cil.C JJ;C :1.n tl11s area are the estab-1 i r~tme:rc of vcc:: s.t i ocal t LL!.n ing p:tc j ect s j_n Rome 2nd the setting u~ cf a farm training schoo l, Also under consideration are the

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS Vol 1 #20 -3-

the reopening of a Jewish dispensary and a hospital and the establishment of a school for Jewish children. (JDC Digest. September, 1944, N. Y.)

YUGOSLAV RELIEF New arrangements have been made by the National War Fund and the several Governmental agencies

interested in foreign war rcli ef under which a grc·eter volume of supplies will be available to Yugoslav refugees, prisoners-of war, and ultimately to the suffering people within Yugoslavia. The principal change under these new plans is that material relief supplies will now be available to foreign governments through the Lend Lease Administration. Although the Fund (Yugosle.v Relief Fund) will continue to supply the prisoners with recreational materials in limited quantities, invalid food parcels, medical kits and sanitary and comfort items will now be subject to Lend Lease requisition. This will leave the Fund free to concentrate its resources upon such it ems of relief as cannot bo supplied by Government agencies. The ne'n 0.rrangem0nt e. lso enables the National War Fund to fulfill its promise not to esk the American people to me.ke contributions for relief which cnn be provided through inter­Governmental negotiation ••..... -Clothing: Tons of clothing, new and used, stored in the Fund's warehouse in New York, are now ready for shipment at the first possible moment to ~eedy Yugoslavs wher­ever they c~n be reached. With the imminent liberation of Yugo­slavia,the need for clothing will be enormous. In June and July, a record of 28,458 lbs of clothing were received.

UNRRA MATERIALS The past 1918 mistake of supplying Europe with food and finished goods, but not with the raw

materials she needed to rehabilitate her industry, will not be reper.ted after this war if the United Nations .8.elief and Rehabil­itati on Administration can prevent it. Asked how·uNRRA could with­stand the pressure fror.1 American and British r.ianufacturers to seek an imrnediatG oe.rket in Europe for their finished goods, a spokes- _ man replied:: "They can export ther:i if they want to give theo away, but they tVon• t be paid. Exchange controls 1vill see to that. rt The supplies needed by the military for civilian relief during the period of military government, it was admitted, had left little over far UNRRA to accumulate on its own account. This need notr give cause for alarr.1, it was said, because UNRRA has esto.blished its cJa ir.i on the fl1,1id process cf production, oontrolle t.1 by the Combined Boo. rds in Washington - on crops to be h2.rvested, clothes to be made and the like. It has r.1ti.de allocation requests for food, textiles, footwear medtcal and industrial and agricultural supplies. Substantial ailocati ons have alreD.cty been mnde and there are- substantial food reserves. The European food situation; it was ad□itted, had not been so bad as some reports suggest0d. It was said that sooe form of foorl. r2..tioning 7vould probably be necessary in the.Allied countries for a tioe, but a big difference would be made by the fact that Germany would no longer be ~raining food from France. (N. Y, TIMES, 9/8/44)

SWITZERLAND REFUGEES Word -.rv-as received in Ne1v York from Geneva that through negotiati -~,ns between the Swiss

Governcient and representatives of the ORT ,refugees arc now liber­ated from Refugee camp;3 in Switzerland if they are admitted to

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ORT training schools in Basle, Geneva and Zurich. A Swiss Govern­ment Commission appointed to visit institutions established in Geneva by the ORT, lauded its work after spending several hours in the ORT technical schools and in the ~orkshops established for Jewish women whose husbands were deported by the Germans fro~ occupied t e rritories. During the last t¥ro months the ORT hAs quad:-upled the number of its training schools in the Refuge e Camps and added 19 new training institutions in various parts of Switzer­land. At the r equest of the authorities it has recently agreed to enlarge its model vegetable garden in Sierre, where refugees are prepared for agricultural work in Palestine. This month it opened a technic~l school inZurich for moving picture operators and other type of craftsmen, •.. Another communjque was received in ORT 1s New York office from Aron Synalovski, vice-president of World ORT Union, and director of ORT work in Switzerlqnd, describing the expansion of ORT 1 s work. Rapid training courses in Refugee Camps are being given by a Swiss ORT professional staff of 62 technicians and a Technical Faculty Council of 19. Well known scientists and technical experts are contributing their help; teaching chemistry textile industry, electricity, wood and met 81 work in ci.dc:'l it ion to ORT courses already established in various cities in Switzer­land. In the last three months two ne~ children's workshops , And one j oinery school for· youth have been opened in Geneva. Outside of :Basle an ORT School for Refugee Girls W8s opened in June by World ORT Union. Modern boarding facilities are being financed by the International Red Cross. ("J ewish Review", September 7, 1944 p,11)

SUMMARY OF REFUGEE CENTERS Under the sponsorship of the WRB the United St2t es last month opened the ref~

gee camp at Ft. Ontario. The British subsequently· agreed to estab­lish a similar camp in Tripolitania 8.nd ~exico has now agreed to establish 11 fr ee ports " for refuge es . Cc1.nada previously had taken in 2.lmost 500 refugews , n.nd Mexico already h::i..s permitted the es­tablishment of a camp for Polish refugees. Various agencies of diff e rent government, chiif~y the British, maintain more than 50 ref1_1gee camps in Africa and Asia, ano trP.nsient C8mps h8..ve been set up in Italy. The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Adrnin:i.stration runs Camp Ly autey in North Africc1. and six others in the Middle East. In ?uly, these camps were 2.ccomod8.t ing a total of approximately 100:CC0 refugees . A list of the ca.mps sh011''S hovv widely they are scattered~ Souk-el---Gh;:,.,rb, 9y1·~ a; Athlit, Haifa, and. Nusel:r1:.t: , f..'.1:.J:.:~'2!.ir.s ; Eases V!ell, El Shatt , El Tolurnbat and El K!12."catba 1 Ji:Js.iit~; lYn1,:;kelia and Ziyi, r:>:1"a; Kigoma, Tengeru, Kond0a: J.fuDda 1 Xic1.ugc:,la ::ind Mo:rgoTo, T:-~Ctie:ii-yJk~_;__ Dire Dawa, &9.;L~.i.~La..; Kj_te 8:2 , 1:I . .t.?:1}_zq_; Ru,:wda , IJ :_'m:.rl."i.; Bur, i s. , Ir-unu, Dj adj u. 1 10.ah:J.j j_, R"J.ashl, ~lh:i. turu, Benj_) Li.::be1· ·:> Uvira, TJ sumbura, and Cha.:rlesviJ.le , ~t;1..;.::i..an Congo.; Mr1.nsinki and Koj a , u~a~da; Bwana MkubaLusaka ) Fo£t Jameson, and Abecorn, ~Qr t he:~Q _ _I\_t1ncl'~?..tQ:.; Rusapi and Marendel las, Southern Rhodesia; Oc1dtsl108T~, lL oi S . At='t9_Q:.; Kih :-i.pur, G:"~mnqg2r , Karachi, Pa.nch-garJ, ,~.r,d Bombay, ln,~i.i3_ .. ; five ca mps in ,I~':!:,1-:_l_; two c;:i_mps in Ma~ri­tius; three camps j_n J_t,,.tlY, ••••... Par a~;·.1ay is seeking 100 1 0:)0 immj_ g:rr.=ints . New Zea.land ie. ready to exp:1r.d its population by new blood from the out~ide . Nicaragua, Peru, Rnd Eire h~ve caid

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they would take refugee children fron Switzerland. But that will not solve the problem. Both Democrats and Republicans in their 1944 platforms envision Palestine as a true Jewish home. Per­haps Palestine offers the most hopeful immediate R.nswer to the problem. Butr ·the final answers will have to be written in terms of controls which will effectively check and mo~ify the forces making for cruelty and prejudice in all nations. (Survey Graphic, September, 1944 - p. 387)

RUSSIA: LIBERATED AREAS So far as the official record indicates, USSR does not seek to acquire new terri­

tory on the continent. Its announced territorial claims remain limited to the Baltic states, eastern Poland, AnQ the section of Finland it obtained under the Moscow treaty of 1940 that termin­ated the first Russo-Finnish war - all areas which were part of the Tsarist Empire before its b1·eak-up in 1917. Nor has the So­viet government yet indicated that it intends to extract the last pound of flesh from such German satellites as Finland and Rumania. On the contrary, the impression of foreign representatives in Moscow is that the demands of the Russians fall considerably short of "unconditional sur·render. 11 And the treatment of areas so far liberated by the Russian Army - notably in Poland and Rumania -is, according to the reports of Aroorican correspondents on the spot of a character to assure the population that their religious beliefs and economic practicas will not be distribed by the occupying forces ••.... In 1940 the Russians gravely miscalculated the temper of the Finns. Today, they are showing far more penetrating under­standing of border countries, conditions in which may differ from those existing in Russia in 1917. The respect for religion and private property expressed by the groups in Poland and Yugoslavia that have collaborated with Russia, and the comportment of the Russians in Rumania would indicate that Moscow is inclined to adapt its policy to circumstances, provided always the fundamental condition is fulfilled that the governments of border countries maintain genuinely friendly relations with Russia •..... But, quite aside from any positive action Russia might take on behalf of its own doctrines, we cannot escape the fact that political and econ­omic conditions in the wake of war may well encourage the most radical tendencies among peoples who, having lost allbut life, now havenothing to lose except a life of hardship and uncertainty. This is particularly true of most of the countries of Eastern Europe where people lived close to the margin even before the war; but reports from Italy indicate that conditions bordering on chaos always conducive to revolution, may not be restricted to any geographic area. It is entirely credible that native Communists will take advantage of existing unrest to assume great er poV1rer and influence - but, if they do, it will be because the removal of Nazi rule will have left a vacuum of authority ••••. Today in spite of many disillusionments, it is still to Britain ancl the United States, but especially to this country, that the peoples of Europe are looking for leadership as they face, with the gravest anxiety, the manifold problems of the post-war period. If we fail to fulfill the expectations we have aroused by our condemnation and defeat of armed totalitarianism, we sha11 have to blame not Russia, but our own incapacity to assume moral

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leadership. We have convinced the world that we pessess unrivaled talents for industrial production and military orgA.niz2..tion in time of war. What do we and the British intend to tlo to demon­strate that we also command sufficient talents to carry forward the tasks of reconstruction? It is none too early to answer this question, which one must hope is on the agenda of the Roosevelt-Churchill conference in Q,uebec. (Vera Micheles Dean .. FOREIGN POLICY BUELETIN, September 15, 1944)

CZECHOSLOVAKIA: LIVING CONDITIONS The territory of the Reich and occupied countries was divided

into three parts for puEposes of food distribution. The 11 Protec­torate11 belongs to the third group - and perhaps a still lower oa.te­gb.xy 1should be installed. We know definitely from unquestionable authority that a German, as soon as he enters 11 Protectorate 11 terri­tory, is issued a special r ation book entitling him to ,1rhite bread and rolls; that he enjoys speciRl privileges for travelling, for eating, and when he is served in restctu1·c1.nts. The ration of fats is negligible, marmelade - mentioned in the rRtioning news - is made of everything but fruit, This has gone so far as the publica~ tion of an order providing for R mixture up to 701/o of turnips, car­rots, potatoes with fruit preserves. Only saccharine is used for sweetening, and very powerful preservatives are used in the manu­facture of these 11 marmelades 11 • Flour for bread at its best, is composed of 10% wheat flour, 40% rye, 35 f{, barley or oats, a.nd 10% potatoes. It is well-known that 811 c2.bbage is stored in the form of sauerkraut and thus even fresh cabbage is not availRble, cutting off even this supply of badly needed vitamins for the civilians. Milk, if the blueish liquid lacking all fat content c~n be called milk Rt all, is strictly rationed to a negligible quantity even for infants. Egg rations provide for one egg per person per week, but this food is hardly obtainable at all. The period for ration crupons is frequently extended but very often, though coupons are available, the food is not and so they lose their validity, the consumer getting nothing. Letters from the 11 Protectorate 11 in 1941 quote the price of goose at 1500 crowns. In the year 1942 a special treat was a¼ kg. (less than½ lb.) fish for the Christmas dinner tables, when and if it vrere av;:i ilc.bl e. There are not any statistics on the mortality rate and state of heal th in the "Protectorate". Only figures such ;:i,s these c;:in give some indication: the number of p:>. tients in the Prague hos­pital for tuberculosis 11 Bulovka 11 has incren.sed thus, 1937, 10,429; 1940, 15,628; 1941, 2Q396. Pregnant v:romen who show a number of "official statements 11 concerning their condition, enjoy certain 11 privileges 11 in the "Protectorate", e.g. preference while vraiting in line for food. But their rations have only been increased to a negligible degree andno such extr~ ration of eggs, meat, milk and fruit juices exists as in England. What they get, at the very best, upon recommendation of the county physician, is an extra ration of 100 g" (about 4 oz.) of food daily during the last months of pregnancy, and dur ing the first six weeks after childbirth about½ lit er (about 1 p int) of milk of inferior quality. Not enough vegetables nor fruit are granted and they must, for long hours, day after d8Y, st2nd in food lines s ince "privilege" certificates are only issued v-rhen proof is given

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that nobody that nobody else can do the shopping. The pregnant woman I s food consists of all sorts of 11 ersatz 11 • There R.Te no:: eggs in the bakery products, only 11 egg ersatz 11 , namely, baking powder. The milk v1i th which this undernour!tshed mother must fe ed her child no longer has needed nutritional value. Can we wonder that an increasing number of miscarriages is reported since it is impossible that healthy babies be born to these underfed and over­wrought mothers .

It tis terribly obvious that older children particularly are suffering from malnutrition . From earliest childhooa, they have had to stand in lines waiting 1or ration books, for bread, and what vegetables could be obtained. They lunch on soups made of radishes or turnips, and potatoes devitalized of all fat content. According to the lhmenus 11 of 1941 and 1942 left overs from lunch or tea and bread serve as supper, For breakfast , the children are given ersatz coffee without milk and some bread witi the above mentioned 11 marmelade 11 and no matter how bad it is, it's the best they have, .•

According to a report of the 11 Muenchner Medizinische Wochenschr ift 11 , illness in Germany has risen six fol cl as comvued with p re-wa.r standards . Aft er this report, published in the f ;:i.11 of 1943, the authorities banred the publication of all such statis­tics, There is 8. dangerous shortage of doctors in GermA.ny, A.nd this situation is of course, much worse in the occupied countries. According to a Swedish report, the percentage of about 12,000 per sons to one doctor is the average . Medicines are strictly supervised . Sedatives, insulin, and vitamin compounds are unobtainable. Band;:iges have been replaced with s paper 11 ersatz;1 , c1nd these too CP.n be obtained orily on tbe pfesentation 6fLh phyticianis• preebription~,:· {NEW3 FLASHES · FROM CZECHOSL9VA:KIA ,UNDER NAZI ,DOMINA 'IITON, Czecho­slovak National Council of America, ChicagoJ 23, Ill.)

rn INDIA: FOOD SITUATION A new committee of the Viceroy's Executive

Council has been formed to secure a succes@­ful policy of food procurement and distrib~tion i Included in the commit tee are members for Food, Conm1erce; V!ar Transport and Agri­culture under the Chairmanship of Viceroy Lord Wavell. The food situation in general has improved since lai:t September,Jni!1as~ryear's rice crop was one of the biggest in recent years but the wheat crop has not been equally good . Sir Srivastavat Food Member of the Vice­roy's Executive Council, said that while he was diaappointed that the British Government had promised only 800,000 tons of imports he realised that the hst 12 months had been a period of the most widespread and intensive war-effort and corrpeting claims for ship­ping. (Gov 1 t of India, Information Services 9/16/44, Washington)

REFUGEES IN SWEDEN: While most of the :ible bodied refugees inSweden are .gainfully employed, the younger ones have

been given opportuni tie s11

-co ()'.) ntinue their dtudies , the ]linister for Social Welfare, Gustav Moller, said in~ recent address . This is particularly true of the young Tf;i n geer frcm Denmc1.rk And Norway . Last spring 1,350 Norwegian and 8:'.::0 Dar.ish rgfugees were attending

4111 • . -

either universities or other schools, some of the la.t t er b=wing been set up expressly for their benefit, wfuth teachers of their own nation3..lity using their ovrn language. (On August 16 thirty Norwegian refugees were graduated as public school teachers from a normal school at Uppsala in Sweden.) (NEWS from SWEDEN1 N.Y. p.l, Release 179, August 23, 1944) ·

FRENCH CHURCHES The Office of War Information has released a statement saying that churches which are hit in

battle in France are being repaired immediately with the aid of army crews trained for the purpose. The work is being done under the direction of a French architecht. (CHRISTIAN CENTURY, B/30/t"t! Chicago) p.1003.

POST WAR EDUCATION International cooperation in education while still largely in the planning stage, is now in

the initial phRses of positive action. Since the beginning of 1944, our governue n t hc1.s be En officially represented at an int er­national conference in London dealing specifically with internationR.l

, ~ -· . -- . . ' . ; . . , ·_ .. - ~ l cooperation in matters of educational and cultural affairs. Our Department of St c1.t e has expressed its readiness to enter into intern~tional cooperation in this field. It has begun the organ­ization of a staff for the purpose and it now hr=rn an educational representative in London. This is subst1ntial progress in offi­cial circles, despite the fact that much remains to be done. On the part of the teaching profession, initial proposals for the establishment of an International Education Office, pp._tterned along general lines of the International Labor Office, were m8de by the United States Committee on Educatiomil Reconstruction, •rhich ;:i,ppointed 8. special commission for th8.t purpose in April 1942. Much work has been done by this commission du!ing the ~st two and one half yeRrs in developing ~n informed public opinion qnd a favorable attitude towaid intern~tional cooperRtion in education as an essential element in the ~eservation of world peace. It is anticipated that in the fall of 1944 schools, teachers, pupils and other interested groups Rnd individuql s vrill be given an opportunity to contribute di:cectly toward the re-establishment of educ:=i.tiomil and recreational services and facilities in the former occupied countries. Coming somewhRt lAter, will be provisions for scholar­ships for highly gifted prospective s:w,ecialists, among them to be a large number of educators. (f±om Article by Alonzo F. Myers Chairman, Department of Higher Educ~tion, NYC, NEW YORK TIMES ' B/20/44)

9/19/44

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RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS Volume I, No. 19

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Compiled from sources received in the Foreign Service Library of the American Friends Service C ornrni t tee,

ITALJ: RE~IEF The situation in Italy with regard to food, public health, and mortality has become so alarming that

Brig. Gen. William V. ODwyer, Chief 9f the Allied Control Commission's economic section left Rome today on a trip to W~shington to plac~ the facts before President Roosevelt •

. lhe infant mortality rate for Italy for children in their firs~ year per 1,000 for live births in the years 1931 to 1935 averaged 104.7. From 1936 to 1940 it was 102,8. The figures for Rome alone (it is naturally impossible to g9t all-Italy figures.now) for June, 1943, was 287 per 1,000 and for June, 1944, 393; for July 1943, 289 and for July, 1944, 438. The office of Col. Charles Poletti, Allied Military Government Chief for the Rome area, has arranged to allocate milk destined for children between the ages 1-5 years to babies under 1 year, which has brought the latter's death rate down but obviously brings up the que9tion of the health of children 1-5. .

The general mortality trortd is also upward. In June 1943 in Rome 1,373 persons died against 2,535 in June 1944. Similar figures for July are 2,032 and 2,321.

The tuberculosis death rate in Rome from January to July 1944 was 3,450 as compared with the pre-war rate of 1,200. It is esti­mated that people aPe now dying of tuberculosis in Italy at the rate of 200,000 annually as compared with the pre-war rate of . 60,000. An AMG Rome heal th officer said about two months ago that the incidence of tuberculosis in Rome was.about 200 per 1,000,

Before the war the average Italian consumed about 2,900 calo~ ries ~ally without alcohol .and 3,100 with, During the first 18 months of war the Italian basic ration in Rome was 1,391 calories daiiy._ During the next 12 months it was 1,129. For nine ~onths before the entry of Allied troops it reached an all-time low of 304.50. Since the Allied occupation a bnsic ration of 664.77 calories daily has been allowed. It is estimated that the . vital needs of the population nre a bnsic ration of +,400 calories with available ration foods to bring the daily total up to 2,700.

The average Itali n.n has lost 5-10 pounds weight. If the pre­sent basic ration is not increased, there is no doubt in the minds of Allied medical and health authorities that existing mortality rates will show a continued increase. With .harvests corning in the country now the country can get along until about the first of the year, but between then and next July they must be helped o~ let die. (New York Times, 9/5/44)

The Allied Control Commission emphasizes that it is not a relief organization and is µnauthorized to do rehabilitation work. Not the most but the least that could be ~one to keep order behind the lines has been the ruie. UNRRA is limited to provide relief and rehabilitation for the United Nations. It cannot work tn Italy unless the status of Italy is changed or the service is agreed to by the UNRRA Counci 1 and pa.id for by the Italian Government. Today the Red Cross War Relief Service is the only outside agency working in this country with thP. avowed single purpose of rendering relief.

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The war relief branch has a staff of only fifty officers. They serve with a somewhat smaller number of British Bed Cross workers directly under the Army. This represents the first experience of the British Red Cross in the international field. The British con­centrate on refvgees and individual aid--work in line with their experience--while the Americans take over other emergency tasks in combat areas,

These workers are in effect lent by the Red Cros 9, at the request of the American and British Governments, to the Allied Con­trol Commission for the emergency phase of operations. They work only j_n smashed areas and constitute the sole agency for heal th and welfa.rG work w:j..th the Fifth Army. When a town is captured, a team of ?-3 Red Cross workers goes in to re-establish hospital and health service. These te&ms are assigned to special areas by the ACC. ThQy work with AMG in forward areas.

Auxiliary of the Army and the AMG furnishes medicine and . supplies. The Red Cross bring in nothing but clothing--new cloth­ing f9r which a fund of three million dollars wa s collected in U. s.

The Vatican is performing by far the biggest relief job in Italy. Perhaps 1/5 of the population of Rome is fad at the stations operated under the Vatican 1 s auspic e s, and tho'.lsands of refugees from bombed areas :::tre shel t er ed. VH tn. only 20 trucks e.t its dis­posal, the Pontifical group P.t'e now struggling with the task of returning these people to the :lr h ome s .

Myron Taylor, he a d of .!\meri.CfcE Rollcf for Italy, is endeavor­ing to create an over-all It alirm agenc y for relief and rehabil;i­tation out of tho agencies tha t wilJ. di s tribute the emergency sup­plies collected by volunteer contributions in the United States. By including rGpresent a tives of the Gov 0rnment, the Vatican, the Red Cross, and labor organizntionw in the committee for dis­tribution, he hopes to lay the pattern for a welfare service bringing togothor tho most important elements in the national life.

The Italian Government is tryffing to do it~ share to cope with the staggering problem of destruction, famine, a.iseasc, and unem­ployment, but is h9.ndicRppcd by la.ck of materials and its depen­dence on AOC for not only permits to undertake any enterprise but essential supplies.

The groat gap here is the absence of any organizati9n to take over where the militnry government stops to bridge tho transition fro m emerg ency relief to the beginning of reconstruction. Pre­sumably that is the UNRRA 1 s function, but in that case it should start work while the militRry govern~ent still functions in order that the passage from one stage to the next be made as smoothly and with as little waste as possible.

The ACC declares frRnkly that it is not making long-term commitments or building for the future. It was set up originally to see that the armistice terms were carried out. (New York Times, 9/7/44)

UNRRA: CLOTHING The National Catholic Welfare Conference, the Church Committee on Overseas Relief and Recon­

struction of the Federql Council, and the NRtionRl Council of Jewish Women are enlist lng the R.id of locn.l orgrtnizations of the respective faiths in R one-week c nmpnign for the collection of used clothing, in respons~ to a request from.Governor Lehman for an emergency collection of used clothing for distribution in liberated areas of Europe. The week of Sept. 24 has been set aside. (Press release No . 70 UNRRA 9 1 44

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UNRRA: CAIRO One of th0 Mennonite UNRRA group wrote August 3, 1944, of being at an UNRRA training camp, not far

from Maadi, supposedly to rest from the trip, get acclimated, get used to food, etc. The next day she was due to go to El Shatt to help relieve a very acute situation. (Gospel Herald, 9/1/44, p. 438.

EUROPE: LIVING CONDITIONS Any arrangement to feed Poland (prior to the . cessation of hostilities there)

would have to be under similnr arrang ements as for Greece, and German consent would be nocess nry . . What is happening in Poland in this r espect would se em to be thn.t children up to tho age of three are being tolerably well fed. They are being fed up to that age precisely because it is thought that they are unn.ble to realize that they are Polish children Rnd that they can be removed in a st a te of physicnl vigour nnd promise to centres where.they are then Germanized. We have witnessed in Poland also thnt where any food is supplied it does roach those who arc concerned. The Poli sh General Welfare Council has not been closed down, but is still at work and active, nnd so nre some branches of th0 Polish Red Cross. : .

In September of.1943 the basic daily ration in Belgium was about 1,260.calories. In France tho cnlory vnlue at tho end.of 1943 was about 1,080. Children under six in Belgium do receive supplements. These .qre wi thdravm when the child becomes s:j..x. Adolescents are suffering becnuse they are neither infants nor are they engaged in hnrd work on behnlf of tho occupying enemy. An attempt has been mE.1,de by the Ministry of Agriculture in Belgium and by the Int ernational Red Cross to supplement . through Lisbon the food of these two grovps, but even this additionRl help leaves the adolescents particularly inn very bad state. Adults hnve lost between 20 ond 30 lb. vveight in populnted Rreas ( A.ccording to a large investigation on this point nt the Liege Polyclinic), and tho estimates of tho protein subst~nces in the blood, which is regarded as a very good mean s of t c st~ng malnutrition Rt the moment, show a fall in a large humber of c ases investigated of.from 20 to 50 per cent. Pregnant wom en show a drop of 80% i:r:i the normal weight gain which should occur to them during pregnancy. Infrrnts at birth show a drop in 'ireight averaging 2.2 lb.

Tuberculosis is par excellence the disease of lowered resis­tance. In Belgium the number of tuberculosis CA.ses wh+ch were receiving supplementary rations on account of their disease rose sharply from 70,000 in December 1941 to 110,000 in Febru~ry 1943. Fulminating pulmonary tuberculosis, previously an uncommon disease in Eur ope, is experienced in Belgium, France, ru:id Greece. ("The Claim of Compassion, 11 cxtracts from speeches delivered in the House of Lords, 3/15/44, issued by Famine Relief Comm., London, 1944)

. . . . UNRRA: CAIRO The following is from a letter from a womRn

member of the first I.V.S.P. (S.C.V.I.) relief unit destined for the Medi terrnnean area.: 11 Three of us are at a large refugee camp near Gaza. We are 40 Rltogether--FAU, SCVI, BROS, Greek nurses, several officers. More kitchen and other staff are coming in tomorrow, and I hope to get free from the Mess altogether in a few days, and am probably going for a long weekend to Jerusalem. I spent Easter Sunday there: Michael Bar­rett Brown was visiting the camp and was having a day off and took four or five of us with him •...

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS, Vol. I, No. 19 -4-11 Most of the refugees are living in tents - a few have huts.

We are in tents ourselves. Though--of n"ScBssity · th-ey-, a·I'e cre~d-ed and liv--e -very simply they are mostly-· ---very cheerful and the children .. always sing as they troop to school .... I went to the blessing of a new kindergarten the other evening - such a long, incomprehensi­ble ceremony, but the children were so good - too good for under­fives, They thoroughly enjoyed being sprinkled liberally with Holy Water, a bunch of flowers being used for the purpose.

11A great problem is occupation , but various things are getting

under way : sando.1-mo..king, spinning > weaving, carpentry, dressmaking Over 2000 have come in since we have been he Te - in batches of 300-400 - the last aTTived at 10:30 p.m. and were not in their tents until nearly 2 a.m. - on a moonless night! It is very moving to see them come in - always some very pathetic little groups , The babies are delightful and how some of them get through it all is a miracle . They are somewhat recovered before they get here, be­cause they have all had short periods in transit on the way.

11 Before we came here we were in a training-camp near Cairo right in the desert, so sandy and hot even then. I am glad not to be t~ere now , nor at one of the other camps which are even more in the desert. I've had about a fortnight's course of lectures about the plans which had been ma.de fol' the first stage of relief work mostly from the chiefs of the various departments, so that we re~llv were getting firsthand authentic infcrmation. The least satiofnctuy side was that which was concerned wjth political reactions - which was because the·nhole situation ' ls so complicated and changes so rapidly. 11 (Quarterly Nevnsletter, 7/44, Int. FOR, London, p.3)

GREEK RELIEF: May was one of the best months in food shipments to Greece. Seven ships left Cann.do. for Greece -carrying

a total of over 100,000,000 lbs. foodstuffs. About 80 ,000,000 lbs. of wheat formed the bulkof this shipment, which also included dried fish, rice, cereals, spaghetti, ovaltine, milk, dried vegetables, soups, and cod liver oil. This meant about 14 lbs of food for every man, woman and child in Greece ... Over 500,000 garments and 50,000 pr. shoes were shipped through the care of the Greek War Relief. Most of these were children's outfits. (The Philhellene, Bulletin of the American Friends of Greece, 8-9/44, New York)

BALKANS: Two new projects that ·the Near East Foundation has sche-duled for the Balkan nations have received the 11 blessing 11

of UNRRA and will begin as soon as the war permits UNRRA to ente r the area ..... Programs for the care of cTippled children and arti­ficial breeding of cattle, are the "furthest advanced" and the most specific post-liberation welfare work for the Balkans listed by any of the 47 members of the American Council of Voluntary Agencies for Foreign Service ...... Projects will go out under UNRR!\., but 1Pill be financed by Foundation ... Unit, to include a physical therapist, an occupational therapist, a limb maker, and perhaps a physician will set up treatment centers as soon as possible after emergency health care is pr-o,.rided., .. Principles of artificj_al cattle breed­ing will be those developed at Cornell University. (N ew Yurk TIMER 9/7/44 ... New York)

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RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS. Vol. I, No. 19 Compiled from sources received in the Foreign Service Library of the AFSC

NETHERLANDS: Fuel - Owing to the growing scarcity of coal the authorities of many large cities have rationed the

supply of ~as for cooking purposes, according to the Amsterdam daily ALGEMEEN HANDELSBLAD of July 12. Gas will be supplied only between the hours of five and nine in the morning, from eleven to two, and from five until eight-thirty in the evening. The ruling is in effect in fhe Hague, Haarlem, Groningen, Nijmegen, Leeuwarden and numerous other cities, the paper stated.

Health - Increase in deaths among Hollanders under forty from 8.6 per thousand persons in 1939 to 9.7 in 1943 was dismlosed in report by medical experts which arrived in London August 17. Only infant mortality showed a drop over the 1941 rate, although it was higher than that of 1939. Last year 39.1 babies died per thousand births, while in 1941 rate was 43; in 1939 it was 34 .... Birth rate has been increasing... The in~ fectious disease rate remained fairly static during the early months of 1944. The virulence of diptheria, however has remained serious, weekly cases averaging 1,800. Deaths due to diptheria totalled 2,388 in 1943 as compared to 213 in 1941 and only 75 in 1939. Tuberculosis deaths have almost doubled since 1939, mounting to 6,382 in 1943 as compared to 3,595 in 1939. Report mentioned an enormous increase in stomach disorders and duodenal ulcers. Although insulin supply is insufficient, deaths from diabetes have not increased recently. The report added, however, that fuis can probably be ascribed to the fact that complications resulting from diabetes are often given as the cause of death.

United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization -The Interim Commission on Food and Agriculture announced on August 22 that it has submitted to the United Nations govern­ments a proposed constitution for "The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations" - which is expected to be the first permanent international body evolved by the United Nations. The Interim Commission was appointed in July, 1943, to evolve a specific plan for a permanent international body as recommended by the Food Conference held at Hot Springs, Va., in June, 1943 ....... Under the plans outlined, provided they are accepted by members of the United Nations, the FAO will assume permanent responsibilities in relation to long-term problems throughout the world. It will not be directly concerned with relief, which is the province of UNRRA. Its broad objectives are: (1) To raise the levels of nutrition and standards of living among the peoples; ( 2) to secure improvements in the efficiency of production and distribution of food and other agricultural products; (3) to bettc-;r the condition of rural populations; (4) to contribute by these means toward expanding the world economy. Its functions will be advisory and recommendatory a.nd it will work closely with other organizations which the United Nations may es­tablish in the postwar scheme of international cooperation. It is proposed that the organization will follow the principle of one vote for each nation, but two thirds of the membership must approve major policies. It would be prepared, upon invitation of any nation, to send a mission to that nation to assist in solving its problems relating to food, nutrition and so forth. (Netherlands News Digest, Sept. 1944, pp. 442,443,457)

..

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS Vol I No. 19 -6-

POLAND: A Jewish relief committee to organize aid for all sur-viving Jews in the liberated part of Poland has been es­

tablished.~ ••••• It is headed by Dr. Shloima Herszenhorn who is also head of the Jewish department at the Polish Committee for National Liberation. In an interview, Dr. Herszenhorn said that the Polish Committee for Nat. Liberation has voted 100,000 zloty (about $20,000) to the new Jevrish relief body for immediate aid of needy Jews. A house has been made available as headquart e rs and plans are being considered for the restoration of the system of Jewish cooperatives that existed before the outbreak of the war and were supported with funds received from the J.D.C. The hope that an American Jewish relief delegation will shortly come to liberated Poland was expressed by Dr. Herszenhorn and Dr. Sommer­stein, the 61-yr-old Zionist leader and member of the Polish Com­mittee for National Liberation. "The Need among the surviving Jews is great," Dr. Sornmerstein said. "We must get relief from abroad, especially clothing, by airplane, if possible. Most of the 100,000 surviving Jews have:;nothing to wear. They also need medicine, machinery, tools and all kinds of help to return to nor­mal life. What does the maintenance of 100,000 Jevvs mean to their brethren in the U.S. who came to the aid of millions of Jews in Europe before the outbreak of war? 11 Many Jews are now r egis-tering daily with the Jewish relief committee here, indicating that more Jews survilled the German occupation than seemed possible a month ago. The major problem, from a long term point of view, is retraining the surviving Jews so that they can earn a living. (N. Y, TIMES, 9/7 / 44 ,New York) .

CLOTHING: Great Britain- This year Great Britain has been furn­ished with 19,815 lbs of children's clothing, Sweden- Shipments of 25,311 lbs to aid Danish, Nor-

wegian, and other refugee children from occupied countries. To Fighting French War Relief 21,~10 lbs. To Greek War Relief Association25,850 lbs. To American Relief for Italy .. 26,055 lbs. To Belgian War Relief S0cHitv 46,785 lbs, To Poli.sh Re:fuge:es in N.Africc1. 20,000 lbs. Shipments are also being made to meet ~artime needs

of children in Puerto Rico, and Jamaic a in the West Indies Yugos~ av ia - Arrangtments are being made to ship

20,000 lbs clothing and 5,000Gpairs of shoes for Yugoslav refugee children living in camps. License has been received from FEA and approval given by the President's War Relief Control Board and UNRRA. (Bulletin of the SAVE THE CHILDREN FEDERATION, Summer, 1944 N. y.)

FRENCH RECONSTRUCTION: Flour, clothing and soap - and in Paris foodstuffs of all sorts - are a.mong the

greatest needs of the civilian population in the areas of France freed by the Allies, according to Hanson W. Baldwin in the N.Y, Times ..... To be effective to the full, reconstruction should not be a governmental one; it should not be financed by lend-lease, but might bett8r represent voluntary contributions from indivi­dual cities or states in America to, for instance, the town of Oaen, or Valognes, or Isigny. Various states or cities in the U.S. might II adopt II one of the re.waged towns of France and help

• ., . ...

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS Vol I No . 19 -7-

citizens of France in reconstruction ........ Part of the refugee problem is being er.red for by the French themse lves. In addition to the establishment of military r efugee camps run under the aus­pices of the civil affairs officers of the AlJ.ies 1 armies , refugees are being quartered with neighbors or in comrrrt1ni·-; ies where some surplus housing exists . Others , including former Todt organiza­tion workers 1 are being enlisted in special French labor corps and pioneer corps ....• Clothing js a particular need. 500 tons of Red Cross clothing were needed in the first t~o rnonths 1 but because of supply difficulties , had not arrived until the time v:hen M1r!. Baldwin left France in l ate ,-1l:ly . Shoes are part iculo.rly needed. Peasants cut up the sj_lk o:f discq:!:' oed parach11tes to u se for clothing So ap is at a p remium . C2pt1u e d stocks of G-e :cmB.n flour have eased some of the original flou~ sho ~tage . Tea, coffee , 8nd chocolate ar e othe r needs .•. , . . Ch r-)2s e j_s one of the surp lus prodt:cts that the soldie r s a:r-e 2.llo:,irc-: tl to b·,Jy ; ;:L stnal l C:ci T,embe:.ct--•not of the old quality , but the wRr·:~irn,; st~·:is-:.:iJ.~,-1te me.d,=-~ with 2Go/c, b'...Jt"terfat -~ se lls for a li s t ed ceiling price ot 11 f~s., rhich ~r . Bald~in did not see exceeded. The of:ficia~ pr~ces, cf c0ur~e. are not by any me~ ns always observ ed theTe ai·e '1

~•'-~ i:-;-;;~ ru-:"'.(,~ts 11 in :ST2.n,:;e as there a re in every wartime country. An~ rh~t is ~o r se, NormRn dy has been an area of low ~ages and, !rem ths F~ench~2n 1 s point of view, high prices for some ye ar s; the off~sirrl ceJli~g price s alree.dy repre­sent the r esult s of past infl ation. Eggs, officially , are listed at :Zrs . 36 per dozen; bl tr. er at f:,:s . 60 pe r J.:Ltre . Cherbourg ~arket price for lettuce in J uly was one fr 8DC a he~d; six :francs for a bunch of carrot s ; 3 francs for Rn a rtichoke, 6 fo r a cabbage . Th 2se prices , t o the Frend: peas;::i_nt , are high , b~t they 8r e the r esults of the past - not All~.ed - inflat i on . (Nev.r York TIMES 8/30/ 44. )

POLAND REHABILITATION: Pol and is slowly coming back to life, a c co ~ding to recent N.Y . Times dispatch .

Shops are selling pots, pans statione r y And other goads , but there seemed to be a shortage of c1oth ing, med icines and othe r important civilbn r equ iremen~s . An open ma::·ket ~-s functioning and there is an abundance of white broad and veg~tables , but there is 8 shortage of butter e.nd milk, Cpen ma.1·kt:t pr ic es in Lublin ;:;_ r e at approxi­mately the same lev el as du:rj_ng the per i od of German occupation , but some pric es , such as th8t for shgar, have gone down because the liberat ing ruJthorities have be en able to arr~nge a small r ation at State-fixed prices . From the political point of vi ew it is difficult to dr::r.v conch1sions . It is i r,1poss ible to str-i. t e novr how great is t he base of the suppo~t of the National Committee which has been r ecognizet by Moscow and has taken over the task of admin­i steri ng liber~ted ~reas tha t are sufficiently removed from the fr ont to 1=ermH civilian coritrol. (lL Y. '.rL.~£S 1 Aug1.J.st 38.. , 1944)

POSTWAR CHURCH COJJFER.ENCE : According to the Religious News Serv-ice , the World Council of Churches ,

of whose American Commj_ttee the R~verend D~ . Henry Smith Lieper i s the secretary, plrns a ~ee~i~g of church leaders in Stockholm , Sweden 1 2_s soon as possible a.ft er the wa.r i s ove r. The pu1'pose of the meeting would be to arr~nge for a gene r a l assembly of the World Council of Churches at A place and date to be determined,

(News From Sweden, 8/30/44, N.Y.)

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RELIEF LED R: CO l':STRUCTION :CXC~RPTS Vol. I, No . 18 CcDpiled fr ou

oourcco received in t he Fc r ei ~n Service Li br Qry cf t ho Au oric c:-.n Fricnc'l.o Servi co Cor.,;_;i tt cc . 9/1/ 44 .

SWISS RELIEF Owing to circumstances over which Switzerland has no control Swiss vacations for Europe's starving

children are now no longer possible, the Swiss Information Bureau reports. Vacations of three month~ each, either in private homes or in special centers were being arranged for a yearly total of at least 40,000 children from 4 to 14 y0ars old.

Refugee children have become another problem. In 1943 the Swiss Red Cross granted a credit of 400,000 francs for the care of such youngsters and 300,000 francs was set aside for the first half of 1944. 11 Chi ld Help II socti on of th e Swiss Red Cros s assumes,, moreover; the expenses for keeping hundreds of refugee children in Swiss ho¢.es.

Vac ntions Wer e Costly During the p eriod wh en the three months' vacations could be

arranged, Swiss foster p arents spent over 6,000,000 Swiss fr ancs for food and clothing for th es e children. No fewer than 2,700 youngsters who wer e in ne ed of speci al care and medical trea tment were placed in 170 children's homes, preventoria and s anatoria, with the Swiss Red Cros s , Child Hel p Section, paying a total of 930,000 francs to cover expen ses.

The Swiss Red Cross sp ent in addition 765,000 fr ancs for transportation of the childr en, medical examination and c aring for them upon their arrival and departure.

Fourteen "child coloni es" still maintained by the Swiss Red Cross in different p &rts of France are constantly c aring for 800 to 1,000 children. In addition several hundred children are boarded with peasant families. Belgium, Finland, Serbia, Croatia, Italy and Greece figure too, in Swiss Red Oros~ chariti es. (New York Times, 8-16-44)

T. TALY: RECONSTRUOTIOB Li berated Italians consider 1the pr1oiblems of national rehabilitation increaai.ngl.y

uxgent. For the present, of course, Allied control of liberated ItaJ.yts food, oil, and such means of communication amd production ae have survived the wax will continue until the Germans axe actually dxiven out of their positions north of Florence. With Italian faotories and cities largely in ruins, the former Axis partner is faced by the pro·epeot of an enormous surplus population for which there appears to be no outlet. But it should be reiterated that the Ital:lans a:re divided among themselves not merely because Allied control prevents them from assuming full responei bili ty for the various programs they ~-d"'lOcate but because of basic disagreements on the political road Italy s:£hould take toward reconstruotion~ Th~ stage is slowly being aet for a cle.eh between right n..nd left~ When, and if, the clash cvmes it will be fe.x leea violei1t if' :r:ta1y 1 e future appears more hop~ful than it does at present. SLtt tho economic prospsot can be

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS Vol. -2-

rccaivcd in tho Forci~n Service Library SGrvi ce Cont.:1i ttce. 9/ 1/ 44.

I, No. 18 Compiled from sources

of the Americnn Friends

improved only if the Allies are willing to extend some help to Italy in the pe.inful process of . rehabilitation, for the nation wiJl require rnw mc1.te-cials, m2.chinery and foretgn markets; if it is to provide work for the uncmployedo Proposals for extending nid to Italy CF.n hr,rdly expc:ct a popular reception among the Uni tcd ~ Nr.ti ons, si nee too many of ther:1 huve suff ercd grc2.. tly from Italy I s partnership 7?i th Gcri:~any. Uorcovcr~ there is justice in the r,.rgumcnts thc,t th2 lt2.lians a:ro fundnL1entally :rcsponsi blc fo:r the acts of their for~ c~ govarnruont and thut rtaly 1 s plight is the result of tho diso..straus polio1.cs of its own Fascist leaders. But since the A11Jec1 (;:J:;1-b:ol Gc,r:1c.1-c;J:cn is concerned solely with teupor2.ry r:120..sures nc.oc1.cr} to La :i . .'nk·.i.n ~rcler in an i11portant rnili tc.ry thoo..t:r0, the !,.lllcs !1 2.ve I'ilc.,dG no effort to help Italy solve its pr oblG[lG of :roconstructi on., ( Foreign Policy BJ!lleti n, 8/25/440) -NOKYAY: RATIONS AND r~-{~ In rcpI·i snl for the nllegod theft of

,., ' 80,000 newly printed r2.tion cards, Reichskor.iuissQ.r Josof T-crbovon hus ordered a sha.rp reduction in food :rations for the Norwegian people during the coming 3-t1onth :ro.tio•n period. rt hns not yet been disclosed which i tcr..1s of food ~ill be affected, and tho Nor~ogian people, already hc.rdpressed Yvi th rega:rd to fooc1, r..rc anxiously mvai ting doyolopments.

In o.dcl.i tion, Tcrboven decreed tho.t tha coi:1ing rc.tion period would be extended fro□ the usual 84 to 89 daysG

It -,,2.s explc.ined thct the rntion reductions would not affect persons perf ori:1i ng b eavy phy si co..l labor.

Accorting to s~ed~sh ne7"spupers, crop prospects -- with tho exception of a good yield of hay - are not pe..rticuhly µo1:1ising in Noraay this yenro Grain is expected to be less in quantity and poO!i3r in q1.1nlity thnn last ye2.r, '11hilc the potato crop will be c.bout avoro_ge. rt 7:r:.s not until o.. f e7i dnys 2.go th2.t ne7J potatoes begD,n roo.ching the Enrk:et, and this is seen as an indicc.tion thn.t fnruers 7"C.i tee. as long 2. s possible before hr.rvesting ther.1 so tho.t the potntoes would gro·a to ma.xi1:mn size. The prospect is for a good fruit yj.eld, nnc'l by o.nd lnrge it l1c.s been a goad yenr for garden-gro'm1 berries~

A Nor·,rngie.n civil servnnt --nri tes about the supply si tun.ti on in Nor-:.rvo.y: i;r weighed o.bout 150 pounds beforG the Gorrnms occupied Nor-:70cy, but no·.v I '.:;eigh oEJ.y J.J.O, 2.ncl. the scr.1e is true of r.1ost people o-;J.i.ng to the :::.2.ok of fo.t,, Unsld::med Dilk is only for invc:,li ds O The butt 0T T r_t:i., -JD is ·:ery sr.10..lL. Po Tl.: is O btc.inable only in the blr.c:k Dc.rket c..t high pricc:s~ Meo.t hD.s been ob-ta.inuble only once since 0h:cich:12.s." (Ne77s of No:cv7ay, No: 32,8/25/44.)

RECONSTRUCTION: COOPS A cl.rive to ro.ice funds for relief and reconstruction of Cooper o.tcrs c.nd

co0per2ti veo in the ·l1cr-·.7or-::i nnrl. bc,ttle-scarred 2"'..c'Gas o: the 7vOrld ·,,;; iLi. got under -r;rw officinlly Septcnber 1, but $25]00:J har'. 2.lrecJ.dy been plecl.ged t·,10 7rneks before the c2.Ii.1paign open•sd , Vfollr.ce J. Cr-.i:1pbeJ.l, c:.i rec~or of the Fr2ec1 0::1 Funr:I. Conpti.ign report_erl today.

The Froerl.ou Funcl. 7lC.s eotr.bli sherl to help these people to help tber..rneJ.veso 'I'he L:10ney rD.ised 7J'ill be used to 1;1eet the iur.ie0J.2.te needs for relief for individual C o-op nenbers and to provite funds to help rebuild the pre1:1ises 2..nd inventories of

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 3 - Vol. I. No.}B 9/1/44

Cooperntives, to supply seeds, foods and fertilizers nnd faro ir.1ple1:1ents, e.nd to train J?ersonnel to aid in reconstruction. (The Cooperator, 8/21/44.J

HEIFERS FOR RELIEF sponsored by the Service C~nn ittee of the Church of the Brethren, Nappanee, Indiana, is

n rehr,bili to.ti on project to send dairy cattle to the stricken e.rees of Europe or elE:e;1l1. ere. Beer.use of the cooperatton of the Belgian gcvermJent-in-exilc, Belgirn~ hns been chosen as the first country · iTith ~hich to tiOrk. As soon as so.fe transportation and plncenent of the cattle cnn be assured, the shipoent ·;;,ill be 'J,ndertaken frot1 en ens tern A1:1erica11 seaport. Indi vi due.ls are contributing calves, feed, c~.re, shelter and cash to finance the _projeo.t. Four-H Club ~embers help rnise calves; city churches assist financially and rur~l groups furnish feed, cure end shelter. Slogan of the project. is "0 ne good 0071 ~,vill save the lives of ten or □ore bnbies. 11

(Na--;rn fror.1 Belgiu□ rmr the Belgiu□ Congo, 8/19/44)

HUNGARY: JEWS The first contingent of Hunguric:i.n Je,rn exported under the ne.;1 Red Cross convention fron Budo.pest

arrived in Basle. _The contingent consisted of 320 men, ~omen and children from

Budc.p-est and i t1,3 suburbs. They 7lill be interned in n refugee cm:ip here.

Confin:m.tion tho.t c'l_eporte.tion of Hungarian Jens hns been suspended o.nd that anti-Seni tic ncti vi tieo in Bulgnri~ hc.ve been nitigated wns received today by the World Jewish Congress, 1834 ' Brocd7lay fron Chief Rabbi Marcus Ehrenpreis of S7Ieden~ In his -cable fro□ Stockhoin Rabbi Ehrenpresis said that . the oRedish King has been very active and had used avery 1:rnthai v.t his disposal to o.llevia~e the suffering of the Hungarian Jews. the cable snid that carclinul Seredi of Hungr-ry \ad sent a sha.rply ·nri tten µi. storal._ letter to the entire Hung~rian Clergy condeoning the nnti-Je'HiElh atrocities corn:ii tted by the Hungo.rinn goverru:1ent.

Initial steps in the construction of hones to house refugees frm::1 Hungr.ry c:-.nd other Be.lkc..n countries -::rho nre expected to eoigr~te to Palestine have been to.ken by the Je~ish Agency for P clestine. FinLncinl r,id for the progr£1.r.1 involving the building . of 2,500 m:mll housing uni ts to rr ovide f ncili ties for thous.ends of Je,1ieh refugees would be supplied by Ar.1erico.n Je71s. To . i1:1ple□ent the progrru:.1 no7l being ·,1orkecl out to rer.1ove fro□ Hungary the children and e.dul ts. ·NhOG the Horthy Goverru:.ient h c.s give~ per□ission to lec1.ve, the Joint Distribution Co1:mittee hes allotted the sun of $3,00O,000 to neet the relief and transportation. (Je~ish Revie~, No. 10, 8/24/44.)

1IEN1'JONITE RELIEF: Bro. Miller returned froi:1 Pc1,rnguay on the even- . ing of Aug. 12. ?n his six ~eeks' absence fron

•

A kron, he cont2.cted the Mennon1 te groups in the Chaco, vmeprei:;ient----· at the dedice.tion of the Mennonite center in Asuncion, and stopped . tff for n t~o-dny conference in puerto Rico on his return trip. Reports fror,1 Bro. Miller indicr-te thnt the relief activities in

~ ,guny and Puerto Rico c.re progressing as satisfactorily t'.S oan be expected. ( Gospel Herald, 8/25/ 44.)

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 4 - Vol. ·r. No.l8 9/1/44

SWEDEN: EDUCATION OF REFUGEES Stockholn, June 30 (By air r.mil) While r.1ost of the aole-bodied

refugees in s·11eden [;.re gainfully er:1ployed, the younger ones. ha.ve been given opportunities to continue their studies, the Minister for Socie.l Welf a re~ Gustav Moll3r, said in a recent address. This is p1:'..rtic~:tc~ly true of -::he young refue;ees fron .Denmark and Norv1c..y. L<'.Bt apring :. t 350 Norwegian and 850 Dnnish refugees were attcndingeither univen3ities or other schools, _son e of the lntter having been P.et up e~prassly for their benefit, with te~chers of their o7:·n n2.ti on2.lity usi:ig their o-;-m lane;uag3. (Qn August 16 thirty No rwegi. an I' efug eos "Ne:re gradti_a~ed as public school tecchors fron a nor·r.m!. school nt l'"pp0aln i n 871::;c-:en~)

Perr.1i ts hr.v G 'b 3 r)n g r2.:i.1tud "!::ly t h8 gr;·edi sh ttti.thoriti es for 17 Nor"i10g ian polioa +jr:1i:1j_nc; nc,1:1ps Encl for t wc, JDJ ).iah o Th3 l?or·,rngian c01:1ps ure suffic~.0n t f o :::: t h e tr..:.ining of 1) 500 :re1:sulc.r policemen o.nd 8,000 rGsc:rvi sts, t :10ugh so far the nunber of :recJ;ui ts has not reach Jd that nunbcr· ,, ( Since t h e Gori:mns hr.ve c:isorgani zed all previous police systens in Nor~12_y a.nc1 sub s ti tut.eel their 01m r.1en or fore es q.01:1i nut ed. by Qui slints :J, t h n ne7l police offioarc wi 11 be needed to e stE'.bli ch order ·.7hcn the Ge:rr.mns i7i thdru--n or ure driven out. (we·,7s fron s·,rnden, 8/23/44.)

SWEDEN: FINNISH CHILDREN AND REFUGEES The fir:st conti:igent of the 15,000 KBrelinn

children -;.vho v;ill be evc.cuuted to s-neden, hns :r10·,7 urriv-ed. It is estir:1e.ted th2. t 6,000 "Ni 11 be trnnsf erred before the end of August~ . _

A sr.1:111 strern:i of Finni sh refugees arrived. every do.y, ci.ccord­ing to th0 newapo.pe:rs. (N8iVS fro1:.1 sweclen,7/26/440)

BELGIUM:· LIVING CONDITIONS It is announced in occupied Belg iura that the cor.1posi tion of flour 7lill be

1Jodif i od shortly becci.use of transport difficulties. . The ne:v type of flour ~ill contain a high percentage of rye.

The □ 2.l e of t eAti le products hns been suspended. The re.ti on coupons ha.V(; booor.1e useless. (Nmm fror:1 Belgiur.1 c:,nd the Belgian Congo, 8/12/440)

RELIEF FOR CIVILIANS: OCCUPIED COUNTRIES OF EUROPE The blockade autholi.ti. es

have felt that it would be very difficult to control distribution to the civilic:i.n popu :,,c_tions of eneny-ocoupied ureas becauE!e even if the Gori:12,r..s did. no ·c 1:.1olest imported f oodst,1ff s t l1 ey oot1ld control tlrn di stri ou t:i. on of Europee.n 2.gri-:1..:l tur2.l p:::-0 0.uce f o::­Gcr□nn benefit? Th e Govcrn□ents of the United States nnd Great Bri t2.i n hnva consi derqd jointly mmerous p1·oposa.ls, but thus far no pl2.n f'.Jr- general t :·o.nn-bloclrn.dc reli cf hc8 teen c!.ev.Jloped whJ.ch r.ieets sc:-.t~ of 8.C°t•:-: :cily the objections of the blockndG and i:1ilitary £'.U thorj ti os. Ho-rrnv or, the pro b l cr.1 conti nr!.es tc, r·ec c:: i VG constant e.ttentic,n.

Vc,rious roliof operv.ti ons not invol·1.rin9: the shi:p,1ent of focc1stuff s throup;h the blockc:.c.c hcvc been e.rr::ng ed Y1 i th funds fro□ United st~tos □ au.recs~ P ~role □ fro□ P_ortugal conteining f o-od indi [; Onou3 to thnt oot:.ntry 2re bei:1g forwc".r c7. ec1 to :aelg iur:i, the Neth e~l~nds> Czechoslovakic, ~nd P Jland. A sic ilar sc~e□e op2rrtes fror.1 Sweden for the benefit of Norwc.y. 0 ther

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interoittent transactions have oc9urred as, for exa□ple, the ship□cnt of oro.nges froi:1 Spe.in to the Netherlands and the shipr.1ent of food froD Turkey to Yugosla.vin.

The one outstnnding trnns-blockndo □ensure is the Gre 9k relief schcDc, which 11as put into effect in the m11:1mer of 1942 under tho supervision of u Swcdish-Swiso Relief Co1:n:1iooion. In the'. t progrnn the Axi o pmvero nercod tho. t they 7lould not rcnove any i □ported food froo Greece, thnt they would replace by conpcnoo.tory ohipr.rnnto fror.1 Axis sources requi Qi ti oned Greek produce, c.nd tho.t they -;vould pon:1i t a. neutra.l c01:1r.1i0oion to super­vise the diotribution of the relief foodstuffs. Beco.uoo Greece 110.c not in n position to produce for the Gen:.10.n wo.r-oo.chino like other Gcrr.1C'..n-occupicd countries, the cnrnny ho,d no incentive to uid even tho Greek: ·,1orking-class c.nd nccording ly hr,d co.llouoly loft the Greeks to o tc.rvc. The roli cf prog rrn:1 bec; b.n 77i th 1:1onthly ohipnents of o.bout 15 1000 tons of 7:he ct, -;vhid:i 11011 ho.s boon rniced to over 33;000 tone of ·;vhco..t a.nd other foodotuffs a. ,:1onth. Med.:. icQl supplies ho.ve also been ohippoc1 rq,ulr'. ~ly, C'cS 7rnll c.,s c.utor.1oti vc oquipncnt; rs c.solino, o..nc'1. other oUp::.Jli es neccss2.ry to enable the Cor11:1ission to cc.rry 01:it i t c tb.sk. The shipnent of 300,000 sets of children's clothing wns recently cuthorizcd on a tric.l bEsis, n.lthou[sh the blockuc1o nuthoritios a.re not ;;illing to perr:1i t tho chip1:1ent of clothinG for o.dults.

Another rGli ef 1:1cnsure in oxccpti on to tho blockade of Europe hns boon tho ohipr.rnnt froi:1 tir.10 to tine of certain r.1ec-l.icQl supplies fro□ this country for dictribution throu~h the Intorno.ti ono.l Red Groos to tho civilio.n populations of various occupied coun"liries. Medi co.l ouppli cs pornissi ble under this pro[s rru:.1 nro defined ns druc;s of strictly hui:rn.ni tnrinn o.pplicntion, not sucocpti blo to conversion to other usco. (Tho Dep c-,rtnent of State Bulletin, 8/20/ ~4)

NETHERLANDS: RELIEF Tho 11 Cor:1ite Ncdcrlo.nd 11 of CUro.cao hns turned . ovor 60,000 f;t..!ilrl.crs (r:.bout $32,000)

to the Nctherlnnds Rod Crose for distribution to Dutch children in HollD.nd. The noncy wns raised nt a bo..za.ur held recently o.t the Aoi ento Clu1

) of the Cure.co.a Petroleur.1 Induotry, Inc. (Knicker~ooker Weekly, 8/21/44)

ITALY: REFUGJ:ES IN VATICAN Durinr; the nine Donths bot-;,ocn the ar□istioc nnd the entry into Ro~o,

the Vo.tionn ',10.0 c. rcfurse for thouco.ndo of fur,i ti vcs fron the Nazi­Faoci ct rei gn of terror. Je~s received firmt priority--Itnlian Je~1c v.nd Jmrn ·,1hocrnco.ped here fro!'! Gen--mny and. other occupied countriec--but c.11 the hunted found oo.nctuary in the Vc.ticun o.nd i to hundredc of convents o.nd r.1 onQsteri cc in the Ro1:ic region.

The Vo..ticc.n io □ till chel tering refu[seec. Alr.1oot 100,000 ho□ eless peroons fro□ the ~nr zone nnct devnat c.ted ~reno ~re fed there every do.y. (ne·,, York Tineo, B/21/44)

N~THERLANDS: SOAP Stirred by nedicnl reportc that the lr.ck of oonp 71['.S res1)onsible for ~pide□ics of boils

and pl~Gues of lice, t~e Nuzi occupation nuthorities last □onth decided to help the Hollo.nders obtain the soap. According to the

11 A lgeueen Hundelsbladlf af A1;1sterd01:1, officinl shops ho.ve been open-

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ed in ·,1hich bones Llt.y be e.xchnnged for soo.p. Eleven pounds of bones will fetch one Coke of soap, Hhile

f our-nnd-2-h2.lf pounds of bones ~ill 11 buy II a package of soap po'ric.er. The cntch i o, ~1here to r:set eleven or even f our-and-u­hnlf pouncl.s of bones 7li thin a reasonc.1.ble lenrs:th of tine. (Nethcrlc:. nde Nffi1S Digest, 8/15/ 44)

FORT ONTARIO Niss Kauf1J.an, ·,vho is chief of the Nc.tionnl Council's Bureau of Ports and Docks, ~as with the croup fron

the dcy of their arrival at Fort Onturio on Au~. 5. Since then, she □ Gi c1 , the people h2.ve esto.bli shed a ki nderG"urten staffed by their o-;m nenbers, and hc.ve forrrnd squads to ·,1ork in the cur.1p' s hospital nn9- kitchens.

A □tore -:ras nlso oet U.) to fill the r.iost acute qlothin8 nced--shoes. "Me.ny of the children, 11 Hiso Ko.ufm:m so.id, 11 hn.d ,varn thein. soles through o.nc1 only tho uppers rm:mined. n

Cne of the N ~ticnnl Council's aajor tasks would be to help locntc relntives in this country. The Gouncil is workinG in _part fro□ a list of severcl hundred nu□es sent in by serviceaen trying to lace.to. 1:iissinG rclrti ves ·.1!10 have i:mrn::,Gec1 to lea.ve Europe. (NeN York Ti□en)

ITALY: AHERICAN AD!.IINISTRATION Whether or not there is any tr~1 in runors that the Gernans r.1e.y

clec:.r out ns ninter approaches, lenvinG to tho Allies the ~hole burden of feedinr;_n otripped nnd fuelless country, the part of . Italy that hns been freed puts □ore than t~enty aillion people under our control. Thooe people received us ~ith delirious joy. Uc eel to pri ve.tion and 1)ureaucracy, they c:ue c1s patient, co opera•· tive and ready to atone for Fascist sins nc any defeated people 7le shell r:.1eet. But they e. re bewildered by the burenucrc1.ti c oyoten set up in ple.ce of the Fascist octopus. Anerican propognn­dn pro□ised plenty of freedo□ nnd well-being. Even ~ithout thec9 pror.:1ises the Anexicc.n lec;end is such thnt tho people expect airncles fro□ us. Abova all, they expect □irnclos of efficiency. NothinG, not even r r tioninc ~hich restricts the□ to less then 700 cc.lories a day disr.mys the I talia.ns so Du ·i1 as the r.mddling □ethods of Allied rule.

In Ituly the .A.CC stands bcti7cen AFHQ o.nd AHG, naking the latter r..n nclni ni strc:.tive SU!JSidiury. It hcJ.s en econor.1ic section ~ith ei cht subdivisions , c. re~ionc.l control section ~ith nine · depc.1..rtuonto, oxclusi ve of the Ji;,m c01:ui □ si on I s la.rese nunber . of independent cor.1::ii soi 0110. So nany offices arc ir.1pinr;inc; on one another t hRt t t h2.s r; ro·;m into an ir:.mense, un-,,ielc1y 1:10.chine. Exe cu ti ve officers ~re a ~Jou t evenly c1i vided bet7lecn Sri ti sh r.nc1. ArJericans. rte chc:.rtcr lL.1i ts its actions to neasures necesim.ry to r.1e.intain order and tranquilJ.i ty behind the lines, · t□i~l~~ J.:r\:~:ih~neral t ho preventinG of st2.rvation_, epideriics and riots by Cl.iEJtri:JutinG fo od 2.nd enforcinr,; 12.·;1 , h1 tr;i.rn usinQ: the country's nvo.i lc.1)le rcsou1~ces to ai d in tl:.c :r,rosecuti on of the war. It has no 2.uthori ty to cr:,.rry on relrn.':Jili t2.tion 7vcrk, The only independ-~1 cnt reli ef 8.[; enc:v ope:i.·2tinc-; in Italy in· o. ,ir1.i tion to Vati.co.n local charities i c the Red Cross, ·."Thich confinc n i~o efforts nostly to ·,1elfc;.re -~·o rk aL1on? o.isp1r.oed persons, running feuding stations end distri~utinc clothing .

Thus our policy tends tb erect walls 7vhere none existed !Cl.nd

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to nake resuupti on of nornal life e.nd The trouble is 7ie are al1vays so close barrel as far us civilians qo that ~e future. (Ne~ York Tines, 8123/44.)

trade even □ore difficult. to the bottor.1 of the supply can't think nuch of the -

S-vYITZJ::RLAND: CHILDREN Children under 14 ye2.rs old in Frnnce, Itc:,.ly e.nd Gerr:mny ·.~hose lives are "threat­

ened by 1:1ili t2,ry c:.evelopr:10nts 11 2.re boinr-; c.clr..ii tted f~eely to 87vi tzcrlc.nd, nccordinG to 2. Berne ra.clio nnnouncenent he2l!'.1 hero y ostGrda.y by Na.ti 0110.l Bro2.dce.stinG Co1:1pany noni tors.

In 2. French lnn~UQGC b roadcast fro□ s~itzerlc.nd henrd by United StntGa Goverru:_:ient noni tors, it 7laS reported further that 1,250 refuGc e children f ron P c'.ri s and Lyon 2.nc1 150 f ron Mr.rcoi lle hN1. arrived 11 m:fe and ·;: ell 11 in H2.ute--Snvoie, France. .

"The S:7i ss Goverm:1ent h2.s let do·,711 ir1;:1i r;ra ti on bars for child victir.10 of tl1e ·m:-.r, 11 1-TBC quote r1 the bro2.dc2..ct m declo.rin[;. "Any c h ild uncter 14 c 2n crooo the S1visa ~o rder frop FrD.nce, Italy or Gerr..mny at ·,vill if he feolo hie life thrc r tencd . The jlll'iod of refur;e 77i 11 lo.ct unti 1 return i c 02.f e. 11

Expenses for co.re of the chi ldrcn ·.1i 11 be 1::orne by the Help t h e Chi :J_cl.ren section of the In tcrn2.tionnl Red Croso, suppl0r,,1ented by public subocriptio"n, tho unnouncer-1ent cl.ecla.red. {New York Tir.1es, s/ 23/ 44.)

· .;, TRl.1,IJHl!G NATIONALS FOR RECONSTRUCTION WORK Anong these, the plan to help the AXis­

occupi eC:. countries in tr2.ining younr: nen and ·.vonen nn cpeci2.li sts, e.0.vi sor □- o.ncl instructors h2..o been ·_70rlrnd out, in 0.etai 1, by a specinl cor:nittee, under the chairr.mnship of Dr. Stephen Du~r,an, Director of the Inctitute of International Education . (Bulletin of the Eo.s2ryk Institute, 12/ L13 . )

one phaoe of the educational reconstruction pro~le□o on ~hich the allied govern1:1entn niFoht act in the near futur e is the traininr,· of personnel. Ple.ns di ocuosed cho11 three phases:· ( c1.) the trainin~, in short periods of tiae, of ~ersonc for service in the inr.1ec1iD.te ·,vark of reconotruction; (b) the trainin6 of larger r, roupo, for a lons er p eri oc., to f o:rr:i corpc of ne-;:1 oci enti•."' · f i c anc: tochni cc.l personnel; ( c) c'.. long-tine ·~} ro e ran of nsci stnnce to students (college craduates) . The first t77o deal ~ith the ii:u:1 ediate 11ar situation ancl. are likely to receive the ii:merl.iate attention of the State Departi:rnnt and all the c;overnr.1ents concerned.

~o~cvbr,·for ~oncr~l infbr1ction 6n cuch plans we 77ish to present one of the proposals in detail. rt has ~een prepared and presented to the Ste.te Depart,:1ent by the United Ste.tes Conni ttee on Ecl.ucc.:1_tiorn::l Reconstruction in NffiJ York City, under the title of International Reh2.bilitation Scholarship Project. It calls for the offe:ring of Unitocl. States cr1ucD.ti onal fc).cilities nncl institutions to a 12.rr,0 nui:11Jer of selecter1 younr; i:ien and -;::onen fror.1 Axis-inver1cc1 nations, 77ho -rmuld return to their countries as soon e.s possi ½te 2.s well trainer1, key instructors and experts in specific t2.slcs of :reh2..bili t2.tion, reecc1y to trc:dn others in the s2ne functions . Unr,er its plan;

1 . The proj eat ·,1ould be1;in ·.7i th 800-1, 000 students, nen and 710nen of the A.xis-invaded nc::.tions. The distribution of these t:rc:;,ining places a.none; the different nations would lJ e based

RZLIZ:F AND R:GCONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - a· - Vol • . I. No. 18, 9/1/ 44

on the enount of destruction inflicted by the Axis and the lnck of tr2.inin~ facilities. Tho training ~ould !ast 8-12 □onths. 2. The i:w.in p2.rt of t~1e students ·,,ould be scle otecl. f ron 7J'i thin the n2.tions nftor their :!.iboro.tion, but available students or schole.l' s shouJ.d be ii rained no"i1 c

3. The fi clcls of t::r.2.in-:.nr, ·.1ould be deterr.1i ned in o. ccordance with the neodo ,of the d~ffe~cnt nations. The □ain issue of the project ·11oulcl be to 1:12.ke these nc.tions indepcnc1en.t of foreir,n relief, es soo~ ac posoibleo Tho □oney invented in this project ,mule:, thoref ore, be a sounc'1 i nv as·:;ncnt, savinr; lo.r[se r eli e f funds 4. The stude~ts ~ouJ.d be orGanizetcrounct ten to fifteen □ain university cent c :rn of the U.S.A. At co.ch would 1Je E1. c; roup of at least fifty students, rcpreoentinc the various nations) selected accordino; to the fields of tro.ininr; .

In cvory one of the cc uni vers~. ty c cnt ors t:1e U. s, Corn:1i tt ee on :;:Gduco.tion2.l Rcconst'2:'uction ~70 11lr1

. e:."i.cknvor to orr;anizc: n local conni ttee on educ :.tiono.l reconstru,~tton, in ·,71-:.ich cduoo.tion, industry, couuerc .: , Jc. 1::or, chuTcllcG and yout~1 orr,ani zo.t,; ions ·,7ould co op er[•,t G.

5. A conJittco of Ar.1eri9nn c::;cpcrts on o. nc..tion.-'ilide sc2.le ,rnuld be forner1 to cl.eterr-1inG ·.1llic~ .1• uni vcrsi ty centers could offer the best trainin~ fncilitiese

The Intern2,t ional Rc:ho.;Jilito.tion Scho lo.rsh ip project should be presented to the pu1Jlic by the uen:Jc rs of this intel'no.tiono.l cor.11:1i ssi on c.nc1 othei· DCrso1--.n and r,roups intercstGd in self-help end roho.bilit['.ti on in .. the 1~~cio--· inv2decl countries.

It should be present eel c,t the snr.1 -3 tfr1c to the under[; round rosi st c.nce uovenent s in the Lxi s•-i nv2.doc1 n2.ti ono ,Ii th c. request th2.t tl1ey 2.clcl. t hc i r :prGposc.l s 8.nd r..ic.l'.:e prelini:i.12 ry prepc:.r c.ti ons for tlle selection of elic;i 1 1:~e r.1cn 2.ncl ·,101:1e~1.

The cor_Lli ssion should direct 2..n nppe2..l to the educators and f,~overrn:1ents of the frccdor.1 lovinrs nctions in Europe o.nd else-11hcre to join in this pruject, by offerinr: sinilnr tr2.ininr; ruid study ft.cilities for studentEJt'rJD other n:• tions, according to the fields in 7ihicl1 ec.ch country could qffer Elpecific tr2.ininG faciJ,itics. Henrik Knuffr.1nnn, the Danish Minister in Washin~ton, lrn.s 2.lreacly extended such an invitation. (Bulletin of the

Mas~ryk Institute, 2/4{.) Further p roof of the ~reat interest being sho~n ~y various

groups in the trc:-.ininr; of students. and expert-s for post Tlc1.r reconstruction ~erk ic evident fro□ the report of In~ . Bert zenaty, a □ e□ber of the~ 2.onryk Institute.

As the □e□~ers of the Iron & Ghecical s ection are co □ tly men fron the Cz Gchoslov2.k Hcc::.vy Stoel Industry, they nc..turally -rrnr2 anxious to h:-.ve f'l.S r.1£1.ny Czech ctEc.e:1tc in the Auericr.n Steel Industry o.s poss i b le o It -,7r.s brour:ht out th2.t for tho first few yee.rs, E tucionts sent out fron czcchoclov2.l-:i2. sll.ould 7Jc to.ur;ht only pre.cti er 1 Gngi necri :ng. .

The r;entLme;n c:.e;reed tl12.t such studi GEJ 2.s philosophy, theology and the social s cienc e □ , etc. could ~2.it until l ate r years. Th e de'.J2.te -,12-.s very l i vc'.'..y 2.nd the uo::1bers of tho Recvy steel · Ind1u;try ev en in ci ster'. tl12.t t~1c B•x. r c, sl:c1-1. l r:1. 1Je 2.,:vi ced to request lOJo/i, enr; ineer·inc:: stur1 Gntc, 'I'~-:,? nee~::i.nc; -,7c:-_r:; :;.:reGi<:.'.1:.::d ov2r :Jy Ur. Be;rt Zel1-,.,ty t 1~e Pr 0 ,1·r'1rnt o+> '-',,..., T ··, ,,~1 ~ C1·, y ·,ir.,:.,.., ..,cct,on · C. ' L!. ,...,3 1..~t:: .• ' · .L l 1 .!~{_:; .~.J _;!,_ 0..: 1.!.l,.t'_., •• 1.l...._. C .. J ,:_:; ,, · l. •

t=r u~ents fer ~e .· ~r~ cLl traini~C o~l \ , &B pYesonted ~Y the inclustric:.l r;:rc.J.Y)f:! , ·:,-~.--.:2; <.1>ly r.ns-FrnrecJ c:.t c:" i::ect ing 0f the Uni.Jced St2.tes Cor:c.ii tt ee en Ec'.,-1 c::,.+,ioi:!e.l Rcconst:ruction, held on N c•rpr·1-'? !'

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5, 19,13. Pxof<ilssor Halecki, spe2,kin13 for Pola.nd, protester1 c1.r;ainst the r.rn. tcxio.li sti c ['.pproucl:i in po st-,n.r educc•. ti onal plnnni ng -- an approach 7Jhich -,1ould conni t uo to do ·,,hat Hitler ht.d ·,1anted to do in the occupied countries. Profes □or HElecki pointed out that the four hundr3d Polish students otudyinr; in S-,1i tzerlund are not only learnin['.: c.e;ric ul ture 2nd pr2-ctic2.l sci oncco but also o.rt anc-1 hunr.nities. The underground Polish universities arc te r chinr; philooophJ ['..11d li tcr£1.turc. The people at hone c..re -.:-rnll a::m.re that it i o in this fi cld 7Jhore the looccc r.re gr 02, tent and ·11hcrc they h[.VO to be rcprd rer1

, in order to keop c:~li vc th3 intellectual opirit, -;,iitl:out ·7hich EuropG8J1 culture is cloor.1ec1~ Dr. Stephen Du~c~n c..sourcd hi□ th~t for theoa very ro2,□ans our efforts ~ill not be confincc. to trc:-,ininr; in purely technic£1.l ·,1ork.

The c2xgu::.1ont c1.r;2.inot the otudy of oocinl ccienceo, ·nhich are cxcludGd fron ouch o. pror,rnr::1 as the industrinl r;roup -.-i ould like to sec carri od out, is coi:1pletely refuted. by UNRRA otand2.rds for relief peroonnel. These qu2.lificc.ticns specify ~raduQte ~ark in oocinl ·.1olfc:'.re nnd rclb. ted fields re very desi rn~)le • · Thuo, even for the uo ot ir1:.1 cdi c.te reli of and reconot ruction pro bleus, the stuc'l.y of coci c.l o ci enceo lo one lti.r~c in i1:1port?ncc, (Bulloti n of the Maouryk Inotitutc, 4/44.)

At a 1:1octi ng of tho N2.ti onc~l Union of Czechoslovak Stuclento, on June 19, Dr. Jiri Fischer reported on studies □adc by the ~ondon Corn.ii ttce of Czechoslov2.k Youth.

He precented t~10 of the otudioo of . the L ondon Conni ttce • . One de2.lc ·,1i tl1 the Nc.zi reorientation proe;rrnJ for Czcchoolovdi: youth through phym.1cal, ncntnl e.nd nor2.l tr2.ining outoido of school □• This ro-ertucetion of Czcchoolovck youth in tho opirit of tho Third. Reich c:.nr~ the Ne:;; European ord0r is under the uuthori ty of 2. central inoti tution cc.llocl_ the Cur2.toriun for the Educe.ti on •:::>f Czech Youth.

After t -:rn ycr.rs of gree t prccsure 2.nr1_ intensified or[;c:'.niz:tion tho Curatoriw~ hes onlyc:bout 250,00Q ncnbers out of tho 800,000 Czech boyc c.nd girlc in the 10-18 1Jrc.ck:ct. Tho Curc.toriun hcc to uoe a cloak of 2. national character. Th2.t, in itoclf, prove □ th2. t the 112. ti 011£'.l conscioucnec o of tho C zoch youth'~h2.s otrong root □•

The other London study dc2.ls -.-:ri th Czcchoolovo.k y outh i uprcssed into lc~or. Mr..l c BtudGnts over sixteen yocro of rec, ~nd girl otudento over seventeen Qro □obilize~ for ~nr l2bor.

The Uni tcd Nr tionc r::ovornrHmto ere tcking nn ncti ve pc:'.rt in tho ostc.blichnont of n ccntrc:-~l orr;(l.niz£\.ti on for education and a prc p; rc.u of ctudont trnininf2'. for liberated countrict=;,. Both of these proj octs -:-:;ere in the proi:;xc.r:.1 of the Uni tecl stc.tes Qc,u:.1i ttcc on Etucetionel Rcconotruction, organized ~t Nc7 York University. This privr.to r,roup of educr,tors hc..ve 110·7 turnecl their [l.ttcntion to n new field, r..nd hr.vo Gponr:orcd tho Worlr! Educ2.tion Service Council, ·,7hich is to oervc as n nrivc:.te fl.[I;cmcv for the rc~mildinr, of ·,10.r­c1cvc.ctrtcd ochools. This council ·,-:ill liui t its 2ctivi ties to c.rcc.s not serve,1_ by the ~overnncnt. With e. tentnti ve lonr~-rc.nr:; e ~ud~ et of $6,275,00~ for the next three-year period, the Council propose □ to co.rry out seven uuin educc.tional projects. These 2re:

1. Interncti cnr..l Te~chero Recreation Hooes. T~o t~busnnd t~uchero of the liberate~ countries ~ill be invited to these hones for e. t~1ree 1.10nths 1 recreation period. The first ones :-1ill b e eott1..bli shed in s·.1i tzcrl2..nd and S~7odcn. 2. School Sponsorships. Bet~een 4,000 and 5,000 schools in the liberated nations ~ill be supported by contributions of

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RELIEF AND RECOFSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 10 - Vol. ··r. No-• . 18., ,9Lit4A:

f &·· r '1 , _O ,jpJ._~_.,,. 88.C~lc e,, (.bL!.d.T.cn' 8 Er.10Tgency Recreation Centers and Country Hones" Tbr08 ~,h,)·d.L~and scho .:;1s wi:1.1 be helped to esta.bli sh rec:r:ea:ti on cc:n \..::'.'o and count:1:y hor.100, in which u::-ban child­ren, □-..::.L-:- e;r5.nr3· f -r ou the e.f t ei-r.w .. tl1 of inve.si nn and -rmr, can re~aj.n t~0ir Bt rength. 4o Y.itQ fo:r Students. Tho council intends to o:Jtain 15'.)~CCC kit □ of school ouppJ.100, fror.1 tho ochools of this oo-..nrLry, 5. O hoots for School Workshop □ nnd Gardena. It io pro­posed th2.t 5~000 chcots of toc,J.o 1Jc p:i:-oclr'.f,ijd · in the work­chopo of Ancrj_ oo.n o chools and c'1.onc.t od to tho achoo le in the libcrutod couutrieo. 6. Book Paro0:a. A00rican kinderGQrton, clo□entnry and scoondo.:r.y ec.:h-::iolo 2.re to ir1vi to t;hciT p'..:pJlo to donate th3i,;;:· f avo:ri -':i c bocko s rrl10 counci J_ pJ. 2.:".ls to □ Gnd c.broa.d 50,000 cuoh pn.:rc0lo du:i:-inc: th::: fi-rc,t /car·. 7. athletic !its. Four thouccnd ~its; contninin~ sport equ:l.pr.;cn"t p.nd clothi ncs, vnlucd s.t $25 ouch, will be ocnt ubj~oac1 the firct yca:r·.

Ar.1ong the f oundin0 1:1eDbcrc ere Dean E. Gcor[sC Pny.ne o.nd Profccoor Alonzo F. Myoro of Ne~ York Uuivarcity, Dr. Willard E. Givonci, Dr. GGorc;0 D. Stoddo..rd, Dr. John E. Vorio and Dr. . A rvio Elctred. The c2uncil io hoarlc~ by Dr. Reinhold Schairer of Nc-r. York University. (Bulletin of Masaryk Institute, &-7/44.))

RELIEF AND REUONS'I'RUCTION EXCERPTS Vol.I , No.17 Compiled from so·J.rces received

in the Foreign Service Library_ of the American Friends Service Cammi ttee. 8/18/ 44. _ , . _

UNRRA Herbert H. Lehnman, Director General of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration today -announced

the appointment of Dr. Max Habicht, citizen of Sv:ritzerland, as Assistant Diplomatic Adviser and of Dr. J~cques J. Polak, citt­zen of the Netherlands, as Assistant Financial Adviser. Both wi;l. l serve in the Vlashington Headquarters Off ice of UNRRA.

Dr. Habicht w2..s an official of the League of Nations S~cretariat from 1928 to 1938. In Geneva he was first attach­ed to the Opium Tr~ffic Section, and thereafter to the Social Questions Section of the League and became assistant to its chief legal adviser in 1934. Dr. Habicht is a Doctor of LcJ~s of the U~iversity of Zurich and a Doctor of Juridical Science of Harvard University. Since leaving the League, he has been practicing for the last five yea.rs a.s a Swiss attorney and consultant on international matters, with offices in New York and Switzerland.

Dr. Polc=d( has been loaned to UNltr,A by the Netherlands Government, where ha has served with the Netherlands Economic, Financial and Shipping Mission . From 1937 to 1943, Dr. Polak was associated with the Economic, Financial and Transit De­partment of the Secretariat of the League of Nqtions, first in Geneva, then in Princeton, N. J. when a nucleus of the De­partment was transfeered to the United Sta~es. Dr. Polak attended. the First Session of the Council of UJRRA at Atlantic City as Secretary to the Netherlands Delegation. (UNRRA. -cress

release, No . 67, 8/10/44) -

.F.A.LESTINE: JEWS In connection with the struggle for P2.lestine being waged between the Jews and the Arabs,

the question is frequently raised as to ?.1hether th2.t country is now supporting its m2.ximum population . Among t ·hose ,,,,ho give a ne;ative answer to this question is Dr. W. C. Lowdermilk, soil : con se1·v2_t ion expert of the United Stat es Department of Agr icu 1 tt,re. Dr. Lowdermilk studies the soil possibilities of Palestine in 1939. He has recently published a book entitled , "Palestine-­Land of Promise." His conclusion is, that in vidw of the phe­nomenal results of Jewish enterprise, this an~ient land could support an additional four million Jewish people. This ~ould assume, of course, the construction of extensive irrigation works . (Gospel Her2.l, Vol.XXXVII,No.19,8/11/44, p.386)

POLAND: CONCENTRATION CAMPS The prisoners' food ration,s are being reduced constc1.ntly. The

situation can be expected to grow even. worse as Germany is bombed and the food supply blocked. Today, the Oswiecim prisoners exist solely on what they receiv8 from their homes. A similar situa­tion prevails in all the other c2.mps.

We must remember that severci.l thousand Poles are st il 1 in · the camps, at the mercy _of every cr1..price of the Nazi 8.Uthorities .

(Pol c.nd Fights,Vo.4,~o.67,8/5/g,Fr9n 2. recent issue of the Polish underground. women 1 s e1as2_zine, 11 Zyr-ri2._II)

,..., - C.1 - Vo L I , Ko " 1? 1 8 / 18 / 4~

1~c1.~1.:J : ?CC:J I n ?e br-u2 .. ry , 1944·, bl a.ck 111arket p:c j ce s in the c;l1Vil'Ons of ~7arsaw 1.'.re re approxima.tely as follows:

- 2ye ....................... $130.00 per quintal 1::}--;_c,::,t •••·············· ••• 240.CO II - II Pot ;::t oes . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. 50.00 11 11

c~1.'1.·ots ................. ·.. 50 . C0 11 11

Pi ;s ................ · ... ... ~ 160C ~ 00 p~r he2J1 ~ · i 1 ~ . . . . . . . . . . a • • • • · . • • • • • 3 . 00 II qt •

:i:1e ~~el',12n occups.t ion authorities loudly bo2.st th2.t, since ~Jovc.:r,i0cr, 13L13, Foles h,we been allowed higher food r2.tions. In -r t.? l i ty only brc?.d re. t ions h2.ve gecn inc ree.sed, to approx . 2C l ~s . p6 r ~onth. · ·

T'ht.. r2.tioned br6c1.d is sent f -rom W2,_rsaw to the villE\ges, where it i s sole: ?.t 40-45 cents per lb., wherec1.s bread of the finest flot,l' ( sif tt.;o_ flot1 r) . co_st&_appro.x. $2.50 p-e--r l~b-. on- the--Warsaw -Jl2.c :c ,,l?_Tt(; t. .

C~hcr r~tionod foods are obtainabl~ in v e ry sm~ll quantities, if ;:,_ -r; 211. Thus, for in s t8.nce, no more than 1 lb.of flo·ur, ½ lb. of su~ar and½ lb. of m~at pe r month can actually be ob­t~ i~cd by Polcs.(Poland fights ,Vol.4,No.67, 8/5/44)

i'I'LICPlA: JISPLACED P.SOPLE That Jews may be encouraged to settle in Ethiopia is indic~ted by the

f c:-_ct th8.t E;:1 '.x rior Hiile SelRssie has been talking over possibl_.e ·,Jl::ns ,,: ith .3ritish 2.dvisers . Greek Jews numbering 1,500 have ? l1·c::.dy co.,w, many of them professional men needed in the count±y . Th~re arc colored J ews in Ethiopia (the Falasha), ::,_nc1. the; ir spok12:smen h2.v0 . been urging the government to make ~-,::, y for the entry of Jevrs in larger number. (WorldOvcr Press,

Vol.12 , l'io . 43, 8/9-16/ 44, p. 7) .

?OCD "tiill Cl::.-.yton, Su1'plus - Property Administrator; mc1.de it 2.

~~r on n2arly all possible fronts this week nhen he issued 2.n orcicr yrhich : ·

1. I.iakc s the For:eign .2:conomic Administration (j es se Jones) tho dispos~l ~iency for ~llsurplus food held abro~d by th~ Unit~d Stat~s; 2 . 1>.k0s :f:..1\. t'h c ~d-i s-Pos:?..l r!:gerrcy-f'ur "::>.11 '-SP.l cs ~broad of food . exported from the Ui1itcd St::,_tos through govern-::-...:.nt ch2.nncls. (N?.tion2.l Union Farmcr,Vol.23, Fo.3,8/l/4-4,p.1)

INJIA: FOOD "Th~ population of India is increasing at a very alarming r~te, about · 5,000,000 yearly, but the

recorc~ed cro::_J output_ shows no comparable increase, 11 the Earl of Lvnster, Under · secretary of State for - India, told the Hou~e of Lor~s recently. ·

' A plan has been devised by a special committee of the Adviso­ry 3oa:1:d of the Iri1perial Council · for Agricultural Research (of IntiA) ~ith the im~ediate object of increasing production by 50% in the next ten years and by 100%:in fifteen years.

In s~ ite of .dejan(s on-British shipping, the Earl added, In­c1a Pill ~eceive .800,000 ton~ of ·~heat · from _overseas in the twelve . 1onths · enc.in; ne ::t October. Also an unc.er·t ::> kin?" has been s;i ven-to tl1e Gov·ernni_ent of India ,that·_ :His L:2.je.~ty_1 s :a~ve:rnment v'i-11 con-

RE'LIEF AN'D ._ REGONSTRUCTION EXCERFTS - 3 -· Vol. I,· No. 17, 8/18/44 sider an . all9tment of further shipping for this putpoie. (New

-York Ti~es, ~8/16/44) ·

RUSSIA AND GERlviANY: RATIONS Food rations are . highest for manual _ . ; _ workers in Russia and fall step by

st~~ for those in other categories, according to a report on Food Rationi'ng ·and Supply issued by the League of. Nations and distri­buted in the United Stat.es by the Columbia· UniveTsity Press.

- Russia divides consumers into four categories for purposes of rationing, with manual workers at · the top, followed by office workers, adult dependents and children under thirteen, in that order. . _ ·

Gei'"many 'follows ·so111ewhat the same sys tern as Russia with a light wo:rke_r 1 s rati _dn.s co.ntainin-g 2,285 calories, a heavy work­er 1 s 2,685 .and a very heavy worker's 3,435 as compared to the normal c·onsumer 1 s rations of ap·proximately 2,000 a day.

This is not below pre-war standards of what is considered normal consumption, the :_ League sutvey reveals. (New York Times,

, 8/;J.5/44): _ : _._. .. ·.

SWEDEN: -RiFUGEES Stoc~holm, August 5 (By wireless). The stream of lefugees pouring into Sweden from the Baltic

states increases as the Russian armies move forward. Thus yester­day over 200 arriiea in various types of boats at the Swedish is­land of G-othland in the center of the Baltic. They were mostly whole family groups.. .

Fortunately the ·cro"p situation is such, the chief Stockholm Labor paper, Morgontidningen writes, that· even if an increased number of refugees have to .be supported during the coming fall and winter, the Swedish pe.ople will be able to keep up their present standar-d of living frofa their own resources. The same _paper quot­es Prime lviinist.er Fer··- Albin Hansson, _ and. La.bar Leader Gunnar An­deT~son, who has just returned from the Labor Conference in Phila­delphia, to the effect that the Swedish people ~ould naturally be extremely willing·to receive the Jewish children of Hungary, if tra.nsporta t ion for _ them can be arranged. (NEWS from SWEDEN B/9/ 44)

GERN!ANY: FOOD · .. A· few months ago the secret newspaper Je Maintien-dtai revealed that owirig to failure of the potato

crops in Germany_, ·th.ere r,ias g.xeat- scarcity of this product in the large cities of · the Reich. 11 So great is the la.ck of potatoes, 11

the paper wrote,., 11 that rations in Dortmund have been reduced to two pounds a week.. In Hamburg the people receive one pound, anci"' ~n Biemen half a pound per head per week. It is more than likely that the .export of .potatoes from Holland will increase consider~ ·ab.ly in the ne~r future, .·so that we may expect shortages in Hay, 11

., -the·· paper v,,arned. . . . . . ·: _ ?n ~une ZS . the Nazi~controlled Amsterdam ~aily De Telegraaf :

announced that 11 owing to - transportation difficul ties 11 notato ra- -ti6n~ woOld b~ _ieduced. It ·~aid that the shortag~ w6uid only b~ temporary as the new crop was to be gat~ered soon .. The paper did not ex_pl_ain whethe:r; the 11 t-tansportation · difficul tiesi: V'ere due to incr-eased potato export to Germany, or to some other cause. (Netherlands News Digest, Page 361, August 11, 1944)

..

RELIZF AijD,R,E:QOl1STRUCTH)N.:SX0I?} 'F1 -· 4 - : ·vol. I, NO: .. 17, 8/18/44

HOLLAND: RELIEF Some months 2..go ,:;te ~Jazi--jominated Postal Depart­ment in the occupied Nethe rlands i ssued a series

of surtaxed stamps fo.r' the b~ntdi t Of t.he 1!Ned.cirlandsche .Volksdi­enst" (N etherlands ·I'eo_ple··!s·'Service) - and the Viinte~chelp, both

' · party organizations ~htch ~re.supposedly serving the desti~rrte ~­· · mong the Dutch ,·peQpl&~(Nethe~lands News Digest, Pg. 363, 8/1/44)

HOLLAND: FOOD PACKAGES Mr . . C_'W,. :·. Dresse lhuys, · Delegate in the . Unit~d :Statcs for the N0thcrl2nds Red

cioss ·Socicty of London, this ·week ag~in called attcnti9n to the 2.nnouncement first published in our issue of July 17 th3.t 'food parcel service to the· Netherlands h~s been · discontinued. · Owing to tho ,now uri:r~'liable , 2.nd detcrior2cted postal facili.:: ties in Europe · it has •.·bcon:necossary to halt the shipment of all food parcels a:nd ,rto ;further . orders can be ·accepted. (Knickerbocke r Weekly, Page ?,,. August .. 14 ', .194-4--) ~,_,,_., -- ..... ,..,, .. ... ,. ,. , - ., • ..

. .

CHINA: FOOD The crop situation 2.s of July 8 in the 15 Provinces . of F1·e c, China 1Nas cons ider8c;l f a vora.blc, but _much

s~~ll dcpci:i,ded a~ · hov1,:v1oa~ho1· o~nditio1:s P.nd 1'Iar developments might aricct_spring cr0ps .. fro~ .that ·time ~ntil harvest. It _was general­

. ly estimated that the total · .product1·on for all crops · ·both vrinter . ' and spring,· would be somewhat above t ·he pre-war level.

The harv·cst .of .such rrinter .. orops as wheat, be"rley, bca,n·s, rapeseed , 9:nd oats was the most favorablc-•in several years ;-(Foreign Crops and karkots, Page 71, Vol. 49, No. 6, August 7, 1944)

, '

REPORT 'OF · RELIEF CO!ili~IS3ION IN GREECE (For April 1944)

· -: .. '

Person~ Issued Rations 1,250,000 Athens Area

Peloponnesus Attica .&· Boeotia Aetolia, Acarnari,ia :.~: Phthiotis & Fhocis Thessaly -2:uboea

~~-- loni-a.n h,-la-nd-s-,: Cyclades Macedonia

445,000 · li 7 000 ..

' 71-;000 128,000 365,000 100,000

- l-GB;-0O0 100,000 · 172 ·,·ooo

'Persons Fed In Canteens Ghildren I s· Public

86,678 44,470 109,000 . , 150,000

30,000 71,000 ·14, 000 ,' . 25; 000 19,0QO _ 41,000 65,000 · 163;000 19,000 36,000 61 , ODO· - -- 6 0 , 000

_27 ,000 4,000

a,s~o,ooo 430,678 594,470 At the time of wrftirig, information had not yet been received from Crete and the Aegean Iilarids. Distrib~tion in Epirus was not pos­sible during April due to temporary C:.ifficult.ies in the tr2.n~p..:.. ment of supplies. , . .. In· the At~ens area, · t~e rition per peison was as follows: bread--7½ kilos; mi~cellaneou~-~3 kilos; suga~~~l/3 ~ilo. Children .rereiv­ed an additional allot~ent of 1 1/6 kilos of miscellaneous food-s-tuft's an.cl 1/3 kiio .. of jam. . : . . . · In other areas, the r~tf6ri per peison=was 4 kilos of flour and½ kilo of fish. ·

... .

RELIEF AND R1CONSTRUCTION EXOEii P':3 · · 5 -- Vol. I, No. 17, 8/18/44

GREECE: RELIEF The Greek Viar Relief Association up to May 1, 1944 had purchased 117,450 standard Red Cross food pack­

ages which are sent periodically to sick and wounded Greek soldiers and prisoners of war, The Association hci.s sent two hundred wheel chairs for the use . of crippled Greek veterans; it h_as made substan­tial purchase~ in Switzerland of medicines and medical ~upplies for Greece, and of vitamins for Greek babies; it has bought food and supplies for destitute Greek seamen, has paid thro\].gh the War Priron­ers Aid of the Y.M.C.A. for relief among Greek prisoners in Italy, and through the World Students Servi6e Fund for powdered milk for Greek university students. (Pamphlet on Greek W~r Relief Assn.)

GREECE: CHILD HEALTH The contrast bet"ween conditions before and after the arrival of relief ·food shipments,

insofar as they affected children of school age , is vividly de­scrib~d in a report by an Athenian school doctor .

. 11 In_ my capacity · as a. ·school doctor cWd on my own private in-itiative, I undertoo~ the investigation of school children's health for the scho last i~ y8a.ra of 1941-42 and 1942-43, beginning with Piraeus and afterwards extending my researches in Athens. Dvring the above period I examined about 25,00G school children, between

' the ag~s of 7 and 18, who belonged in about equal .proportions · to the poorer a.rid the well-t o-do classes . (if one can still sneak of a tvire 11-to-do' 'class in Greece, apart from a few except iona·l cases) .

11 THE SCHOOL YEAR 1941-42 11 .. ·•

"1) From.the·point of viev,- of nutrition: At the very first glance the v.1ea.kness and pallor of. each pupil was already· obvious; and the .compa1'ison of. weight in proportion to height and age show­ed an enorr{lous and most r2.l)id loss of trreight per head . Conse­quently ' the fesistance .of the.pupils fdr wor~ was diminished and

: this caused also a deterioration in their mental r.1ork. · The funda­mentally pad foo_d, both as re g2,rds quality a'nct qu .anti ty, caused the appearance _of diseases~ ·viz. oedema ahd pellagra . This oedema manifested varying degr ees ·of int EJ nsi ty in different individuals, and was frdquently fatal.

"Since we aluays sertt pupil s suffering from oede~a to the various hospitals we are not in a po~ition to supply more inform­ation about the later dev~lopme nt of th e se . cases . However, it is

. :welL known t.ha,t in th e ·wint e r of 1941--42 the number of ' deaths from oedema used to rise somatime s to betwe en 200-300 as daily avetage .

11 2) Apart fr.on.1 disea;ses of malnutrition the imperfect diet of the pupils cau~ed a great increase in l.B~ . -:\~ 11 THE ~WHOOL YEAR 1942-43. Our 1 systematic investigation shOv1red the decrease, if not complete cessation, of oedema and pellagii among the school children which kept pace with the decrease of dtseases in the rest of the Greek population. The reason for t.hi ·s should be considered to be the tremendous·work of the International Red Cro s s which has conferred 2.nci continues to oonfeT on ·th.e ·Gree'.J< p eo­ple two gr~at benefits--the · regular grant of bread and of other food, and the .shipment of· every kind ·of hygienic 2,,nd'. medicri.l ma::: .. :•! terial· to Greece, .-:which has assisted in the· \'f'ar _against v2rious diseases, especially pellagra~ HO~ever, the daily increase in cost of living and t~e _ daily obs e rved lack of work di~ not permit a restriction of 0th.er dise~.s·es, especially T.B .... 11 (Greek War Relief NEWSLETTER, Vol. ·. IV, No. 7,: AU§,1.lSt 3, 1944)

. - ..,

·•

RELIEF. AND ' RECONS TF:.~T(Y-· :tC '.': :;?:;I; .. '{ ~·:t r~ ·- Volo r,<No • . 17., B/18/ 44

EUROPE: REFUGEES The Itu~.i 2.:1 G:, \·;:::,:·::.l!J(: Yl t hus .6Gtabl:j.qhcd · whut may : .. .

_ _ . prove a welcome precedent by appTovi ng in pri n-c~ple: a · :i;cqucot by tha Ihtcrgovoi·:nmcmtal Commi tte.e of Refugeeo that it should nuturo.li ze som,e · of the non•··Italian refugees . in Italy and allow- them to remain~ ·- · · ,,

.-. Sir- Herbert Emeroon, director -of the qommi tteo, who made thio .announcement tonight, said oomo 800 Auotrian, . Gorman and Polich Jews he.d rc~rnntly left Italy for Palestine. Within the laot few weeks the Uni tcd Staten has . given t o□porary a nylum to -1,000 persons 1~10 st ly Jews. · · . · · · . . .

Spain has been liberal in he-r treatment of refugees and has been on~ of the neuyral countries ~hat cased their lot by granting them teraporE:Lry ·citiz~richip~ notably , in -the cane of J:cws of Spanish deoc(;:)nt. · . · ' _. · · . "rhe :c9ra□i~tee fl?-s ,b_gen t~yJ~g fq:;- _raQ~.t , .tP~~-U!_o _iee:t~ ~o get re.fugee . children o·ut of Fran.ce·, 'Sir Herb_ert said. Homes have been promiaed for ·s,ooo or 8,000 refugee children, but permission for them to leave hns been ·refused tirJe and again. · . . . . . HUNGARY:-. REFUGE F·oR JEWS .The State n'epartment' s announcer.rnnt

fol1ow0: The Intcrnationul Comr.1ittcc of the Red Cross hao communicated to the 'Governr.iente of the United Ki_ngdom c;1,nd the. United Sta.tea an offer of the Hungarian Government reg_nrdi ng emigro.ti on and trca tment of J ewe. Becaune · of tl)e desper­ate pli ght of the Jeivs in Hungary and t _he overwhelrai:r:ig hum.unitarian considerations involved, the ¥wo Governr.ients are informing the Gav ernrnent of Hungary through the :r.ntGrnnt.io:aal Coz:m1i ttee of the Red ·cross that despite the heavy difficulties and responsibilities involved they have accepted the offer of _the Hungarian Government for · ~he release of Jews, and will r.mke ar:ranger.1ents for the care of such Jmvs leaving Hungary who r en.ch neutral or United Nc."!_tions territory, and also that_ they . ·Nill find ter.1porary j avens of refuge where such pooplG r.1ay live · in safety., · Notification of thece assurances is being given to the neutral countries, who are being· rcquo~ted to pernit entry of Jews who reach the~ r frontiers from Hungary. . · ·

. The Gove:i':nr:ienta · of the United Kingd01:1 and the Uni tee, Stutes · emphasize ' that in accepting the .offer which has been Qnde they do

- -- ~ not - 1 h 5.ny ·-,my 'coriforie" the·a:;:ti on of tne Hlingarian Goverruncnt 1.n forcing er,1igration of Jews as an alternative to persecution and death. (-New York ~imes, 8/14/44.)

SWEDEN: POST,...WAR REFUGEES The Swedish Medical Boal'c'I, has made , · : . · · · · . preparati:"ms for a poss:i, ble influx of

refugees ufter the hostilities in Europe are over. (There are ·now over 50,000 such refugees in Swedenmd more are arriving every day, particularly from Finland and the Baltic states.) Of those expected to arrive in the future about 16 per · cent are likely to need isolation because of contagious disease. To care for such oases a new type .of barrack has. been desi gned and. is now being tested in the special car..1ps set up for _ the refugee chi·ldren from Finland. On a r:ion-th' s notice 400 such barracks coulc. · be built•

~rom several 6f the wai cteva~tatod countries the Swe~ish manufacture.rs _o;f pre-f abr.i cc1:tecl. wo o"cten. housc·s have received inquiries in r0garci. to . p'ost;._war deliverUrn. Beng:t Lindcherg,

.... ~ \

:. •. •. I 1:: .. : ',_ r•,• -. . ' .. • j~ ' . ... / ... . :~ . ~ '. . ' '\

RELIEF AND RECON$TJ:,.UQ/_IO;N ZXC:iLrC'l' S ~1 r; ·-Vol.!, No. 17, 8/18/44 "; .., . . '

. : -mane.gefr•iof ·, ·the :expo~t di vision of about thi r·ty such firms estims:tm ; ·' .. tha~ 7:swed~n would: be ~ble to start any time- the · 6.eli ver7 · ;f such

~c,u~es i~t . ~he rate •Of ' B0,.000 a year . and could later step up the $u:pply considerably. • .

· : · ·A~ ··a S'lv~dieh Y .~.c~A. oonf'erenc~ at Vesteras, in wJmioh some 900 -deleg~tes took part, · a resolution .wa:e passed today, urging the Swt.idioh :.p<eople to reduce voluntarily ·their uresent food r~tions i~ O!der that more aid may be given to other countries when the ~ar is. over, ·,.· rn another .ree.ol4tion o.n appeal ·was made for a· peace th~t will .lead ·.to .an ultir!liite• reooncilation of the warring ~ationeo · {Newo from swed9n 8/16/ 44) , .

.. . .. . . . .• . .· . ' ' .•

U .N ,R-.R,A. Whether the ai'd of the Unit .~d Nntions .Rehabilitation · , · p,nd. Relief Administration will b$ extended to enm:iy

tetri to·ry will- be discussed ·at the Montreal meeting of the organ­izat.ion, st~tinr.; Sept~ 15, Sir Arthur Sc1.ltor; Senior Deputy Director_,. sairl today • . ·:he ~cop;.· of UNRRA ~not~ 1

these lands. . . - . . . · • // -... Tbus .far UNRR.Jt has ·not been c. skcd .-to extend its c•.ir1 into ItalY, Sir Arthur said ih explnining tht the . Army . r-1ade no fornal plea of this kind becnuse it knew UNRRA ;vas n8t inn position to answer before. the Mont r0al Oonf etcrice·. · . · . . . · . · ·

Military authorities presumably ;vill have a. 11 longet ·continuir:g responsibility II in Ger:rmny in cari 1-g for persons transplanted f +om

· Fr2nce . by the Rei ch, .he asserted. · ··He concedGd that ·Germany might be force~ to give potnto?s as part of its reparations to Poland. (New- York Tir.1es, 8722/44) . · .. . . . . · . · , · : ·.

' ' . .. . ' ..

IT.ALIAN REL!EF With c-C5r.iplete rep9rts h r ving be'en . rocci ved fror.1 -~.5' percent . of the par ti cipat ing · Archdi ocesee ,,and .I~i ocesos, ·1 t is now ·e,stir.1ated that tho Clothing Ca.CTpaigrt ·for Itc_11y., conc'lucted :'.b:Y

·w2.-r_.. Relief Services-Nati Jnal :catholic .welfare Conference fn. ·: cooperation :-ni th ·Ar.ierican Relief for I'ta-ly, I-no.:, a~•mesed . appro-xi­rnat.ely 6,_000,000 pounds in its two-week intensive rlrive, ,it was •a.nhouncef.l ·by the Most Rcv'ererid _Ed7mrd ·Mooney, Archbishop · of Detrbit and Chairman of thEi' "Board '(~ff ·:rr I'·ti'st-ees o'f·~·-warr Reli:ef" Ser'vi C$S- .. N. O·~W. CL c1o·tbirig '.drive·s for t.he • needy Ttali an c~i vili ans .were held in t0,irty...:.two ArohdiEiceseo and 'Dioceses durinp.; ... th.e period from · May 28 to June 11, an,1- arc eontinuing .in other ar.ca;s._ at the prEieant ·· time. . · ·

A rrangements for the shipr.rnnt of tho collected clothing _ to Italy for the rcli ef of the destitute arn:i_ needy, ·c'i v;flians _in. ·the liberated areas of the Italian mainlanrt, Sicily and Sardinia have been concluded by representatives of Ar.ierican Relief for Italy, Inc. with the Civil Affairs Branch of the Army. It is expected that the first ship□ent of 1,000,000 po~nds of clothing will _be made early next r:10nth.. Additional shipi:ient s of similar amounts will bb dispEtched regularly thereafter.

Comr1i ttees hcve boen , orge.nized in the li bcratec1 areas of Iial' by representatives of War Relief services-N.c.w.c. to assist in the distribution to those in neef of the gifts received from the American pnple.

Three million tvm hundroc1 thouse.n<1, pounds of clothin~ have already beens hipped to Ne-r,r York, ·;vherc it is be;i.np..: processed and baled at the rate of 30,000 pounds per day. The value of the cl6thing collected by War Relief Services-N.C,~-c. for Italian

,,

Relief is ~st ima t cd a i, G.p:1): __ ' (_>) .. j_ r:.l,_:,l !-)~v .' ~r?, 500 -, 000 > In ~dattion ~o t~e coll ec~~t o:0th}mg, the t}rst ·shipment of

materials to · I:taly~ ;f()J? Jtaii.an , reli_ef · ID; :}.l i-ncluc;1e: :: · povtdered milk, vi tam:!.n tablets; · oolt goods, surgical iristruro.e.nts•.:and supplies, first-aid ld ts and speoial foods fo_r :.-i:q.f_cJ,nts, _.the aged and nursing mothers3 B6th War Relief Servicee-N ~c.w.c~ and American Relief. for Italy Inc .. ' . o.re Sl\pplyi_ng these ii:f,1.t:or,ials·o '. ·( Tho Cat.ho.lie .:· Worker, .July-Augt\st, 1944) . .. . ;· : :· . . . . · · .

. . '

POSTWAR SUPPLIES . Surplus r.ierli_Q.al supplies of .- t .he Uni ~ed :··stat es · · r.1ili tary, f orce,s _th~t. • may be avai.lable · in t ,he. ·.

several battle areas after the war are being sough~ for ~ission hospitals, it has been:rovcnled by Dr.Edwarc;l H. Hu□o, directcl' cf the Christian Medical . Council fol"· over:seas 'Work. Dr. Hume reports that the -nar department has inctica.ted a f avo-rable response to th_e council I s request-.. ( Go·spel. Measenger.,, 8/l.9/ 44 .

DANISH REFUGEES Danish authorities in s~eden already have begun to di stri l)ut e blanks to the Dani sh r efugoes in

order _tQ gather data neede~ for ~rrangin~ their transportation home. Plans hav-e been made to transfer up to .15,000 within two . weeks when Denmark is again free. ~ Great care is t o.kon .to prevent the ill_er:al .;return to Dcnr.1ark of quislingi te·s, non-Danes, · etc. (Ne"Ns fror.1 _ Swe_c;:l,~:ri;.._ a/2./ 44) · · ·, : . ·

_;~ ' : ~ ::· . . GREECE RELIEF Since the beginning of 1942, "Rhen the Alli..es gave .

a concession for the transport of food ' shipments -: to Greece, more than 300,000 tons of whca t and 45,000 tons of other foodstuffs have been -shipped·. on S:;vedi sh . ke.e1s ·• fl'oro- the ,:. • ·.·} Un~ted States, Canada and Argentina to Greece • . Besides the9e cons_ignoents, the Allies have also placed ·; at the .disposal -of- the · Greek people larg~_ quanti t;i.es of , mc .cUcines: of- various . kinds. :: In · .

. . ~ddi ti on, certai p quanti .ti e e of salted·: fish, · sugar 1 and :medicines · as well as e. numbe~ of cot or trucks _ hp_ve : be·en: contt.:L bu:t"i39-:. by:::-.

,:· Sweden. · .. .. . . . . · -· • ; · ;, .. ' · ·,_. . ·.•'; ,1., -T.h_e di.strib1.;1ti.:~:m · of tne fooc;lstuffo among the Greek population

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·; '. ·posts being defrayed by the swe.di sh Government • . :· (News .fror.i •. Sweden, 8/2/ 44)

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RELIEF Af.iD RECONSTRUCTION.EXCERPTS Vol.I,No~l6 Compiled from sources received

in the For·eign Service Library of . t.l:).e American Friends Service Committee~ 8/11/44. · , ·· ·. . . · . . .,. · ..

FRANCE, FOOD A dispatch by _Harold , Callender to the New York Times . .says that French _of f-icial-s in Algiers; in close touch

with the Continental underground, ar_e. afraid . of actual famine 1n · Paris, Only 1/5 of the flout datly needed i~ the city is being brought in. Rations of ~eat, potatq~~ and vegetables, already small, must probably be further r?d:Uced. There is no milk, except fe'r · babies under nine montb,s: . P_ar9el-post packages from the rural areas are rei)orted cut off. What j_s true of Paris is probably ·true of most largo •cities in Franc'e. The g'.lut in Normandy and perhaps in other agricultural dis'triqtw is only tho obverse of scarcity · elsewhere. (New York Times edlto'rial, 8/4/44) _·_.

FRANCE:: RELIEF Clierbourg is s•lo"rly and laboriotisly ·recovering from the, economic and political effects of four

years of German occuoation. · The French . officials of .the Por­visional Govern~ent ~~ Gen: Charies de Gaulle and Allied civil affairs officers have made cpnsidero.ble headway in the last five weeks, but the city is far from normal. ·

Many of the French here feel that they now are worse off, as far as food is concerned, than they were under the Germans. They say that the bread allowance of 300 gr11ms each day allowed by the enemy was maintained almost to the end, but that they are getting far less from the Allies.

American civii affairs officials understand the gravity of this situation and steps are being taken to increase the bread ration. As a stopgap, biscuits have been distrib~ted, but these . do not sat~sfy the French, who are bread eaters.

The French.understood the difficulty of distributing bread when th~ port was captured, but after five weeks th~y cannot understand why we are not supplying them.

The F'rench also lack ample supplies of potatoes, coffee, sugar and tea. Some of the French with ~hom I talked are dis- . e.ppointed that these have not been sup:,lied by the Allies. There are more meat, green vegetables and fish available in the shqps of the poorer sections of Oherbourg than in many similar neigh­hrhoods in London. (New York Times, ·by Drew Middleton, 7/31/44)

ACVA: ORIENT A special II Com:ni t tee on the Orient II is being set up by the American Council of Voluntary Agencies,

whose scope v.rill .include India, Male.ya, Burma, Siam, Philippines, China, Korea, Japan, Dutch East Indies, and the Pacific Islands-­or all the world between Suez and HaJn•ai i, (~d. Note: AFSC is represented). (Llennonite Relief Trainees' N~ws Letter, Do. 6,7/44)

SWITZERLAND: MENNONITE RELIEF M .. C .C. J.:i.cense wit11 the Pr·e sident 's War Reli e f Control 3oard ha s. ~een

extended to send money and clothing to Switz 3rlanJ. I~itia l ~Ork will relate tb work through Swis e ~en noilites wto ass i s t r e f u~E es in Switzerland.

,

nLL 1.2:F Al\T.!J 2£CONS TrtUCI' ION EXC.sEPTS - 2 - Vol.I, No.16, 8/11/44

~ecent contact v·ith Fritz Gerber, a Swiss ~ennonite Pastor at Langnau, who is norking with the Zentral Stelle, a churqh committee for benevolent ~orklSee Supplement), has resulted in pla,ns to seqd $500 a _mo.nth to 2.ssist in the refugee 'Nork ther·e . Complete arrangements are yet to be ~orked 6ut before this ne~ avenue of relief service cen be entered . (Mennonite Relief Trainees'

Net"s Letter, No . 6, 7/44, pp. 1 &. 2) · ·

UNRRA AND ARMY The role of mm.RA 8ppears increasingly limited. N. Y. Times for July• 16 po int s out UNRRA as yet

has no s.uthoirty to help 2.ny country, including It2ly. The Army no~ plans six months of AkG for freed coµntries, rather th2.n 90 days , iiril 1 then turn ·aff8 ir s over to the n2.t ione.l govern­ment 1.,rhich may or may not 2sk UNKrtA. :o_id.. Even reDr.1triat ion •:rill be handled at first by the Army's Civil Affairs section , (~enno ­nite i..elief Trainees' N8·.-·s Letter, .Ko .6, July, ~944, pp .1)

YUGOSLAV REFUGEi CA~P One can see slo~ progress has been made in 6et·r;ing the Cfl.i11P into .,rrorking order.

'~ie hRve some more tools . no 1·, ?..nd the ,··ork shops are gradually producing more and varied articles . Wood is ~xtremely scarce in this part of the world qnd thRt is a great hendicap to us. This ~eek ve expect to get the shoe cobblers to ~ork and also the ge.rdeq.ers to produce 2. fev' vegetables. Sy using the 1;,ater from the beth house as irrigation mater and ~ddi~~ some ~ile soil 1''hich 1•·e can transport· in, vre think 1·,e c2.n hi:i.ve 8. feVT

things gro~ing ?nd "B certainly have plenty of ±armers ~ho should be able aad ~illing to do something for us in that lin~. 1By Jelvin Kirchhofer, ~ennonite Relief Trainees' Ne~s ~etter ,

No . 6, July, 1944,pp.4) · - ·

ITALY: i'IBLI~F PAYLENT The Foreign -2:conomic Administn1._'tion, Treasury, 2nd StAte Depts., ~re now

workihg one plan to en~ble the Itali?n ~overnment to pur Ehase its o~~ relief .supplies . It~ly no= 8dministr~tes 211 th~ · peninsula south of Rome, but Allied A~mies aie still charged

. ~ith relief, Through Jun e , the U. S, Army hPd distribut~d some $81,0CO,OOO of civilie.n relief goods , but th& Vieu :Jept: now · i.--;-ants to step out of the. pictu;re. Th8 pl2.n ,··ouJ.,d 2110-r It !:1.lians to use th8 money pouring into ItRly . as PPY to Allied ~roops . for the .purchRse of supplies in the U. 3, This.would 2lso serve to iredeem the II inv!:'_s ion 1 ire 11 ,,.h ich the Al lies · have issued ih ' Italy. Another pl~n · ;:,frat 1--ould fr·cc: Blocked Itc1.l i2n Funds in Enbhrnd 2.nd the United Ste.tes rol' the . s:::i_1i1e · purpose . (tennonite Relief Tr~inees' Ne~s Letter, No . 6, · Jbly,1944,pp\6, taken from Phil~-: Inei_uirer 7/86/44)_. . f . ·

WASHINGTON : R~LIEF CENTEB Home of the lPte Ju~tice Oliver 1en~ell Holmes hPs been t~ken·ov~r

by the United 1':;:,_tions Ccn>t E. r "1.S L1:;;.s- dau 0 rt8rs foT the ~ccredited relief agencies oi' 12 foreign n2ti on i : 3E:lgiwn, C1,in..,_·, Cz8Gho- . slov~ki?, France, Greet 3rit2in, Jr 80 ce, Luxembourg, Tbe Nether~ la.nds, Nor"'2.y, Pol2.nd, · Ru s sia 2n-d Yu6osl;:,via . 1.reni1onite Relief Trainees 1 Lett€r, No . 6 ,7/ 44 , p ~ . 6 , t.s-ken from Phil2. Record 6/19/44) .

• •

' ' RE:LIEF AND RiC◊hS1'RUC1'ICN .2.;;(CihP.TS - 3 ·· \70 -1 ·-, - 1\1,, 7 L. ,::; .

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... S";JEDEN: FINNISH rl.S.l!lJGE.:SS s,:·eden '"ill receive 2n c=:.dditionc>l

15,~0O , Finnish chiltren from the Karelian isthmus, to bring .the . t0t.fl_l novr in S':'eden to 45,00C. They vrill be qu2.rte1·ed 'in schools 8,nd· army barr2cks until priv2,te homes ce.n be found. (h:ennoni te Relief Tr2_inees I ne,·;s Letter No.6, 7/44, pp. 7, t2ken f'1'om ~\Je1/'Ts From8Y'eden 7/12/44-,p.1)

R£FUGiES IN INJIA The Go~ernmen.t of aurm~, ~hich i2 ~t present stationed in India, has taken various steps

since ~ay 1942 for the provision of assistance to refugees from :aurm2_. The Governrne·nt of India has ordered a census to be t8ken of Asiatics from 3ritish territories in the Far East ~ho arrived in the country sines December 19(1 ·a.s a result of the war.

An :C.vacuee \Vel!'are Depa:rtment hc1.s been set up for the adrnini st rat ion of relief, , .. hich includes the p1°ovis ion of special facilities ior the education (in: schools, colle&::es and technical trctining institutions} ·of :student evacuee; and of employment fe.cilities and 8.Ssistance to non-official relief agencies.(International Labour Revie~,Vol.XLIX,No.3

March, 194-4, pp.382) ·

Df:NlVlARK : LIVING CONDITIONS In order to loPer the cost of living for persons of small means,

the public authorities have extended the exisiting scheme far granting discounts on the cost of foodstuffs, and have introdu­ced special subsidies to enable producers to lo~er their prices.

Old-age and invalidity ensioners, the chronic~lly sick, the unemployed members of une~ployment funds, and other persons i~ a simi}l~~~iluati0n, :-s~nell es~persont nko ~r~ mRintaitied. vrholly 01' in part by the public c".ssistance c::rnthorities rf;;ceive from the local authorities speci2.l discount c2.rds for the pur­chase of meat, fish, milk, and butter, according to ~he rules laid down in the earlier legislation but on a larger scale. In 1942 to 194:3, both brec1dYrinners and denendants beca.me entitled to these _ cards, which in Copenh2.gen e_nd the provincial tovrns averaged· 47 croTTns a year in value. .

In addition to these discounts granted to p~rsons in spe­cial need, the Act of 2 Spete8ber 1938 concerning emergency measures to secure the national supply of necessary goods was appl~ed by the ~inistry of Commerce as?. means of granting funcis for the issue of butter discount coupons to~ subst8nti~l proportion of the popul2 t ion 2.nd so t·o i,1eet some of the in­crease in expenditure due to the chenge-over from marg~Iine to butter. These coupons, to a velue of 18 crowns 2 year, are granted for each child under fifteen years living 2t home ~here the ~nnual income of the par~nts does not exceed a speci­fied amount. A~dition~l butter tiiscount cards to a value of 16 crovrns ri_ yt::11· are grc=>,ntcc. to persons with depend.ants rrho8e income does not exceed 4,l0C, 3,~5C, and 3,000 crowns (for pe1·sons 1·1 ith onl:3 child) in Copenhe.gen, the pI'ovinci2l to1•rns anci I'UTal C0li1li1Un8S TBSl)ectively,

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXC°ERPTS ... - 4

Since 1940, spe_c ial . card~ for the purch2-se of. cioththg for all children under fift~eh·years•have been issued to enable families with children to . off..set the turnover tax 1"Ihi<I:h· h.Rd been intro<luced on these artfcles·. · .t'he value of . t ·hese. clothing discount cards is at. present .2·5 crowns·. pe'± child. ·· · ·

Lastly, it may be· 11iin1iioned tha.t· as part of. the. effort to rnaint2.in public heB.l th during the war 1 the pr ice of cod livc::r oil has been redueo'd hy h.al 'f .for ··children -uri'dCr fifteen years and pregna~t ~omen, in addition ,_tD which the communal :i:uthorities have been . authorised ·t.o assist persons of small means to cover ·all -or p~rt of the .rem~~ning ·half of this item of ~xponditure. · · . · .

In Rddition to these subsidtes to consumers, · the cost of which totalled 64 million 6r60ns iri the financial yc2r 1943-44, the Ministry of.Agriculture grant~ v~rioUs subsidies to produ­cc:rs for the purpose of bfinging doyrn the pr ices of rye bre2d, butter ?nd milk, and peat. 1a~tly, in:connc¢tion nith the r~~ tioning. of. L":ye.ttes. for infi:>nts, the Ministry o.f· Commerce pla.ccd 25 million croIDns at the disposRl of prDducers in the finRncial yeRr 1943-44 for the purpos~ of brin~ing down sale prices by 50 per cent. (Intl':.rne.tionP_l Labour R\..,vicw, .Vol.L,No.2 B/44,1J.198-9)

SWEDEN: FOOD: .. SWEDISH BB.SAD RATION INCRZA SED Tho Swcdi sh , · brERd r8tion,

in terms of flour, was increased to I,250 grams per meek for nor:i1::i.l consumers in Februn.ry, 2 fter: he.ving reinained virtue .. l ly unch~nged Rt 1,167 grams for the prec~ding 2 yePrs. The com­position of the bf~ad is ~lso to be changed, · ~ccording to rE-port, '''i th 2 .. 1c1·rgcr pro port ion of v1htat P.nd a, rc.duced amo.un•t of rye included in th~ retion. Th~t ch~nge is • ~ttributed to the decline in the 1943 rye crop ~nd th& corresponding incre~se in whcat.(For8ign Crops and.Markets, _vo~49,No.5,7/31/44,p.56)

DENMARK: FOOD: DANISH CAT°TLE NUMB;Hs SHOW INCREASE ,D2.nish CRttle

numb~rs ~er~ estimated . at 3;033,000 h0~d ~s of M~rch 27, 1944, 2_nd incrE:ase of 7 ~ rcent over c1. year c.arlier 8.nd Plso _P_n incrL.';:,se ov1Jr 1941. , Although numbers are still considerR.bly bclovr the.r~cord level of more than 3,200,000 during:th0 3 yec1.xs · immcci.i"1tely_ preceding the w~r, they h2.ve incre~sed ?.gain to ~ithin 2 percent of tho average for the 10 year~~l928-1937. (For0ign Crops :tnd Ma.r .kets,Vol.49,No.5_,7/31/44,p.60)

GREECE: LIVING ·CONDIJ'IONS Living conditions in Gcrm8.n...-occupied . . , Gre·ecl: ri.rc deter ior::> ting r8_ '.Jidly ::>nd the

country, saved from starvation by shipments of ~he~t from the United St8.tes and ;C~_nada. in the ·.1ast t •ro years, urgently needs addi.ti.onal .- medical ,2.pq.,Jood supplies, George C::ut::i.lie, nev-, Greek Mini:stcr ·of··I.n:£:ormation in' . Lo'n'cion, told a nc1,irs conference todr>,y.

Indicating the/ c:xt·ent of the Grctks' plight, J\fr. C;.ut;:ilis said th~t 75 per cent of 25,000 Gteek school childrcrt · examined recently were found to be consumptive.

Mr. Cartalis r~iterRted th~t the N~zis ~ere not ~eizing foods shipped into Greece by the Rod Cross, but th~t they were contributing to the rapid dettirioration of Gr0ek living conditions

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GREECE: LIVING 'CONJIT!Ol:JS (cont 1nudd) ·~u:.Q. the [~Tov·th of v1l10lo -sal c starvRtion there.

Specific~lly, the confi~c~tion of.vitil native commodities, pPrt icuJ:arly f8.t s _.and fruits, sever ol y i.:ndcrmj:ne the Gr ?e ks; 8.ccus-· tamed diet, he a dded.· (N.Y:Times ;By Sydrtey Gruson,8/1-2)

PHILIPPINES: FOOD Food is sci:uce in 11,:::i.nil8.. R.nd the "c2-.sh-crop 11

provinces. In norm~.1 times .the isl::i.nds pro­duced e..bout four..:.fifth s o'f the ir strt.rch-food r .cqu.irement s , ::i.nd import ed rice from Sc.igon . 'I'.he J::,_p:c1.,ncsc v·reckcc:1. th e distribu­tion sy8tem by ill--:idvi sed r egul2.t ions, ~rnd h::>.ve cut off the import~~ion of rice. In m~ny areRs, thus, ther e is cons~dergble mP.lnut r it ion. l~o st of the sugP.r out put hP. S been used by the J::i_p8..ne-se for the m2.nuf,,,cture of Plcohol. Filipino farmers novr grow p~tches of cane and produce q crude br~nd of sug~r for their own u se . The copra and coconut oil industry - is ~lso stl'l.gnRnt, P_ smP_ll <:i_mount of oil being used for fuel r->nd soRp. Attempts to gron cotton, pcrh~ps forced by the Army on q skep­tic2-l Department of Agriculture, hqye feiled ~.nd the culture is being Dbg_ndoned. (Foreign Policy Bulletin, Vol.XXIII ,No. 43,

8/11/44, p.3, by WPlter Wilgus)

NETHERLANDS: REPATRIATION 11 To r.sunite f?,milies 11 is the goHl nhich the Diiplaced Persons BrRnch

of the Neth~rlands Military Administrati6n hRs set f or it se lf. Once liber~tion has come there ~ill not only be 140 border

control s tations; there also Tiill be 75 recebtion centers CRP­able of hqndling 7,000 persons a tay. The organizRtion ~ ill l~y emphqsis on improvisation in its operations. Mqj. J~n Hendrik de Boer, ~ho is in ch~rge of the Bur~qu of RepP triation of the Netherlands liilitary Administration , told me there ~ould only be a skeleton stqff of Dutch officers and non-coms going to Holland from Britqin to org?_nize the repatrir1tio·n sbhcmc .

''.':'ic e.re not going thorc: to give orders, 11 t,:R j. De Boer se.id. "Whenever the Netherhrnds popul8.tion in frontier districts h::is qlready st~rted a workable plqn re ~111 gratefully accept it And incorporRte existing methods . We hqve made our plqn as simple as possible; it c~n oper?t e n ithou t experts or speci~lists, also ~ithout previously trained personnel. Thqt is why we ~ill get it going r Rpi~ly and keep it adaptable to possible prepRrations li1?_de in Piollpnd. 11

A represent2.tive of ·S.H.A.E.F.S. Displ~_ced Persons BrR.nch said he hqd the fullest confidence in the efficiency pf the. Netherl:=i.nds Adr,1inistr?.t ion in dealing vr ith the problem of dis­pl::1.ccd persons . (Knickerbocker Weekly , No.24,Vol.4, 8/7/44,P.8)

NETHERLANDS .EAST I~DIES: RECONSTRUCTION Relief P,nd rehabil i tq-t ion tPke 2 prominent

p~rt in the duties of the Netherlands Indies Civil Affair8 Administr::i_tion. Without relief goods it '77ould not be possible for the Allied qrmies to start economic life and services for the populBtion . A generql plqn has been mRdc. This is the M2-ster Pl~n of 500,000 tons to take cRre of the ~hole of the Indies for a period of s ix months. It includes the most neces sary food it ems ~nd other neces sities, fiom fishhooks t o indispens~ble me~ns of

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 6 - Vol.I,No.16,J/ll/4(

NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES: RECONSTRUCT ION ( ci.ont inu.ed) tr;:,_n sport::, -tion, P.11 of them

destined to get the country b~ck into rqther primitiv~ rtinning orci.er to en:::i.ble its people to helu .. t:hemse-lves. · ···- .

The primary nace·ssities t6. be used in ·tii fii~t n~tt~ bf: the Indies to be liberqted wer.e .- prooured, _9tored P.nd trs:rnspqrt;ed by the U. S. Army Serv ic ee- of Supply• · ImJ'!ledii=tt ely' ,?.ft er -atri VP.1 in the partly libe±~ted terrttory:thcy t~t~.h~n4ed ov~f tq ·the= NICA supply officer, ~ho is in ch~rge ·of the distrib~tiofi~ · (Knicker?ocker Weekly, · No.24,Vo.J:',4, 8/?/44,P;26) • ·:

. ' ) ~ ~

.... ·.·. >-::,_~- __ ... ,.,/· . To rol -ieve the INDIA: FOOD-: . . . '., ;:,cute· food poi3_ftion

in the Oeccan St-:1.tes 1;rhere there h::> __ s be-e n .. 2. stee.p rise in the prices of rice 8.hd whe2.t, th,e Oe-nt;r .'? l °Food Dep,,.irtrhent h1::i.de 8. --~ speci8.l P.lloc::i..tion e::-_rly in M~.y - of: .. 1s,ooo . -tons· --o ;f Iobdgr::i.ins. ·_·_ The BombJ:1y Government. WFt,s ;:i:sked: to. 2dv.:::i.rice :i,000':t,ons of gr::iins· to the Decc::>.n St2.t-es, pending tho; ::i_rriv::,i-of the'.: s·pec~::i:l :::i_llot­ment, for tho ,tr::,_nsport of ,··h·ich high pri·o1·i ty v;::,f :::,_rr:::inged.

Frozen r11e2t from Austr::>.lia -2nd Neir ze~l::>"n·d ,-,111 soon be issued to British tro.ops_ on ·the Burm:2. borc:tcr. 'Dehydr::, ted me::>_t ;'~ill 8.lso be ·imported into the country. - . ; .·. · .

A regul~r .iuPply bf good~quqliiy ~e~t td _ti6ops. 0ilt thus be ensured Rnd ;:,:_ t ·the s::i.m8 t irne' .1:)ll relieve 't"he burden plRced on the sources of supply in Iridi::,, ·

The Gov~rnmunt of Indi2.'s plqn for the dist~ibution -0f r,;:,_bi gr::i,ins C!:l_me into force ft.om M2.y 1, 19<i4. ·nesp8.tches inclu:c . ..'.. ing foreign import.s ·of 211 gr::>ins to princip:cil q_qficit ~reP.s under last y~~r's food pl~n from July 15, 1943 to the end of . April, 19~4, were 17,19,800 tons. The chief beneficiqri~s ~eie Beng::i.l, Bo,:lbP.y 2.nd Tr::i.ve.ncore/ Cochin, receiving 780, 00() tons, · 376,000 tons ~nd 232,000 tons re spe ctively. (In~i~ri Inform~tiori,

Vol.l~,No.138,6/l/~~,p.583,597,598) · : . . . :

UNRRA: ITALY Director GGnt::rr=i.l Herb~rt H.. Lehm?.n todPy ::,nnouncecl th::,t UNRt<~~ hP.s sent .e. sm2.ll mission of obs.:::rvers to

Italy to study th~ problems connected ~ith the c::ire ::,nd rep::itriR­tion of dfspl~ced persons, oitheT of Unite~ Nqtions' n~tion::ility or st ?_telcs s, '~·ho h~.vc · been. cir i Ven f rem . their homes· by the enemy. Mqny refugees ~re landing in It::ily. The. bulk of th~se h2.~e been orphe.ns, old men Pnd ,·romen vrith l;::i.rge fqmilies fle"e ing . 'from their homes in Yugosl::,vi:'L To c>.te sorne forty thous::>.nd hP.ve been housed in the CPJilps in the 1,,fiddle .2:ast_ which U°lJRRA_ is no"" operPting. In ::,,ddition to these, other refugees from Pol2.nd, Austrf::,, Czecho- · sl~v~ki::,, Frqnce and Greec8; ~re no~ ~n ppmps in It~ly, ·-he re they 8re being c~red for by tht::: . r,1i;l.it::,_ry .. (UNI{F\A,,Press I'ele 0 se . of B/2/,14:

. · _No ... . :65) ·

FBANCE: LrvING- CONDITIONS Sortie: Ameri~\uis were surpri'sed to find . an ;f1.bundc1~n.c-e .:o-f f:q()dstuffs- _,in N.ormandy.,:

The reason was that · Norma~ndy vras the chief sourc·e of Pa:risiarfs' · food, which .was ·blocked at . 'tb.e: po,i,n.t· io f :.,o.:r:igi_n b_y the :inva.si.on.

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FRANCE: LIVING CONDITICNS (Continued) ThTough la.c ~c cf :..:'uel the rat ions cif gc1 s arid elect r i­

~ i ty have been greatly reduced, The daily c:1.rrival of flour is said to be about sufficient foT one fifth of the people is needs. Since June 10 no salt or wine has been comin~ in. It . is expected that the already scant rations . 6f bread will soon be reduced 50 per cent, while the still more scant rations of meat may be cut 8~ per cent and the rations of potatoes and vegetRbles may be reduced even more. Lilk is available only for infahts less than nine months old. Parcel-post packages, which in recent r:1onths hs.ve enabled Parisians to live by getting fresh food from friends in agricultural regions, are reported now to have completely ceased.

The officially constituted stobks of food were always small . On June 6 the reserves 6f flour in Paris were reported to be sufficient for twenty-seven days. The rise in blRck­market prices for foodstuffs seems to prove that the reserves are about exhausted now. (N.Y.Times, B/2/44 , By Harold Callender) .

RUSSIA : ~ELIEF The American people have contributed $13,715, 070 . 99 in cash and contributions in kind to

Russian War Relief in the first six months of 1944, it was announc­ed today by Ed1~rard C. CB.rt er, t_he agency's president . Cash con­tributions totRlling j4,081,153.98 were received -through the l•at ional War Fund and con tr ibut ions of clotl1ing, _ household kits, watches, seeds and miscellaneous relief . items, valued at $9,623, 917 . 01 were made direct to Ru~sian War Relief,

Total contributions weie more than double the ~mount receive~ in the first half of 1943, according to C~rter, and exceed by more th2,n three million dollars the quota set by the agency for the first six months of the year. · . "Undoubtedly, 11 C2.rter ·said, 11 we · will exceed the goe.l of $21 , 000,000 worth of supplies set for 1944 on J2.n . 1. 11 (News from

Russian War Relief, Inc. For Release R/2/44)

REFliGE~S : QUESTIC N~AI~E Crbaniz2tions dialing ~ith refugee relief work in 3ritain today started sending

out questionnaires to refugees ~sking them to ~hat country they intend to emigrate after the war. The r~fugees are assured that their replies will be treated es confidentiPl informRtion . (Rescue

Inf ormR t ion ·Bu.l let in , Vo 1. I , No . 7-·s, July-August, 1944, p. 4) '

SHANGP,AI : JEWISH F..iFUGEES: The neV1.rs that the Japanese authorities in Shanghai have established a ghetto

for the Jewish refugees who found asylum in the Internation2l Settle­ment since the advent of Hi tlerism, is conveyed in ;:i_ report · re­ceived by HIAS through the Lisbon headqu2.rters of the HIAS-ICA Emigration Association . .

The report was conveyed to lisbon by the ?;:ir Eastern Jewish Central Im~igration Bureau which ~ted, before the outbreak of the war, as an affiliate of the HIAS-ICA Emigration Association in its world-'Nide emigre.nt aid pr·ogram. According to the report, 22,000 refugees in Shanghai, technicqlly men without a country, were ordered by the Japanese to take up residence in a speciRl district of Shanghai which was established towards the end of 1943. The authorities permitted the Far Eastern Jewish Central Immigration

s -

BuTeau to t11.ke a cien·sus of the confined Tei:.1gecs c·. t7 d to'-';~,-~ ~s ·theit agency for moriey remittanc~~ and -cdmm0~jca~ioni fr~m;~e~­tral c.ountries . . Und'er :the arT8.lign1e_.nt -all 'relief fu~ds; lG~ters 2.nd cables that axe .i .ntended for -the ,con:f ined refugees must be sent in ce.re of Hid em; Sha-ngh'ai, P .:o :B .· T4.25,. · ·

Some ~ssistarlce·~or tbe ~ainterlance 6£ the refugees h~s been recei ve·d by· the· Bureau from relat iv·es a.n,.d- or g?..nize.t ions through the. medium·of the' :Jeviish' Reli_ef Committees in Sweden and in Switzerla.nd.. .The Bu.·re::::i.u requested 2-ll persons ~nd grou'.)S interested in bringin•g· succor ·to -the confined r·efug·ees, to direct their remittances th-rough the medium of"'Isrc=tv, Zu:-ich, Sv.ritzcrle.nd. The HIAS~ICA branch s~de an ~llocation of 40,000 Chinese dollars, in ~ddition to the sum of $10,000 received fr6m the Tientsin Com1:1ittee, 2.nd_ .p_ . sum re.ceived from Svreden, for the ·purpose of establishing~ free Loan Fund fbr -the benefit of the residents of the Special· Refugee· District. The ref~gees are ~llowed to carry on their tr~des and enterprises to the e~tent of the limited existing possibilitiGs. (Rescue Infonn;:,_tion Bullet_in,Vol.I,No.7-8,

· · . .· · July-August,1944, p.4)

FRANCE: VITA.MIN Severql interesting incidents ·2rose in connec-ti~n with the recent repatriation of the

represent?.tives of the Vichy-.French Gover·nment. The French Ambass~dor to Jep~n had sent to AmbRssador Henry-H~ye six c;:,ses of vitamins for, his· person~.l use. The boxes hc1d ~rrived in New York in Jul,y 1941, but the French Arnbci.ssc1.dor hP.d not cl2 im­ed them before his departure early in 1944. ~~ a result, the quest ion e.ro se· vrhether these CP_se s could be prop

1erly cl2 imed ~ s

personRl property. When the French AmbRss~doi tlc6lurod th~t-~he titPrains were his person~l supervision to the children of France,

- permission to include thetn .in his per son;:,_J. lugs~.ge i;ir? s granted. (The Department of State. Bulletin,Vol.XI,No.266,7/30/44,p.121)

ENGLAND: h£FUGEES Two Fr0nch-speaking members of Fr_iends Relief Service went as escorts ~ith ~ p;rty of re­

fu_gees frot:1 NormF.1.ndy whE:n they were r.1oved to the North Midlands. The refugees, not all of Fr~nch n2tion~lity, had much - of interest to ch;:,,_t P.bout nith the F.R.S .. men· during the r2.il1• 1ay' journey,

· Other mer.1bers of the Relief Service "'Te Ptt8.ched ~s medi-cal workers -to · ?. reception C"'ci:1p rrhich is re3_dy for :the ::i.rriv;:,l of more refugees from Frcwce. (The Friend, Vo.102,No.28, ?/14/44,p.455).

FRANCE: FDOD Please note attached data ol',1 this subject ( a , memorandum of August 3, 1944 to AFSC foreign ser-

. .vi·c~ staff fr.cm -Lindsley lfoble, based on Dr. Harold Stuart's $_tu,dies).

8/10/44 EEWhelden

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• RELIEF AND RECONSTRUC1ION EXCE~PTS :~ :!:o. 15. Oo~piled fr~() souT.ces received in the Foreign

Library of the .A me:i::-ica:1. Fr i~nc1s Setev ice Commit tee. Service

UNRRA: SUPPLIES Washj_ngton. ---- "v"Jhat is going to happen to the vast store of war suppl~.es left over in Europe by

American armed forces at the end of the wR.r? This question is now the source of many conferences between UNERA and the U.S. armed forces. . .· . . . . '

· UNRRA de sires so~e kind · of agreement · with the armed forces which will make possible use of many_of these supplies for relief 1 ·rehabil­itation and teconatructiori. Progr~ssi~e 6pini6n in Washington wants to plan now to avoid some pf the scandals which occurred at the end of the lirst .World ·war. At thit · tiipe, much of the surplus of war goods was bro0ght back to the Uriit~d States, sold to American buyers, resold . to European buyers, reshipped to _Europe with huge _profits made by.the middle men .

. Officials say one of the difficulties in making supplies avail­a0le in Europe for relief and rehabilitation is a legal one. While the ·Army has authority to discard supplies, there is some question wh~ther it ~as the power without act of Congress; ·to .transfer~f own­ership ' to any other government agency. The same question holds for transf~r 6f ownership to an inter gove rnment agency, or a particular agency for another government.

· Informal appraisals of material ,rhich vrill be available- run into fabulo~s figurea. One official has estimated that there will be over six billi.on dollars worth of "personal i terns" alone. This .would in­clude blanket_s , clothing, shoes, etc. Whi.le much of the heavy equip­ment 1Nill no_t be of use for peace-time purposes, ~here will be a hea­_vy supply of bulldoze.rs, tract ors, power units, _j_eeps, trucks :and , otl1er heavy . equipment which can be. used fo~rehabili tat ion and -r _e -:-

-· construct ion. No estimate runs under twenty 011-lions ,· the highest r,unning to fifty billion dollars worth of such materials. (Worldover

Press, .July :26-August 2, 1944, not to be reprinted).

MENNONITE RE.LIEF SERVICE At the meeting of the Mennoite Board of . Missions and Charities at Kidron, Ohio, :

act ion )iras taken appointing Bro; and Sister George Beare and Bros. Lawrence Burkholder ·and Clayton Beyler to relief service in India. Bro. and Sister Beare, former missionaries to In1ia, · witl give some time to reljef service and then take up their work in the Mission again. Bros . . Burkholder and Beyler will 9erve in In'dia • . =These .. :· thre·e _brethren are the o"rig:inal appointees for th~ China Unit _ spon­sored by th~ hlennonite ReLief Committee, ·but since Bro. Beare is much needed iri the Mission in India it is ._not .planned .to have him go to China. Br'ethren Burkh-olde-r and Beyler are loaned to the Mennonite Centr~l Committee to work in the India famine work in Bengal until such time as t~ey will be able to go on to China.

R~'Li.ef ·ac_tiv:ities in the Middle E;:,_st, where the M.C.C. has .. few 0orXers ~lre~dY, are increasing, and the way is opening for addition­al workers· tp be sent. T~o groups ~re to be sent soon. One is composed of J . . N. Byler, former relief worker :in France vrho is to be Relief Commissioner for the Middle [<>st, S:=\.muel Yoder, and Henry Detv1eiler. . (Ohri-stian .Monitor·, .Au6ust, 1944).

M,AILS TO. CHINA s·urf2,ce l ett e'r m<>.ils for unoccupied Chinci. from India vrill novr be carried by a. ?h.orter route. This route

via Sinkian~ was opened in March l~st ~nd is now ready to handl6 the

\

.-

REL.IEF AND. RECONSTRUCT ION EXC:SRP'l'~'. ·- ~l ··• • ., ~ ·• • • • I •• , '

Vol. ,I, No. J.5 . .-

en t . i r "e t:ra.f.fi..ce . . It ·is • expected th::;.t the pc:,riod of trP_nsm_j_s s ion will be r'E{cluced ·to a.bout trro months.

· .. Tho _ oniy .surf8.CO rout.e ;::i,va.ilab,le since Dec.ember 1942 .. ,''e.s ·via Per sian and the U.S.8.R. Tr8_nsr;1ission by ·this route 1''9.S very slovr,, It vrill novr c·arry.'only .. those mc1.ils vrhich are speci2.lly superscrib 0d for transmission-via _Persia 8.nd the _U.S'.S.R. P~rcels may P.lso be cP_rried by ih~ shofter ~oute in the ne8.r future. The air mail route via Calcutta to Chungkin carries . letters from India to Chin~ in less tha~ a ~eek . (Indian Information, , Vol. 14, No . 137, May 15, 1944)

·GRAIN -SUf>PLIES FOR BENGAL The Central Gove:a:rnments' supplies of food-grains to Bengal are reported to be well

on schedule. As abP_inst 640;·000 tons promisGd for· the yeP.r, it is understood thP..t _the totP.l imports into Bengri_l from December 1, 1943, to Ap~il 8 , 1944, under the Central Food Department's plan ~ete

. -339,000 tons. Of this quantity 111,000 tons 1"8rc rice and 106,000 - tons vrheat . (Indian Inform8.tion, Vol. 14, No . 137 , May 15, 1944).

FOOD: 'VfHEA T SUPPLY Estimated vrhe2.t stocks in the four principal exporting countries on July 1, 194::4, sho1:red a

.sharp decline from the record supplie3 on that date a year ago, according to informatioh available in the Office of Foreign Agri­cultural Relations. Total stocks vere ·placed at 1,170 million bushels, compared ~1th 1,748 million a year ago and an average of only 457 million during the 5 pre-nar years, 1935~1939. The decline in stocks, placed at around 575 million bushels or nearly one-third, from a year ago is the gre~test single-year ch::>..ngc in carry~over supplies on record. It results in part from the smaller 19t,.3 1•rheat harvest in the four cobntries and in part frorn the extraordinary de­mand for 0h~at for nonfood purposes •

. Virtually all of the decline in stocks occurred in North A~erica and 1·ras ao0ut . equally divided bet,•reen the United St2.tes and Canada. Some reduction has taken place in Argentine stocks, but they are still near the record level of July 1, 1943. Some decrease from last year is also indicated for Australia ~s a re~ult of the small 1943:harvest. (For eign Crops and Markets , Vol. 49, No. 4, 7/24/44).

'INDIA: : WHEAT SUPPLY The 1944 vrheat crop in India v1as 367. 8 million bushels, or 19 million bushels less than the

previous forecast, according to the July official estimate. At _the , Jeduced figure the crop vrould still be above aver::i.ge though consider­ably smaller than the record crop of 1943, which is now plRced at · 408 .2 million bushels. (Foreign Crops ::i.nd MA.rkets ,Vol. ,~9 , No. 4

July 2~, 194t,.). .

DENMARK: HOGS Danish hog numbers continue to incre2 .. se, but at a slo,..,er r::>..te thc1_n in 1943. Nur.1bers on March 25, 1944,

\'rere estimated at 2,291,000 head, or 22 percent 2.bove 2_ year e::i..rlier and 81 percent above March 19~2 ~hen they ~ere at the lo~est level of the war ~eriod. The number of bred so~s on hand ~as about the sa~e as in 1~43 but consider~bly ~bove 19~2.

By May ,·hog numbers had declined to 2,019,000 head but =ere st il 1 8 percent EtbovE:: a ye::i_r e2I' lier . Th(, reduct ion in numbers since March is chiefly du~ to the incrG~sed Germ~n dem~nds for live hogs ;;tnd· b·a~on this sec>.son, (Foreign C:cops e:i.nd 11..:=i_rkets, Vol. 4:9 ,

No. ~ , July 2~, 19~~) .

..

~~,ZLI£? AND EECCNSTRUCTION 2.,~c_·_,P'j:S- 3 - Vol. 1 , No . 15

ViUSONERS OF ',7AR : YAH EAS·r Permission to purch2.se in the Philipnine I sle.nds and send to the c;:,_mps there

sor6ly needed relief supplies for Americqn ~nd other Allied prisoners of ~ar has been gr~nted ~ar Prisoners Aid of the Y. M. C. A. by the JRpanese government.

. Exact extent of the relief work that nill be possible under this ;:,_rr;:,_ngeri.1ent is not knov;n , bt?-t specific perr:1ission from the J8_p;:,_ncse ·2.l::t.ov1s the purchP.se in the Philippines of -)25 , CCO of relief supplies monthly for war prisoners ~nd civili~n internees . United StPtes gove1·nment funC:.s t~. ve been ,,1,::,_dc !>V2.ilP.ble for th is purpose ,

It is hoped that in th8 near futu r e plµns m~y be co□pleted for the sending of regul2 r ship:nc;n ts of relief sup ·)lies to the Phi 1-ippines . It non µpoears as a pcissiGility that a relief ship ~ill ply betv;ecn 2. Russi2.n por t PJ1d · J;:,_92.nesc controlled territories , c;:,rry-ing relief sup ;Jlies sent from: this c _ouritry to Hussi"'. . .

The ship ~ould be und~r th6 ~u~pice$ of the Internation~l Red Cross 2nd th0 relief ·· supplies ' it . c2.rrie_s '-''Ould be distributed. in the Philippines by·the Y. E . C. A .. , -•~±. Prisoners Aid official underst;:,nd .

'.7P!.r Prisoners Aid ·i:rork ih the; Phili~) o ines is being carried on under a neutr~l 9orn0ittpe co m)osGd of S-iss, Irish , J~nish , French, 3clgi~n . ~nd Norregi~n c~tizens . .

¼ar Prisqnclrs Aid offici~ls point out that l~rgb qu~ntitios of relief sup)lies have bei.;n sent to th8 Phili).")in8s by the Arneric8..n Red Gross on .\;x.ch2.nge ships . Accordin~ to tho Re.d·oross , those supplies 1Pvc: b1:::e:n distributed to the: prison0rs . (Yt:OA, i'J;:,r Prisoners

_ :_ ·: A.id N~;,·s , Vol. 1 , No . 3 , July , 19(L:C ).

NATICNAL . WA,R:: FWrn : The· N2.t ione.l W;;u lune. CP_: ;1pi>_ign· hPcS been P_hnounccd for the period. of October 9 to November 11 . The

tot~l ~o~l , including loc~l needs , ~ill be in'cicess of 125C , 000 , COO . Slog2.n of th8 . drive '"'ill be 11 For Otu · 01··n -- Fo'r Cl1r Allies , 11 nith 11 HE, Sh"'.r8s You e"'.n Too , 11 ;:,_s c=i. v;:,_ri2.tion . (YECA , ~7r'_1· Prisoners

Ai~ N6,.,s , Vol . l , No . 3 , July , 1q4~ ).

INTi.i--J-J.2;.2.;s : -Fi--ANOE Th0 civilL,_n intorn:Jent c;:i;11i)· !Cl_t Vittol , Fr;:i_nco , .. h2.s developed into;:, f;:i_rnily c;:, r:1p . Crigin;:,lly it

n"'.s for POi,1E;n only , but in recent ,:1onths ov.:;r 200 r:icn 1PV8 beon tr2.nsfowrecl_ fro1,1 c2. i.1ps ::i_t S:1int - :J1e:nis !Cl_nc. Ooupicgne . i'ost ' of the men h~d "ive~ ~nd children in Vitt~l , but q fen unm;:,rri6d men re­ceived PcT,Jiss i on to liv\.J i-rith their JJ P.r0nts . (Y~ .'CA , --:"'.r Prisoners

Aid Nens , V§l . 1 , No . 3 , : July , 1944).

HUNGARY : C?.U~~CE FRCT2;S.TS Cn ~·~2.-y 22ncl tho Srredi sh p!>:1xr Sven sk;:, i:orgonbl2.dct published ;::,_n ;:,_rticle uncl8r

the ti tlc 11- The: _ dhu.1·ch 1.mder the :tJe,·· :r°,c;~ime , 11 de;::i_ling •"i th the nrcsont

situ~tion of the Churches in Hun ~cry . " The Christi?.ns of Eun§;"'I'Y ~.T'-' !Cl_ll'CP.c.y eXDcrieincins;:: tr1c icsults

of tht ch::i.ngl., ·of Tt:J§;i,.:e . Th\; c'isc11 ssion of ))ost - rr;:,.r ,roblcms hPs cc~sed . Th6 rbli6 ious p~pcis cont~in only "'rticlcs de~ling ~1th 6cJner;::i_l sub'j1e:ct~ . .

11 It is rcJportcd th"'t th0 3ishops of tht; Eun ; "'::ci;::,:n Prot0st2.nt Churches h;:,_vc L1!:>_C:e rv :;rc sent ;:-_ti on s con cc rn i n 6 thG ne··, government;:, 1 r:182.sures conccrnin6 the Jens ,•,hich . .1c:.:;:,_n nothing less th;::i_n the tre2t ­ment of Je-"s "'.S outc"'.sts . Tt,G contents of these :-i.·c ·)re:sent2.tions h;:,_vo not been ,,i::,_cJ.8 kno,·rn .

11 Thr1_t Hunb;::,ri2.n Christi::>_ns 2.rc hel:,Jin 6 the Jcps in their gr1:-2t need bc:CO!'.!C::.:s !Cl_lso clec1.r in 2.n 2.r·t icd.o . in th0 C:: .q_ily fu::; 6gl i r ·;:,_gy,:,_ro:-i.•z;:i_g

hiLIEF AND i:iCOHSTHUOTION EXC~hl'TS Vol.. I,. -N o, 15

ryhich contains q strong attqck on the Chr~sti~n~ f~O help tho Je~s by hiding their possessions for them~· SuCh"Christi~ns ~re mcn~cod by sarious reprisRls."(I.C.P.I.S., GancvR, (hlay,1944) 1 The Sptritu~l

. I :S SUC s · of the . ·;rp_r > li:o .· 2t:;;2, June 22, 194'-~ pp_ge ~-

EGIPT: YUGCSLAV i,~FUGEZS ••. Yu 6os l2.v chilc:rcn_ :ev:=tcu;:,_tcd to Egypt . recently rcctiycd ~SjCOO ~orth of

. · school to:CJ.U tp::wnt fror.1 ·.:.. L:,1.:: r ic"'n J1.1ni0r -:Red Cross .. wmbcrs. ;7ri ting p~pors, p~ns, pencils, cr~yons; ch~lk,· rul e rs, sov~ntoon pounds of po1·,d.crc ci t c:ri1pc r"'. , 300 .boxo s of . .,,::-_t c.:r co_l ors, }10Y'C' E: red ink, dr P ,,ring :p2_pcr,. protr"'·.ctors "'.nd. coup0 s=ocs, ·::-.11 purch:::.sed thro1.1 gh the Junior .i:'(ed Cross N:::i.tion·2.l _ G::-1'.i"Idrc;n 's ,Fund, sup9lc1,1c.;ntc;d the ned Cross ship:~10nt or" foo _d. ::-.-nd clothing for Yvgosl!C:v r· c fugo0s. (p;::ige 20,

· Courier, July-Ai.Jg;ust ls:"l~s,.) H.£THiRLANDS: FEEDING J c.:?.n L,:,_r in, formt-r :i:rc;nch mini st er, c!l_l led

the fooc";_ si t1.1!l_tion in Holl,:,_nd the nor st in ,~cstern ~3uiope~ .

;. . , . The: ·Ne: thGrlP.nds govcrn1;1ent h;:,_s l'c;pc!ltedly 1.1r 6cd shipr,1cnts of ~~ ,. food through the blockR~c. ~he most recent RCt -~s tho prcscntction

of "'· det;:,_il&d ucr.1or,:,_nduii1 coth:Ting the ncccssi ty of fc0c1. ing the: child­ren in th8 big citius of th\_; '"'estcrn .2uropo:::.n countries. This ,.·res tr?.l1si;1 ittcd l"'.st ···cc:lc to the St:cretq_ry of St2.te: of th(_; L'ni t c d St;:,tcs "'.nd the British Foreign S0cr0tc_1·y by re:pr(;se;ntctivos of ?rP.ncc, Belgium, No r,...,Ry and the N0therlands.

kt pr1.;s~nt virtu~lly the only supnlics froa the outside "'re foocl P"'.Ck"'.gcs ,-·hich !l.rv sont rcgul2.rly to c_ll Ee thcrl"'.nds nrisoncrs of ,:•;:,_r in G-(.;rr,12.ny. The prisoners P_lso re:ceivc :J1..,C:icinc, clothing ::-,nd iJisccll~ncous ~rticlcs through the; Intorn~tionRl acd Cross in ~cncv~. These supplies ?_rv p::-_id for by the; l'! vtht;rl:::_nds go vcrrn:1cnt, the Nuthvrl~nds ~c;d Cross, tha Quc1..,n ~ilh1..,lsin"' Fund Rnd othur orgRnizR-tions, ·

Soi:1c insulin :::>.nd ::;uch nc1:.,c.kd .ik:c:icinc h 0 s "'.lso rc,:,_chcd HollP.nd for th0 civili:::>_n poiJulc.tion, •··hilc: l!l.st yc;:,r c f::,_irly 1::-.rge qu,:,_ntity of or"'.ggcs 1:r;:,_5 shil)}X:d fro .,; Sp:::i_ in !l_nd distributcD to tho school children through the II Co:i1uission :.: ixtc 11 of the Intcrn:::i.tionPl Red Cross. (N~thcrl!l_nds Hens Di g0st, 7/15/!,;.: .. , P. 33S::-335).

B~LGIUL~: H.:J..LTH Thous-:i.ncJ."c of p~oplc.; in occupL.,d ~urope i:mst no•·r be looking ··· i th r'--'n,,:;•-cc. lloDe: to tho reli e f nhich the

h.llios ,··ill bring thci,1 . N0•·'s fro 1:1 3cl ~iuu r cnorts ho··· st?.rve.tion l;.:=ts debilit~te( the youth of thct country. Cut of 60,~88 Bt;lginn ~dolcs­c.:..nts 0x!C)ninecl by C:octors only 36,505 ···c1·c dccl"'.rco. hc? __ lthy. Tho !;1ost gl,n1..,r!l_l P.iL1cnts · ·t....rC C:.igcstivt; ,:,_ncl nervous !l_nc1. ,:,_fflictions of sight ~nd hL-~ring. (The Christi~n c~ntury, 7/26/~~, P. 887).

RlL IEF AND RECONSTRUCT:::mr EXC~'RPT'.":l 5 ~ Vol. I, No. 15

.2:UROPE: MORTALITY STATIS'rICS 'l'h,2 b.::tth rate for the Reich. in 1943 had ir1ereas,~c1 5o 4 per eent over 1942 ~ thus

htil ting . a steady decline which se·;:; :l.n v1ith the wa·2 ii1 1939. How this con tra.sted with the rest of Europe WAS sho1vn in a rec;m t report by the Intern at ion al Labor Off ice, In: F:::ance in 1940 and 1941, the birth rate was 10% under the l0w years Just before the war. French children vrnre more than a yec.r behinu ch:lld.:r·en of not>ma1 develpp ... ment; 75% of the school children lost weight; youngsters in refugee ce.mps had been fed only 900 calories a da.y as far back. as 1941. Bel­gi um1 s biPth rate fell 20%, infant mortality rose 13%, tuberculosis deaths increased by 57% after one winter.of occupation. In Poland the typhus-ravaged people had less than a fourth of their minimum food requirements. (Newsweek, 5/8/41, p. 52) (Ed. note: Statistics are cited even when similar ones havo been previously quoted, in order that the complete ~ile of these Excerpts may reveal agreements and discrepancies in various sources.)

YUGOSLAVIA: RESCUE Yugoslav babies are reported being brought to Italy ·on American planes, col-lected under the

noses of the Gormans and ta.ken to a hidden airport. Wounded parti­sans were also brought over. (Ne\,11 York Times, 7 /24/44)

GERM.A.'f\JY: R-2:FUG.i:ES The America.n Broadcasting Station in Europe quoted '):;he Berlin radio as saying that 350,000 Ge.rma.n

rsfugees had arrived in Germany from the Baltic countries, Galicia a.nd the Lublin area. (New York Times, 7/24/44)

FRANC£: CONCENTRATION CAMP The first administrative concentration camp for liborat?d France has been set

up near Cherbourg, the Brazzaville radio said 7/24/44 in a broadcast recorded by the Columbia Broadcasting System. All Frenchmen who are the object.of inquiry for political offenses committed in the liberated regions have been interned in this camp under the instruc­tions of M. Fran9ois Goulet. Men and wom@n who during the occupa­tion dr3w public attention on themselves by -their disloyal and cri­minal attitude; othors who arc tho object of inquiries made by the gcnde.rmorio or by members of the resistance groups throughout the liberated regions are expected to · arrivo at very short notice. Some . of them have taken refuge in the country and h~ve most likely changed their names, but will sooner or iater be cnught. Others have pro- . bably left tho district v,iith the Germa.n troops. Unless they e.re captured. during tho course of future oporo.tions, these persons will be caught later when indiyidual control of the population will be uossiblc. Most of the internees will bo tried by the military tribunal recently created. (Now York Time~, 7/25/44)

FOOD FOR EUROPZ · The monthly Guaranty Survey published by tho Guaranty Trust Company of Ne11J York states that even before

the fall. of Rome the floVI of relief supplies to Italy had ,9_ttained a volume of 100,000 tons monthly, most of ~hich consisted of food­stuffs. Tho conquest of thn Italian cn.:pi t al is o st imat Gd to have D.ddod moro thri,n two million persons to tho number whom th0 Allies

' . RJ:I:LIEF AND _R1C01JSTRUCTION EXCERPTS Vol.I, No. 15

l}avo assumed rcoponsibili ty :for :'9edingo On the whole, tho fooµ :s'ituatJon.at the boginnipg of the grec1.t A~LliCid d1.~ivc for victor? in "B.::yropc vrn.rrants .s2,tinfaction. F'rom the standpoint of wnr relief, one. of the most fr..voro.blo developrr,cmts of roccnt months in tr..c 4mc-ricun.· supply situation :Ls tt1c unoxpectccUy fnvornblc progress o.f the -11Vh2nt .crop~ :fl .in co when. t o.nd flour n.ro among the most suit-

.,1:1 b.lo foo.a.s· ,for relief purposes •. Tho outlook for corn is also favo.r:abl,o,. . with n prospective crop somowho:t bol·ow that of last yon,r but fr>r grco.to"r thn.n tho ri.vorago. Privo.te o·st imatos indicate that m_cat production n.s n who l e this yonr will bo 25% smnllcr tho.n in 1943, ·2.1thou'sh it will oxco·ca. the nv·Jr[l.ge for the last 5 yonrs~. Most processed foods hnve been produced in such lnrgo quantities thf'..t a ~ory sharp increase in Government requirements is expected to be mot irvith little curtD.ilmcnt of civilin.n supply. (Now York Times,

. 7 /25/44)

PALE STINE: IMM'IGRAT ION Tho outright nllocr1. ti on to the J01.7i sh Agency of the 18,000 certificates (for Palestine

immigrntion) still duo under the White Pnpor of 1939, has been. refused by tho Coloninl Office, nccording ton statement made re-cently in Tel-Aviv by o.. member of the Jewish Agency Exocutivoo

Tho Colonin.l Office h1.s ruled thn.t cortific fltos should bo rosorvcd exclusively for rofugocs from Nazi-occupied countries nnd thnt Jews in tho Yemen, North Africn, and tho Islc..na. of Mauritius , socking sn.nctunry in Pn.lost ino , c n.n wri.it until l ntcr o It appcfl.rs to be tho policy of ~he C olonin.l Off ice to extend, n.s much -o.s possible, tnc period of time for using up the 18,000 ccrtific ntos , in order too.void mooting the issue of a closed door to J<:mish

· immigrn.t ion. (Palestine, orgnn of Amoricnn Zionist Emergency ·· Council, No'iv York, July 1944)

NORWAY: R.t!:LIZF PERSONNEL Rn.gnnr Nordli is dond nt Grin:j. concon-tro.. t ion en.mp; before tho wn.r he ·was n

lcD..dor in relief vrnrk /l.mong Gorrnnn r ofu,::;oos from Ni:lzism. (Nows of Norway, 7/21/44)

UNRRA: PSRSONNEL Director Gonornl m~rbcrt H • . Lchmrm of tho Uni tea. ~Io.tio:i::ts Roliof r'.nd Rohnbili tnti on Administ'rntion

, nnnqunco.d. 7/27/44 the r.ppointmont of Ln.urcnce Duggn.n ns At:lsist['.nt Dipl·omP.tic Adviser. Mr •. Duggrm's initial responsibilities 1i1ill be in the fi ..;ld of rolnti ons between m,m.RA f1.nd the AmericF'l.n Ropubl ics which n.ro member nntions. •He will assist Dr. Edunrdo Santos, ro­ce·ntly nppointed Deputy Director General of UNRRA in charge of 1 inison Hi th .the Americrm Republics, in planning n.nd cn.rrying through t ,ho . progrwn of con~ml tn.t ions on UNRRA pn.rtic ipn ti on by memb_er republics of th1") Hemisphoro· 1"ihi ch Yms nnnoun9ed by tho Diroctor Goncrn.l on iuJ..y 8. This ,program '17ill got under wny in Oct ob or •7hen n. group of UNRRA off icors hc0dod by Dr. Santos nnd Mr . Duggan 1,"Till stn.rt n series of visits to. the co.pitnls of ContrE1.l ri.od South AmoricnJ1 member nnt ions. Mr. Duggn.n 1.1ill f:l. s sumo his ne1;r dut i0s n.bout Sept r~mber first. ( Press roloo..so from UNRRA, No o 63, 7/27/44)

-· 7 ·- Volo I, No~ 15

NORWEGIANS IN G.SR:rC:!--.i'•r:1 er ~j_ c~ :;::. >·::n:,,ref~ t3.r;. C:j_:i:-r;l::s j_n London state _l .1"-ii; P -J :-,-,,_y,_, .c,, ~' T ~~'r,o·u· t 7 (;()1,') Nc·r·,,1eo·_.,,,,r1 ffiPn ' .. J. ,: w ' •• J - r_;.., t .. • - -·- ... .... ) . . . .i. • b -- ...... L . .... .

.r'\.1Jout li[ )() () 1-1:'::.sc:.Le .H:3-~-'-i~ y r;-'..:' ~ ,-:;- l ,rioti ... c :=tl.l. t)8~.l!g officeLs arrest. P"'1. 1·,_1 .fl. ··• 6:·: ·:.·.-.·,+ ..• .i.'~; ~~;-j . ·r· '•, ::,· , "" "' '. - - -' " 11"" ·7 jn C"'r:'lvs D1•j nc_.1 D a 7 lv ~ \J _ u~ ✓ , •• L " ,, C:L • 0 ·-' ' " , 1 I• .. '.;. · - 0. - " ) 1 ! • -- i -'- - ,

ir-i Posen . ld ·,('11 '- ' ? 1 ) ·"· ( 1 r •1, -i ~~- ·in :..,1 r- -.--,:,, ,ir,,,.,~ _:_n c l·,1·.'!..:t:.09' e .. :)O"'Jt lC.'S '.VOP1 e n,.

• J:.- -. : -• V ?:_} ~ ~-~•• C ~'-':.--~:-/ ~) ,-•-~ -~ -~ ~~ ~ : .~, -• ·•~ .· ,:~ 1: ,~ ~ 1n tern '2 ·,). .l n \ c. I' .1 V ,_1_ c• .• , 0 '·"" \:, .J(. -' C) . , ·' ,, .. __ 1.. , :::'. •", .., ,:, ;, Y.:,- E; ~~ ·,; ~-C-1~ .L ei. I' Jy j_n Cr an i en--bu:.c 2: r: ea1· "3 8 J_' l J_n •

._,, I' ,·,-h -' ~1 "i(~- ("\ ,-7 -i '- -; .,....7 -1~-· (. ·~ ·--n _-; q· "t ] 1f;~... . T l"• . . .L1 e, __ c,. r . ., p ,.i ... . T , .Cc::_ ._ p , .1 • .., .J , ,e. ,::- o. J. e -- ~Q 1n .tJr1sons 1n Gern-;a.1,y ,.1fteT b e.:i.n,; ,:-onv_i_,.J t,::. d ~:y C::; :::-rn c.t.::--, rn i J. :i to.:.cy 2,nr'i police courts in Nor vv2.y , "t'b e r~a jo:~~- i; y a.Te "L:" :?u~J. •::; b o 0,~~e:i. Pr:isc1n near Hamburg,

,;bout ?()O No-::' 1cirr-':g j 2n2 o.f Jewj_sh or ig in ,r;ho ~i\Tere deported in November, 1842, a.nd -s·e·cruary J 1843 ) and. sent to Obersthlesien of Poland.

About 700 students deport ed in December, 1943, who have been interned in Thuring1a a~d Alsace--~oraine.

As regaTds priso ners- of- ~ar, it is explained that no general deportation of Norwegian soldiers to Germany took place after the occupation of Norway. The Nor wegian officers were deported to Germany last year on the ~retex~ that they had broken their promise not to particjpate in underground activities.

'Phe:i:-e is nov; no lc,rn~m Norwegian labor force in Germany. The Germans hi:i.H'. nev<:3:r- thought j_t advisable to conscript Norwegians for work in Germany. (News of Norway, Vol.4,No.28,7/28/44, p.111)

ETJROPE RZLIEF The Army is going to supervise the whole A mer ican part of the job of getting western and southern

Europe back on its economic feet after the war unless the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), the foreign .Economic Administration (FEA) and the .state Dept. argue more forcibly in inner-council talks for civi~ian supervision of this important task.

Recent conferences here among high officials have been highlighted by evidence of a growing Army ~etermination to take over. Leo Crowley, chairman of the FEA, never has given energetic backing to his agency's interest in participating in the postwar rehabilitation job. Charles P. Taft, State Dept, director of the Office of Wartime Economic Affairs, finds himself helpless before Army ambition because his Department lacks cohesiveness and vigor in combatti.qg military ambition.

UNRRA's task diminishes day by day. The western European countries with recognized exile governments long ago decided to do their own relief buying. A new organization, American Relief for France, 457 Madison Ave., New York City, tomorrow takes over the task of getting supplies to France, where the French Commitiee of National Liberation long ago let tJNR..."qA knovr it 1J11as uni"Telcome.

UNRRA though it had a field in Greece and Yugoslavia, but the Army already is busy planning relief in thos.e Balkan countries and working out charts for the restoration of their transportation facilities.

UNRRA thought it would at least supervise the redistribution of displaced persohs, but now the Army has set up a Displaced Per­sons Branch in G-5-- Civil Affairs Division -- and Maj. Gen. Allen Gullion, Carrolton, Ky., former,{udge Advocate ~eneral, is its chief .

. . r ..: ... _ . .. ~ •· ..L :_~

RELIEF AND R.2CONSTRl:0'1'IGN :SZC ?~•--:P';:S - 8 · · Vol. I, No . 15

The dangei of Army operation of these affai~s is that it mill not reject the old ~ilJtary devotion to or der above eve~ything . Gen. Gullion \"as 'Pith the Army of Occup2_t]_o1.1 in G~n:1;:,_r,y 25 yea.rs a~'O when the military craze for :, order , ;i v:hich often n!e2.r.s re-a~t ion led to some suppression of local democratic expression.

' The scarcity of expert personnel in the international eco­nomic field is the chie f fact or that plays into the Army ' s henc_s. F~A State Dept . and the Office of Strategic Services all comocte for ' the relatively fe~ persons who have an intimate kno~ledge of certain overseas areas ahd their economic needs . The upshot is that ?EA has fe,~·er good men and vromen- than it needs , al though Administrator Crowley giv0s little i ndication thPt he is aware of this problem . (PM , August 2/44 ,)_. • · -

.E'R.iA.NC,E.: CONDI.TIONS .. P?. x. is i s cul off from the 01..1tside world 2.nd is suffeiing mot5 and more from l~ck of food

a.nd of nevis . The 6rtSc1.test hard"ship , possibly , is the lack of illu­m.inatin6 s-as end :electric pov,er to suc_h _a_n ext ent th2.t · fc,rr ca.n eat hot f _ood , .. ncccpt in cot.rnmnal kitchens . ( NY Times , 7/26/ 44 ):

N.iI:Vl .. ZEh.LAND G~N.SHAL - t:t::E'I'ING: I NT2:EiJEi3 AND RELIEF ]he Internees a.nd Prison er s

of·War.Co~mit-tee. report0d that with the repatriation of the Jaoanes~ int8rhees and .the lib~ration 0£ the Italian ones that side of - the 0ork.had-~eco~e-lighter , but . iricteasing 6ontact was being · made with the Japanese prison0rs of war , and an understanding vas b&ing ·§;2.ined of their . intense ne_tional pride.

-ConcBrn for the fGeding 6f starvirig Europe had groPn in Christchurch durin~ the ye2.r , ,rnd r1. representative committee of . -, those bodies interested had been formed to press on the Government the ne&d foi . imiik:dia t e act ion . Oth~r r,:0 nthly · 1-Le-et-ings 1rrere en- · couraged to do likevrise . ·. ( The Friend , Vol. 102;No . 27 , 7/ 44>p . 443:).

" ·~ J..

EUROPE : CHIL:UREN · A nev1 .w2cy of helping unde r no·Cirished. Protesti=rnt . ch ildren ·in .th~ occupied countries of Europe

h~s been devised by groups of. Christian famili~s iri s~itzer l and .· -With -the help -of ecumenic~l-Church groups 2nd the International Red Cross, th8 81:·iss h2.ve '~adopt E:d 11 · n inc hundred children -_ in . Belgiu□ ~nd ?ranee .. (Gospel Lessenge~ , Vol~93 ,No . 31 ~7/ 29/4~,j ~2):

POSTYiAR PLANNING An interf?ith rnov.=:,m.,:.:nt in Den·m2.rk is py0dec:o.ing . R~pr~~cnt~tives of the D~niSh 0 N?tional Lutheran

Church 1 the .fr6e churches , the Roman Catholio ~Chti~ch i and the Orthodo~ Church ar~ togeth8r ~orking . out a pr~gram fo r po~tnar reconstruction . -(Gospel Messenger·, Vol,9:1 , No . 31 ; 7/ 2~/4-4 , p . 2 ).

ECUADOrt : 3R-STRR.2:N WORK · Kurti.s ·r .· N2.ylor , director of the Bret hr-en Service proj~ct in ·Quito, Ecuad5r , the.

Club Bn;thren , has rece.ntly been elected ch2.inl1an · of the Co - ordi­nators Committee for ~cuadar r a~ important phRs~ of the U. S; : embassy ' s "Good NE:ighbor 11 progr2.m. He ha s 2.lso been cited by _.-t-he workc.rs of the city fo1' his ·.t,rorn-<: ·in t'heir hight ~-c:hools . ·_

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~ELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXC£RP7S - 9 - Vol. I , No . 15

With over 1,700 boys qs members , the Club Brethr en has be­come within its short existence of nine months one of Quito's outstanding institutions and has gotten the suppo rt of many prominent Ecuadorian government offic j als and privqte citizens. The joint Amer ic an and Ecuadorian council in ch2rge of the club has been asked by Quito's city council to expand its work to four other points of need in Quito. (Gospel Messenger, Vol. 93

No . 31, 7/29/44, p. 21 )

CHINES.::: SEA1✓iEN An agre&mcrit signed in London on 24 April 1942 betwee n th8 British Minist 6r of WRr Transport

and t h~ Chin~se Ambas sado r rEgul~tcs the conditions of bmnloy ­m~nt of Chinese scam0n in ~cco rdan c o with th0 principles of equality of tr 0;::i_tuKn t ,,.ith British scc1.men . (In t <2 rn2.tional L,==tbour Rciview, Apri l 1943, p . 511 - a l so summarizes agr eement.)

SWEDEN : POSTWAR PLANN ING A delegation r e;pr csent in g the Committ ee of Woincn ' s As soc i ::>tions on Int c:rn2.tionc1.l

Questions, tlk Snsd ish Soci2.l Demo cratic Vlom0n ' s Associationi the Swddish ConfcderRtion of Tr ade Union s , and th~ Swedish Section of the.; I ntl,rn2tion2.l Pe!:1. CG Q;::i_mp2. i gn submitted ;::i r,1emo r;::,nc.um to the Prime Ministe:r on 9 December 1942 u1•ging th8.t "'· co mm ission should be appointed to study Swedish post-wer social ~nd ~conomic problems . I n part it r·sad , ;, For emost amon§; th e int0rna tion2.l post -•72 r prob­lsms so far as Sweden is conc erned is the au~stion of Swedish contr i butions to r~licf activity at the end of th e ~ar . Thu s it h~s been considcr~d abroad that s~cd en , lik~ Switzer l~nd, should be able to m~kc a sp0c i ~l contribution as~ nl,utr81 int ermedi ary in such rcli6f ~ork , cspcc i~lly food relief , 2t a very e;::,r ly st~gc, per-haps 8Von b.:::forc the Y'P.r ends . It hP.S Plso been suggcste-d t hr-i.t qualifh:d S1

.. cd ish pc:-rsonncl might b2 pr.rticul ::>.r ly s1__1itr.blE. for taking p2.rt in much of the prc:ictic~l r econstruction 1·,ork in devas­tated countri 0s . I f this ~nd simil~r contributions could be pre ­p2.red 2,lr t2.dy , not only vrould th ( immodi::i.tc end in view be s.::rvcd, but oth~r countrie s , an~ not l c~s t our sufferin~ sister countri es in tht: Nor-th , 1·'ot1ld of cour se 2.lso be madt: A.w;:,1"u' of the f,:,ct ith8t this country do0s not propos~ to r ese rv e the t:nc rgi cs th2t •h~vc been spared to it to itself a lon e . (I ntcrnation~l Labor Rcv i e~ , April 1943, p , 484)

8/4/44 EEWholden

UCERPT JR J'BIS - J'CO "DAILY REPORT, FOREIGN RADIO WEDNESDAY, July 19, 1944

BOYER REVIIWS FRENCH LABOR SITtJATI ON \ .

· !he vi Home Service 'broadoaat1 a speech by Emile :Boyer, Commissioner General for Manpower, in which he state ■: "Advereariee of the Government, of c rse, denounce the harah neoeHi tie• of war which weigh heavily upon our cauntr.r, and especially thoee relative to manpower. y do they not denounce with equal vigor the Anglo-Saxon Powers, who only use French blood for the defenae of their own interests?

lo Idle henchman - "It 1s lnadmissible that an ablebodied Frenchman should remain idle in preaent eiroumstancea. The unemployment c-risis would be oata1trophic, not only for French -economy but also for general order. It would be incomprehensible, in view of the urgent work caused by r ids on one hand and shortage of power on the other, which means that .manpower must in many cases replaced destroyed mechanical power. Up to the last f week■ the problem was how to keep up the teythm of production by ma.king the most rational and economic use of the limited resources still at our disposal.

Labor in Germam::- "l'urther, since ne rly all German citizens were mobilized, the Reich leaders appealed to French labor so as to intensify the European war ef:tort. Following the request of the German vernment to send a certain number of our work.ere across the Rhine we did so, taking constant care not to disorganize French econonw. In exchange, we have been able to a.rantee for French nationals sent to rma.ny certain advantages of a material nature for themselves and their families.

Unemployment l?roblem - 11Laatly, and it should be repeated here, if it had not been for the opportunity offered us to find labor for our dorman induetrie1 we should necessarily have had to fave the problem of unemployment in view of our extremely slight industrial resources. It is the duty of the French man­power service which is entrusted with the fulfilment of our pledges to respect the g1Ten word and to do so despite any threats of the moment and especially in regions affected by military operations the situation has been radically

.modified. The ex itus of the population, the destruction of factories and industrial enterprises, the rela.se of large numbers of workers en ged. on fortificati~n works, have changed the b sis of the problem.

Dangerous Idleness - ''It is now a matter of finding work for a relatively large number of workers, and. ffording them and their families means of subsistence, while at the Sallle time employing them in work which is more u■etul to the community. Particularly, the serious nature of the problem and the urgency of its solution should be underlined. Under cert in aepecta it goee beyond the limits of technical matters enerally dealth with by the manpower services. It ould be dangerous to allow a worker who 1s at pre■ent without employaent to remain idle. His preaence in a relatively reatricted area would result in serious unrest.

illled Prorwon.a. - 11.A.ng'lo-Sa.xon propaganda maintains that the French worker leaTing for Germany is condemned to starv tion and to air raids. How dare the7 aq so? After the tortures infiicted upon us by months of uninterrupted raid■ and the ghastly threat o'f starvation, life in France can hold no worse terror■•

- 2 -FBIS -FCC

Appeals to Germans - "Thi is undoubtedl:, the reason wey manpower services in Normandy, from where I have just returned, have already received an ap­preciable number of requests for labor contracts 1n Germa.n;y- on the part of men and women workers from industrial districts. This is the case of Rouen, where the average 1s more than double since the invasion of St. Lo, where groups of retngeea, disgusted with their vagrant life, directly- appealed to the German services. ·

Women orkera - "In the last few weeks we have been able to organize special service for volunteer women workers. Henceforth the:, will no longer leave singly- rut if the:, so desire in groups provided with unif 1·ms. welfare worker (monitrice) speaking German and. with a satisf'actor:, knowledge of Reich social legislation will be attached to each group o:f 50. This will make the 1 fe of renchwome easier, because the7 will lead a communal life and will h ve their own dele te attached to the firm for which they are working. The f·r .. t contract on thi b sis already ha. been signed, and the manpower services e d t e th1 a general p ctice.

Ms.npower 1n France - "s fort utilization of manpo I hav found ~ t dur ng recent to in or~, Britt that if it were pos iole t evol e e ral an, the lac of Cv= ........ u.c tions would i e ·restr ctions. It has bee found n ces ary to gr nt gre ter :freedo of :'-lotion to hi of lcials, thus allowing th to take any deoidom which they de c ed fr. a-employment f idle wor rs will be deal\ with by a efect, ass sted by a co sin inclu ng the intendant !or economic affairs, th i sp~ct r gener 1 for .n ustr production, the engineer of the highw~s and. bridges de tment, and the director f manpower. Wherever poesible, n er 111 be u e t perf rm rk c nnected with present-d.ai events such as construct on. blic utili t undertakings, clearing up of debris, recondition·ng uo ·ctr sort f cilities, an building of air-raid shelters. ·

New Department - 1 1th this object in mind the Ministry for Industrial Production has et up ne dep rtment to b known as 'The Service for Public Assistance' (service de secours blic) which will be run for the 1-enefit of c 11 ct~ 1~·es nd all public services. The director of manpower will b in uty bound to recruit the nocess manpower for this service, which 11 be carri out on priority ba.ai in v e of the primary importance of this erv ce~

fodt Organ.1zat1on - "In cert ~ co sta.l re the To'1t organization. ha■ closed down a number of its former workshops. rkers who were employed by it and •ho· n9.tives of ther departments i rm the new reserve of manpower which can be redirecte to other undertakings. :By' virtue of an agreement re ched wit 1 the Ger lab r se:::v ces, re onnl id de ... tmental director• of manp wer will be inf rmed in antic1:pa tion of changes 11kel:, to take place in ord r to re-employ workers with a minimum lo s of ti e for the latter. The measures which we have outli.ned up to no !!Ill.st be put into e:tf'ect so as to absorb the largest poes1ble number of workers." (Vlch;r Home Service, July 18.)

•

PUERTO RICO: HEIFERS First sl1~pm:rnt of he i f l'; ~c-s in t h 2 Br·cti.1rc;!'l. Service Committee•s i1He:U'ers torRelie:f:'i1

project will go.to Puerto Rico. The project wiil aid Puerto Rican farmers and will also be used as an experiment for post-war relief heifer projects. (Gospel Messenger, 6724/44, p. 10, &s quoted in Mennonite Relief Trainees' Newslettet, June 1944)

DISPLACED PEOPLE International Labor Office charts showing the uprooting of European peoples, indicate that .

Poland has suffered the displacement of 4,320,000 persons to other parts, France 2,350,000, Germany 2,730,000 and Russia 2,584,000. Moved about inside their countries were 10,000,000 Russians, 2,000,000 Germins, 1,000,000 Italians, 2,194,800 Poles, 1,747,000 Frenchmen, 1,000,000 Dutch and 1,000,000 Belgians, not to mention other nationalities which make up a total of 35,627,000 uprooted peoples. (Worldover Press, 6/28/44, p. 4 - not to be reprinted)

NETHERLANDS: FOOD A11D FLOODING Nearly 300,000 acres of farmland have been flooded, according to the

underground paper Ons Volk. The loss of this farmland means the loss of 66,000,000-r6s7wnoat; 20,000,000 lbs fats; 88,000,000 lbs. sugar; 22,000,000 lbs fruits and 882,000,000 lbs. pot~toes. It is part of the anti-invasion provisions. (Netherlands News Digest, 6/15/44, p. 241)

NETHERLANDS: POSTWAR RELIEF Disc,1ssing the problem of bringing in supplies such as food, medicine and

clothing, the Prime Minister said, "The government has during the last few years bought goods which will be needed and which arc not reserved for war purposes. Very limited quantities of these were available. Therefore, as the second and chief source, the allied military authorities have promised to supply our country for the first six months as far as possible with necessities, particularly foodstuffs and medical requirements. . . . rt should be porne in mind, however, that in view of the limited shipping available.for this purpose this aid will necessarily be very restricted. Subse­quently as a third source, the UNRRA will take over this work." (Netherlands News Digest, 6/15/44, p. 257)

NETHERLANDS: MEDIC.AL RELIEF Pope Pius XII has notified the Archbishop of Utrecht that 87 casks,

each containing 100 liters of cod liver oil, would be sent from the Vatican to Holland for the benefit of sick Dutch children. The German-controlled Catholic newspaper, De Tijd, said that arrange­ments had been made by the NetherlandsrtedCross and the chief medical inspector to distribute tho oil among snnatoria and hospi­tals housing largo numbers of tubercular patients. The oil will be given pat :ie.cnts roga:;:- dl ess of t he ir relic ion, it added. The Archbi s hop was not i f i cd of t he .P,'lpC I s 0ont•--ibut i on through the Papal Nuncio in B0 rl ln, :) Jct t8•"2 .·~.r: d.R IJcll!s Digc s t> 6/1E./ 44, p. 262)

2 ~·

FRANCE: LIVING CONDITIONS From Froe F'ranoe, Jt:,_1J l, F H.4- (:7'rench Press--&--InTo.:.•n\atio:.--1 8ei."•l:~_c8; Nsw York):

We are publishing data given in the 18th issue of th$ Underground publication II La France Interieure 11 to arouse Vichy and the men responsible for the supply and distribution of food. According

to an International Labor Bureau report, infant mortality (which is only 2%.in Germany) has increased in the following proportions in occupied countries: Belgium, 15,%; France, 16; Holland, 28; Poland, 78. The official ration in France proyides 1,000 calories. 300 more calories may,perhaps be found in non-rationed foods (skimmed milk, giblets, fish, etc.), but. these are rare. An adolescent who holds a ration book J.3 (300 supplementary calories) can obtain hardly more than 1,500 calories. Formerly the average ration of the French people consisted of 15,% albuminoids, 30,% fats and 55,% carbo-hydrates. The present ration provides 10,% albuminoids, 5,% fats, . and 85,% carbohydrates, It consequently presents considerable dis­proportion, especially with regard to albuminoids and carbohydrates • .A ten year old child, which needs 100 grams of meat daily, but according to. the ration tickets is entitled to only about 30 grams, including waste parts, and even this quantity is not available in many regions. Children and adolescent do not receive enough fats. A ten year old child, weighing 30 kg,, who should re­ceive 60-90 grams of fats, actually receives only 10. Green vege­tables provide a sufficient quantity of Vitamin C. The more complete utilization of cereal grains in the making of bread flour has reme­died to a certain extent the deficiency in Vitamin B. On the other hand, the quantity of vitamins A and D, contained in fats of ·animal origin, is very deficient. Careful research has established the fact tr~t 45,% of tho poorer school children present min5r troubles due to a deficiency of vitamin A.

-BELGIIDJI: HEALTH According to heal th statistics published in occup):ed

Belgium, out of 60,448 Belgian adolescents exa­mined by doctors in 1942, only 35,505 wore regarded as i _n good health and free from dJsease. Of the rest, 20,162 had at least one infec­tion, and 6,861 had severaJ. diseases. In other words, 44% of the adolescents examined in 1942 were sick. The principal pathological' caaes were classified B.S follows: Boys Girls · ·. ·. -·

Diseases of the digestive tract 5--;c5"69 2-;-BB2 Other general diseases 3,762 1,692 Diseases of the nervous system &

the sensory organs Diseases of the uro-genital system Diseases of tho respiratory system Diseases of the skin & cellular

tissue Discasew of the bones & the organs

1,997 379. 875

505

of locomotion 795 . (News from Belgium, 6/3/44, p. 117)

1,286 1,0.19

299

- 292 -

HOLLAND: CLOTHING The Women's C omrni t tee of the Que<?:n -_Wilhel!!}ina . Fund in New· York ro cei ved the followtng cabl0 o:h ··June

6, 1944, from Baron Van Harinxma, head of the N~tl;l~rlp.nq.s . Red,,. Crqs9 in London; 11 Please send us now the 50,000 pHrnes . of_. q'.lothi:r:i&; :; r _eady . for shipmel) t and earmarked for deli very Holland~ w · This• clothing--; · packed in 140 cases, is ready for shipment. (Knickerbocker Weekly, 6/12/44, p. 5)

RELIEF AND RECONSTHUGTION EXCERPTS .~ 3 - Vola I, No~ 11

c.iJU?.4.N: PRISONERS OF W.AR The general trcat!'Ilen t of Allied p:;:-,2.sone;::>s of wo.r and in tcrne'3s in camps in Japan is

:i.n a.c-cordanco with international convent iGnG, according to a report macfe. to the va.:cica_n by the Apostolic Delegate in Jc.pan, Archbishop Paul Ma:reilao 'I'he condi'cions und•:li' which N,:;-i:;l1.or1ands and othe:;."' A.lliod 'prisoners of war and internees arc living in JaJ)E,n propr:.n" are a.osc:l'.'ibed in ·considerP..ble. detail in tho roport. 1rhe prisoners com­plain oliief1y of the difficulties arising from. the extreme differ'•· onces that .exist between their own mentali.ty and customs and those of the Japanese . While the food and clothing which they r~ceivo is on th_e · sam·e -level a,s ·t.b.a.t. of the Japanese soldiers, tho differing stan_dards 6f -Allied o.nd Japanese soldiers causes complaint . (Knicker bockcr ~Weekly,_· 6/1~./44, p . 29)

TURKEY : ·JEWISH. RELIEF In 1943 the Turkish Government passed a law which levied heavy ta~xGs- ·on minority groups

in t-0-e country . Consoq-,.,1_ently, Jmvish soci2_l service organizations in Turkey found themsolvos fc~ced. w::.tl;l sorely n~duced incomes. In order to prevent the complete 'breakdown of these institutions, JDC has agreed to ~rovide $2,500 montlay. JDC 1 s Mlddlo East represen- . tntive, Reuben Resnik, visited 1ru1°lrny rec::cntly and reports thnt local -insti tutions--hospi tnls , orphn.nag-es, etcc --arc in poo:r shape . In one city JDC funds have been used to providG extra feeding for cht_ldron, care for the ngcd as well as clothing and shelter . The .]i'rcsent JDC allotment may have to be raised. soon, if a. number of Turkish nationals return from Franco--ab".eut 700 have been recognized by t.h\3 Turki.sh Government n.s subj<;rnts for repatrintion . Most of them ar_e in_ stratten·ed_ circumsto.nces and 50-60% will require some assj_s -tande. (JflC Digest, : i~ay ·, 1944, p . 6) · .

. . . . . . . . . .

SWITZERLANIS:: RELIEF . Rep or.ts fro-m Swi t zerlG.nd- :indicr.t t e that th era are now 3: 500 Jowi,s:h. refugees fr·om Ita-ly in ce111.ps ·

there to whom JDC 1s suppl_ylng S]..lpplernentary a1d to the fullest extent permitted by Swiss nutn.or·ftios . · JDG'·s mont;hly ·giiant :to.·. the International Student Service in Switze-rlnna. has been increased to ts,ooo monthly , so that additional studortts who A.'re now being .·:' r ibera ted from camps may con tinuc their- studies . In recognition -of the hospitality shown by tho Swiss people. and the Swiss govern- · ment vJho have welcom6,-d an_d sheltered thousands of escaped refugees, JDC hns made ~·contrit~tton townrds the establishment of a chair in. Judaism at the University.of Latisnnrie (JDO Digestr May 1944i p . 9)

PACKAGE SERVICE Word from Lisbon reveals that as late as December, 1943, the Jewish canmunity of Cracow, Poland, was

actively distributing food packages to the· Jews of thnt city . on the basis of this report the JDC is forwarding an additional numb~r of food parcels to Cracow from Portugal . The rate of package ship­ments to refugee Jews 1n Asiatic B.ussia has exceeded. expectations . During the first quarter of 1944, 16,000 parcels of food.and clothing crossed the Soviet -Irqnian border. This is double the .. number shipped du~ing the previous 18 m~nths . (JDC Digest, May 1944; p . 9)

TANGIER: JEWISH RELIEF In tho light of tho· -increased cost of living . +n Taµgier, tho ·JDC has raised its monthly

o.llotment for !leedy refugees in thttt area to $12,850 per month. ( JDC Digest, ~!0,y 1944-, p, 9) · .

\'-'JL 1, Nooll

MIGR.L'l'IOiJ~ F.ALi<:STiiJE . A plea :'or t}.1C? :ce~_r:-2s,3 c.,f J.~~~COl) L:-l0stin8 imrr.lg~a',:;icn i)OrtL':\.cJ1Gi,S sr) i:Lat ,.;c·,vish refugees

stranded in Italy and No11 th A:t::::':'..~n .. c:ould. cn-ric:r th,3 1:olJ Land. l::ri.s been turned down flatly by the BrJ.'clsL Cic,J [)-,:-1 ~a J_ Of:f'iee, acc0r•cling to the Jewish Agency for Pales tine. (Jdwish Revi0w, 6/1/44,New York)

VENEZUELA: RELIEF Soc ial--rnin6.ed citizens of Caraof.ls, Venezuela, have mobilized into a v:;_gor0us new rc...;lief

organization to secu:re funds aDd better govGrnment B,id for the ;·_ . 5,000 abandoned and hungry chtldren they insist are to be found in. the national capital. · (Worldover Press, 1/26/44, p. 3-not to be copied) . . · ·

NORWJiY: LIVING CONDITIONS Al though unemployment· has disappeared in Norway as a result of German manpower

controls, the standard of living has steadily deteriorated with the COI:itinuance of Nazi looting and exploitation, according to an article of the International Labor Office in Montreal, written by, Dr. Henrik. Palmstrom of the Norwegian Minis try of Reconstruction .- .· . in London. The wholesale price index in February of 1943 was -174.3 against 99.9 in September 1939. There is a catastrophic d~clin~ ---. in imports of foodstuffs Rnd fodder from Germany·. (.Worldover · ·· · Press, 12/29/43, p. 1) Not to be copied. . ,

EIRE: . FRIENDS At Friends Meeting House, Dublin), a dive:i's.egroup ·_,. ~-consisting of Catholics ., Quakers,.,' ~rrte·mb1p·s q( t~G .. _

Church of Ireland, and including India_ns, -Afric:ll:rys·1 an_d v~rJ _:<:us. . . ~-. : nati onnli tics, undertook the formation of s:tudy ::g,roups· ori po·s t"".'w.aii ·:. !

problems _ and the prt:i.ctice of non-violence, a_ progra.II} of ·wprk based on th~ belief that Irish public opinion should contribute positively and not rrierol_.y by a negative neutrnli i;y, toward · the· cr?.a tt·9n of peace. (Worldover Pross, 12/29/43, .p. 2-not ~o · be copsed) . .

'.' ' ~:,, . '\ i.

ESTHONIA: LIV-ING CONDITIONS According to f i,gures Poaching the International Federation of Trade _ ..

Unions in London, ~.bqut 13_,000 buildings nnd"2,500 farms ,have- bect1 --. 0ntirely destroyed-•. The declirio in stocks ·and her.d·s :i:$ as.. foll .ows -: ..... horses, 30,500 (15%); cattle, 239,000 (34%); shedp, 320.,0QO ('46%); pigs, 223,600 (5J..%). For the most par:t , -- inc;1ustr.1al unde_rtakings .. have ceased to exist~ Approximn.toly_ ~09,000 persons have been de­ported or killed. Over 9,000 ·nre in prison. There has · bo_en a:. ·10% drop in the total population. Exports are now 26 .ti'rn_e_$· a,s ; __ l:J:i gh as imports. Prices on tho hom0 Black' Market have gone ' u'.t:t 20_:..':foid. Official rntions, with a food value of 950 calorio _~., __ {ir:e the 1owest in Europe, and about ono quarter of pre.:.wa:r con·sumption. They are wholly inadequate.for living; maximum wag~s are 113 mnrkt! a m9ntn, which would buy one kilo· o'f butter on .the Black · Market. :· (Worldovor · Press, 3/22/44, ,p. 1 - not to · be copied) · :· ·: .. _·. · . - .

NORWAY: CHILDREN The , ~we dish .ehildreri ,- ·s- Hon~ ~t Vi~~-rs-uh~-~ . wi t,h . ' .-. · · . accommodations . tor 50 youn·g.sters, hn.s · n:oi,;· b~_on: , __ :· completed; the proj~ct is fi:nanced by $~-rndish indu,strial· conci:i r ns. ~. -and the driving force in- Norway' has been .Mrs. Heu.dy AGtrU:;J, a···· shipowner. (News of Norway, 7/?/44, p; 100)

. . Vole I, No.11

PRJSONERS OF WM A useful service is developing bet,,1oon tho Frlcnds Centro :, in Berlin and G-enova. It is now possible

for GermP.n Friends t9 p!"!_ tl s on tc, the Geneva Centro enquiriGs rcg!l.rd­ing- pris onors of wn.r kn-::wr n -t 0 them to . be in the hands of t 11.c Americrrn author:itios. ·1n c- G,Jnovn Centro ca.n p_n.ss on tho enqt'.irios to Friends in Americn, w~10 nro o..blr,; to invostigfl.tG tho e-on r:h ti o•1 2-.nd noGd~ 6f sue~ i~dividual prisoners n n d report buck to thei~ rclntivos or friends in Germany ( vin (J-onovn. ) ., Gerrn2n Friends have fo:r so;ne time pnst been helping pris~n7rs of wnr ~h ~'o11gl::.,. supplying books, m_us _ir., grunes and other necessities. (Tbe · r'r1end-1.iondon-3/14/-14, p. 232)

INDIA: FOOD Th0 Government of India announces that the. Briti$h . Government has ngroed to n.n arrangement whereby 400,000

tons of wheat will be shipped to India before the _end .of Sept. 1944. This ~s in addition to 400;000 tons of ·rood grains imports) mostly wl: eat, arranged since Get :1.943, shipments o_f vihio.h hr,.ve bsrnn nlmoct c ompleted. Food gr1.in sl-iir,ms'.lt8 · t0 Indi_n durtrg, tho 12 montlls, o e, t. l94-3 to Septem.:Jer 194,L!,, w1J.l thcr·of ore o.mrunt to 800,000 t ons-, : TlIB British Government will, the GovcrnmoEt · or lndi~ lea~ns, review the posit ion early in August. 19•14 nnd agn.:..n ·3nrl y in November 1944. These shipments . will. f'orm pnrt of a ccnt_ral ros_ervo pool to be mndc nvailablo if occnsion -n.risos. (Govornmoht of In,dia, _Information . SorvLcies, 7/8/44) · ·

, , '

NORW,f\Y: _ SCHOOL CONDrfIONS . . In one particular school tho _ children - -, ____ .. _ . were present a ·total or : ~nly 7 hours a -

wo·ck·, - or ·_·a _ 11 ttl6 over an hour on each of :six, s·cnool .:days. This included tho time r _equircd -for.oating of ·• lunchcs (cons·isting of so-cnllod 11 crisis soup") served in tho school_. .In _cc:rtnin commun..;, i t;Los more than 80% .of -the school children ·a-re :being force'd ·to gather in improvised clnssrooms for -their instruction. .lhe , i.mpro-. . -vised .classr9oms are - c;ifton -inconvcrtientl-y-situ/i.tod, ·and :f1.r~ · i,n-ad.e..:: q~n.te or unsatisf0.ctory w:1 th rogn.rd to spaco; 1ight_ihg, 'vent ilntion, to~lcts, ate. Generally they lack playgrouna.s, · Girls wi i3'hing to , get instructlon in sewing or dressmn.king find it almost imp·-ossiblo . to optain the necessary cl9th, · thread and yarn. And when ._ n. dross, for inst0 tice -, has been c~mpletod, the pupil has to turn in rFJ.ti-6n coupnns before she CM take tho dress homo~ · And: there nro . clotning problems. · .For tho most part, children hnve ' long hD.d to · get a1ong with _ made-over things, or v"1 th clothes thF1.t have been patche.d and-. re-J?n.tc,hed. Wooa_<m-soled , shoos- n.re the common thing, and elders .. obser_ve that ·such footwonr is hnving an injuri9us of feet o_n the gni t and genernl henl th o,f the youngsters. They show the _ effects_ of mal .. nutrition, and they arc con 9 tn.ntly torn by the nnxietios · occn.sioncd by the PI'.esence cvoryv-1here . n{ q.ostapo ~ Germans n.nd quisli!)g~. (News of Morway, 6/30/44, p, 93-94) · · · . _ . ·

HOT_,LP.Nj): GERMA.1-J MOTHERS Many thousands of exp~ct0:p.t Nazi mothers frcim tho bombed bitios of Bremen, Kiel, _

Bi •)lc f:::iJ.d n.nd othe rs nen.r tho Germn.n frontier, hnve been evacuo..Jcoa. to Hollo.nd, there to n.wai t tho birth of their bQ.bies. The under­g:ro11.nd newspnpcr T:vouw reported that tho authorities had. decreed the following rn.t ionsyst em for those wnmon: 1. regular ration card, 2. one extra ration cnrd; 3. six extra butter rntions; 4. 12 extra meat rations; 5. 12cxtra oatmcnl rations; 6. one pastry ration; and 7. one cigarette ration. (Netherlands News Digest, 7/1/44,p.281;

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RELIEF AND RECONSTHUCT::::.m:: I~'{,5.iT~iF'l';-~ ··re;_:_, ··, 11ro- '11 - .: ~ 1 •

I' ~ 1 ' .

HOLLAND~ HE_·n11·.·~ A j- i r' +, .,,, ,-.·i- ·r··,,· · ~- - ·· .\;, ·., · :,:o;·r..., ;.. _ .. .,;- '. _ ,.,t .. -'· M.U .-;.CC or ___ .r.. ,,; V.) 11. J t:CR .. u -· (-, 1.-•01. 'J' • ., l-.t (: ,:• ,c:r...,ve>~:,.Ji.: t';l.,.

\/ Of' -P ]' i'• .1· ",.l- 11T 'l ~ ., l"· ~ ., ('"" , _ 0 ·, + '·, '' '"' J1-I) · " ,.;.;5--(-:-;;--:-;-;,~ -(l_f_ ·-

.J.. ..... t/4, J-. <. ML.iJ.. .A C,(,LJ.,.>UV-· 1 Ul. .. ' J .•.J.01.l~ . ... 4 . -~ •• 'l,•::)\..,; 1

infectious di seas c s is J.DCT'ens:i.ng . cvc.ry rrvl,tth, Du:ring -:-;.n,_; past vrncks 1, 200-1, 300 cas.os of, dj_pht.t.e :ri a · hr·.v·e baun. rc~:r.10:::--t eel p:;:- wocx } r,_s vrnll as 500-:-600 .cases o.f scp~rie't tevcr ◊ I:1 :t.<"ebT'.l.Hry , accortl:'i.ng to the Amsterdam daily. Algcmecn HandeJ.sblad, sevci"nl 9n scs of tuberculosis were reported in-iwo villages in the province of North Brabant; wl thin throe mOnth.s the 'number increB.sed t-o 90. (Netherlands News Digest, 7/1/44, .p. 282)

HOLLAND: COST OF LIVING The following list of black market prices .. was recently published by an underground

nevrnpaper: . tea, 500 gu.i:Lders a lb.; coffee, 150 guilders a lb.; . bicycle.with tires, 1,500 guilders; two inner tubes, 600 guilders; mnn's suit of rensonable quality, . 800 guildors; menis shoos, 175 g'...l.ilders; women is shoos, 160 guilders; gin, vrhisky or brMdy, 90 . gv ilders a quart; tobacco pipe, 60 guilders. One guilder equals . approximately 5•1 American cents. (Netherlands Nows Digest, 7/1/44, .. p. 283) . .. · · . ·.·. . . . . . . . . · ..

HOLLA.WD: MENDING MAT-ERIALS The Netherlands Aid .Society. has appealed _ ., to tho womcm of _A.moricA to· collect

whatever spools of thread, buttons n.nd. w.ocJl -yarn they cr~n spare, to be se;1t to - Netherlo..nds housewive s in Hollf':nd o.nd the -East Indies w.ho are in great need of mending mfitorials, : It is impqss ibare to ci:.,t,\tn replacements for · those necess:lt:i.os, and the situP..t.ion hns ro ached the point where ·- shoes are made from curt11ins, string used for shoelaces, and the thrcrn.d of oJ.d socks: too badly worn for mending , is r eknit tcd into childrcn 1 s swontors . . All of these articles should be sent to. the Netherlan:::1.s Aid Soc:tct~r in New York, whore they will be forwarded t o their oversens destination . (Knickerbocker Weekly, 7/3/44, p. 29)

BELGIUM: FUEL The d~sorganizati on of transport in occupied Belgium is so . serious thnt n great part of tho country's

coal output is piling _up at the pitheo.ds. Co a l merchn.nts 1 stocks have been completely exh0ustcd $ince last April; the majority of. coal merchants were unable ·to deliver even the pri ority ration allotted to sick persons. (News from Belgium, 6/24/44, p. 201)

INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE REFUGEES: INDIA A proposal to pay India's contribution

towards the admini strati vc expenses of the · IGRC was approved of at a meeting of tho Standing Finance Committee held •. in New D.elhi on . 3/18. The invitation to. In din to become a Member-Government . has · been accepted by the Government of India, subject to ,the .vote of ·. the Legislative Assembly •. Under present arrangements·, .the work of . the organisation in the cnse; _·of Indin affects only refugees from th'e Balkans , Russia and Turkey. ur:itil the scope· of the Com~mittee 1 s- · operation is extended to areas · from which thero h$.S bo on ri: subst_an-. tial move of India's nationals, it is not pro posed thn.t India should take any further qctiv~ intero$t in th~ Committee. Tho Qnmmittco .. is required to work in .collaboration wj_th UNRRA, .whose functi rris are wider than those of the f9rmcr • . On April 5, -1944,. the Indian Legislative Assembly in ·. Ne~1 · Delhi·· cbncluded discussion o:ri .. thc UNRRA

. Agreement and . RPJ?f9Yed . it. (ln:iian·· Infor'.11ation, 3/15/44~,. p. 393) · .•. . . . . ~ .

' ,:. ·- ·;·· .: L •.• ' r. ;.. J .,:· ••

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 7 - Vol. I, No. 11

INDIA: BENGAL MORTALJTY. AND RELIE~ Th8 Benga.l Government have now . publish3d their mo'rtali ty s·ca.-

t istics. (speech of Bo Ro Sen in the India Gour.oil of State on 3/16). According to this, tht tot al nwnber of deaths in Bengal in 1943 from all causes was 1,873,74,9, which is 689,846 or 58% above the average number of ~eaths in the Provlnce furring the last five years. Deaths from cholern, malnrja and smallpox accounted for an incrense of 460,776. Mortallty from causes not r,ttributed to any of the nbove three epidemic diseGSGS amounted to 228,070. Thens statistics wore colle ctcd by the no::."mal machinery of the Bengal Government, the pri­mary source of- information being the c~owkidur. Proposals of thG Bengal Government re rehabilitation ofrumino destitutes includ8 opening and continuing hospit'lls, dispensaries, childron 1 s homes, orphanages, homos for unn ttached women ·and other desti tu tos, milk cantQens, employment of destitutcs at work centres and at their homes in cottage incl~1s-trles, speci0-!'.h as$:i.stnnr~e to fishsrmon, potters and other artlsans, and loane for the purcl.1ns-e bf cattlQ, house-building, and redemption -of . lnnes · sold in ·all scrifrc:.sly distressod areas. Work ; i.Ei _alret1.d.y go~:1g on along those liri.(:/s· though the scheme.as a whole is yet avr.aLt ing · f ini.trici/1.1 sanction by Governm~nt. _ The a ver1;1g0 c.nnual consumption: oJ _ rte e in_. BeFga1 be fore :the War, i _ncluding _ 2.~5 ,.000 _t9.ns of .. net ·- i_n!por t,s "f r·orn: r3ui~rhff, was Ii bout 8~ 2 million tons. If -tb · th:i. s we actd· a . c.arr;,/-OYB):' Of JO%, which 1:mst hav~ largoJ.y been consumed last yoar owing to the prtBsu:c~e:· ·of fnmi-ne q·ondi t;i.ons, thq net surplus after m0oting ull her roquiremcnts should be at le~st 2 mi11j on to·ns .• · .. Thrn·e .-j s, thera:f OX'O, no intrln sic scarcity in · · Bcngnl as~ whole thiR year. The probl8m is -~~~dhtially · one of dist:;__,..,ibll.tion within the Province. (Indian I:1formntion 1 3/15/4.4, 402)"

SWEDEN: REDJEF Swed.ish school children have saved 100 ,-000 kronoi" ' for the aid of children in nc:ghooring countries.

(Ne~~ f~6rn Sweden, 6/21/44, · p. 41

NORWAY: FOOD · rt is reported from Norway that the food situo.t1on there threat ens to b8c-c-m e :tr.cf' ,3as ii1 gl;;; c r.i ti c:11_

during ooming months .with shortagcrn in sugar~ -flo1.ff• a."ld f R..:ts :tndi­C8.ted. At proscr.t there are no su:5ar s-toc:rn .ln rJ0rv!ay worth rr.on.­ti o~i_ng. . L§.-1.st year Denma:?.,k_ W8.8 abl0 to dclivor O!l.1.y a part of tirn r.mount cf sug n:!." agr6r.d ·upc-in, a;-,_d th:i s ycr,~r Norvmy wlli bo wi tho,rt; sugar_ lo:!!.g ·before::: · Dm:.ma:t>k •. s · sugnr .i.10..ryes t apper,r s on · th0 .mac lrn t, Further' , G-nr·many hn), infOY'm!3.d. _Norway thn.~ it choulc'!. not connt on c1eli 1rory iJ:2' gra:n for . flour ·.t;n::.s yer-.r; this development will mdr0 itself genorally felt by fall. Prpscnt i:crwegia.'1 production nf fat~·, ~tis estimated,.will cover o~ly about u thtrd of rations from Ftutumn months until Christmns. ' At the :noment -thcro ' is a shqrtagG _of p·o-t.at_o.es, :l;n Oslo. .It has boon _imposstble to buy them in sbo_ps _for s·cv·oraI vtenks, nn¢!. ma·ny restaurants• have cB11.sed· to · serve_ them.- .On.c_ _axpl'.anatio_n_ attributes t;_ho potato shortage to lack of ac1eq_~nte --s torago . faG:ili ties. Qui sling 1 ~ ne\:'rnpaper, Fri tt Folk, .. see __ s __ litt1e ·· qhnnce -of. 9;ffsetting t})G potato- shortage by incr.oasing bread rations: -(NBW-.s , of Norway, 6/23144, -p. 92) · · ·

. ,, - . .,

INDIA: BELIEF:. N;~,r .the•. C.hr-i st ian :rorc;e ·s . in• Benga'l and·· Oris sa' ar~ . . carrying o·n a well-organized nnd effective .. relief

program. · Rev. J.-H._, E •. Pe[!.rso, An English Baptist mis;s-ionary, is· director of the Bengal -_Chris .tian C-ouncil Reliof , Committee. · Thl:l . pro":" greJn is one -o·f supplementing government r-el1 ef and rre _dical s~rvices, especiAlly -for Chrip_tian families and their non-Christian neighbo;rs. ( Cr.ristian Aid _· 1n :. Asia,, ,July 1944) ·

... . .. ~;, I •'

.. r. . •

,,-.~;_, I, no. 11

POLANJ;): COOPERATIVES The Germans trane; ::'c:ni1 c:irl the 1""J l ';_8:_; 0r10perat ive systom into a powerful 2..s.:-1ct f!Y.~ ·tlF_,_;_:r• own pur,- '

poses. Ap~arently Polish cooperat1.vos vrnro novo:.c' d.88 ~/'(J~rr><i, . Their number has'at least doubled or even tr~pl?d. Membcrs~5~ in coopera­tives is compulsory for ovory hold_cr of r:10:re t.l::i::8-n ? 1/r. 8.-::ro8. The collection of agricultural products is s~pervisGd by District Offices undo:::' tho supervision of a German offi0ialo lt j_s up to this office to docido hovv much seed, fertilize;:::', tools, tobac00 and spirits should bo given tho farmers in oxc.tangc for th.-)ir products. The tremendous role that this powerful sot of cooper ati vos plays in solving tho problem of oxchango of goods o.mong tho population becomes apparent when we consider tho fact that tho independent tradesman in Palnnd has boon nlmost_wipod out. In tho German Frankfurter Zeitung of 1/18/43 it says, 11 Gathoring of tho harvust hns been stric­tly orgimized everywhere . •• Tho rosponsibili ty for colloct.iri.g the crops rests upon the cooperatives. I! The German K:i::·r:i.K8.UO~'." Z0j_t1;_ng of 12/3/ 42, s§.ys, 11 In ordor to control poul t1~y, eggB, and hcnoy in the E.:astorn. occupied terri toric~ nll egg centers havo b0en [,mF:.lgam­ated in tho cooperative Roich conter fo:r the Eastel''n territ0ries, Berlin. • • o

11 (New Europe, Nov . 1943, pp . 18- 4 19, from 11 .Nazis e,nd Polish Cooporat ives, 11 by Hcnryk Shoskos . )

CZECHOSLOVAKIA: AGRICULTURE With the_Gcrman-onforced separation of Slovakia from Bohemi11. and Moravia, the

lot of tho Slovak farmer deteriorated . His nominal and real income foll rn.pidly, In 1942, even though 56 . 8% of the population was e1<..rn­ing its livelihood in agriculture, its income decreased to 32,6% of tho total national income. While the production capacity of tho Slovak flour mills (2,280 small peasQnt mills 11.nd 168 commercial mills) is about 100~000 wngons, nnd the Slovnk consumption only some 35,-40 ,000 wngons, Slovn.kin. wns forced to export her surplus grain to Gc:Jrmnny, unground, thereby depriving her mills of tho possibi­lity of utilizing their p1~oduction cn.pncity nnd A.lso depriving tho Slovak fnrmors of brnn, formerly used as cheap fodder . Consoqu~mtly livestock breeding decreased, ns did tho production of naturnl fertilizer, which ultimntcly led ton decline in lnnd.fortility. Indoed, all tho publicntj_ons issued by the Nn.zi puppets in Slovn.kin complnined about tho_dccronso in livestock production. While in 193? there wore 1,100,000 honds of.cnttlo 1 in 1941 their number docronsed to 900,000. In 1937 thoro wcro 988,461 hogs, while.in 1941 this f iguro wns reduced to 550,000 . 81.miln.:i.""·1-y tho number of she op in Slovakia decreased from 44}, 292 in 1937 to 28,J: 000 ln 1941. This rcproscmts on the nvorn..go a d•Jcron.sa of 35--48%. )~t s,rD-,ild b o added tho.t the so f iguros for 19'±1 Y.lc:rc trd~,~n f l'GiTl n p1.:.p:,")3i; g::iyr, rnmor-t . publicn.tion, and the nctun.l figures m[',y lJG m1lc~L l01i!C•r·. i "Sloi.'fik Fnrmer under Hitlcr,nby Ernosc 2,r:.ri:3nr, ~Tc~-., s,n-c:p,J, l:'o'r ,, '.l?-d.-0 ; p. 24-25)

Finished 7/13/44 EEWholden

l.. .. ',\ --~ () RELIEF .. AND RECONSTRUCTION" EAl'i,H?l'~ :·:iJ~> ·:· .. . ;,;_,::" :'.:::, . Comp:j_le'd from

· :·· ·: · · s o:-ii f.'oe·s r8..; ~~~\i.C•1_~~1 t he Fore.ign Service L'i-1?rary of the '> American Frienp.s_ S~rvipe Commi t.t tJe,, . 7/19/44

ENGLAN:D: RECONS'TRUCTION' ·· A trp,ining co:t,rrse on the f ,eeding .o.f German­occup.ied Eur.ope, comprising n.bout ·30 lec-

· tures, was recent~y ~eld in tendon, · afranged by the Ministry of Food and many of the experts lecturing were senior offici~s of that ;Ministry. 'rhe lectures were d~s igned, v,i th special refer once to, . the problems likely to be encbuf;lterod in areris . libe:i;n-t;;ed from. enemy occupation. · Twel vo Allie,d governments were represented · among tho delogattJs att'endirig, a 9 · well ·Rs. repre-scntatJvcs of tho United States imbassy, the Londort office of UNRRA, and Supre~~ HeRdqua.rter~ Allied Expeditionary Force . The lectures cover.eel every aspect of food c·ontrol administration and ·dist:riibution,. 1'ncludirJ,g ·such technical questions as storage, infestation, price fixing, dietetics, and maintenance of food supplies iti: emergency,. . · {Ministry 9f Food .Release -and · Syllabus of tec:tures l quoted in British Infonna-tion Division Circ-ular, · 6/14/4'4,' p; . .lJ ~-

SWEDEN: LIV~G CONDITIONS . TM Swedish po§ple will probabl:y not be Etble fQr 1;30m~ ·lime to ~est.or~. the·fr

pre-war standard of living, A.Ccording to ' the Head of the Swedish Busin0ss Research Institute, Prof .• Etik Lundberg, 6/1/44.. This. prediction· he based oh 'tvm factors:- :-:· (..1) :· Sweo,ep' s mornl obligation to contribute h0.avily to. the post-vmr rembilitation qf the war­ravaged µrens in Europe and :(2) tho 'ex't;retnc sensi tivit_y of -the Swedisp export industries tci foreign .econom·ic cris~s o.f every kind. (News from Sweden, 6/7/44, · p. 3) ' ·

• • I' ~. :··

BELGIUM: FOOD Le Soir, German-oohtrolJ,.ed paper, stated_ that begin-ningTn the rA.tioning period 2/21-3/21/14, -no more

chocolate will be distributed to school children, · th? stocks of necessary ingredients hnving been completely exhaus tcd. The municipal food offices will, however, . arrange to reserve surpluses ," rcmnining with the shopkeepers for tho less favored children, . in exchange for the usual receipt. To replAce the chocolate, a.ration of 3 oz. of sweets v1ill be distributed to school children, \lnder the same conditions, on the following holidnys: Ea~ ter, · Whitsuntide; ·-;-' .. Ascensio_n Day, Al.:! .. SnintsJ. Day, Saint NicolRs ·and Christmas. (News from ... Belg1um, 6/10/44, p~ 186) . . . · · · · :

. . . ' .. EUROPE: POSTWAR RELIEF Chn.rles Tn.ft, ·1n n.n nddress -5/17/44, said,

. It 1s going to be terribly _difficu1 t to get the necessary_ food nnd supplies into Europe and .cU.stribute them · equitably~ · Rationing will hnve · to continue ruid somebody has to admini.ster it.. Inflntfon ··is ' one of the serious difficulties until normal channels of exports and imports are opened.. -So · price can:. ,. trol must continue.. Atnerf_: cans of the blobd of the liberated na. t ions are naturally concerned and want to give and send money. Until the ' economic· machinery_. 1s· running on a reluti vcly normo.l basis, sendirg money into these countries is no help but on the contrary will only contribute t9 inflation. The only answer is to ship food and supplies, and that will go Just as fast as the governments and UNRRA can accomplish it. When food is a little more plentiful, then people oa.n help tb,eir rielativ_e.s by food drnfts, mass extra shipments packaged on arrival in the . foreign country and delivered to the person deslgnatpd. Th~t wafi done Rfter the last war, but it will not be _possib~e again fo~. some time to cme. (Dept. of State Bulle-tin, 5/20/44, ·p. 46?) .

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 2 - Vol. I, No • . 13

EUROPE: SUPPLIES LIBERATED AREAS · An article of interest or;i past -· . . _. , ... and -pr~serit governmental· de·velop-

ments to handle· the problem of , s·upplies for liberated areas is t.0 be found in Dept of . State :Sul:}..et.in, 5/20/44, p. 469.·

. ~ : . ,

. : "' . . SWEDEN: RELIEF Sweden, wi~h :a population of 6,240,000, has given

. : to the war :_. vJctims .in Finland, Norway, 'Holland, France, . Greece and Belgiwn~ · .according to a report ,gathered by .the Women's International L·eague., .$203,000,000 since tre beginning of the war. A poll of ·public ·opinion . in Sweden has shown that the population is ovel'Wh~l~iTigly · willing to ,undergo ~ven stricter: ration­ing of food if assured· th,c;:food saved will be used for relief of suffering peoples:. :_ (W-cir:J..do:v~r Pross, 4/19/44, p. ·4, ·not to be copied)

, . • t . . < . . .

CLOTt{ING · An ; e-'4Cample .. o-r ···failure to plan Am0vican production i'p pre-. paratioil for ·relief· needs _ is. tho· 11 J.ow.:.. .end11 clothing· situa-

tion. The U.S. is faced in 1944.with a reduction of almost 90% in the production of staple lov1-cost fabrics. It is from this tYi)e of pioce-~oods that 61ot61ng for_ European relief must come. As of April 1944 figure·s _ in _th<'.3 _};lands of WPB _. officials show that the . y ear's productipl'_l of :s~c_p.. yardage ,will cµ-op to 8 billi~n yards as a gainst 16 . bil11-on , j,n 1943. Relief experts believe that it i .s not too early to :hegfn ac·qu1ring _a stQ_c~pile of piece-goods from current production. ~But · this cann·ot .be dm-.c .unless the production of cer-tain types of ·fabrics· is ,.iIJ. crcaw.cd. . .The needs of the post-v,e.r . r.elief s ituatlon and of ·1·ow-income ·worker~ in the .Uni tcd States at this point ar? the same. It then cit·es the National Planning Association's analysis of the: .rcl;icf needs in clo.thtng. (Worldover Press, 6/7/44, ' p~ ·1, not to be· copied} · >

l

GREECE: HOUSING The Greek Information Agency ann~ancc_s that_l 085 __ Greek tovms and villag_es 1"7Gre destroyed from ihc

:W m Q_ o_f the occup,ation of Greece in April,. 1941, • and March 31, i944, by guerr a g ting and _me~sures carried out by_Germans, Italians and Bulg~ri<;-ns. (New Yor.k :Wimcs, 6/27/44} · _ . ·

FR~CE: FOOD The._ Germ~ns ' arc- nou. r qqtJisi tloning ·1n lrnnce directly; for · their needs, inst ead . of pas sing through the inter~

me diary of the French authorities. This p rocess is !flade .. neccs.sary by the compl e t e _disruption of all tra ffic. Direct requisition will have an immcd:i:nt·e 'effect on food supplic-s for the French. Already a scarcit·y of flour· is r eported from several centers~ Nqrmandy, moreover, provided much millc and _meat v,hich .Will no lo'nger be ava ilable. (Ne w: York 1J1i!Jl cs, 6/9/44) · ·

.. . ,·:. . . . . .

UNRRA: FI N.Al.'HJE.S . The . U.S. Senato passed a.-$~, 920, 602';[)0- o.ppropria-, tion bill 6/13 .for lend,-l·c_ase .and., u.s·. participa­

tion in _ thG Uniteq. -Nationn ·Relief and Rehabil_,itation· prbgram and to enable FEA to con tlnue nicling, the wnrfnro ag ainst -the -enemy's economy. Pnssngc '·cfunG after · members, -ig~qr,:Lng _. the issues and pro­grams under cons idcrntion; '~isputed for nearly · t v10 ho1:1rs over the Republ icnn and Democratic · pRrty., records tfl+l.ough the, ye11~s on int er-na. t ionn.l collabdration for mn.iritn.ining :: pell'tce. ·, (New ·yqr.k Tirries,6/19/44

BRITAIN: FRENCH RE;~GE~a·· ',;·~s!:;'tqnq~n . empt.ies of tr.'o~;~ ~ :_~-; · .will ~ i -_: . , · · s1ov:,,.Iy ,fi;I..J... : agai-n 1,7it:h.' rtofugces~~lfronch

from the shor e s of Norrrin.ndy, whose homes vrnre detft'fo·yod- by· Aili:ed ·

· ✓ ,.. L' , ~. VoloI, No. 13

or German shells and who. v:ill bo en.rod fer n.nd whc, v1ilJ_ be cared for by British nuthor.i_t .ico 11ntiJ_ t .hc wa:- haL> ix1.scuc. on ru1.d they can return to their lc.~:-id,. The f:L P3 t grGups of ?7-'l:.:!r'.ch pno1;lo , mostly women, children nnd old mcm, hn.•13 :1.rrlvc~a. '1.nd nr~3 hovsed in a south canst rc~rnrt during into::.·rogri.tie,n "by Allied intL'lligonco officers. They vi.ill be brought to London to cno r}f s ,3V,Jr 0 1 contors.hcld ready for them. One of thoso ls in T,0•1.d.or, Sqi.::.n:t:o, v1hich orLrJ_ier was turned over to the Americc1.n Army f9r b:..J::..c-~i!'1g. N01.7 :..t 1Hi11 n.ccommodR.te

. about 5,000 of the 10,000 French ;_;1.no, it is expected, tho Ymr may tompornrily send into oxilcc

In other parts of England e.nd in northern Ireland camps v.rhich once housed troops or ~ere built to receive British civilians made homeless by air attacks will provide shelter for thousands of, · refugees. Thus many of the same scenes are being repented noTT as in the gri~ spring of 1940, when thousnnds of frightened, homeless Netherland, Belgian and French inh.'1bitants fled to those shores. (Now York Times, 6/12/44)

PACKAGE SERVICE Through JDC 1 s pnckage program Jewish internees in . concentration camps nnd Jewish vmr victims in many

of tho occupied countries and refugees in Russia will receive more than 300,000 packages of vitally needed food, medicine und clothing from tho JEC, which hns nllocatod neurly $1,500,000 for this parcel service in 1944. .

To Je;,-1ish r0fugecs who fled ahead of tho Nnzi armies from Poland, Lithuani~, nnd Latvia into Russi~, JDC shipped 31,799 . packages between October 1943 and 5/1/44. Those refugees needed clothing to prot cct them ngninst the chill of tho Russian win tor, medicine to cure tpeir diseases and ailments and food to koop them alive. Lato in 1943 JDC set its go~l at tho spipment r~to of 5,000 J.Xtck~es per month. Todny it has topped its goal nnd 7,000 pn.ckngos cross tho IraniM--Russinn border· every 30 days.

Parcel servicc.hondqunrtcrs for the Russian service nre in Teho:ran. Fo1,;r s tnnd;1.rd p,,c:t.n_zos, \7hich cost $21, $23, $27, and $30, have boen developed. A typlc~l rnckngo contnins:

le5 ~ilograms of tea Oo 5 kilogrrons of soap 1 pnir mcn 1 s knitted cotton underwear 1 sot of medicines 1 gross of buttons thread and yard goo~s.

En.ch pn._ckagc is sent to nn individunl refugee whoso nn.mo has boon supplie~ by relatives and friends in the UoS. or Pelestine nnd by vn.rious organizn.tions such ns tho Jewish Agency in Palestine and the HIAS. Packngos to individuals whoso nnm3s hrwo been sup­plied by,HIAS arc paid for by tho rclntivcs and friends who hnve re­quested this service, and the.BIAS mnkes nll collections for these p,'1ck0.gos. Oth0r pnckri.gcs, to people i-vho h"\.VO no rolntives to help them, nro paid for by tho JDC.

JDC has just completed nrrnngomont s to nugrno nt 1 ts pm- eel sorvico nnd to 3xtend its o.id to Jev1ish refugees nnd cvncueesr in R~ssin. With tho permission of the Russin.n government, it is pur­chnsing food nnd clothing in buU,: in the U ~ S. Tho so bulk ship­mcnt swill be sent 1 duty fvco, to tho Russian Rod Cross who will distribute the supplies in nron.s of tho Soviet Union hnving prepon­derantly Jewish population. A totnl of $1,750,000 has been set aside by JDC to pny for both phasos of trds Russinn relief program

~LIEF ,I\ND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 4 - Vol.I, No. 13

in 1944. In addition to the Russi an pnckagc service, some 200,000 packages will also be sent to Jews behind the enemy lines in occu­pied territory during the remainder of 1944. Some of these parcels will be packaged and shipp0d from Lisbon and others from Switzerland and Istanbul. These packages, like those sent to Russin, will con-. tain food, clothing nnd medicine. Some will be packed in bags made of cloth which may later be utilized fpr clothing by the recipients.

During the first 4 months of 1944 it is estimated that appro­ximately 50,000 such parcels were sent. (JDC Digest, June 1944,p.4)

RELIEF TO JEWS OF YEMEN The.life of the Jews in Yemen h~s always . been one of misery and deprivation, especia~

ly stnce the first World War. Discriminatory laws were passed limit­ing t~eir employment. They were forbidden to do any agricuitural work. Although famed as silversmiths, they were not allowed to buy metal. 1ransact1ons involving money were forbidden to them •. It was illegal to ride camels and donkeys, the common mode of transportation in Yemen. Jewish testimony was not a~missible in the courts. Yemenite law strictly forbids Jews to leave the country, and the penalty for attempted escape is death. Yet large numbers of Jews have.in recent years managed to cross the border into Aden, a

·British Crown colony, as the first step in their journey to Pales­tine. They ~ame penniless and with few possessions. Delays then arose in securing Palestine certificates from the Jewish Agency and because of the shortage of shipping space, and a .serious relief problem arose. The Jews of Aden to whom they turn0d were in straitened circumstances themselves. Although. they contributed about $15,000 in cash and in kind to the 2,300 Yemenites who

, arrived in Aden in 1943; this was insufficient. The government of Aden issued a stern warning that unless condition$ among the Yemehites were improved, drastic stops would have to be taken and the border would be barred to further immigration. In March, 1943• JDC allotted $25,000 to enabl~ 600 Yemenites to reach Palestine. In August JDC granted $30,000 for the transportation of.an addi­t1on~l 1,000 to Palestine, as well as $3,400 for two months' . relief in Aden. Later an additional $8,000 was granted. Early in 1944 a large ivory warehou$o was . secUl;'ed for their shelter. A severe typhus epidemic broke out shortly afterward, necessitating quarantine for 1,300 refu·gecs. Tho gorgernment of Aden insisted that immigrants would no longer be · allowed to e~tor Aden. JDC sent Dr. Israel Kliglcr,well-known public health authority of the Hebrew University, and three nurses to Aden. Dr. Kligler arranged for ·the transfer -of the refugees to a sanitary camp,. The epidemic was halted. Today JDC is supplying $10,000 monthly for relief and has authorized the expenditure of $40,000 to cover 1/2 of the transportation costs of 1,600 refugees _to Palestine, (JDC . Digest, June 1944, p. 5-6)

DUTCH COLONIES: REFUGEES In the process of. res.erring its own nation ... nls, the Dutch Govcrnmen~ agreed to open

her colonies to a limited number of non-~utchw The JDC in turn agreed to provide ma.intenance guarantces"for these v:,.ctims of war., Slnce June 1942 hundreds of Dutch nationals nnd non-Dutch have found, safety a.n·d freedom in Dutch Guiana and Curacao. Today Para ...

·maribo, the en.pi tnl ·city of Dutch Guiana, houses 200 suc-h refugees..­Compared to general living conditions in Paramaribo, the refugee camp constructed by the Dutch government on the outskirts of the

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 5 - Vol. I, No. 13

city is a miracle· of modernity. The -·camp, uesigned to provide family pri.vacy_as weJ_i as a reasonable number of 1.ndividual comforts for non-farnlly groups, is made up of a number of double-unit cottages, a recreatinn hall, a school house ·and a community kitchen and dining room. .'!'here a,re two apartments in each cottage and ~ach apartment has two pedrooms, a living room, kitchen and bathroom. In a country where modern sanitary facilities are a rarity, a shower has been installed in each bathroom of the camp.. AJ.l r .efuge~ problems are handled by the Gouvernement Commissie voor Oorlogswluchtelingen, a -committee of five appointed by the Dutch Gqver~ment. It .is this committee, in ·cooperation wi t};l the JDC and the ., Hicem, \Vhich expedi­ted the re-emigration of those few refugee El who, .were not content with conditions in P~ramaribo. ; This commi~tee has admitted refugees who wished to re-emigrate from .Jamaica to P~ramaribo b~cause they felt that they would prefer the free~om of the Dutch c1ty where re­fugees arc .allowed to engage in :gainful , employment. Many of the refugees have<become self-sufficient•. , (JDO -Digest, Ju;ne, 1944·, p.10)

ITALY: REFUGEES AND CLOTHING JDC has purchased $40;000 worth of · · · · ·. ··· clothtng in Palestine ft,r refugees in

the camps . at Ferramonti, Bnri, and other points in Itt1ly. Shipments will be.made through the British Red Cross and distribution will be

· on a · non,-sectarian basis in the cl)nips where '. there arc ·large numbers· of Jews. Sui ts, dresses, .underwear, children's cl thJ,ng ar.id shoes will be incl.uded in the shipments. The fir13t cvacuat!i,on of refugees from .·Ttaly since Allied oc0llpat1on has alre~dy taken ~lace. JDC' s ·. Lisbon office rcpQrts that a grwp of 513 r$fugoe!s· artived in Pales-

. tine. · ,

SWITZERLAND: YUGOSLAVS The most recent reports.reveal that there • · . are at present about 2,000 Yu~oalavtan ·

refugees in Switzerland, of whom 75% are Jewish. · The greater major­ity· of them a~e in camps subsidized by the Swiss Gove~nment.

N,~THERLANDS: . FOOp PARCELS The London Committee of tht· Netherlands · . . Red Cross advises that- owing to the now

unreliable.ru;id( deteriorated postal facilitieiJ in E1,1rot,e it will not be possible to continue the food pn.rccl eerv1c·.e t~ the Nether­lands via Lisbon. (Knick~rbockcr Weekly, 7/:j.. 7 /44,, _ p. 4_)

EUBOPE: . FEEDING A .plan for feeding children 5-15 in urban centers of the occupied countries or Western Europe has

been presented to Cordell Hull by the Ambnss.n..dors .of llo.rvmy and Belgium, t};le representative of the French Committee ot , National Liberntion·, and Baron van Boetzelacr, Netherlands Minister Pleni­potentiary. Afte.r . the meeting the Sta to Department. a~thorized this statement: · · ·

"They presented the Secrctnry with 11 memorar.i(ium ~ of' fa.c :ts in regard to relief for children in the occupied countries .of Western Europe. This Govcrll_Ullent has for . some mtmths been ur~ing .. relief for women ilnd childr~n. 11 .'. • · . · · . ·

· · A· spokesman · said it wns -a friendly excl;l{lnge' of vtews regarding rel+ef propo~als. It was lenrned that the plan cons1iers the send­ing . of vitamins; ·tinned milk : nnd flou.r1 (Knicker~ocker Weekly, 7 /1 7 / 44 , p. 4) · · ,. · · .

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 6 - Vol. I, No. 13

NETHERLANDS: FOOD The population bf ·Hollnnd· hns followed directions given in a broadcnst on 5/21 from the Nether-

lands Government stat~on · in London and h~ve b~on storing food for use when libcr at ion by Allied Rrrnies tnke _s place. , An article in the Ger­man nevrnpnper Munich No.chrichten from its co_r ·respondent in Tho Hague discussed the effect ofthc Allied invasion of Normandy on the Dutch, saying II foodshops were storrp.0d and housc_wivos bought all their monthly rat ions as hn.d boen recommcnde<;i by tho London radio. 11 (Knick-erbocker Weekly, 7/17/44, p. 18) ·

. . NETHERLANDS: HEALTH Tuberculosis in Holl~nd hns increased alarming-

ly, according to a speech by n Dr. Hornetra at n mooting of tho Nethcrlnnds Society for Combnting Tuberculosis, reported in tho Amsterdam newspaper Hat Alg0mcon _Hnndclsblad. Dr. · HornstrD. snid ' thn.t :tt had ngn.in bocnsnown thril';poverty n.ntl hunger wore still the chief concomitnnts of tuberculosis. It~ causes, ho added, were bad food n.nd living conditions, n.s well as the incroasir:g 11 psychic burdens11 •. nnd dcmornlization of the population. Ho asked for a l:rettcr organfznt ion of . the fight n.gn.ins t tho dis ~,r.i.se n.nd . sugges t 8d that tuber culosis be brought under tho control_ of tho law covering inf octious dis·oo.sos. ( Knickerbocker Weekly, 7 /17 /44, p. 18)

U.S.RE.fUGEE CAMP: President Roosevelt has established an "Emergency Ref1.,gee Shelter" at Fort Ontario, near Oswego, New

York, as a haven for 1,000 refugees from Europe _for the war's duration The thousand will be admitted outside the regular immigration proce­dure. "1t is contemp.lated that at the end of the war they will be return~d to their homelands," the President wrote.

While the War Refugee Board is charged with the over-all respon­sibility for the project, the Army will take the necessary security precautions. The Wkr~Dep~r~~~nt is to · equip Fort Ontario :to receive the refugees, to arrange tpeir transportation from port to camp and take the · neceisary prebautions to see that they remain in camp.

The actual administration of the camp is to be in the hands of the War Relocation Authorities, the President revealed. Fort Ontario contains about 150 buildings, including a ..hospital, all' iri good condi­tion. It has been used as a military garrison and training center since 1755. (NRS Comm~mity Bulletin,June-July, 1944)p.L)

. i

COMUITTEE TO STUDY REFUGEES: The organization 'of ·a oommittee to un­dertake a . comprehensive study of the refugee's adjustment to American life was announced rece,ntly by the National Refugee Service.

Sponsored b~ NRS, the American Committee __ ·.f6r Chris.tian Refugees, the American Friends Service Committee, the Catholic Committee for Refugees and the U. S. Committee for the Care of European Children, the new s tudy group will seek to document on an impartial and objec­tive basis th~ relationship of the recent immigrant to his new life in the United States.

A preliminary meeting of the steering Committee, presided over by Dr. Alvin Johnson, who was elected chairman, agreed to name the group the Ame~ioan Committee for the Study of the Adjustment of Recent Immigrants from Europe~ (NRS Community Bulletin,June-July,1944,p.4)

AMERICAN DIPLOMA.TIC OFFICES: . The American Consulate C-eneral at Na-l ples has been reestablished and will be

opened for public business July 1, 1944.

..

RELIEF Al;JD rRECONSTRUCTl:ON D:i:C£:B..PTS • •. •• '· • • ·l. '1 , ,~ • -· • • ' .

·-- --:;-_ ~ ~ -- . · · Co 1 . ' I ; No . · 13--· ~ .. ... .. . .

AMERICAN DIPLOMNBJ(l,:OFFIC~'.8 ··, - ?hs .4illefj cjJY-. Leg~tiQn: at/])i;boli···~a~ ·-.' . . . . raJ sect to the :rank •· of Embassy on June 20, 1944,- Qn ~'hi<:h dat e thi J:·• ·B.t:inT~t"Nor1,,e1=J -presented his credential~ as Ambassador to Por tu&:;2. l .. '. The Depa1 trr,e'.lt of State Bullet in, 7 /2/_4,:4

p. 3?,) . .

FOOD SUPPLY~ South Ainerican ris e PTocluctj_or: · i n 1944 shovrs a prono_un-ced increase over that of a yE,-a:r: &go . The surplus -;,v:_r:,: b i)1

available for export from the Continent is estimat~d to e~ceed 600 -million pounds, which is -~l~ost a 100-~e rcent gai rl over expor~~ in 1943. The acreage was incre_§-sed .in _al 1 principal rice-growing coun­tries~ e~c ept Eriuador, and favorabl e weathe r result e d · in large har-vest s in most areas . Th e larg~s t gains -in ric e cultivation this year · occurred in Brazil,: Chi_le and ATgentina.

Th e edibli oli~e oil p~essed from the 1943 crop . in Spain is esti­mat~d by trade solirce•s ·at 440,000 short t ons , or ab~-ut ,do_uble the small 1942 crop of 220,000 tons. Dome stic consumption under present ration r es trictions is estima.ted at abou.t 310,000 short tons.: Pre­vious r eports indica~ed a desire on the part. qf · thG Government to reserve a :s 'tock of 8-8,000 tons· a~ a carry-'over . to· offset the antici­pated · shortage• in· ~1940 as · ~: ·result of cyclical . fluct~t ions in pro- · duct ion·. · · :: .

The Government; 'however, has not agreed tp p~r~tt · the . e xporta­tion of any quantity unless an equal quantity of other edibl0 oils is made available for impo:I;"tat ion into Spain. (For e·ign Crops and Mkt s .

· · · · · . . . 6/1944, p. 2 58 and 267). BELGIUM: FUEL The aver~ge_daily output of a.miner in -the Hainaut

6oal miries in occupied Belgium :has fallen to half a ton. In comparisori -with ' the output for the year 1940, ·the decrease amounts to 33 per cent.

The coal ration allowed to the population has become so in­sufficient that the tita6k mar~et . in coal has-~rown -ip propo~tion. (Ne~s from Belgium and the Belgian'Congo, 7/8/44, p. 217) _ ~

BELGIUM: . POSTW.AR PL.AlJNING The Bolginn Govornmont in· London has . crentcd fl.n orgn.nizn.tion .of. relief. wor~..,. .

ors v1ho h.1.vc recruited 1forsonncl n.nd cquipmcn:t, i _n order, to ho ron.dy when tho Alliod·•·High Commnn9- vrill cn.11 upon t!).cm for such rorinbili tat ion 'HOrk., ' Hcl-pcrs from n.11 over Grcnt Bri t .n. in hn.vo volunteered for training. They aro given prn.ctic~l instruction in the subj oct s of feeding, provisioning, clothing, pqrs.qnnl hygiene ~nd disinfection, nnd g~nbrn.l sn.nitntion pro~lq~s. · Thb - British Army is cooporn.ting wtth tho Bolgin.n Volunt·n.ry :;Hcl];Drs Society by lending tho ir n.ssi stn.nco for tho ins true tion · o_f , s·n.,i;ii-tn.r.y squads; . n.nd tho.British Roltcif Soqiotios n.rc contributing . to tho good -v:r,ork . by_ n.dmitting tho Helpcr .- s into their groups for _pt·nctic,n-1 qxorQisos~ Cn,mps hn.vo boon ostn.blished 1;-rhoro tho Helpers h1.V-9 , t .o live for n peri­od under conditions closely r esembling those of tho .f{r.n.i', zones. They soon bocomo nccustorrcd to tho building of fiold-t1tcnens .-, billets n.nd cnmp qunrt crs; and the mn.ss distribution of :, .food. Tr:io first sossion =of courses for Bolginn n.nd Luxemburgor rblib~worko~p wns completed by n 1aook of prn.cticnl o_xcrcisos inn. en.mp sot.·: up . in Sussex, pln.cod- n.t the disposi_tipn':' of, tho·_Bolginn G?ycrnmc "r-1t by- ._. tho E:oglish. rtuthori tics. IO~ out · of . 41.5 of the · H9lpqr1:1 : took pn:rt -· in the practj_cnl domonstr n t-ioh. • , (Nc 1:rs from Belgium, 7/1/44,p.208)

BELGIUM: RATIONS Tho daily rn.ti on of brand in occupied Belgium hn~ boon reduced. The Gormnn s cln.im thnt this · is · n

conscquonco of tho disruption of trnnsport cnusod by tho air rnids.

. ,,, . . --- ..

RELI.il:F AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 8 - Vol. I, No. 13

Enemy-controlled nowspnp9rs nlso R.nnounco thn.t 11 bccnus~ <;>f tr~nsport difficul tics, 11 only 50% of tho do:_iverios of flour r1.uthort;zqd .. bof,orc Mny 6, 1944, mny be IDA.do. (Ncns f~om Bolgiut:1, 7/1/4.4 ·~_.· p. ·~2·11)·· · · ·

INDIA: MENNON.ITSS Arrr.ng·emcnts hnvo been comp-lotad f'or·.· 11:ii.. -nnd · Mrs·~ George Bo11ro tn lcnve· ·for Indin. soon. Thqy aro ...

under appointment. for IndiR. by tho Mcnnonito Bon.rd _. of. ·. Mission:s· 8n·a; ·. Chari tios, but their services hn.vc been. lonned for: n. period of relief service in Bcngr.l. ( Gospel Hernld, 7 /P!/44, p. 301) .. .. •. -:

tiIDDLE ZAST: CLOTHING On July 3 i86 bn.lcs of rc1 icf clothing, 10 . tons, left the clothing wnrohnuse for ship-·

mr.mt to the Middle :s,-,_st. · The shipment consist9d mostl_y .of· wornonfs· _· nnd childron's clothing, to be distributed by our relief workers to Greek and Yu~osln.v refugees in the _Midd.le Enst. (Gospel · Herald·; . .. 7 /14/44, p. 301) . · .. . .. · .

SWEDEN: CHILDREN . ·A plnn for tho 11 D.doption 11 · of refugc9 children .. in . · Svrndon thrnugh donn. ti ons of 9100 nnnually ·hns been

rtpprovod by tho Snve the Children Int ,1rnnti nnn.l Union. 'rhorc n.rG 35;000 such children Qf vn.rious nn.ti0np.litios n<wJ sholt.ored in Swo- · don, nnd the number is gro17ing nt tho rntc of 600 weekly • . {Gospel Messenger,. 7/15/44, p. 2·) · . · ·

ITALY:: RELIEF BY JDC Arthur· D. Greenleigh, former ·executive on the ' . . , . War Fanpmrnr Commission and a well-lrnovm pub-

lic · vie·lfare aaministrator, has been added to the _overseas- staff -of · ·· · JDC. Mr. Greenleigh's fi::rst a$sig·nment will be to Rome, where he · will-coordinate a program of aid for refugee Jew11r in the recently libel;"a~ed Italian capital.· · Mr. G:reenleigh will be among the first Arneri~an private r~lf-ef officials to carry on work of assistance in Rome. (J~wish Review 1 7/13/44, p. 4) . · . -.. - ' ·

RUSSIA: WELFARE IN"iUIRIES· 'The Union of Russian Jews maintains - ' regular cr-i.ble communication v1ith -the Mos..:

cow Jeuish Community for the purpose of locating . ~efugees and evacuees · 1n ·the ~ov~et _Union and helping ~hem get in touch gith _ _: :i. their frienas and relatives in the United States. (Jewisp . Reviev!, 7 /13 / 44 , p. 1 O ) · . .

Rr!..SCUE OF If~FUGEES The Socretnry of Sto.te telegraphed Dr~ Al.berto - .. Guani ,- Chairmrtn of the Emergency Advisory. Com-

mit toc for Political Defense in Montevideo•, w:itn. respect ; to · the endeavors being made to r _escue refugees from German t ·errit-ory, · 11 ••• I note . tha_t .this resoluti·on (of . the Committee) proposes that the American Republics concert and intensify th~ir efforts to rescue from German hnrids some thousands of oppressed n'linbritics holding · non-European-.Q.ocurnent:atioh; ··tJ:1.nt ·this be d-0n·0 ·,q·y Joj,nt .proposals to exchange Gcrl\1:2,n nat·io nals from the Amari.can· ·R.cpubllcs· for these persecuted groups; _ and 'that $U_Qh. qxchanges ·c;1n be achie~cd consi s­tently vii th s ccurity :comH.dcra_t ions surrounding · .e:x;ch_o,nges ·; prc·vi<;>usly formu:)..a:ted by your- Committee.' • ~- My, Govbrnme·nt v-rill oe rno-s-t -happy to participate actively in ·such an inter-American · pr:0gram-.:\ . · -~· ;.t• (Dept. of Stii.te Bµlletin~ ,: o/17/44, . P• ·566) _·. -: ,.,· ·. · ·;·· · ,,

7/19/44 EEWhelden

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS Vol. I, Noo 12. Compiled from sources received in the Foreign

Service L:Lb:rn.ry of tho Amoricn.n Friends Service Commi tteo. 7 /18/44

EUROPE: RATIONS Swedish food rations compn.rod with those in certain foreign countries in Europe are given in a tn.ble

below. The Swedish figures mny soom smnll, but milk, potatoes, nnd vogctn.blos are not rn.tionod in Sweden and. Cfl.n bo bought in umlimitod quantities. Inn. rostn.urn.ht ono gives coupons only for butter, bread, most of the mon.t products, n.nd eggs.

ORDINARY DAILY RATIONS PER PERSON: Brend ond other grnin products Butter n.nd cook;lng !_ at "[Ounces; . Sweden, April 1 43 5.88 flour or mon.l Finland,. Mo.rch 143 8, 82 _grnin products Denmark, ' 1st ,.

quartoi" 1 43· 9,01 2,55 1,57 0,46 7,06 9.17 5.65

cour.so rye/. bread/. OR tmcnl /. whi to flour flour or

. -rouncos) Sweden➔~

Finland Denmark Norway Germany Switzerland

1~25· 0,59 1,46 1,06 1,00 0.12 0,35

butt0r

butter & butter fat, & coo].{ing fat &

Norway, Dec. 1 42

Germany, 4/5-5/2 1943

soft bread or hard brand

8.50 flour/.

or cooking 0,18

O, 18 pts.

0,6 meal,flnkes,etc. England cooking oil

1.14 Swi tzorland,

Jan.' 43 8.23 brefid pn.stry /. 0.47 flour or mo~l of

.bread grnins,corn, or millet products,/

0,29 o&~s,corn & mil­let products f

0.13 mncaroni England,Oct. 1 42

Sugar '(Ounce$)

broad unrntioned

Sweden 2.14 Finland 0.59

plus 0.29 crystal sugar to tho~e not taking out tobacco c(.lrds plus 0.59 marmalade or je.m & Q.88 pints.fruit juice sinc9 Ju~ 1 42

Denmark 1,76 Norway. 1,00 Gorr:nr.,ny · 1. 13 Switzer. 0,59 &

0.~9 jam or honey England 1 .14

Coffee,te~,& cocoa (Ounce9) Sweden (8.82 oz coffee

or 3.53 oz. tea from 3/1/43 until further notice) substitute

Finland - none (9.15/ Denmark.,.. none Norway - none, O.?O

. substitute Germ~ny - none,.0.31

sµbstitute Switzerland - 0.24

coffee,to.24 coffee admixture

England - 0.28 te~ coffee,cocoa unra­tioned

Boneless meat.and pork (ouncesT -­~weden .. 1.14 Finland--products to

value 0.27 Finn-marks . .

Denmark unrati9ned Norway 1.13-3,02 Germany l926 Switzerl~nd 1.15 England 1.74

plus 0.57 lard or ham

➔~ PGriods in all lists s,9,mo ns thos c given for bread' list.

....,. < .... .. ,

Ration comparisons (continuet f romp~ge 1 ~

Eggs (Ounces) "Sweden. 0 •. 22 Finland Wone Denmark unra-

tioned Norway-,....only

to si cl-.: Germany-according_

to.supply ~witzerland-3 eggs

/1. 76 · egg povvdeP per month ..

England~- 2-5 eggs per month

Cheese (Ounces) E ,pr}(Te~fi o .. 15 Finland none Denmark - unra-

tioned Norway - accord­

ing to supply Germany O. 16 Switzerland

4.07 (whole fat)

Engl and O. 57

Potatoes and products thereof (oz) "Sweden - potatoes unratToned. 0.12

· potato flour may be taken instead of white flour

Finland - pptatoes unrationod Denmark - unrationed Norway - 15,12 pot&toes Germany - rationed in largo citios.

0.16 starch products. Switzerland - potatoes unrationed England - potatoes unrationed

•

""\Tolo I, No. 12

Milk and Oro~m (pints) Swocta n - ·mllKu:'1r·a ti oned .

( Cream may b.o taken. in­stead of butter)

Finland 0~35 Denmark unratloned Norway:adults skim 0,44

sweet milk to childr~n: 0-5 years: 1,32

6-15 0.88 16-18 o.44 ~lus 0.44 skim milk

Germany - skim milk accord­ing to supply; unskimmed to children under 14

Switzerland 0.7 England 0.42

( The Americnn Swedish Monthly, . "Sharing m'f Food in Sweden, 11 August 1943, P.~. 6-7)

SWEDISH l;tELIE F Tp.e above monthly also hn.s an article on Swec;lish relief since tho war began, "Far-roaching Aid to

V let ims of War, 11 p. 10, which may be ~ useful ~ource for . some • . It is too long t ·o reproduce fiere and mucfi o t nas already been included from other sourc~s in these Excerpts.

INDIA: FOOD The wheat crop now beirtg h~rvcsted in -India is placed at 386,624,000 ,bushels, according to •the first officinl

estimate .. At that' figure the production would b4 o'ne o,_f the largest reported, though it. is smal-ler than earlior trade forec11sts indi­cated. It is also somewhat below last year's record pr_oduction of 409,584, oo·o bushels . Food shortage developed in India in 1942 and continued into 1943, largely as tp.e result of transportation difficulties and loss of the usual imports of rice from Burma, averaging around 1.5 million tons . Supptying tho urban .population has constituted the greatest problem. In: order to control exist­ing supplies, rationing became necessary in some parts and is reported to be in force in more th-8.n 130 towns, including more than 25 million people. Price restrictions wore removed in January 1943, in an effort to bring more grain into regular marketing channels Prices increased steadily immedin.tely following thR.t move, until . .; they re~ched:, a peak in Jt?,ly vi1i th tho Y.'hcn..t index reported at 346, based on August 1939 prices. (Foreign Crops and Markets, May 1944, p. 190-191)

?:- - •

RELiiF 4ND RECD,NS~RUCTION EXCERPTa_ . - 3 -l ,. • .-4 • 1,/

, ·t

Vol. I,Noi 18 l ·t - ;.~ C

· rNDI~: FOOD .A rice crop "larger tm.n· any iri two ~ecades was 'ba:rvested in India during the 1943-44 season, according to the

rice forecast published tn the Indian Trade Journal of 3/30/44. Gains were reported in all Provinces except Bombay, Hyderabad, the Cen-tral Provinces and Berar. The largest increase is 1n Ben~al, where the crop is reported to be 44% above the 5-year average, 1936-37 to 1~40-41, and 70% larger than the small harvest of 1942-43. The famine during 1943 could not be relieved by imports normally ob­taine _d from Burma. During 1943 in the rice-surplus. areas prices were maintained at reasonable levels, and in some deficit areas were $epx ~~o~ rising through pricecontrol measures. In Beng~l, however, they soared to ~nprecedented levels. The highest reported price was $16.34 per 100 pqunds, whereas the average price during January-June 1939 was $1.?0 per 100 ,pounds. The reported produc~ ' tion this season should far exceed India's rice consumption require­ments in 1944. All India.will have sufficient rice, however, only 1f it is more evenly divided through some form of government pro­curement and distribution. · (Foreign Crops and Markets, May 1944, p. 201)

EUROPE: FOOD The 1944-45 outlook in Eu.rope ls by no means favorable to the Axis, according to information received in

the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. The cumulative . effect over the war yoars of shortages in agricultural manpower, fertili- · zer.s, draft power, farm equipment, and machinery will be felt. TJ:ius · far .during the war, food co)'.lsumption on the Continent generally, with the e:sception of the Soviet Union, has been maintained at be­tween 85 and 90% of pre-war. Most of the farm population and the

· preferred-worker groups probably.live at approximately pre-war levels. A portion of the nonfarm population in some countries benefits sub­stantially from the b1ac~ ·:market. But millions of people are being forced to exist on as little as 3/4, 2/3, ind even less of their pre-war living standards. Up to this time, the GormaR people ~them­selves have eonttnued to fare much better with respect to foodstuffs than in World War I, because of expanded output at home supplemented by takings from other · Axis and Axis-occupied areas, a~d to the efficiency of the German food-distribution system. The year 1944, however, may mark a decline in the German food supply. In Austria and Czechoslovakia the food situation remains passable, although the food standards of these countries are somewhat lower than in the Reich proper.. Food co:r:iditions in the 1111 Government General of Pol~d," on the other hand, are much worse than in any other area occupied -' by Germany, except Poland. In liberated Italy, ·which normally produces less .than it consumes, a large part of the popila.t:ton must continue to depend mainly on imported supplies, especially for bread grains, sugar, and dairy products. In German-occupied Italy, which in­cludes the chief food-producing areas of the country, the situation is likely to continue unsatisfactory, because of increasing unrest among farmers and partial disruption of the distribution system. In France, where imports from North Africa n9 longer help to offset heavy_ deliveries to Germany, a 1943 harvest better than that of 1942 prevented a further decline in food supplies. Hoardtng and black­market operations on a substantial scale still keep rations at much lower -l~vels than are justified by domestic supplies. This results in acute distress to many consumers who nre unable to buy in the black market, or to secure food from fri0nds and relatives in the country.. The level of food consumption in Belgium remains very

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low. In the Nethcr1'mds a relatively adequate diet has been main­tained by increasing the production of potatoes, grain, and o11seeds at the expense of p~stures and by utilizing as food large qunntities of grnin and potatoes formerly used as feed.

The effect of the wnr on.food supplies Rppears thus fnr to have been less marked in Denmark tbnn in most of the other European countries under Nazi domination, Becnuse of the lack of imported feedstuffs, livestock numbers and production have been reduced greatly, although significant recoveries.took plnce in 1943 and early in 1944. On the other hand, a lnrger share of the crops produced hns been utllizod for direct consumption. By thus altering its agri­cultural structure to meet wnrtime conditions, Denmark has made itself independent of food and feed imports while maintnining fairly sub­stantial exports of livestock products as well as of sugar nnd fish.

Jhe food.situntion in Norway continues to be unfavorable to the masses of the population, average consumption being 2/3-3/4 of the pro-war level. Among thAt pnrt of the populntio~ which docs not have access to supplies from other than officially authorized agencies, there ts considerable undernourishment. Even with the . exis4ing small bread rRtions, more thnn n third of the breqd grains must . be. imported. There is no sugn.r except thnt which is imported. Fresh vegetables nre scRrce, mainly becaus~ of requisitions by the Germans. Fresh fish, which nlso is requisitioned heavily, is often unobtAinable e~cept in fishing communities. In Finland nnd Sweden, conversely, the food si tuntion appears to be somewhat bettor than it was a year ago. .

The Danube Basin is one of the few areas of continental Europe where the 1943 producti9n was definitely larger than that of 1942. Tho improved situation is nttributed mainly to increased production of wheat and rye and to the fact that even in wartime the.Balkan pensants continue to p~ant and harvest their fields about as usunl, a good share of the . work being done by woroo n and children. As a result,.the food situntion in Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumnnin, Rnd Yugo­slavia, taken as n whole, 1$ more fnvornble this senson than in 1941-42. In Greece, however, tho situntion remains unfJatisfn.ctory, espocinlly in urban centers.

The Spanish food situation continues to be difficult because of relntively l-ow leve-1s -o-f product1ot;i., limited poss ibil1t1es of obtain­ing supplcment.ary supplies · from nbroad, and unsatisfactory internRl distribution of available supplies. In Portugal, where rationing was introduced this year, short crops and ponsant hoarding have caused n deterioration in the food supply. Although there is no serious deficit in the total fopd supply of SwitzerlRnd, consumption in the cities is considernble below pre-w~r levels. (Foreign Crops and Markets, May 1944, pp. 243-244)

ITALY: HE~TH One person in every 5 in Rome has tuberculosis, Lt. Col. Bizzozero, chief of AMG 1 s publis health section,

said today. Tubcrculosi~ began a sharp increase more tmn a yefll' ago and becRme acute as a result of suffering in the nine months. of the GermRn occupntion. There hns been some evidence of defi­ciency dixeases and the condition of children is arousing enxiety. (New York Times, 7/27/44)

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REJ..,IEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 5 - Vol. I, No. 12

FRANCE: RECONSTRUCTION Speech of Gene~al de Gaulle before Provi-sional Consultative Assembly in Algiers,

3/18/44, contained the following: 11 We must declare that the ex­ceedingly difficult economic condition in which France will be plunged during the initial period of reconstruction, will exclude any rapid improvement in matters of supply and distribution. It is painful to have to tell a nation which has greatly suffered, that the landing of French and Allied forces will not bring the spontaneous beginning of comfortable conditions. But it is the government's duty to take the strict measures relative to rationing, cost, exchange, and credit, which will be imperative so that every one--I repeat everyone,--may receive an equal share of what will fill vital needs. As production increases, as food and raw materials arrive in France from foreign countries or Overseas France, accord­ing to the plans which.the government is at present working out, in collaboration with competent international organizations, and wheninterior and exterior communications a.re re-established, this difficult situation will improve .... 11 (United N~tions Review, 5/15/44, received from French Press and Information Service, p. 110)

ITALY: AMG Address by John J. McCloy to American Labor Press Assoc:i.Btion, 3/5/44, lncludes following: There has

been a great underestimation of the progress which we have made in removing Fascists from office. In Italy and Sicily, while most of the dangerous Fascists had fled, practically every person who held office or worked in government and mRny officers and workers in industry had been connected with the Fascist party in some way. The distinction which we have mBde is the distinction between the active and notorious Fascists and those who were only nominal in their attAchment to FRscism for the purpose of holding their jobs or keeping out of internment camps or some other such human motive.

There was no free labor movement under Fascism. State control of both labor and industry was the key to the Fascist system. Workers and employers were organized into separate syndicates and required by law to function through those syndicates. The local syndicates headed up through a mRZe of Fascist bureaucracy to 22 "corporations II in R;o_me, wtiich con tr9,lled E1bso lut.ely the industrial and economic fate of all ItRlien workers and employers. Italian workers paid dues sent to the Ministry of Corporations in Rome. Collective labor agreement were not negotiated by the syndicates but dictated by confederations on a higher level. The workers in the syndicates were not permitted to ratify the agreements, covering hours, wages and working conditions. We abolished this system. Under our encouragement, collective bargaining, involving elections in which the workers selected their own representatives, were held in Sicily and Italy for the first time in over 20 years. Under A.MG, workers as well as other groups he.ve the right of peaceful assembly, free speech, free press and access to radio and broadcasting, on R non-discriminatory basis, providing only that the exercise of these rights does not threaten military oper~tions or security.

The Army used the Fascist labor offices for the purpose of hiring thousands of civiliPn workers. Tho public WRs invite~ to register for work. The offices imm8diately were overrun by men, women, R.nd children of nll Rges who d?.sired employment. We never hBd Bny greR.t difficulty getting ItAliRn workers to perform the jobs of repairing roads, railroads, cleRring debris, burying the dead, working the docks a.nd WR.rehouse. The Fascist prRctice of giving

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preference in jobs to membe~s of their party was abollshed. Tears of joy were shcf by Je0ish ·Workers who could get jots ~o~ the first time in many y2ars, and thus obtain food for their sta,.,vL1o; fa;r.ilies . Our rule required that employment be given on an equal basts regard­less of race or creed. Some preferences based on need were given to released political prisoners ana to those -who had been denied employment under Fascism because of religion and anti•-B"ascist acti­vity or refusal to join the Fascist party, as well as to heads of certain families who could show great economic need.

At the outset of our invasion, in an effort to prevent inflation, proclamations were issued freezing all prices and wages at the pre­invasion level. It was soon seen, following a careful study by our own experts on the cost of living in Italy, that the wage scales were too low. Since it was regarded as an impossible task imme­diately to revise all wage scales separately, (?Ur chief civil affairs officer as of last Nov. 1, issued orders that all wages, govern­mental and private , should be in0roased by stipulated percentages ranging up to 70% in the lower income groups .

Whether the policy is successful will a_,3:pend upon our success in achieving a reasonable degree of eco~omic stability including our ability to get adequate supplies of food to Italy, in cm trolling the black market and holding prices in line.

Probably the most important problem to the future of labor in Italy is the problem of unemployment. At the present time the full impact of destruction of the Italian Industrial Plant bas not been felt because of the large employment of.Italian manual and indus­trial labor by the Allied Armies. The ~xisting social insurance system has to be entirely reconstituted. It was closely integrated v,ri th the Fas·cist organization. A start has been made toward its rehabilitation, .but much will have to be done to bring it to the point where it can operate as a real relief to Italian unemployment.

Italy, with never too flourishing an economy, is now cut in two. Tho interdependence of the markets and producers of. North and South, on which her reai commerce is based, is largely gone. The Germruls have destroyed railroads and bridges and culverts.

What .AMG can do in the short spHCO of time it operates, what the ACC can do, or even UNRRA is but the smallest fractton of what the people will have to -d~- f~r themselycs when the Allies have left. (Briefed from United Nations R$view, 5/15/44, pp. 124-125, release from War Department) ·

NETHERLANDS: MEDICINES Pope Pius XII_ has notified the Archbishop of Utrecht.that 87 casks of 100 liters of

cod-liver oil each would be sent from the Vatican to Holland for the benefit of sick Dutch children. The GermRn-controlled Boman Catholic newspaper, De Tijd said that arrangements he.d been made by the Netherlands Red. Cross :1nd the chief medic.st1 inspector to distri­bute tho oil to sann toric1. ru;1d hospitals housing 1 arger numbers. of tubercular patients. The oil will bo given p~tients, irrespective of their religion, it rtddod. (Knickerbocker Weekly, 6/19/44,p.18)

UNITARIAN SERVICE COMMITTEE: RELIEF From II StR.nding By 11 , monthly bulletin of the Unitarian

Service Committee, June 1944: Unfortunately moat of the plans and activi tics now being undertaken by our Em1opc ti.n wor}cers must not be publicized at this time, both because •of the danger of "giving information to the enemy" and to a lesser degree, because plans

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FlELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 7 - Vo 1. I , No , . l~

cliange ~o rapidly th~t whnt is true todny is incorrect tomorrow •••• Mr. Howard Brooks hn:s h;ft for North Afrie-n. to conr--:,ilt vrith

representatives of . the Fren F\'fmch forces, looklng tpv1,.,_rd coopera­tion between thorn nnd tho Service Committee, ns soon as lt ls possibio ng~in to undort~ko rofugeo relief in Frnnce. In connec-t ioh ·with any future vrnrk in France, USC hFts rocei ved a numb er of offors from persons in this country who own property in Frnnce, v=1ho would like to .contribute ·such ostnbl:j_shments to be used, under USC guidn.nce, for the rohnbili t n.t ion of wn.r victims, e specin.l ly orphnned homeless nnd undernourished ctiildron. Somo such .vrnrk 1Nith the chil­dren of Fronce is ono of the projGcts tho Committee hns every hope of carrying out in tho future.

HOLL_~~D: FOOD The Amsterdnm daily Hot Volk of 4/13/44 stn.ted that in 1943 Holland hn.d recei voa. v1hoat from Fr.mco And

Belgium in exchn.ngo for sugnr, v1hilo from Germany en.me rye in ex­chnngo for potatoes. Houovor, bvring to tho scarcity of sugar tho monthly r~tion coupons for this product wero declQrod invRlid on several ·occasions during tho po.st winter. As a r-:;sul t of the 11 export 11 of good quality potRtoos to Gcrmri.ny, tho Dutch v,ere obliged to buy potn.toes of low quality. Tho flooding of mnny fertile sec­tions was oxpoctcd to result first of all in a further reduction of beet sugar crops. The reduction of sugnr production wns to be bftlancod by a reduction in the quotas for jn.rn factories which instead would receive glucose made from pot~to flour. As for the fat situa­tion, in spite of tho inuodation the n.crcngo cultivated to rapeseed is still ln.rger th-'l..n R yeRr ngo, 17hile ov,ring to tho mild v1inter an 8-bundant crop is- expected. But rnposeod, the only substitute for butte::r, margarine or nnimr..l fc1.ts, wn.s so sen.rec lRst year thn.t six-ounce bottles Hero distributed in December "ns a Christmo..s bonus. 11 The nrticlo r>.lso bonstcd that milk production hll.d risen 6%. over last year, but did not expl'l_in why, in t hA. t en.so, hr1.lf of the . milk ration is supplied in artificial powder form instc~d of liquid. This powder can perhaps be ur;;od for cooking but not for making tnilk. Many centers of vogotnblo growing h[l.VG been obliterated. (Nethcr­lRnds News Digest, 6/1/44, p. 201)

N~Tt{E:BLANDS EAST . INDIES: RECONSTRUCTION , Holl[l.ndia ·proved a most • · .· t useful lesson for tho

N.I.C.A. ,(Netherlands In.dies Civil Administrntion?), as it prepares to t n.ke ov Gr civil n.dminiB trri.t ion in n.ror-ts of tho En.s.t Indios when they are liborll'½cd: by: nlliod· arms • . Tho r..uthoritios wero grn.tifiod to find th[Lt the tr11itfing, ·at Melbourne had tum 09,.:· out as well R.S it dido The second wave of NICA officie.ls to arrive .included district controilers with 1e·xper i once in the Mernuko arens of south a, n Nevr Guinea,. Doctors sent here from Australia wer9 well versed in tropicnl dis cases, of which mn.ny were rronpant owing to Japn.nose neglect, (Nethcrlnnds News Digest, 6/1/44, p. 224)

SWEDEN: REFUGEES Part of the story of J0v7ish rescue and rohabili-. tation in Sweden wns told by tho Mosaiska

Forsamlingen tho officinl agency of t~1.o Js1,:~1j_sh commm1:i.tylllStock­liolm. Prior to tho arrival of Dn.nl2h rc:tugoci:, ~~here wore appro­ximately 3 000 Jewish rcfugeos in Srvedono _r_ c0 •nr~;:-,r110~.vc1~ lnrgc number of thorn wero older people i.:rhc wr;·'Y:'C u::nbl,J to i;r.:H·1£.. nnd w .hose mRint enance was made possible by tho furi 0.s r.1n.d,_; , tVc:.iLi.b1e by tho government and by relief orgRnizntions. T~asc Dho wore nblo to work were given tho opportunity of on.rnlng cl 2.i,.rclihood in

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCE"9? TS - 8 - VoL I, No. l2

nccordMce with conditions prevailing on the Swedish labor mark et, Approximately 230 Jewish refugees, formerly members of the Zionist Pioneqr Qrgnnization, were given the opportunity to work on farms. A school wns. opened for boys ,'l..nd girls who n.re being provided with Youth Aliyah trnining in prcpnration for their ultimate emigration to Pn.lostino. Tho relief v10rk in addition to the government plan which i~ provided on the basis of a budget mndc available by a vote of the Swedish Diet, involved nn expenditure of about 40,000 Crowns a month. Tho funds wore procured by the Mosaisl'il.a Forsamlingen by menns of taxation nnd voluntary contributions. ,

. With tho arrival of tho rofugces from Denmark, the number of Jewish refugees in this country roached the total of 7,500. These include 7,000 Jews who came to Sweden from Norway in November, 1943. (sic) - · ,

Tho . Dnnish Leg;:1-t ion, like the -NorvJCgian _ Legation be fore, established n spociRl relief office ,which grants .qssistr-mce to refugees regardless of origin or nationality. The relief work carried on by the Dnnish ri..nd Norweginn Logn.tion s hns not, hc_:iwever, reduced tho burden of tho ·-Jewish community, for it continues to provide for the additional needs, materirtl ,ci_s vwll ns culturnl nnd spiritual, of the refugees.

Plans for M extensive rehn.bilitn.tion progrEt.m after the ce{'lsa­tion of hostilities nre now being formulated by a committee of

.Jewish pit iz erts in:cl uding many prominent physicians n.nd lmvyer s • . The trn.ining of physicirms; .mnlc nµrses, R.nd social workers who wiil evontunlly proceed to the libcrnted countries is one of the tasks the committee is undertr-ili:ing. Another progrrun has been for­mulated by the committee with n view.to secu~ing as much informa­tion P,bout .the fnte of the Jevrn who .hnvc been deported by the Nazis to the East, as ·can be obt-::i,inod here. The · commit too has orgn.nized n crmvn.ss of all Jews in Sweden who ·n.re being asked to. give the names nnd ln.st known addresses of their.relatives, friends, and ncquRintances who remained in tho Nazi dominRted lRnds. It ls hoped that this iri'formation will be Qf great vn.luo when the time comes·to reunite the Jewish families who have been scattercid. (Rescue,HIAS bulletin, June,· 1944, p. 6)

WAR REFUGE~ BO.ARD AND IGCR The WRB and the Intergovernmental _,. • t: . · _ Comm:ttt-ee on -RB"fuge-es mll coord1nate

their ri.ctivi ties 11 with a viev1 town.rd approaching our goals more rapidly. 11 According to the new arrangements, WRB will be pr~marily concerned with rescuing victims c1.nd deliver.trig them to safe terri­tory, with the IGCR trucing over from thers and looking after the refugees. after ·they reach neutral territory. Th~ rcpatriat jci, n , of the refugees to their own countries 11.f tor the war will be handled by UNRRA. (Rescue, . HIAS bulletin, June, 1944, p. 9)

7/18/44 EEWheldon

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...

CC: CEP CRC ESC JGV JFR JA MEJ MPS MHJ MF JEB MW LKJ IA LOH RJP GW LHN EG PT ET KH PD MCL HK BP ERW HM SC WE HS & workers abroad.

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS No. 7 --Part three From sources received in AFSC Foreign ·service Library, AFSC,

during April 1944.

INTERJ-J'EES: U.S.A. As of April 6thr the interpretation of the im­migration ·status of internees in the United

States is as follows: Internees are no longer subject to warrants of arrest

and deportation. About one hundred warrants have been issued so far. These will all be cancelled. Notice of outstanding warrants should be sent to the NRS Migration Department.

According to the United States Immigration Service, in­ternees-at-large are not considered as coming within our immigra­tion laws and they are therefore not subject to regular warrants of deportation.

On the other hand, neither are they eligible for change of status, under our pre-examination procedure, according to the present interpretation of the Immigration Service. Since they were brought to this country by the Stat e Department it is e)p';cted that the State Department and the Alien Enemy Control Unit w.ill make som&: disposition of their cases by the e-nd of the war. (National Refugee Service Special Information Bulletin No~ 34, 4/20/44.)

ENEMY ALIENS: U.S.A. Women of enemy alien status who acqui.red citizenship of countries other .than the

Unites States through marriage after December B, 1941, are stiil classified as -enemy aliens for alien registration purposes, the Unitea States Immigration and Naturalization Service has ruled, (Ibid Page 3.)

MONEY TRANS·FERS: ITALY Treasury Department regulations regarding the transmission of money orders to Sicily

through American banks, (described in SIB No. 33) have been extended to include Sardinia and the following Italian provinces occupied by the United ijations forces: Cosenza, Reggio Calabria, Potenza, Foggia, Bari, ~rindisi, Catanzaro, · Matera, Alvallino, Tarinto, Lecce, Naples, Salerno, and Benevento. (Ibid, Page four.) ·

REFUGEES IN· URINAM The Netherlands Consulate, Kingston, Jamaica, has advised NRS that all refugees of the Dutch

group in Kingston, who are not in possession of a visa for anothe~ country are being transferred to Surinam by order of the Netherlan4s Government.

Their stay in Jamaica has been considered a temporary one. Negotiations for their transfer to Surinam have now been completed, and their departure to that country is already under way. The trans­fer of Dutch refugees to Surinam is in accordance with the original plan made between the Netherlands and the Bri i sh . governments. It is, therefore, understandable that the Dutch government should wish to .transfer them to its own territory at this time.

The local committee in Paramaribo, Gouvernement Coccom- ­missie Voor Oorlogsvluchtelinger, is .interesting itself in this group. (National Refugee Service Special Information Bulletin, No. 34, April 20, 1944.)

P.E LIEF AND RE CONS T:CWC TI ON EXCERPTS No. 7 ( part 3) Page 2

POST WAR PLANNING! OZ.EGE03LOVAKI.A: At a meeting recently of the executive and wor~ing committee

of the Masaryk Institute, 8 West 40th Street, New Y~rk 18, N.Y., the secretary reported on the wo~k ac~u~pl1shed in 1943 and poli­cies were laid for 1344.

Concerning the field of restitution of libraries, it was voted to fit the work of the Masaryk Institute into the plans and. proposed actions which are to be taken dm a large scale for all the allied nations ............ .

The Masaryk Institute has taken part in the preparation­of plans for tl1e traini~g of :.ore1gn aL1-ied students and exterts fo~ post-war reconstruction ~ark in their hone covntries. This and plan is under serious consideration by the State Department/is to be carried out on a large scale. The Masaryk Institute expects to participate actively in all the future wor·k -::onnec..ted ·with his program. Its immedjate task is to prepare a list of the Gzecho- _ slavukian nationals in the United Sta~es who, by ~casJn of their bac~ground and training, would be suitable candidRtcs for such spesial studies and training in many diversified fj_elds: agricul­ture, gardening, food production, industrial prod·"'ctiori, bur.inesq ~nd b_p.n~ing__, ad_mJ.n i.B;t_..r_a tJ.QD ,._. t ranapo I_t_a t_io~---.b.uild.ing ,- e_le ct.r i c.Lt y_; medicine and hygiene, social service, education, lj_bra.ries, recrea­tion and sport, radio film, newspapers, and magazines. (News Flashes from Czechoslovakia under Nazi Domination--ReJ.ease No. 232, April 10, 1944).

POSTWAR PLANNING: JEWISH REPARATIONS W"ith the a:~m of formulating -a constructive approach to

the whole problem of reparations by Germany for the property and assets plundered from Jewsin Germany and Austr:i.a, exploratory talks have been proceeding for some time among le~ding Jews from those cou:h.tries Vfibnow are living in Palesti:'.'le, It is estimated that the Nazis have looted from thorepersons alone the equivalent of $3,000, 000,000.

Discussions have now entered the state where specific proposals have been prepared. The most important emphasizes the need to establish a cen~ral body that would submit the claims cf all individual Jews and Jewish communities before the appropriate United Nations commission that may be created by the peace conference. It has been pointed out in this connection that there must be a single world-wide Jewish organization to centralize the claims, otherwise the situation might arise in which separate persons or communities might comp~te.among themselves in submitting claims .... While $3,000,000,000 cannot be regarded as the final figure--the Nazis may still plunder Jews as in Hungari It is felt that insuper­abl~ difficulties may prevent the repayment of even this amount ... It is recognized that other ravaged nations have their own claims against Germany .... For instance, Russia is reported as considering taking German labot as part payment, compensation of a nature which the Jews cannot __ expect___. --~ .... :tt_. is_ r.eported.....that - ano.ther point under consideration is compensation for Jewish families murdered which might be used for financing resettlement projects within Palestine •••• Palestine, April 6. (New Y0 rk Times, April .7,, .l.~44.)

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS No. 7 (part 3) Page 3

UNR-qA HEA.D Dr. Wilbur A. 83.wyer of New York, director for nine years of the RockefGller Foundation~ :nt er~ational

Health Divisi on, has been appuh1teJ directo:r of t:1f' Healt:1 :;:iivision of the United Nattons Relitf anci Re~abil~tation \d0inistrat,ion. He was a medical ·major ~nth~ first W~rlC d1r, ~nd hac served 1n this as director of tbe Commission on ··rro:rL::ql .Ci &f.as.es fo.r the Ai-my and honory consu~.tant · to, the Med_ical Iie:'._lart:nei"1t -o{: tbe··JJ-f:V'Y .. . ;, ._. _ .... (Di.spat-ch from W2.sh 4..ngton to t; he New Y:o-:-k 1-Lne s_., _ Apr i 1 85, 1944.) •.

. '. ~· .

TANGIER: P.EFUG.f:ES Pepresentativ·es cf the _:.-n.c. in .Nor~h A:r·ica .- ·~-=····-.: ·· found it one of tb.·e· a1·eas least· ·2.f/~ct2d \,y the wa::-:-----n1rysir;,_1Jly.. But it is an area of ·,jewish need fo::r. t-:.101,;sand:: cf i'efugPP.f'.: hi.ve fled to Tangi.er ~n the pg_st e1c-r .. ei1 ~(1:t:rs. ,. ·rc ,d&y'Shis · Jew"iG> C')m-.-munity hai.'bors -about, one thous n.rid I'-3+-t:g~e!C', l-'lnst c.LTe f:.cc,m '.21.iTkt:v·, Greece and. Bulgaria, V-"·jth othert:: f_.:-or;--. G'3:i.'!!'any, Av.s ·c::'ia ard /JL,r_cf1()~-· ·· slovakia' . ; More than half are d '?Pc ncte~i't "· fc;r: ·:9aTt ia.l o.r CC.l'l'ipJ_e j · e !3U.p- .

poft on tho J.J.C.~. -Vvhh::h pr,_:)\<cle .::l LF~·t•l:r ~O,J :pe:c cent c.,f _;~hf.fe :re- .. ~01:rces as -w;ell 2.s helr,ing to r:::.irr.1,J .,...t "t.t1A · loc2.l Jev1 :'..ch sch'x1 1.·-- t,y;::rt.em. · ... The nativ e <-T ev;s o: 'l'a.n[)E:r t;_,·,r.,;::, o, r E'C'.T.8 8,000, 8.bott or,e -"C_,.,:r1tb of the total po:rulat·ion, ._ .. Of tl'Je 6CO n~:f:'u~ees in '.I';:,ngj_~r ~-,he r~_; qvi r e assistance, more than 200 are children.~~.The ~efu~ Pes ~Rce i~f' -' f~nds for food and pocket money , .1 number of fami : ~es r ecetve rent al10-:,l\rr1,r.c!3s: ..• Housing facil:Vcies a::e ac.ac;uate and_ c~.othing ahqnd'3..ni;; but both h~u~in~ and cloth~ng D~o-san t ser~ous p~oblcrns·as ~he -~ric~s ar·e exorb"itantA v Wi'.;hin "tht; _;=;ast, few moilths the J .D.C ... ha.s m?.de · available ]10, 000 fo:r purch&.sj_':".g n,c:;eded · g;..nmc•1t s .... , (.; ther .asoiE';- . tance to the refugees inc:uaes medical treatmant, hospi~alization, · and the· • pu:rc·ha.se _ o-f ne eded drugt, and ortho:t::ed~.c a ids ..... A L·ee loan . fi.:nd. . for_ which the initial c 2.p:i.tal was snpplied. by 1'.11e· J .D~C. is · helping· rembv.e~·refugees· from relief. Tolls ....• In -the :fi:rst six ·months of ._ ope1aft_ori ·1oans were made to 53· r e fugees ;1:ore th2,n half of whom invested _~ri imall enterprises7-as painters, gToc~rs, biker s i shoe­maker ·::; ~. c8.rperi..t -e r .s , barbers and +;ailo:rs •... In add it ion to work on be~ialf . of t~e' r ? f\:gees , _J.~-~i,'rfi.:ndtiare used to provi~e mcal_s_ for ch.J..ld.cen a.,tending the Jevn-sn Jchoo.ls .••.. The J.D.C. a.1d,e now sta-t:i·oned · in Tangier ._i .s Mordecai iessl~~ _of New York.--IJossier on Tangier _ {r~e ·J -.D~C .. Digest, Vol. 3, . N6, . . 2, M~rcb 194~ . . · ·

' . . . . p . .

RUSSIA! FOOD PARCEL ii:RVIC'E H1AS,. under __ an: a!e~.fP-~_r;it ~nt$;red : i~to _ .. -1-. _ with J. D. C. , h?--3 ·l'·e,S):lmec.: ac:cept j_ng :" .

o.r·de rs f _rcim ·Ametic9-l)· res_i9:ents who want to sericl. .food ·a'.hd ·c:fo.thtng _: .: parcels to :ie'lat·ives in the ·,sovi-e t ·Union. Resurr:ption of the ··.:ser:\J'i ce was made ·· possible by J.D.C. 's agreemen.t to.rEflease _its stockpiles .. in · Tehel'an for this activity. Wejghj_ng .10 lbs., the parcel ~co'.ri.tains such items as sugar, tea, marmalade, shir,t_s, shqrns 1 -stocki_ngi'3, soap, blankets, etc. The cost per package of ial t~ $30, _depertding 6n : · the conte.nts, inr::ludes Hussian custom c.uties, packagir1g, mailing, freight ha.no.ling and -:::other charges. Neither HIPS or J.D.C. .. makes a, ·service che.rge . . (Ibid, Page 11).

NORTH AFRICA: REYUGEES One huri.dr ed and e ighty:...sev 8n immigrants have ~:rrjved in Palestine from N0 rth Africa,

aided. by J.D.C. Tr.is ts the f1:rst gl:'onp t0 ;n;::,_:;,;:c, _the ·tr-iµ s .i"nce ·t-he ar e a was libel'ated. The J.D. O. h2s ?.r~~rigtd f6r the reprtitati6n of rr50 Jews ::rom '!'unis:i.a ~o tbeiI' ho1nos in J,ibya. Ar additional 300 are expected to foJ_low shortly. (lbid , p:1gc 11). ·

,, RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTimr. EXCERPTS - 4: -· Vol. l: Na~7,Part 3

NORWAY: RELIEF British returning soldiers, ox.changed ~r:rouch Swc-@en, have gallantly left foo~~ pRckaga~ f~orn hom8,

and such t~.d-bits as they coulc. buy, beh~_nd thein ·~o be eent t0 !'10r­way for the relief of the.hunisry in tha·c occupied land, thereby contradicting Winston Churchill's view tllat it is wrong to feed the oppressed populations, (Worldover Press, 3/22/44, p. •!; not to be reprinted)

JAMAICA In recognition of the urgent need for better health educa-tion and protection throughout the West Indie3, Jamaica has

opened in Kingston a new health training center, which will send workers eventuaJ.ly throughout the Ioland ar.d 2.n to various other West Indian colonies, Funds ar-e belng p:i"•ov id11c1 by tbe Med.i-:ial Department of the Jamaican government, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Colonial Development and Welfar~ Commission of Britain~ (Worldover Press, 3/29/44, p. 4 - :rot to bE:: r1:Ypl"j_ nt ed)

In th8 fi~rt world war , FRAN0E: LIVING CCNLr1'ICJIF3 /tbe to::i:1 b1ock8.ci.G W°eJJ a:Lmed onJ_y at the

:;::-,, 1; .l:.tr .L:;H vo1·ui;_tar::Lly allgned with the Axis. The ir..no0,Jnt pGpi_tT,1.·•_,:; o,·, .. , Cl::' 3,J_giur1 F<.n6. No:c>~hern France have been aided, thanks to the Cci~::i_1_ss1on for Rolief in Belgium, whose jurisdiction was ext enct0d to. t:10. departments of Northern France. The CRB distrlbut ec!. a·;~ leas t 5 m111ion tons (metric) of food, worth more than $894;000,000. . ·

But today. the food ra·c5.on :....n Belgi1.1.m has fallen to 1,050 calo­ries; that in France is a little better, about 1,200; that in Poland is 750. In Februa:ry 1942 mortality in the department of the Seine in France had :ris on 53% o~!er that in 1939. Infa"lt mortality (1-9 years) has risen 45%. Mortality rates in the hospitals had risen from 3% to 50%. The number of deaths due to tuberculosis had risen to 50% in April 1941. 25% of new-born babies were under­weight. 40% of schpol children had tuberculosis. (translated from the French, "La Victoire des Vaincus, par Louis Rougier, Pour la Victoire, 4/1/44, p. 6)

GERMANY: LIVING CONDITIONS According to reports given out by . repatriates n.·om Badon Baden, there had

been slight iDcrease in cases of infantile paralysis, rickets, and scarlet fever in Germany; diphthe~ia and typhoid remained at the pro-war level. There has been a surplus of 1,100,000 births over deaths in greater Germany in 1943. (ibid.)

ITALY: FOOP Under .AMG rule, it is sa::..d by CPS :;,"'cpo:t'ter John Daly., a family of five in Italy docsntt got enough food to

f eea. throe. The death rate in Naples ie four t-).J11e s th&. t of Rome. Times man Milton Bracker quoted MD.jor f'•ealey of the B:rit'tsh Army, 1'ooct. cont rel of fie or fm• th8 AlLtcd 'J o,1tr·o L G o;nm:i.s sj_or,, as pointing out that 1.1 the pres\jnt i'1~lJ. J'.':,tL:;n a.moimts ·,:;0 8.1·.l.y 13')0 calories E.;

day against the hospj_tal st1rncl::tr·'J of 2 . ?CCL' ( J<,,::..cta from Italy: 4/3/44, p. 3)

POwISH REFUGSJ:~8 A 1,;oynJ. t,. t~_:_m ot' Ye J.i::i ri r o-1'1_1ge o J twl00 the s izo of the p ,:;11.ce --'sir. to i:1~1::. ~:.,: DCIJiJ.17.t::..o::1 cf Tarcgany~ka is

1 iv j_ng in th3 '11en6 8r2 C .'1,rnp} r:• ci.n5 ~ll"'_J .. :ll;::a j v,hJ -r'c L.:iur- L 1 i cn'i s Ftel .L<➔ f' Service :.1.err.bers (E:'.1.gl i s!l ) a .ce doing 0J.ucatl01.al 1:rnrk. On2 of thG FRS members acts as Cam~J Q,ua:'.'tcrma9t2r in D.ddi tlon to teaching. Build.ing of a communal ki tch,:m, dinin9 room, slaughterhouse, tannery> brickworks and church arc reported. ~ The Friend (London) ,2/11/44,87)

i'

RELIEF AND ·RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS · _ · - 5 - Vol.I,No.7, Part 3

LITHUANIA: RELIEF American Red Cross me dioal and hosni tal r :eli ef . supplies valued at $10,000 are b~ing sent to

Lithuania when cargo space can be obtained. A second con9ignment of medical supplies to be paid for by a special donation of $3,000 made to the· Rod Cross by the Lithuanian Minister to the u:s . Thes~ shipments will be consigned to the Joint Relief Commission of the International Red Cross in Geneva; representatives of ·this group will supervise distribution in Lithuania and report_ back . -In the ftrst shipment wiil be urgently needed si~ple drugs and disinfectnnts 1 hypodermic needles and syringes, ~d 1,000 ther-mometers . (111he Red .Cross Courier, April 1944, p. 4) · . · .

YUGOSLAV REFUGEES Tho first 4,500 of an estirnatea ·· 25~000 Yugoslavs . reached the new tent camp in Egypt. They were :

taken care of by MERRA, the American Red Cross and _other .tune:rican organizations. Most of _ the Yugoslav evacuees were ordered tn · leave their country after the - Germans had occupied some _of the .northerly islands following the Italian withdrawal. The Partis.o.n 1-ea,ders decided it was. better to move all civ-il;ta.ns out; the wom~_n, ~hildren, and elderly · or ailing men were then ferried across .toe -Adriatic to Southern Italy .• .• British MERRA ' had.seen. to the .se~ting up of the camp and made excellent arrang0ments for feeding. Bec.ause of previous stdckp.iling arrangements made in the Near East·, the Ameri­can Red Cross was .abLe to take care of the.:•olothing. arrangements, and after the evacuees . had beert bathed and ·:disinfected ·by t 'he camp quthorities, they were . ~accinRted by Dr. Dodd of Near East (Chief Medical Officer of the.hew camp), assist~d by Dr, Yoder of the Mennonites .and various members of the FAU. With the help of several American Red Cross workers from the Middle East op0rations staff, article_s of olothipg were then distributed to the most needy as they caino.- · fr'om . the bathing and disinfection tents. In n.11, 58,927 garments were issued .. All these American Red Qross clothing sup­plies were requested by MERRA and transported by them from the Egyptii;m Bonded Warehouse in Cai:ro to the camp. The American Red Cros~ also contributed from its Cairo stores ten cases of surgical dressings, forwarded immediately. Other r~quests for simple surgical articles n.nd medical supplies have also beon promptly met and helped tide over_ the first hectic days of the nev.r en.mp. (Red Cross C•ourier, April . 1944, p. 3, 5)

ASIA: PRISONERS OF WAR: RELIEF About ·es% of. the supplies shipped from tho U.S. on the Gripsholm

last September httve been unloA.ded at their respective destinations and have ·either been distribut0d or are in process of distribution to the prisoners of war and civili~n internee camps. Some 12% were consigned to Shanghai and Harig Kong but wer0 held at Yokohama until they could be shipped onward. (Red Cross Courier, April 1944)

BELGIUM: LIVING CONDITIONS Reports leaking out of Belgium tell of meat selling at $3 a pound; coffee,

$29 ~ pound, tea, $26 a pound. Doctors in hospitals have to use a made-from-clay substitute for soo,p now thnt the real thing is gone. Salos of shoes to children as well ns ndul ts have been prohibited for more than a month. (Wall Street Journal, 2/3/44, quoted United Nations Review, 3/15/44, p . 96)

r-

. - ~_) ,.

FRISO_NER.S OF iN.AR. Hr C G dFP'' O'•'HO ''. '··1· •) 0L,-i ....,:.,_, 1 -:.•-:,,, y•r.. ·,- ,. ,, .. r.r' .. ;V'l" 1"' .\ J0 n - J.1!1 0 1. - • -· e, .1. '-'- '-, · J ( . .. . __ \.11 1.cv .... 1,,,.) • ...,, , 1.., v1...l ~ J ,J.· . .. 1. .. il -1 .~•. •

Sweden, brought no wG ,1 :f' ·1~l<· opc, •1:i.D?; 0.f' ·,-,lir-1 Ph_ilippincs to YMCA re:.)r'os c.rntr'.tivcci ,, ·ao1·ke :,:·r-1 f':> ,l1't i10J. 4:1°al c, 01_in.,

tr1es--probably Swedon----will soon he v::.. 1:iting thc.J prisnn 1J i..1J':J_:: e

t he ro. ( Fodor al C oimc il Bullo tin; April 1~ l 1.~ , p. ? ) . ·

' . .

G-R:ii:J:0E: RELIEF Relief food shipments to Greer.a. aro , to he inrrea°fJ(Hl to n. new.high of 31 7 200. tons monthly, followj_ng an

offic:Lal statement released by th8 Forotgn Economic AdJninistration and the State Department. Those increased shipments are in response to rocent requests from tho Joint Commission in Greece that more supplios be sent. Until now food shipments have been aver11.gii.11.g

· 24,000 tons mont.r~ly. Also,. s•hipments of clothlng aro novi going to Greece. From its stock piles of used gnrments collected in the Clothes for Greece drivq, the Gree}: War RcsliGf Asnocintio n h11.s sent initial shipments of 280,000 g~rJTJonts for children: and bales of clothing containine_; approxiJTJD.tol:r 200 ,OC·0 c:r.-1.r1nG1ns ft,r 11d1)1 ts e.rc scheduled to be sent this month •.

One of tho most important i toms li1 ·;:lw ncii,1 fo o(: a.l-•.otr!l.:mt s is a gift of. 9,QOO tons of wheat which will be provid1;a. mor.ttly from Argentina. Tho Canadian government wilI continue to · dn~ate 15,0QO tons of·whoat monthly, bring the entire monthly aJTJov.nt of wheat to be serit to Greece tb 24,000 tons. (Greek War·RelieT ~News Letter, 4/21/44) . , . ' .- .

GREECE: CONDITIONS One thol.is: lcl ~ix hv:-:drr,d. Grcok villages have been destrcyed b y tho Gor@a nJ, and nearly . 2,000,000

homeless peasants are wandering in the mo~ntn!ns nnd starving, · tho British radio reported 1/26/44. 30,000 tons of fo9d are being

l sent to Greece from Turkey.whore there is considerable an@er at the German campaign of terror against tho Greek people. (United Nations Review, · 2/15/44, p. 69, quoting Wnshington Times-Herald of 1/27/44)

POLAND:_ FOOD The Polish Telegraph Agency denounced 1/15/44 as 11 outright and decopti ve Nazi propaganda" P.. Berlin

broadd~~t which snid that an immediate increase in food rations _hn d been ordered for workers in vital industries in Polnnd, the

As soc in ted Press said. The ngency as sertcd t hc.'l.t t_he announced . _· · German conce s sirms in flour, sugar and jt.1m s ii-rnro. virtually m.ean-:tng-:-1 e ss because they did not remove prohibitions which kbpt · Polos from b\lying millc, veal, pork, most kinds of fish Rnd vegetables and many other necessary foods. (United Nations Review, 2/15/44, p" 80, quoting New York naily News of 1/16/44) . . .

WAR REFUGEE BOARD .The text of the Executive Order issuoc.1 by . . Pres~de_nt Roosevelt on_l/22/14, estrfbiishing

the War Refugee Bonrd, m~y be found in United Nations Review, 2/15/ 4,1, p. 88-89. . · · · .

. ., '·

WAR REFFC·EE B0Ai1D: . HIAS Apprec1n.tior: for th0 cooperation of HIAS was GXj_1ros s Jd by Jchn W. Pehlo, acknov✓lodg:­

ing thl1 recaipt of a memor:rndum i ·1.-oin -,~he :kt,rc 7 f:hcl tcring and . Immigra::1.~ Aid Society, submi ttcJ. Ftt en~ ~ ~~ (:,.es·:; of Yi/RD. ·The me~10-rn.nc.l..um contained n. numhor of specific pJ"n_:_;c, cnJ.. s· arid recommendatio.ns · pe:,taini ng to refuge o rescue work ir;i nGutj"n,j_ ~J01".r :.'tr·;_n s; on con tact with the underground in occupied lands; on sb..a ::' (:1n1 0 V .1.J. of ro scuea.

..

r .J f r~gc c 3 t c t ~:;-;1i_) .. )r· r1.~Y .~"1.e:~r ens ;· ot1 on :r: i rtg Vi j_ t n t tic s .b :i:)~--, ing }JJ:-, o ~Jlo m; .'1. n<'l on tho r .:, 8 c- u.3 ci:r:· c•:i. i::; (~r cm ni1 c1 r~·;:::o d i=,G,:,e cin.s .,

rr .1.--.D f1· r ~ t· G . ', .. =-·t'·· r '1 ·'· ,• ,- -, .,:_. 4 ··1 •'>'~1 ·•-i rll. n r,r, t -,--'. 'rJl' 1• -; ---.v, ,. - T:1" ·" ,--"rt "'· f' llJ.1_., .:-:,'J J,..-.A;Ju•cl.1. J.l..r 1,~L J.....L... ic-t.l V ..... . . . , .J l..!-•..i...- .. , .. 1 .. _,J1~~ \.).!. .-. , ....... ., .1>c 1 J 1..-'

n ph1la:1 th:coyJ'.i.C O"."f?/Lni:~ c::-c~: ~ nr. 1 t OS:htl'c1 ,u :1c ::1.m}:1lcr,r:,ri.t 2.t;~'--o r. of t h::3 1Hork of the VlHE 1,7:lS ffif).Ci_::;l T' CC("r,~~l:r ty HI)E ; .1\. 00~1t,~11)1.r~ion of ~3100,()00 1i;ras votEJd by the I-U./::.f, Bonrd of' .Dl:r'•Jct.orf'. in ac.c.nI'cJn.n.r::o wi tll ths PrJsident 1 s ~xcc . 01·der which set U? ~he Wrrr Wc~1gee Board ~nd 0.u.thoriz 0.d j_ t to n.ccept :! tho $CI'71ccs o:t c ont :,_~:;_ 01.1.t io!ls of Rny pri­vat <3 persons, privntc nrgrnizationi.:; 11 in cn:..."'1'.'f5_:J.g out the purpos os of the Rciug e'.J RestJuc p:i."'ogr::i.rn, (:lc s cue Infnr·mn,~ ioE B'.lll8C4.n of EIAS, March-April 194"-1, p. 14)

Si'/SDEN: FOOD S'aodon scods larger w:l .. n t :3:.."' tr8o.,dk-g::."'Pln r-,r c-a~ 1911'.3 gr·ain c:rop bolo1,1 B.vorng~, Tb-:; c.nm½:i.:-' ccJ. ,-,_cr·cagn e mm

to broRd grains i3 rcpnrtod nt 986;000 n.Gr3s 1 w11.id. id rib'.)1.'.".°; 5'~ lnrgcr than t ·he; fal:l. sowings in l~-12 . nec::;j1t :C ':'pnrts glv1.ng estj __ mntos of tl•o 19'1-3 p:i.'oduction p}a•J·J tho ·i;0 t c:.,.l. br,"3nc~- graln c-r'op c,t nbo 1.1t tho same Jove~ ns the 1.9'-i2 ~rodu-;·:~ 1e,t1, ,;h:Ju.6 .h it ·1ras e,onsi<~cr-ably below tho p~c--wc.r avera6 ;Jo Ir.i.cr •J'1 '3Pd ',Jhcat p:,:,cd:).C i~ :'t.cH't FD.I':

balnncc¢t. by n smaller rye crop~ 1rhc c ::i:::·cse---g:.ra~;l nµt~,E·n VTi_..._-,g snrncwhn t 1::1mo.llor than ii1 1942) as well as s)o:r,r.1doJ,2.bly te:low nverageo (F'o1°oign Crops and Mn..rk:;ts, ~11i1irch 19tl4, p. 87)

DENM.ARK~ FOOD Tho toto.l production nf grn.in ii1 Denmark in 1943 was repo::."'ted to be larg3r th2n the 194~ crop, with

barley and mixed grauns tho only exceptions to incrensod outturns . All of the grains except when.t vrnre also somewhat largor tho.n the 1931-1938 average. Th e broad-grain harvest , 0.s n whole, was not only much ab eve tho ponr outturn in 1912, when tho whori.t crop was a vi:::-tual fc,ilurc, but was n'bovo av0rn.g0, as YJCll , since gains in t:i.o rye crop were largo and mo!'c . than componsat cd f o r tho below-average. v,rheat production . Following the gooc1 harvest, tho brend ration was increased slightly. (B1 orei6n Crops ·and Markets , March 1944 , p . 89 )

LATIN AMER ICA: FOOD The rice surplus nvailable f or export f r om the Latin American countries in 1944 may exceed

that of 19-13 by Rbou t 200 million po-c;_nds , evcm nftor allowance has boon made for n oti~cnblo increases in local cons umption . Stocks on hand in Brazil , Ecun.c1or , and Mexico at tho end of 1913 wero slightly larger than normal . This factor , together with intlications of increased production in both tho surplus - and deficit- producing countries of Latj_n . America, may c ont1"' ibute toi;rnrd a sizable . increase in the supplies avn.ilabl8 for United Nations outside tho Western Hemisphere . ( F'oreign Crops and Markets, Mn.rch 19 ·1:,.1 , p. 93)

ALC·ErtIA: CLOTH In an eff0rt to closely control Algerinn trade in toxtilos and toxt;ile fibcr 9 , the _Gov ornment of t}10

Colony has recently created ~n Office of ToxtlJ_cs, to purehaJo an-'l. allocn.tc 1111 text1lr:; pr od'J_cts ,en tho traJ.o,. . . • 'T'hc 0ffoc·~~ of tho p:i:os2nt clcc::.0 08 is to vrc,ote n Govc!rriE1~r.t Elr.rio1_)"'lly for nll the PT'OCle,1C~8 CO '." OI'Oc1 , 2~'1d it wl11 ir,".pOSG c.l :J ht:>c-..Z C)J~ thJ tendcne;y of t:.10 i,1.t0.r:;sto.;1, t::.,.,n_d(_rn to iDpc::."'t or. n rn.?..ss.:--.:o 3r .' .L3 ~o meet th,:; 1-}e; ;' 'I] V (tnn1r:,.Y1r~'._ (". o~· tc~ () 1)0 r-·1 l c, t i Of"J.-, ,,· -~' .. JT C 1 rz-~-:. C .".' .T1">S n r:.c''. .F c"'.. :"'¥.et e. .

'I.I •• .• ..) I ~" -,-~r,n --e;1.:1 r-, 10•,'1 .. il,_. ... ~ ... . __L,._1 ;i:--:-c I i." ..J_ ~-,

.. •

SW:CDEN: LIV£STOCK The }onr J.94.2 .. 43 was n. :favorable o nu for liv c-stock in Sweden, the lntest livestoe;k returns

showing that flocks nnd herds were reconstituted to a large ex~ent from tho low level to which they had been reduced during 1941-42 when grnin crops wore poor. Owing to the rRthor poor outt~rn of fodder crops in 1943, livestock numbers in June 1944 are not expected to s pow nn increase corr cs.ponding to t hnt of 1943. A dot.ailed table of stntistics· is given. ( Foreign Crops nnd Mnrkots, March 1944, p. 126) ·

INDIA: FOOD - At mid-Fcbrunry, the wonthcr ·"in tho Punjn.b. was reported u n fnvornble. A below-no:rmal- wheat crop was o xp0cHed,

as rain:rall ir;i some· areas cmtinu0d ·to be inadequate. Other areas of Indir.v nlso ropo·rtod n neo<i ·for rain. (F-orcign Crops and Markets, March 1944, p. 137)

BELGIUM; LIV ING CONDITIONS Reports leaking out of Belgium tol_l of meat selling at $3 a.pound, coffee $29

tea $26. Doctors in hospitals have to use a · made-fro'm-cl·ay sub­stitute. for soap now that the real thing is gone • .Sales of shoes, to children as well as adults, have : been prohibited for more than a month. Germans are commandeering ·almost the enti.re output of window-pane glass. (United Nations Review, 3/15/44, p. 96, quoting Wall Street Journal, 2/3/44)

CANADA: FOOD Canadians can buy all the meat they want, following temporary suspension of ratiohing restr·ictions which

have limited them to about two pounds per person a week in effect since last May. (United Nations Review, 3715/44, p. 98, quoting Christian Science Monitor, 3/1/44) '

POSTWAR PLANNING: AFRICA The French Empire Conference at Braz'za-Ville, French E'quatorial Africa, closed

.yesterday after unanimou?lY approving all the reforms propose~ _for the social, economic and finan~ial betterment of French colonies, Radio. France said 2/9/44. (United Nations Review, 3/15/44, p. 102, quo.ting New York Herald Tribune, 2/10/44)_

- 9 - Vo~. I, ~ro. 7, P,?crt 3

UNR.RA: PERSONNEL P. W. Kuo, Vice-Mir,.istGr of Finance ;yf 8tlJ .. r~s.. and secretary of the Chinese Trade Commi3sion, has

been appointed deputy director in.charg8 of the ser.reta.ria•t of the UNRRA. (New Jork Times, Washington, February 6, 2/?/44, q1.wted in United Natlons Review, 3/15/44, p. 100) · ..

Pieter A. Kerstens, Netherlands Minister of Economic Affairs, broadcasting over Radio Orange, free Netherlands station in London, indicated that there probably would be no Netherlanders on the staff of UNRRA, as the really able Netherlanders cannot be spared from the Netherlands Government. This i~soluble problem of personnel shortage is causing t,he government the greatest .care and difficulty when making preparatory arrangements. ·.Discussing UNRRA 1 s decisions with regard to rehabilitatj_on and reconstruction, he explained that by 11 reconstruction 11 was meant economic reconstruction which would come much later and which would follow· tha preJ.imiQn~y period of ;first · aid which is to be afforded to the Li.bera·tcd coun"cr·ics. He said

•

that rehabilitation was understood ·to · me&.11 ,ut~c roconstru0tion of ' industrial plants, transport and -ho1.1.sing , -in other words, all ID?asures which are essential for relief and which are indispensable for rapid and efficient self-help. (United Nations Review, 3/15/44, p. 114) · · : · · ,·. ·

NORWAY: HEALTH A severe paratyphoid epidemic hns been raging·for · several months in Nazi-occupied northern Norway,

said Prince Carl, chairman of .the Swedish Red Cross, with an announce ment that his organization had sent · two- ho-s.pi~al barracks and equiJ!>­ment. (New York Herald·. Tribune, 2/22/44, quoted in United Nations· Review, 3/15/44) :. i:

RUSSIA: RECONSTRUCTION Thousands of .. once-devastated towns and some· cities recaptured fro.m the Germans have been

restored to almost normal life with huge imports of cattle, tra9tors, building materials, and the reconstruction of hundreds of miles of railroads, the Russians announced. Botw~E?-n August 21st and Nov. 2d the Government installed in liberated districts 1,723,201 99ws, 516,853 chickens, and 96,324 tons ' of s~ed . Nearly 1,000 tractor repair shops have b?en set up ·aio,ng v1ith 575 tractor stations. The govePnment allotted the equivalo~t of $3,040,000,000 to the _ roclamatiq:r:1 project. (Christian Science Monitor, 2/16/44, quoted .. in United 'Nations Review, 3/15/44, p. 130) ' ·

Special note: Vol. I, No. 7 (part 1), covering material received in April 1944, has already been circulated. Hovvr•

ever, the volume of material received during April was so great that it was felt advisable to cir·culate it in sections r,s it 'NEl,G

read, rather than to hold pnrt 1 until the entire ~u~½~r covld ~e completed. Meanwhile, we have also prepared some 0xc0rpts Gn morQ recent material, which you will hnve reC'eivea. even beforG th3 balance of the excerpts from April (wht0h a::-e contc.Jned in Vol. I, No. 7, Parts 2 and 3).

6/6/44 E£W

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,. ....... .,

RELIEF _AND RiCONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS Vol. I, .NO'".- 14. Comp;i.l0d from sources r~~eived in the Foreign

Service Librnry of the A.:-:1cri. ~r.1.n Friends Serv-ice: Committee.

POLISH CHILDR~N The B·e._rnL" e .ReJ.::i..ef Committee (London) has helped fin&nolalJy w~tL a rc3tul parcel scheme for chil-

. dren in Polend, The PcliBh ~~lJdre~ Res0ue Fund is arranging for parcels to be sent tu ind.ivia.-µa::1_ chlJ.dreH in Poland whose names and aa.a.resses are provided by Folis.r. r~ft.gees .in this country, and gives preferenc3 to ch:.ld: ... en whose _~at_hers have di3c.1 or been killed on active ser~rj_ce 0r V.ih0 ere in priso::1 camps. The parcels, containing mostly c_ried fr11i t and fish, are subject to normal i'nternational postal r~gula.ti ons ·, B.n·a. the letters· of acknowledgment and thanks

· received from .tl1.e" children prove that almost all parcels are safe"iy received. The Fund is anxiouq to send parcels regularly to all the children it has reached. There is a further scheme.for exchange of let~ers b_etwe,::"n ~hildren iri Polish refugee settlements in Africa · and child:i;-_cn in families ·- or schools in this · country. ( Newsletter of Fami11e Relie_f - :Committee , London, May 1944)

YUGOSLAV Ri£l,"tEF- I·n.st-,)r-_d ·of hold.in:?; us cd c lothin~ on tir,Jly fbr post-; ·-~ · ·· · libcr'.'"'~tion distribu~tion inside Yu~os1:..., __ v~n, tho Uni-ted Yugosl,,_v Relief Fund of AmGrlcr. is novr privilcq;cd· tq send thoro gr.rmorlts .:a.ircct to tho Yu-gonln.v r:;fugcas r1.sscmblod i _n cn.mps in Egypt. ~~a Fund Also is privilag8d to send to thdGC refugees ccr­tn.in _. s"t~pp,Ic:i_mcmtnry n-ocossi tios not includt:Jd in bn.rric relief provided b,y · Govcrnmc-n.t ngpnctcr,. It hn.s pro vi ously _bc_cm. r.nnouncod th,.-, .. t tho Ftmd hh."d :--:s"sum·;:;d rcRponsibility for the. c.hicf _ physic'inn, n hcn.d . nurs(~ rno. ~r,:- nutritian-ist n.t 1:rnrk in tb.iJs-; . crimpn. ·only tho nrrfl.nge­mont of ~hippin3 f~cilitios romnins b~{or6 ~ctun1 ·. o~orntibns begin. N-ri.t-ioi1:TJ_ Hc0.a.quo.rt._)r s is compiJ.ine; J.is ts of suppl omen tary supplies which 1;1ill not duplic ,,.,_to items included in tho Govorrifuent relief progrf"1.ID. P:ctmr.1~ily thos·e listn [l_ro to include ·cduc_0;t-~9nnJ_, rocro1J.-

, tipn~l ~nd voc~tionnl tr~inin~ m~tori~l$ , ~nd _ccrt~iri ~spocinl i~oms to- f-n.c•i'li tr>.to ·t;hc Govcrnmcnt-suporvfsod h8r>.l th· :.pro_grG..!Il-.,·-- It is ,hoped thn..t sp0cit' .. l food items mn.y be included. --\[:3:y Soptcmbcr:30 · tho total of· Yugoslnv refugees is oxpoctod to cxcood 40,000. · Tho cnmp populn­~ion includes an extremely high porcantn~o of children nnd young people. . . ·:~: ' .·.

In tho g1 Shntt ~ugoslnv c,-:i.mp in Egypt YugoslaV"_rofugo9 women o.rc being trrdnod n.s_nu.rsos. Mnny of them r.rill ·-n-ot - only be noodod novr, but 1.Till bo oquri.lly uRcful J.r.tcr on in -Yu~slavin. Dr. Dodd expected th:-.t th,J. er.mp viou.lct hn.vo to co~_tin,uo s-_ix_-: months or so ·nfter Yu.p;o'::i_ln.Vi'fl. i;rr.s libe1 ... n:'.:;0d. · .. - ·· ,,

11 ·Tho Unitoa. Yugoslnv RoliC'f F'und of Amcricri. is a no!1-dcnomina­t ionr:i..l f!.nd non-poJ..:i.tic,'"'.=l orgrnl:z.ntion • . Its .purpose is t-o help all suffering Yu60sl;1_yr, civ·iJ.i-r..hs .1.nd r.rc•j_s.oncrs . of . vrnr, Yrhor1ov " r or whorov:Jr thoy t'!"..n be i...,anched, •;,ri-chout _re·~r.Td to their roli-' gi ous, rncie.l · or politicril . br>.:ck3;rov.!}d. (We,r.'·s . Bulle tin, ·Uni tod Yuso-slo.v . . Roli ::; f ·Fu.nc7. of Arn,1ric ,'.'.--Gpon~,orod. by th(_~ Amcricn.n Friends of Yu.6 oslr:.vic .. , Inc., i,r;::,;1 York, Mrw--Ju~c J/1_4.4) . :- ·· ·-_-- ,

R.:i::SCUE- -,~Rm_,_-.- ::£UROPE. Ari ir.t\-6:/~-A~~-~i':ci.:~}~ e:~-for; · vl-ill -be rnn.de to r c)scuc . :--~, _,., ... :~ .... . ' . 2_,o.oc ._rn.oir,I: rufd i10Jit.\cf',l rcfug.G,)S from GGI'Ilk"-TIY

nnd G,)r1;n;~n--o·c·cupft/'(1 t ,;rrito:i:-y. Sccr;]tn_'cy ~--Iu.11 . nnnou11.cos th.ri.t the U. S. Yri1L p:\rticip,,.,,t::o Tho 2- , 0/)() r-:::'C · r~u-i! j_:1 spo.ci,'"'1 Wo.zi concen­trri.tion c;,Jnpri; t,t-i-~:r 8.rc icJ.c,1tJ.fj_0cL wi-Ch v:-ir .1.CLl3 r,~_c•i ,'.1.l n.nd p~litic0i mlnori tias but· h'old trFi:vcl p :~rmi•s n r r 0th::r :.ll'O cccti vc documents issuod by vr-.rious -Amc1~ic['_n or oth,;r nor:-E:uropc2.n Govornrmnts . Dr. Albci..,to GuP.n± r8sid.ont of th2 2m~rPenc, Advisory Commi ttec for

•···•· ' . ..

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCT I O~-J E:x:·.!~.'.~FT 3 - 2 . - Vol. I, No. 14

Political ·Defense at Montevl(.L,:;ri ) u~~~uguay v ~)r. Gunni sent 5/31 to Washing ton n r os oluti on by the comm i t t co cnlling for joint action . to exchn.nge Ge rman nn. ti onr. l s hel d in t hl R h em l s p he r e for the Euro­pc [m rcfu ge 2s \7ho pos s,1ss 11:p n:pcrs 11 g ~v i n 6 t hem n cl nim to be freed. An explo.na to:ry st nteme_nt r c l cfl.Sod i;'Ji th copi·c$ of tho r es olution snid thG 2~000 r nfugc e s httd been :segrc g~tcd by the Germans with a view to oxchn.nging thorn for Gormn.n nationals .. . -However, sine o they have not be an exchanged, the ·Gcrmmis ·have . i ·ndic a tcd nn int ention to

-deprive t horn -of thci r spccin.l tron.tme·nt and subject them to tho us U:"'.l measures for rncinl nnd poli ticnl minori t ios rn.v ing no clnim to, pro.tect ion. {Jc-wish Review, Nc1r1 York daily II dodicri.t ed to promo to

. better . understanding nmong nll _.creeds nnd ro.ces, 11 7 /6/44)

HUNGARY: JEWS Admiral Nicholns Hor-they, Regent of Hurtgnry, hns pro-mised tho Iriternntinnnl Red Cross thnt no more Jews

will be trnnsportcd forcibly out of Hungary, it· wns l on:rnod 7/18 in Switzerland, and nuthnrizcd tho committee to direct evacuation of Jewish children to countries willing to receive them. Ho n.lso authorized the cnmmittcc to remove n,ny Jews possessing visas to Pal-estine. .

There is evidence that some 400,000 Jews hnve been : doportod from Hungary to plnces whore they nrc executed wholesnlo. As o. kind of l nst hope, there has _boon n proposQl th~t the U. s. and Britnin g~ant protective citizenship to Jews still left in Hungary. Spnin hns qgreod .nlready to grn.nt rights of passport if not of citizenship to those Jews trnppod •in Hungnry who cnn trace their ancest~y b~ck c~en over a couple of centuries to Spnin. Sweden has agreed to extend protective citizenship to 800 unfortun~tos· trapped in Hungary. This protective citizenship, ~ccording to llTl authority on intornn.ti~nnl ln.w,-· cnn bo given by Britn.in and the U.S. tomorrow without c omplicn.ting: their immigrati :1n problem at n.11. Some 750 Jews-. in. Hungnr-y who vicrc dommod tn deportn tinn vrnro sn.ved by the Zionist. orgnnizn.tion in Budapest, v.r hich put up R king's rn.ne.om for them. They arc now ei thor on their v1ay tr Palestine or n.ctually there • . _(Now York Times, 7/19/44)

. . GREECE: STATISTICS- The norma l dea th rate in the Athens n.reR. in 1936

was 18.25 per tl;lousnnd. In November 1941 follow­ing Gorm o.ri occ_upntion and looting of the country, the 9tarvntinn death rntc rose ·to 243 per . thnusnnd. Ino.ugurnti~n -of regular food shipments brought the stnrv:1ti nn d<:i"nth.rn.to down to 97.3 per thou­sn.nd in less thn.n one year. (Chicago Dnily News, 12/16/44' Quoted from United Nati:1 ns RevicVT, 1/15/44, p . 22) .

GREAT BRIT,fuN: REFUGEES $()me 60,000 non-British refugocs ·wore . ndmi t ted to England botv,een May 1940 and ,

_. April 1943. Since then they hn.vo boon ndmi tted ri.t nn nvcrnge rate · cf 800 n month. (Now York Times, 7/9/4~) . . _

COOPERATIVES: POSTWAR RELIEF Marquis W; Childs in the S_und.:'1y Star of Washing ton, wrote 1/16/44 of ~

forthcoming intorn~tt ~nnl conf erence of tm cooperative organiza­tions of the world, who would discuss how co-ops might help in worid reconstruction. At tho end of tho last WQr, co-ops in various countries performed small mir~clcs in distributing foo~ and cloth­ing. Cooporntors in this country n.nd those vfho escaped from Nazi Europe beli ev ~} they may perform tho s:unc s ervice ngnin. In Sweden

RELIEF Ai'JD RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 3 - Vol. I, No. 14

leo..ding· Swedi'sh co np e rntnrs ropnrt od tho.t n. considoro,blc vestige of the ·:c:0oper,1..t;:iye-.. nrgc.nizo.ti nn r emn.in e d in Gerr'r\ c1.ny o..nd thQt in Austrin tho co np ,3rn.ti vc sotup r~~Q. boon vory little di sturbcd. They believed thnt thc_(c0npc;rn.t-j;ves -cr,uld g iv·c invn.lun .. ol·o ri,id tn ·restoring s ome order tn postw::tr ·Gormrmy.· Serious cnnsid.orntion wn.s to be given to ostal;Jlishmcnt of snmo sor1:; _. of intcrnn.tinnnl cn nporn.tivc credit ngoncy •.. !ho surviving conps will . n-eod funds fnr _ rohD .. bili tat ion. Snid Dr. Arno Sknug_of Norwny 1 s Ministry of Supplies and Rec nnstruc­tion, 11 •• -• . But HO do n:0ed tentn.tive n.rrn.ngemonts bot 1.;;,roon the co­opcrntiyoq_. in the U • . S~. , Seo tl,nnd, Svrndqn nnd· our co0pGrn ti vos with n viev, to sono .. ing consumer goods.,- r,1.w mntori.1.l_s, .fn.rm machine ry, soeds, fertilizer, nnd so fnrth, tn nur en-ops ~s soon as possible after ... the- war. ·.··: · ':!;'his ·wnuld be c;m -, ·n. bus inoss bns-is thrnugh lo·ng-t:erm credits nn-d 'Ni:thin the frn.mowork· v;hich v,ill be 11et up ns n part of UNRRA. II ' -~<·.: .... · . . . . . . . . . .

.. ~

.· Tho int crnn.t_ionnl group ns~0~blod 11) WR.s-hir:gt.on :ts rcpo$_rted b_y 1-the Cb:Fi st inn Sci-once ·Moni_tor ns. prop n-si·ng thnt ,'ls . much ,1.:s 50,000, ... 000 of the UNRR~ fund -for work in liberntcd nnti-nns . b.c lofl .. ned -to overs ens coopcr('.,tives to -rebuild . '"lr ' rcpni;r thc;3fr fr:.c iliti-cs- . . n.nd to rebu_il C7 :thc:;ir · qtncks. . . ___ _ .

ment tnsk City

Pre&idon_t Ro0sovel t s-n.id in Jnnunry thn..t tho conp(fr::i.·ti-v.c ffi'WG­

vvr.s 11 onc nf tho apprnprin.te instruments 11 to be used in tho of post--' 1Hc..r , r:ol io.f .-n,nd r;:ehaoil:i, tn t i _nn, ncGora..1ng t-o . the ·Knnsas D{:lily· Drovers Tol0grnm; 1./20/44. - .. All the n.bovc q_w:-,te<;l from npress Rcnctions -t _n Conference on

Internnt 1n·nn.l .·Cn 0pcrntive Recnnstruction, 11 published by Gonpcrative Longuo; Washington, D. C.

BRETHREN HEIFER _PROJEOT Tho _Church of the Brethren hns pledged . itself to rnise and ·-,fntton 100,000 heifers,

to be shipped nvo:rsoo.s ,n,ft9r the vinr to provide milk · for starving children. En.ch cow, it is ostimnted, will sn.vo tho lives of nt lonst . 10 children •. .. (,Philn. Record, from Lnncn.stcr, 7/19/44)

RUSSIAN WAR ·RELIEF: , SEED PROGRAM. Under RWR 1 s scod program 4,400,000 pounds of seed have

nlren.dy been shipped to the USSR. The wh0lo-henrtcd cooperation of this cou:otry' s . ngricul turists, frnm leading federal nfficinls;. orgrrnizo..tir~ ns ,. ,:.nd.. educn. ti -,nn.1 ins ti tut i nns tn indi vidunl f armors and s~edsmen hctvc mndo possible this progrnm. (RWR Intcr.,..Commi ttee Memo, June 1944). ·

CHINA: . HEALTH . Th~ .direct results of v1ar, nnd inflr.tionnry prices, · · hn.yc incrcnsoa. blj_ndnoss ;in Chin11.; especially runong

young children. ·: Night blindness due to vi tamip deficiency hns become especinlly prcvalGnt~ At b9st the stnple die~0f rice nnd vcge­tn.bles is. lmv- ·in vi tn.mins. (Gospel Messenger-., 6/24/44, p. 2)

BELGIUM_: FOOD II In. Belgium~ during tho pnst . ycnr the food_ si tuatinn : . . '_' hn.s improved, ~o thnt our fr;ienc1s arc suffering

loss than. f c rrncrly. 11 (Q,unrtcrly Nmrn Let.tor N9. 42, April 1944, of J.nt:<:_rnr:.ti0nnl .. _FeJ__lQvrnhip nf Reconcilintinn -, .quoting letter of Dr<:?· Si9gmuncl..-Schulze in Switzerland D_ec. - '43) ··

. i •

Vol. I,. N9. 14

INDIA: MIGRATION TO U.S, A bill has be0n introduced in the UoS. _. Eol~se ·of Representatives by Congressman

Celler whi.ch would authorize the naturalization and the adm:l. 9sion into the U.S. ·unger a quota, of Eastern Hemisphere Indj_ans of India and descendants of Eastern Hemisphere Indians of India. This bill , if enacted into the law, wo~ld do for rEast) Indians what the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Law did for the Chinese. (Federal -Council Bulletin, JunG 1944, p. 13)

Y ;w. C. A. PROGRAM The program of the YWCA in 1943 included services to youth in Great Britain and Uruguay; health and

nutrition services for mothers and children in Lebanon and Syria; relief to girls in one European country; service to refugees interned in Switzerland; and work with alien women interned in Axis countries and v1i th refugees and oth~r war victims by the World's YVvCA. Also the cooperation of foreign women now in the United States has been enlisted in the plans of the YWCA for reconstruction in l~berated areas. (1943 report of YWCA World Emergency and War Victims -Fund)

EUROPE: POSTWAR FOOD SUPPLY John D. Black, Harvard professor of . economics, discusses this problem in

the May issue of the Proce0dings of the Academy of Political Science. The estimates of food n0eded range fr~om II food enough to feed a .full diet to ~wenty millions of persons, to enough for six

· times this number." The lowest cst.imatc is based on a level of 2,000 calories a day, - Thcso plans 11 arc3 supposed to apply only to

·the first few months of occupation wh)le tho assembly and movement of domesti-c supplies arc intcrrupted. 11 The usual th~o:ry_ 1$ that 11 several years will be required to get diets fully back to their pre-war levels and al.so to their pre-war composition. . . . Conse­quently, the supplement? to local diets provided at first should consist of staple foods furnishing calories and noeded vi tar.i.ins nnd miner~ls in c~eap forms •.. ~1th restricted amounts of lard and mil~ and egg -powders in countries accustomed to using animal pro­ducts.11 Prof, Black believes that the best estimate is that food will be needed for aboµt 100 m:j.1l;ion people in the ;ffrst :yoar after the surrender. As 11 a practical working goal 11 he suggGsts food for from 50 to 75 millions. The U. S. wi.11 not furnish even half of this amount and "only a small fraction of i t 11 will be furnished gratis . It is just about tho quantity thnt the Hoover organization distributed after tho ·1ast war. But t;tt that tiiilc food production had increased more rapidly thtn needs, while this time· 11 demands for food h.'l. ve expm dod fast or than supply. . . • Civilian consumption per capita of all foods except sugar, buttor, and frosh fruits other than citrus WEI.S. higher in 1943 thM. before the v1ar. 11 For the second yonr . after the vmr probably flbout half ns - much food will be needed in Europe as in tho first year. After th~t- the only do.n­ger is that ~urope will not need 0nough II to absorb the 1 surplus 1

food production of this n.nd sevornl other countri0s . . Another impor­tant point is thnt efforts should be mn,de to provide ·food for the lnrge numbor s in Europe who were undernourished even bo fore the war . (Jnformation Service, Fedoro.1 Council of Churches, 6/17/44)

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 5 - Vol.I, - No. +1=

BRETHREN HEIFERS FOR RELIEF The Brethren Service Commi.ttee made an offer to Spanish Ambassador Cardenas

to send a small he~d of heifers to Spain , -Replies from the Commer­cial and Agricnltura.l attaches of t.te Sp&nish Embassy in Washington accepted tbi s offer in the name of tr..e Spanlsh government an9- offered free transportation from Philadelphia. 'I'l~e BSC will send over an expert in animal husbandry with the heifers. ( Report by Mrs. ~A:urphy of Brethren Service Committee, ?/18/44) · · ·

SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND: CANADA News Bulletin, Summer 1944, Qf this branch.of the Fund sums up the pre­

sent program: Great Britain--rescue·work.and mobile. feeding. 26 residential nur(:leries for 11 under-f1ves. 11 12 day nurseries. 9 Junior Clubs and play 6enters fdr older child~en. Switzerlan~--helping to care for ~ofugee children from all over

Europe. . . Egypt--personnel have been sent to supervise camps for Yugoslav

refugees and to prepare· for further work in Europe. . Russia--assisting the Russian Red,._ Cross in establishing orphanages and

suppJ_ying funds and c:aiothing f _or liberated Russian children. Further plans include continuation of the British program and work in Europe. Here there are millions ·of children to whom semi­starvation , terror and misery 1s Just ordinary life as far back as they can remember. The Fund has been requested by International Relief Authorities to train personnel to the limit of .its resources. Medical and Refugee relief teams of ten persons eR.ch wibl be. sent into Europa at the first possible moment. There they will work with The Savo tho Children organizations in the various countries. It is expected that govcrnmente.l grants will supply the requirements of food and equipment, but the workers themselves are to be paid by the Fund.

SWITZERLAND REFUGEE RELIEF Word was received 6/8/44 in ORT's New Yor~ office t.b.at a large new .prof0ssional

school for refugee girls has been established near Basle with boara_­ing house financed by tho Swiss Rod Cross. ( Jewish Review, 6/8/44)

POLAND: CHILDREN For children up to 3 years of age, the daily· ~ation is only 1/3, and for children above that

age only 1/4 of the amount of calories contained in the food.rations of German children. The snmo applies to the percentage of albumen in rations issued to Polish and Gorman children r espectively. As to f nts, tho amount allowed to the Polish child is · barely 1/16 of what the GBrman child receives in tho under-three-age group, while Polish children between 3 and 10 and thoso above ton receive only 1/20 of the amount .issued to tho German child. The Polish child's ration also has to last 30-31 d0:ys .as. against 28 for the German child. The complete lack of vi trunins -· in. tho rations is especially injurious to Polish.children. Little Germans get a generous share of vitamins o.nd an D.I11ple supply of fruit, such as orangcrn, lemons and fruit juices.

When the children were being taken into summer camps, medical examination in 1942 revealed that nn enormous percentage of them had

f !, I

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCJPP 'l'S I ' .: ' ' , ,. • ·•

- 6 - Vol. I, No. 14

lung trouble E.J.nd wo[lk . hoc1.rts. In 191:.3 ~heir hcnl th vrns even. worse, M9dical exwnin.c-, t:ionr, in 0~1c v1olfnrc.c•Jnt8~' show0d that in ·a. group of . 964 school childfon 287 hnd hi g h t a~~cr~tures between lQ0.6-101.2° F ~ , 456 · hnd· t empcratu:cu s bc t1,.;c"(.? n je~ g ... :i_('O, ,i t) 1',, , c1.nd 221 hc.'l.d normal tempcrc.tu::cc but showed mnrked s:L g i1ls of pLysir~n.l cx:w.u0tion.; .

In: n. g~oup of sm·111;i_ ?h~_Jcl:rf n ; . 1.m ;lcr G?l.ce,ol ng?) out of tge totnl o.f 4;75-cxoonncd 179 had hi g n t 0m1:x:rr, turos oc~v,re en J00,6 7-10102 F.; 222 hn.d tomp0raturos bct1ive 0n· 98,;8--10.0, 4 ° Fo OnJy 74 children hnd normnl tcmpcro.ture, but oven they ·,rcr 6 physicn.1.lly unfit. In Wnrsnw, the . Pir,quet . teflt for . incipient. tubcrculosi_s C/1.rried out in 1942-43 on chi1•a.r2h ,nttohding .prim.e:ry school nnd nursP-rics, shovrnd n. positive reiction ii 42.5% of tho cases.

Tho· disastrous effects of the Germn.n food control on the children are. further' intensified by rm. nlmost · unbclicvnblo' .shortnge of cloth­ing. Four yco.rs , of v.rnr hn.ve completely exhn.usted pr,o-wnr stocks of clothes. (Polish Review, 6/7/44, p. ·3, 14) · · .

NATIONAL VfAR FUND The.Nn.tiono.l War Fund granted $200,000; supplomen-tti.ry from its c·ontin':;ent fund to Uni fed Chinn ·

Rel~of for emergency needs, cspecinlly thoso ; gro,wing out :of the new Japanese offensive in _Centr~l Chinn. '. The grant to UCR wns the larg­est single grant mn.d0 · o.t this time. The; -t;;otal cf other grn.nts for supplcmontury relief work . in Egypt, Sicily, Snrdinia o.na. Southern Itnly, for French 0nd Bclginn relief nnd for tho Queen Wilhelmina fund amounted to $675,900. (Ncvrn of Unitecl ChinA Rc::licf, .7/8/44)

EUROPE: iXCHANGE OF JEWS Three hundred Jevrn . from the o.ccupied countries of Europe were exchanged at .

I stanbu"J.. on Friday; July 7, for German ·n:ationals from -Palestine and East Africa, . the Jewish Agency for 'Palestine disclosed in Lo~d6n. The group released by the Nazis consisted -of former Pal'estine resi.;. -: :~ dents and others who held immigration visas for that country. In­cluded Yiere 180 Jews from Holland who had been in the Westerbork concentration ; caffi'p ;· PiJ1.d -· were sent to a n pri v ilegedY camp near Handr er ~-ihen the· other inh8bi ta.nts of WP. sterbork were shipped to Poland. In .all some J..iOOO PD.lt$_s tine visas seem to r.ave been issued to Nethcrl anders, which would mean that about 1/6 of these are now free. N06 otic1.tions for further exchanges are under way ~nd more arrivals may be: ex:pected if there are enou~h Germans- in Palestine for such an exchange, {Knickerb_oc~er Weekly, 7/24/44, p. 41)

EUROPE: FEEDING IN.OCCUPIED TERRITORY The British Government has . now maae three minor conces-

sions at the urging of our State Department: (1) Sweden is allowed to increase from. 250. t ·ons to 500 tons her monthly sending of food to Norway;. (2)' pe~mission to send more money to Portugal, Spain,

. and ~Swi tzerlanc1 for ·.the purchasing of such food as may. be available to be sent. to children of the occupied countries, and (3) permis­sion to send 500 ·· tons of food monthmy to the Int,ernational Red

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RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCT1RPTS - 7 - Vol .. I, No . 1 4

Cros.s for dis trlbut ~on t :- c o·:1.c;2nt:"'9, tj_ 01;1 OEcm:p int ern0cs, providing the German Gov0rnmr-::n:', •1,i i -'-~- g:1.~.:c t;;1e Inter·national Red Cross adequate guarantees of insp.3r\ c tc:0.. ,.:.r..c, :ccpc,:ot iDg" 'I'ho In terna.t i onal Red Cross is now socking sue;h F..t8s\·t,'c';.l 10,~ 0.o .. ;T.,G,ttor d.atocl 7/13/ 44 from Temporary Council on .Food.for

1~ur0,e:s Cl~·11ro~)

FRIENDS RZ:LI.SF Sw.VICE: RSFUG-EE; WORK ThQ work of Sydney and Joice Loch among Polish and Greek

refugees in Palostinc is nov1 po.rt of FRS. The Lochs have ini tiatod the organization by these refugees of all manner of social sorvicos : school hostels for childron ) and.feeding and mcdicnl care for chil­dren . Among a smc,llcr number or: Greek :ccfugo()s tho Lochs have started.:::. cs.rp(:;t mu.king indust,:,:y'. 'l'he Lochs hope to return to Greece and nill be repJbnced in Pc!.lestinc by FRS members sent from Britain.

Tbe other locn.tions of FRS ov0rsco.s "!Ork arc in TanganySka and Ugand.o , whore five members n:cc a.oin~ educc,tional work in camps of Poli 9h ,}ofu3;ccs. It is hoped. th8.t th,J to.?'.chin's of E1.1glish being done by ou~ member$ in Tnn~~nyika will open tho way for other kinds of work. One of our m0mb2rs th ~re is nlr2ndy acting ns quartor­mo.stor to th :-:: comp . Throuzh the Ali;;ns Section FRS is caring for aliens v,ho l",ro not r,Jfugecf3 8.rJ.d o.lso thos i:; who nro prison1,3rs of Yvar . Subjects of 24 n2tion8litios n:"'o r ;3: ist ,JY'Cd v1ith the Section , some doto.in8d. in prison or int0rnmint co..m:9s, others at liberty. · Help and nc1vic0 is given to this ieo:J_r,ted group of men and women who aro pccmlir.rJ.y l:'..o.blo to injustice and misund,:;rstD.nding. ( The Wayfarer, Londori , April 19t:.b4, Po 39)

INDIA; MAD~AS Chi e f topic of conversation this winter was tho firevJOod f amino . As usu8.l when thore is s omo bn.d

bungling it is the poor 0ho suffGr. Bclntod rntionins is now being introduced , but there is grc8t indignntion about the unjust principle th~t is being follo1, 1od.-- '~hat thn nmount of fuel o.llowod pGr fo.mily is grndad dccordin~ to i nco~o, inst on~ of being calculated on the numbc:c of mo uths to focd . The amount r..llo1aca. to the lo1;rcst gr ado of in0omc is ludicrously insufflciont . ( 11 Ncv1 Gro1~1th in Mo.drid, 11 by Marj oric Sy!.rn s , in Tho Wnyfr..ror , London , July 1q44 , p. 60)

MADAGASCAR~ SUPPLIES From the Girls 1 :Home of Friends o.t Arivonimn.rno aomos tho ~orl thn t in 1943 cnltco mntcrinl-­

which had been entire l y l~ckin ~ --boc:~o nvnilablc once more o.nd we wero c'.1°;:)lc to buy the quo..nt it~r n.lioc ~. t ()d f0r thn g- irls , Durlng the third term t he rice situr:.tion b o~r-.rne n.e1J.te , J.,J-::> r rnf'.llv the girls pro-vide their o,.m rico, but s.-Jy,-1";-'.1 1:.:0.:"'-:.nts t3tc1.toa_ t.l:~.".t '~ ho v E.r1.d no rice FTh,':'..t c v .. ,r in tho ~1.01,;_r,c, nhilr, otJ.1::rs 1,"i,"H',, nt)'t... !"'..l1owGd to r emove it from thsir home district. Thon it boc~me diffi~ult to obtain sot1.p- --mr1.inly duo to tho fixi!1g of t ho prier; ... - t~1nuf,h 'Ti.th gro'.J.t Gffo1"t8 on the ~;n.rt of t l':lo m:c-,_tro~1 ono1~gh 1.7f'_n obtnin>Jd to meet es senticJ.l needs. Th2 IfoP1 J w:,o tcmpc,T'['l,ily c::!..0G0cl. f'.t the bcS?;inning of 1944 but v-,ith n.n im~):ec,.·cTTJ;,nt itt ths ~em-rn.l si tvnt ion in Hn.dngns -­car it h2..s noF boon ro-o i..,zm·) d , ( 'rl-:o v:n,yf.1T'-~,:, i,ondoi1, J1Jly 144, p . 66)

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Ri:LIBF iCD ;_=L~ Co: rsTRUCTIO~T .~XCERPTS - 8 - Vol. I, No. 14

CHi i•rA: CI.! ILD ~t ~LI .:""71 r~r3 ., 1,10:.~A~ Hs iun.g Chu, director of the Na .. t ionetl ., As.ooc i at ~_cn tor Rsfu <s ee Children and her asso-

c iat e s a :.',:: cl.oin -~ r·. f:i.n2 j ob of .phi.ceme~1t a nd in view of the f act tha t ·p12 ct.:i.::1 C: :: ·:1 1':tna. j. t d i ff ic ti.l t t o mnke a d justments after. they l ee.vej't l" ·} or:,)hr.i1r,·-; e s , }":.~s . Chu has a psychiat r.tc soctal v1orker wb,o is me.k in~ D. stud :,r of b,~l1P.v i or . problems at the Koloshan Orphana.ge. · Childre:1 E'.j·J bc1:i.nn i ng to wear f oreign clothes •. Mrs. Chu has recently se t u~) s i x ntn•s2,.7 sch ools. The supply of medicines, vitamin and iron pill s r .:- c e. ive a. fro m America in 1943 is exhausted, This group has R snnP..c or iu.m 8.t KoloshRn to care for wRrphans who have T.B., heart trou.ble e.nc:.. o ·cJ:,~:r- dise ?. s e s, especi a lly those who . cannot go back to their r ·H!_?ccti v 0 schools or factories during their convalescence. 1t has only 30 beds , but often 60 are crowded in. (Newsletter, dh i na Aid Counc il, July-August 1944)

0HPTA: :?...,;;L L.1 F The ChinP. Aid Council believ0s that a strong UCR is necessary in order to insure, in the words of a

j)Olicy st~.t e□ ')n t by UCR, that Americ~n relief to China is given ~without ~n y disc r iminnt ion whateve r because of the reli~ious or · l')thc r rf f i l i r.t io;1s of t he recipient~. 11 A strong democratic UCR can .~e e t o it t hr t reli ef in ChinP. is given where the need is greatest -,,nd t .he T 'P.i -1. :!. "i:.s PJ:' 3 mos t beneficial. This relief may be defined as ~- sort of humani t P.r1o.n lcnd-l cn.se wher01;>y v,c · give the best VIe have in ordJr t o s t r nn~t han China herself to meet the needs of modern ~ifc r.no. to 8m -~ r30 ns 8. vital democracy. (Newsletter, China Aid Council; July-Au1ust 1944)

~UTH AFRICA: FRili::NDS WOR~ In varied fields Friends as indi via.uals . . are making.a contribution to a solution

t'f the c ou ntr y ' s Jrob l oms. Tho groat concern is one of reconcilia­tion b0 t ~,cc n t h0 sc;v 3r• r.l racis.1 groups. Anothe:t>l r c .~ard0d n.s South Afric ~ 1 s 1~~61~~ ~11thorit y on dietetics, ie seek ng a general improvo­;:ient in t h3 country' s e.gricul turF.tl me t hods 171th n consequent loss0n­~ng oft~~ ~~ :Jnt ~idosprcnd m~lnutrition. A third is Principa l of n le.rg() cduc r. t i OnP.l 89 t r,.bl ishmont for Na t1 VOS. }Us chief coi:icern is tb vrnnn ~1i ~ pu:, :,ils from the d8 s irc for mere scholr.stic ntt o.. inmont rno. to mr..kc: t horn wore conscious of the noods of their kraals. One

·· p·,."'i (;nd. s ·rv;)s in tl: :;) r.dminis t r e.ti on of n Nntivc t orri tory; and yot m oth,?r i s i n t nr '.:G t ed .i,n work for r .nd amon~st tho tuberculos 1s­~idcn Cnpo Coloure d popul::i.tion. ( The Fri on~, London, 6/16/44, p.390)

' ,..,/26/44 . wEWh01a.cn.

FOOD -

NENS OF HITUR'S ORDER

May l • 15, 1944

245

DNB, 4.5.44. (17.20}. (Germany) Plants have started growing two weeks ·1atcr than usual this year. For this reason the grazing season will begin at a correspondingly later date. In tho interest of increased milk and butter production it is nGcessary for calves which are not selected for late rearing to be sent to the slaughter cattle martets as early as possible. This position makes it possible for an additional meat ration of 100 g to bo granted during the woe:;k from May 8th to 14th to all persons who Eµ"e not self-suppliers. Details will be .announced locally. , ·

NPD, 2.5.44. (16.15). (Germany) In 1943 the Warthelend cultivated 41% of Germany's chicory, Danzig-:Jostpreussen 6.07%, end Ostprousscn 0,36%. These three eestcrn provinces thus represented nearly half the entire chicory cultivation area. Saxony followed with 19.8%, the Alpen and Dono.ugaue with 14.99%, ·Bad~n with 8.66% and wnz.ttemberg with 4.51%~ The crop <for the whole of Greater Germany -rims estimated at 8,000 tons of dried chicory.

DNB, (for Europ0), 5.5.44. (15.33) (Groeco) reports from Athens: Tho SWedish steru:iers "Lrongabarran and "Pedro Christopherson," plying in tho service of the International Red Cross to bring help to Grooce, have arrived at the Piraeus froo overseas.

The "Mongabarra" carried 3,500 tons of gruin, 3,525 tons of foodstuffs and 1,300 tons of dried fish. The "Pedro Christopherson" carried 2,950 tons of gr~in, 1,785 tons of foodstuff's, 1 1 560 tons of fish preserves, ~.nd clothing, shoes, etc.

UBOlR

DHD 1 4.5.44. (13.12). (Germany) M from l\pril 1st, 1944,the labour con­ditions for Eastern workers have been nc.,wly regulated by a decree of the Reich Minister of Defence of March 25th, 1944, according to which Eas.tern workers are liable to wage tax. They come under Tax Group I and are subject to a social equalisation levy amounting to 15% of their wage. Before this levy is calculated, however, the following deductions from the wage are to be made: 39 RM per month, nine RM per week, or 1 1 50 RM per do.y. Further details are announced in an executory order of the Reich Minister of Finance dated April 19th, 1944,

NPD; 3~5.44J (14,31) {Germany) There are at present sevoral thousands independent Bulge.r~.an gardeners in Germany. In the past year they were able to send more than 15,000,000 RM home.

TEXTII.llS

. DNB, 2. 5.44. (19.43) permany) In thousands of cases menbers of the NSF have agreed to accommodate relatives of wounded serviceme:nt in thi:3ir private homes in order to enable them to visit their h-qsbands or sons.

The German women's organisation is gladly' prepared to continue this friendly service as far as possible; it can do so, howevur, only it the guests do not uso their hosts' bedlinen. It cannot be expected nowadays that the hosts have sufficient linen to bo able to offer their guests-- who often change many times a raonth--a bed made up for thom every time. Unless the relatives of woundod men wish to j eopardiso the generous hospitality extended to them thoy 1aust take the small trouble of .bringing their own linen along. Thay arc therefore urgently recommended to remember the necessary linen before starting out on the journey.

NPD. 2.5.44. (16.15) 1 (Czechoslovakia) reports t'rom Prague: Th0 Minis~ry for J.gt-iculture and Forestry has encouraged farmers in potato districts to cultivate this year at least one tenth of the area hitherto under potatoes with oil fibre flax. This, however, applies only to farmers who can make available for this purpose at leat 0,5 ha or land, since flax cultivation on a smaller scal0 does not pay. Farmers cultivating flax are entitled to an allocation of artificial fertiliser, synthetic fat, and linseed cake, as well as a certain allocation or towels and sheets, in proportion to the quantity of flax delivered.

SHCRTMllS

NDZ, 2.5.44. (10.41) (Germany) ..\report, published in the Vier­jahresplan, by the departmental head of the Central Office for Generators. Heinz Recknage. on the question of making Europe independent of liquid fuels, reads: Under wartime conditions the use of solid fuel has become a generally recognised fact, not only in Germany. .~ U.S. Minister, for "instance, has spoken of the need to produce liquid fuel from c·oe.l even in the lm.ited States. Germany has by far the greatest experience and knowledge in this :field. We have gained a considerable start as far as smouldering (Schwelgun) and carburation (Vergasung) in the generator is concerned.

There is no doubt that the g~nerator-driven vehicle of today still shows certain disadvantages. On the other hand, the obvious tremendous strides which the generator has made in a proportionately brief period and in spite of varying difficulties arising froni wartime conditions is remarkable indeed. We ar0 justified in hoping that in .the not too distant future wa shall have a generator-driven vehicle equivalent to any vehicle driven by liquid fuel. It will be possible to eliminate the unmistakable difficulties existing today as soon as we are abl~ to utilise the results of the research now being undertaken with the aim of improving and refining solid fuels. The same applies to the already far advanced research into gas purification. In any case thu processing of solid fuel already shows developments which will certainly be successfully applied even during tbis war.

The service organisation for generator-driven vehicles which is in the course of being set up will have good effects. A further aim consists in prmoting research into fuel, engine and generator in order to achieve the best possible solution. Promising beginnings have already been made, Well-known works of the Ger~en raotor industry have joined forces with gen­erator engineers of r0pute who are above all studying this problera.

The Greater German Reich is in full agreement with its allies and with friendly nations on tho continent that the development of solid fuel must be promoted with all possible means so as to ruake the continent still further independent of the influence of other non-European and insular Powers, alien in their thinking and acting. If petroleum is still considered a power today, it is certain that solid fuel, particularly coal with its manifold possibilities of application, will occupy a place at least equi­valent to that of petro~eum.

DNB, 3.5.44. (19.27) (Germany) The Reich Minister of' Fd.ucation, Rust, and Reichsleiter Bouhler have issued the following appeal to all German schoolchildren and their parents:

· "The struggle for the freedom of Gerr.lany and the future of our people raakes it imperative that all available manpower should concentrate its efforts on armaoent production and the defence of the H0 ich. !~ in many other spheres of life, restrictions nuat also be accepted in the fifth year of the war in* the more necessary that f.11 existing stocks are made available: for school instruction, and it is therefore the duty of all parents and pupils to see to it that as far as possible every school book no longer needed is put back into circulation. Every school will set up a collection centre to accept those books. This applies, however, only to books which are still used in the schools. Out-of-date books which can no longer be used in the schools are not accepted.

"Compensation up to half the purchase price nay be paid on application; the amoun~ will depend on the condition of the respective book. Boys and girls, make your contribution to increase the econo~ic strength of our people by c iving up your old school books. Parents, support your children in this. You will thus be helping both the schools and education."

The following/ * the production of school books. This makes it all tho

-5-

The following has also bien announcod: In agreenent with Bouhler, Special Co!:ltl.issioner of the Fuhrer for School and F.itucational Literature, Rust has issued diructives to ensure tho supply of text books to schools. AB fron the school year 1944/45, text books used at elc.r:ientary, middle and higher schools will not be sold to the public by tho school book trade for the duration of thu war. The schools will lend th.:: pupils. thu books for the period required. To r1ako all existing stocks of school books cor;iplctely available, every school will set up a lending library to which all existing books, particularly thoso of pupils and forr:ier pupils which are no longer needed, aru to be h~nded in.

To replace stocks of text books used in the past und which have now bccone obsolete, only certain books which are approved as wartime text books throuchout the R0ich ~ay bo produced for the duration of the war. These books arc not adnitted to free tnade either, but can only be acqui;red by the school t'uthori ties for .their librorios. To cover the cost, lend-ing foes 1.my be chorgod which in the case of second-hnnd books must not exceed 25% ana in thti case oi' new books 5~ of their nooinal value. These fees are for one school year or longer. Wherever teaching equipment has so far been, lunt froe o:t: charge• no charge nay be ;nade.

NPD 1 1.5.44. (11.46) (Occupied u.s.s.R.) The cosfletics industry in the F.ast has played e .conparatively nore i.r.iportant· pm-t ·than in the Reich. In viuw of the raw material and foreign exchruigo position it has bocorae necessary to lir:ii t the output of this industry. ii. considerable nunber of the 160 registered firns received licenees for future production. The warkors of tho ciosod down firms a.re to be transferred to war essential ind us trice• .

CertRin fir.!",lS of high repute will also in future receive the necessary raw naterials for tho production of tooth paste, tooth powder, shampoos and hair tonics. ;rheir output will in the first place be needed for the rcquirononts of the Armed Forces, but the roquirements of the civilian population have been taken into consideration and will be net by quantities in ke0ping with tho present tioe.

Dutch Hor.1e Service, 2.5.44. (12. 45) (France) Before the war, tho south of Franco dopcnd(;d on inports for two-thirds of her tanning; therefore French loather factories ein at present at covering .the existing sh.:irte.ge by increasing hor.10 production and inproving VPrking nethods. Tho Research Insti tuto for the French loathor industry has decided to test now nethods of tanning, investigating all .c1nterials of vegetarian or synthetic origin, v1hich night bo of vc:.luc in tho production of tannin. In particular, chestnuts or acorns prove L~portcnt.

Vichy Hone Service. 4.5.44 (07.30) (France) Purchnse vouchers for ladies' second-hnnd shoes can now be allocated _in priority to expectant mothers; next cone agod poople, or persons having to wear special ortho­paedic shoes; and finally, nll persons whoso duties entail long walks on public sorvico.

Dutch Home Service, 3.5.44. (16.45) (Franco) Franco's yeorly requi~e­ments with rcgnrd to coal nnd en orgy were only covered for a small part by home production. Conl, in particular, had to be L'Ilported. During the war, the needs for railways and industry could be maintained, but other requireraonts had to be largely curtailed. The consumption of energy comes to about throe.:.fifths of peace consu.':lption. A national energy plan is to begin, with tho principfll objects of saving, increasing homo production and replacing the present sources of energy by other ~cthods, such as water-power. The presont energy production ts to be brought ton level of ab out 30 nilliard kw hours and this should cause a saving of at least 600,000 kg of coal. ~ucohol production is Rlso to be increased.

Vichy Home Service, 3.5.44. (08.30) (France) It is forbidden to burn, throw away or destr~y eny X-ray film no longer wanted. Such film nust be returned to special c0ncerns which will reclaim the acetate of cellulose and the silver. Only filns of a nodical and scientific interest will be preserved.

l!bonor.uc Notos/

I

ECONOMIC NOTES (Gem.any)

DNB(for Europe), 3.5.44. (19.06)/According to the Reich cost of living index figures, prices for goods of daily use have on the average, increased by 0.9% during April, 1944, compared with the previous month. Tho total index figure for 1\pril is 141.3 (1913-14 = 100) as compared with 140.l for March.

The index figure for food has risen from 136.1 to 138.l (~l.~). This is due on the one hand to an increase in expenditure for vegotablos-­oainly as the result of the chonge-ovor fron winter vegetables to tho higher-priced spring vegetables--and on the other to the larger all_oca.tion ot butter and clarified butter in place of other and cheaper table fats.

The index figure for c.lothes has risen fron 181.7 to 182.8 {,'O.~). The index figure for heating and lighting has fallen froo 122.e to 122.3

• ( - 0.4%) as a result of the seasonal reduction in tho price of household coel. The index figures for rent (121.2) and for "sundries" (151.0) are unchanged.

NPD, 3.5.44. (20.22) (Bulgaria) In the near future, Bulgaria will be able to increase her tobacco exports, since the harvest in 1943 amounted to some 60 nillion kg nnd donestic requirenents do not exceed ten million kg. ~~part from raw tobacco, first-class cigarettes will, in future, also be exported. The Geroon Reich is the main consumer for the various Bulgarian co'Dacco p!',)d UC ts.

The Bulgurian Govornr.1ent has decided on an increase in the home production of opiu.~ by extending the area under opiUil poppi~s in Mace­donia. A five-year plan has been evolved which provides for an additional 9,000 ha . to be cultivated with poppies. Even now, Bulgaria is the most L'J.portant export country for opiun in Europe.

NPD 1 1.5.44. (11.46) (Roumania) reports fron Bucharest: The Roumanian Ministry of Bcononics has ordered the National Cooperative Institute to place an order for agricultural machinery to the value of 1,000 nillion lei in Germany. Tho nain itenB are: tractors, tractor-drawn ploughs, sowing nachines, and grain-cleaning nachines, etc.

NPD, 2.5.44. (18.58). (Finland) The year 1943 .was one of increased economic activity for Finland. Industrial production showed favourable developnents. The production value in the textile industry was roughly 50% higher than in 1942, in tho shoe and leather industry over 30%1 in tho building industry e.bout 15% and in the netnl and r.iachinory industry approxir.mtoly 10% higher. Production vnlue decreased only in the food industry. ;'J.togethor, the production value of industries working for hooe consumption increased by lo%, which corresponds roughly to the relative increase of wholesale prices. Tho production output of the hor.io ::aarket industries was cstinated at 84% of its output in 1935. Export industries, too, showed satisfe.ctory developr:1ent in 1943. Wood pulp production increased by 50%, the production output of paper by nore than 30%, plywood by about 20%, and sawn tu1ber by 12%, while cellulose production did not increase to any considerablo extent. Taking into account the entire export industry, production output shows Rn increase of approxinctely 13%.

Export trade in 1943 wns also conparatively favourable. Compared with 1942 it increased by not quite lc,%. Exports increased by roughly 2<>% and inports by i0%. The trade balance, which in 1942 showed a surplus of L~ports of more than 51700,000,000 Ph, in 1943 showed an imports , surplus of 4,200,000,QOO FL!. mid has since further improved. Tho export value reached approxL'J.ately 8,700,000•000 Fm as coopered with only 6,000,000,000 Frn in the preceding year. 1ne total value of imports in 1943 was estimated at 12,900,000,000 :ni, as comparGd with 11,700,000,000 Fn in 1942. The imports of raw materials and se.mi-finiehod materials were considerable, hut imports of other production goods, such as machinery, vehicles, etc.,· also showed an increase.

In 1943 Finnish foreign trade was concentrated even more than lretore on Gorony, which takes up 72% ot the total ioports of Finland's foreign trade. Gerr.1any took up 75i of the total imports to Finland and 67% of her exports. In both eases there is a slight increase of the German share a• compared with 1942. The second place in Finnish foreign trade was ta.keil by Denmark, the third, as far as imports were concerned, by Sweden, and for exports by Itnly.

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6/21/44 RZL!EF AHD R~GON3TP.liCTIOH EXC1P..PTS :t-To. 10 Compiled fr·om. sources

Volo I re::}ei v-ed in t.he. Foreign S0rvic0 L1brru·y of the .. :,._rr, el."i.cen F:i: iei1d::3 Service Com.nitte3 ~

RE':'UCE)<: l,JLAN:,Til-TG: i<'P.Ei i->C'RTS Pr9s ida::i. t Ro08P-Vel t (Washington, 5/30) sai,d. he f&vm:-ec1 t 1.1e establishment of

11 f .L'9E:: po:>i.s:1 ,:;o f..111:...licnte ·ch0 -ralcc!at:l.0n of wa: ... ' re.f:ie;ces, but that

thc '.ie po:'ts ·~18tc3. ;10t ½a in th.e TJ. R. (~-:'e, w Ir)j_k :rln:es, 5/31/44) .

APS'.rRiu. IA~ FOOD RA':'1GNS For f-l ti.ne it was possible fo!' the · Aus-1;ral i_an Governmert to keP,p up supplies of

food to B:;:'ltain &nd to ensure f~ll supplies ::'or AT11eric211 fighting men in the area because it rationed fooJ euppljes to A~stralian civilians. Re0ently: hovrnver, the stage was reac:1ac. w:iere the ci­vilian ration could not be reduced further· anc'1. whtJn ac0umulatE::d stocks were down to rock bottom. Butter, sug~:,_r, t 0a, moat have been tlghtly rationed and, aQ.ditionally, the civilian -n n.8 had to go with­out many types of food be0ause total available s:in}ljes are going to the Allied armed forces. From time to time AustraJ..ians hav.e had to. go short of important i terns of c1.iet 1ike potatoes and_other veg~­tables. Baco: and ham have been almost unootaina½1e in most States. Cream is available in small quantities but only for sick peoplo. Eggs sometimes go off the niar~et al together. Canned_ f .t•ui ts have been available to the public for months. (Australia, Aprjl, 1944,p.5)

MEXICO: RURAL RECONSTRUCTION CENT$R Spencer Hatch 1 s CamohJTiila YMCA Center reports its acti­

viti~s in a newslet'te:r (May 1944) •· The first Merino sheep to live in that area since the .1910 Mexican Revolution are part of the work. Scientific planting plans are under way for ~his year. The · National . Catholic Rural Life Conforende is adding a sectiqn of books to the Library. Sewing classes for wo~en and for children are. prq­gressing. Recreational activities are included. A weaving depart~ mcnt turns out sarapes, rugs and other articles, under tbe direction of a yillage boy. Carlos Thum, who was helping, has had to leA.ve •. _ ~fa.rgar0t Wagner 101:med to this work by AFSC is assisting, Archie Allen of Canada, a short-time student, has gone with his family to start Rural Reconstruction Centers on the IelF.tnd of Jamaica, The butld.ing and reconstructing of houses .tn..s taken hold strongly in the village of San Diogo, which never had R ron.d for wheolr. With s o rr:uct1 to be transported, the men of the village finally made the bur10 tra ce passable for trucks and cnrs from their village to the C eri t e'!".

INDIA: RE..LIEr A cnmpR~gn_ · to get British business len.de:rs interested in relief f0r Ind~a w4s launched in Loncon by Vis­

C'.)t::nt Leverhu} me, r.ec,.d of Lever Bros. and Unilever, Ltd. .Announcing . the form [' ti')ll of an Ind5.a Relie'.4:' Commi tteo composed of l~ading British indus tri:11: stJ he a ded by r:im'3 elf, Leve:'hulme r...ppcaled to b ·<1sine3s of -c;ho ,:;ount ... "'v to r.-ive it evr-ry form of support. (Nev, Y0!'k H0,,..uJ d r,,1-jb\1ne, ·1/20/44, q·..1oted in India FFI.Illino Relief'· C0r1mitt0l: b u:.letiYJ., s/✓-~/4.4)

Fis~1c,p J,, Was1 ~orr: .e:,_ck,::t ·'· of -+;ho i•htbod~ st C.1.ur0h; just; back fr 0m In -:ii D. , :-- P-I.1 01"" ·'; B , 11

.', r-? r; ,::"+ ene; n .'),:' t' £,:n-~ ·-:. n t n::.. s s uT1m<? r ~- s almost in0vit'1·01e 1111~16s1 sr.i·:' ~-; c,.r0 :. l :L,H, r tca ·,· c b :.0 :. r :::0 ·:·ico .,m,:: wheat :'rom cour.trieR tho.t c1.i •. :::; p,:,_j_ •A l t 1 - ~i' 1u .. e ·1_ -:~ t·w -:: ·:1 r ·i1~1),JP. r s s ~stn,1ce has · been destroyec. by ch:i.."' •) .:1} ,J hu:-,g0r '1 :-:t.i.''; not 0r--:! fL1ed to Bo'.'lgal, out are found L1 eve:--y pr ,Yv::.nc 3. i' ( quot3d iti~. )

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 2 - Vol. I, No. 10

INDIA: FOOD SUPPLI~S Trade sources indicate that both wheat and millet crops have been adversely affected by

unseasonable rains. Dieappointing yields are reported from.some areas, and so~e reduction from tho trade forecast of around 395,000,-000 bushels is expected. (Foreign Crops and Markets, u.s.D.A., April 1944, p. 141)

EGYPT: FOOD The composition of the war bread in Egypt was changed in early February and, beginning with that period,

bread will be made of 80% wheat and 20% barley, instead of 90% wheat and 10% barley as previously. The measure.is to prevent bread prices from rising v1ith a proposed increase in wheat prices, since the price of barley is somewhat lower than wheat. (Ibid., p. 149)

Egyptian rice production in 1943 was below normal despite an increase in the ar~a planted, due to lateness of the annual Nile flood. The amount of rice available for export during 1944 will be reduced materially. Egypt has been the principal country where rice could be obtained for Ceylon and ccuntries of the Middle East and East Africa since the Japanese occupied Far Eastern rice­exporting countries. (Ibid., p, 151)

RICE PRODUCTION A record rice surplus is expected to be available for exportation from the 1943-44 Brazilian crop.

Because of the strong demand for rice in many Allied countries that obtained important quantities from Asia before the Japanese inva­sion, the Brazilian Government encouraged a larger acreage this year and plans to extend the.area again next year. All surplus rice from the.1943-44 and 1944-45 Brazilian crops will be purchased by the United Kingdom end the U.S., according to agreement signed on 12/21/43.

DENMARK: HOGS Danish hog numbers in Mid-February 1944 were estimated at 2,276,006 head, which is an increase of 32% above

the comparable estimate for 1943 and 55% above tho February estimate for 1942. The number of hogs in Denmark reached the wartime low point in June 1942, when it fell to 1,141,000 head, a reduction of 65% from the number reported in Juno 1940 9hortly ~fter the invasion of Den.llk'l.I'k by the Germans. There has been a steady upward trend in hog numbers in Denmark since February 1943. (Ibid., 174)

WESTERN EUROPE: CROPS Winter crop reports were mostly favorable •. In Spain the January-February period was the

driest recorded since 1882 and winter crops wore greatly impaired. While rains fell in Portugal during the last week of February, they v.rnre. insuffic lent to relieve the long drought. Indications are that crop losses will be considerable because of drought. ( Ibid. , p. 183)

FRANCE: FOOD Seven oz. of oil, or the normal requirement of three days, is all the French people have had for the last

nine months, according to information supplied Dr. Kershner by Mlle. Barlerin, who has just arrived in America from Lyon and Paris. This small quantity of oil was made available on French retion tickets during September and October 1943. There has been no oil ration the entire summer preceding end none since, up to the end of February 1944. During this period, the French wer e getting less than

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RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 3 - Vol. I, No. 10

two ounces of b~tter p e~ llionth and only one small portion of meat ueekJ.y. Thero Led heei1 two · 0ggs during the 9 months' period ,9.nd less tban rour oi.;n0 e b of 0heese per month--fish once or twice a year. In iddition the re WRS a fair amount of brea~, sugar, potatoes, fresh vcgetRbles c:.nd a . . 11.~tle jam aaa mac.o.roni. (Protestant Voice, 5/26/44)

CLOTHING COLLE0TION3 A nation-wide drive to obtain clothing for , . reft,gee child:'en a.brand, titled Ki ts for

Europe 1 s Child:ran, opens t ·odRy ur.der the bAnner of the .SBve. the Clhildren FederAtion at New York, with the Women's Council for Post­War Europe as cooperating agency. The organization h8S been licensed by the War Ref:ige:e Board. Fi~st aim will . be the shipment of 2() ,000 pounds of garmonts to neutrRl Sweden. 35,000 refugee children are estimated to be in Sweden from other Scandinavi~n countries, Belgium, France Pnd Rollend, with R weekly influx rAnging from 600 to 700. Refugee children in the Neer Enst also will be provi~ed for ~s sonn as possible. (New York Times, 6/5/44)

BELGIUM: FOOD RATIONS . Reprinted from the Christian Science Monitor, . 5/8/44: "The German-controlled Belgian Radio

is boasting of German achievements in reorganizing Belgian ecortomy • . . • Belgian farmers have considerably exte~ded the area for food production and the Belgian home production.of bread cereals went up from 205,000 tons in 1940 to 420,000 tons in 1943. The potato crop was also higher tha11 in the previous years. This· expansion of the area under cultivation as well as increased grain imports~ probably from Hungary and Rumania, made it possible for the Belgian authori­t:.es to distribute a daily bread ration ·of 10 1/2 ounces instead of 8 ounces. Howevc:r, the meat and fat ration·s still remain very s ;112.ll and a large part of the Belgian urban population continues to be undernourished. The reason for the improvement is that German au~ho!'i ties found that undernourishment in Be:)..gium had reached such a~ ext8nt that it s~riously interfered with the industrial produc-t~on in which Germany is vitally interested. • » (News from B·1J .giL1.m, 5/20/44, p. 163) ·

J\E~W GUINEA: RECOIJSTRUCTION A small . detachment of membern of the . Netherlands I~dies Civil Ldrn~nistration ·

J_ a ::6.ed. r.ri th the Allies at Hollandia. The situation tl::ey encounter · is ev0 J.'~·wh0:i:' e the same. The village populations--wi.1ich had fled to th,:: t.il~ s for shelter against pre-in·;rai;:i ion Allied bombing--is cuming 08-1..,l'. g,....1 c_ually to houses burnt to tee grou~~:1, canoes full of bullet h')_;_es ,1,11d ga:i.~dEms with noth:i.ng in th0m. Many of the Indonesians have r9Ct'rn3d st1.1•ving and w:1_th fes10:.. 'ing v:ou.nds, Do0tors, faced with dit'fic~lt trinspor~ation , proble~s, ~ave little raaterial with w~ich to vvor:::, en :i the 9rocurcme~1G cf more t&kes Cb..ys because of. bad roads and the :ac~ of ve~1cles. fhe probl9m of f~edlng the native popula­tinE id a blg cnJ - HJ.ndr 'j J.9 of non-?:1i:,uans,, w:10 had come from otn.er pa 1:'ts of the lTd..L,~s tD liv0 iri this ar10a bei'ore tr.e war· as well as du.:.1 ir.g ~ t 1 a~:,e r-e:ocrti:1g to ~;re 1)vtch c_;e!'1t 'H' fo,... food 8nd shelter. Th.:; r_at ive s I first th-J't;_g t c :_ E1 t n; re- e,ul t i71;1.t i cn cf the 1r ga.rden~. Al~hc,1-13;~1 haT,)p~· tc, 'i-' crt : r or -·~h e AJ j_:;_;cs 1-lr-..d· :'er a. o: i itation authorities, they q1.1lte:; na+;t:..rs.ll;v •.J e .. ~:\ fo."'•~- r.: :· f t o f all . A: cl 8V •:m though the D·xt;c . .h se~ure "mcu,.; h :f:''1,)'\ t.:, /1 i::vl ·;;J a :~ ;u~ ::-1rott. i~ FiT:10 con n, t:iere is al8o the prob:.l .em o:'~ t '.-1(:.J Ti1c~,'! "'1I,:e,5 .. 1-Ts , "J r~0 c.1;1,1nct 08.t por•k. The food problem is,,nobt 3.G~:to u: .re: -::.~ly bt:hi n l ~he f ::· ont 1inea wt-3rc the solill ers themselve; livu on field rations. (.Knickerbocker Weekly, 5/29/44, p. lu-11)

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ITALY: STABILIZATION ECONOMY The most important of tho new decisions of the Badoglio Government recently

had to do with the setting up of what is known as "granaries for the people," a measure that was approved by the Council of Ministers after reading a long report from the Minister of.Agriculture, Fausto Cullo, and the purpose of which is to make.Southern Italy self­sufficient in food before the month of September. The wheat crop is expected to reach some 19 million quintals. There have been 3,000 "village committees" formed, each consisting of eight members, a representative from the Government, the priest, the chief of police, two representatives from the National Committee of Liberation, a representative from land-owning farmers, a representative from the syndicates and a representative from non-land owning agricultural workers. It is.the Job of these committees to insu:re adequate wheat supplies for all tho population, to fix prices and to sell to the people directly. (Knickerbocker Weekly, 5/29/44, p. 13 - from an article, 11 Plundering in B.everse, 11 by Genevieve Tabouis)

DUTCH TRIBUTE TO QUAKERS E. Van Briel pays tribute to the Quakers and their relief in an article entitled

11 Waiting--the Quaker Way" which includes the following sentences, "For . those who like myself belong to the category of refugees it (the problem of having to wnit) is the one uppermost in their minds • . • • How can we give proof that we are inspired by the same zeal as those (who bear arms)? Failing that proof, how shall we be received? Will not the natural reaction be one of instinctive antagonism toward those who, whether by policy or providence, escaped the rigors of conflict and occupation? Can the unscathed and the deeply wronged ever meet and find a common ground of.understanding? Thanks to the foresight of the Quaker we can now learn how to go about finding the answers to these gnawing questions • .•• A group of us, heavy 9f heart and troubled in mind, found our way to the welcoming fold of the Quakers. We represented every country that has beeh occupied ••.. The Quakers have formed us into differeDt study groups and have organized, for our exclusive benefit, chiefly through other existing agencies, courses in 'Relief Techniqves. 1

We are being trained by_experts to be not only acceptable but us?ful as soon as the reconquered territory is ready to receive us. All aspects of the whole problem of rehabilitation are being studied. The approach is not the cumborsome one of an elaborate interna­tional organization, but the direct human one of individuals in their own native communities. We hRve lectures by doctors, social workers, psychologists, pediatricians, ... 11 (Knickerbocker Weekly, 5/29/44, p. 20)

CHINA: MENNONIT$ RELIEF George Beare, director in charge of the relief unit for China, has arrived at

Akron to prepare for his Journey to China. (Mennonite Central Committee, Relief Trainees' Newsletter, April 1944, p. 2)

PUERTO BICO: RELIEF The child feeding program is being carried on at pre sent with supplie 9 furnished by Mrs.

,ugwell. These are supplemented with a little sugar and a few extras furnished by (the Mennonite) treasury. From 75-125 children are fed one meal each day between 7 and 8 o'clock in the morning,

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oohsisting of milk, corn mush, and oatmeal. Two Pµerto .Ric~n prepare and 9erye the food and wash up the dispcs fnd . receive per . month for their service, made RVailable by- Mrs. Tugwell. ( Report of C. L_. Graber from Puerto Rico, _! bid. , p. 2. ·

girls $15

MIDDLE EAST: REFUGEE CAMPS . Delyln Kirchhofer of the iiennonites writes, 11 The first jol;:) I tackle!i was

the setting up of a Post Off.ice ••• A post-mistress and two postal clerks have now taken over the responsibility ... For the past few ~ays I have devoted most of my time to seeing refugees who have. relatives in foreign countries, anywhere from Chile and New Zealand t·o Chicago, Ill., but do hot have their full names or addresses. I have gathered all the information I could from tho refugees and have it all tnbulated so that when u representative of the Inter­national Red Cross arrives here soon we mny be able to . locate some of these people through thAt agency. Others who had the right addresses ·I helped to get scme air IJlRil letters. off •... , I hope thRt soon we can open this service to any of the refugees and advertise it as one of the · projects. . . . 11 (1,bid. , pp. 2-3.)

BRETHREN SER VICE COMMITTEE HEIFER PROJECT So.me of the hundred~ of heifers raised will be

sent to Puerto Rico to meet the tremendous dietary needs there. Dpfmite plans are also being discussed with tpc Belgian and Yugoslavian governments, and other nations are interested. (Ibid. , p. 3, quoted from Gospel Messenger, 4/15/44, p. 20) --

SICILY: LIVING CONDITIONS AND .AMG The first Public Opinion poll in Sicily since Mussolini took

over years ago, has recently beencompleted by M.iG (with 70 tr13.ined observers asking quest lo ns of every fifth person in "average" sect'ions of various cities). Highlights of the findings at Palermo: Food--only 50% obtainable through normal rationing chan­nels, sugar down to 15% of needs; housing--15% living in temporary quarters, but overcrowding not serious; administration--no . strengtheped Allied militnry control demanded, gr~atest distrust felt toward Italian food control officials, with police next. (ffibi~., p. 4, quoted from Opinion News, 2/8/44, p. 1)

CHJNA; .PQSTWAR NEEDS A detailed analysis of the relief and reha-bilitation problems facing China was made by

Dr. T. F. Tsiang, China's dolegnte to the UNRRA Conference at Atlantic City. The statement is too long to include here, but may be found.reprinted in Contemporary China, 2/21/44. A summary is to be found in the Mennonite newsletter quoted in the preceding excerpts. ·

MENNONITE RELIEF PLANS J. N. Byler, former MCC relief worker in France, has been appo.l,ntod Mennonite Com­

missioner to England and the Middle Enst. He will visit the relief units in these areas sometime this summer. F.- J. Isaac has arrived safely in India; he is to direct for the present the relief project in Bengal. Plans are under way to send a cottonseed oil press to Paraguay for operation in the Fernheim Colony • . (Mennonite Centrll Committee, Relief Trainees• newsletter, May 1944, p. 1) ·

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CH~~~: ~E~~~F NEED~ 11 There are two general areas of need in China at the present time: The Honan and the Kwan­

tung :ar~~~. The latter is a famine district mainly because of the shutt ir:ig · off of suppl-ies normally imported from Hong Kong and the Ea.st Coast generally.- ·rh~ farmers hoard their · grain and do not suffer •. It is _the middle-class, walaried group that is faced with hardshtp and, · in ~~ny c~ses, with actual stifvgtion.

· The Honan area has seen flood, locusts, drouth and the ravages of, w-ar. It is estimat·ed that durir.ig.1943 . one million people starved in this province alone. · . The destruction and moving west of factories has thrown _thousands out of employment and robbed them of their only means of livelihood. ·, As a result of all these causes streams of refugees have left ' the provinoe for other parts of China an~ there has been a tragic and widespread ·dislocR.t-ion of normal life. The task ' of reconstruction and rehabilitation will be colossal.

The · pr.obl°ein of relief is t2,ckled at the present time through what is known as Regional Relief Committees; made up of representa­tives of missions and churches (Protestant and Catholic) and include as well 6ther -~ublic •spirited citizeris. They maintain close liaisort with the o·entral organization · in • Chungking of the American Advisory · Cqmmittee of the Church Comm_i _t _tee for China Relief, and administer va'st sum_s of relief funds allocated to them by tho central organi­zation. There is a desirable tendency to keep all relief work un-ifi·ed. arid integrated under the Regional Commi ttao. Even govern­ment grants for relief arc for the most part routed through this c l1annel. UCR turns over the funds . it has at. its disposal for relief to the American Advisory C-0mmittee for further ·allocation to tho various Regional Committees. _

Again, that section· of tho American Red Cross that is set up to serve civiliPn needs is ·concerned mainly with getting medical supplies into China, ·and after that the allocation of these sup­plies to about four different Rgencies. One of these a.g.cncie~ is the Intornn.tional Relief Committee which, in turn, re-allocates these supplies to privri.te hospitA.ls s8rvirg needy communities. The medical needs of a famine district, for example, arc referred by tho Regional Committee not to tho American Adviso:ry Commi ttoe but to tho IRC, which _does all in its power ·to got medical sup .. plies to hospitals and teams.serving the needy areas. The IRC depends entirely for the <listtibution of these supplies on the transport section of tho FAU. Transport is the bottle neck i~ the distribution of medical supplies in China. The resources ·of the FAU in men and vehicles are not sufficient to meet the demnnd. (Mennonite Central Committee, Relief Trainees' Newsletter, from , Graber-Goering report, May 1944, p. 3-4) · · · - . · -

MEXICO: SERVICE · The Brethren Service. Committee has selected ten pQople to form a community aid unit at Huitzilac,

Mexico, 38 miles sou~h _of Mexico City. 'J'he pro joct wi 11 be in charge of Rev. and Mrs. -H. D-. Michael, who went to Mexico in octobE?r 1943 · · under tre joint auspices .of -AFSC · and :BSC. · (Gospel Messenger, 5/6/44, p. 10,quoted in Mennbn~te Trainees' Newsletter, May 1944; p. 4) ..

ARGENTINA: WAR ORPHANS Argontinn is planning to bring 1,000,000 _ _ orphnn boys and girls as settlors after

the wnr, according . ~o-a re~ent report by a Chilean visitor, · T};).ey --~ would evontually ' become Argentine citizerts. (New York Times, r 5/14/44, quoted in Mennonite Trainees' Newsletter, May 1944, p. 6)

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MIGRATION: TRAINING COURSE The training course on migration · prob1ems, . arranged by the HIAS and HIAS-ICA under

the auspices of the New . School for Socinl Research, has evoked wide­spread interest. Since.2/12/44, when first session held in the audi­torium of the New School, 144 · students (70% social workers) enrolled for the training course. Social workers represented 25 Jewish and non-Jewish agencies active in the field of relief, rehabilitRtion and. emigration. "(Rescue, HIAS, May 1944, p. 9) ..

RUSSIA: CLOTHING RELI,EF Shipment in May of 11,000 pounds of cloth­•. . ing by Ukrainian-,Jewish organizations of . New York City for non-sectarian distribution in the scorched areas of the U~raine is the latest effort of the Jewish Council for RWR drive to collect $2,000,000 worth of goods-in-kind in 1944. By special arrangement with the Soviet Government, all Jewish organiza tions mP.king a contribution to RWR through the J ewish Coun- . cil may now earmark their donations for distribution on a non­sectaria n bRsis to any designated nre11 wit.b,in tho libern.ted re g ions . The Federation of . Bessarabian Societies has undertaken to send 1,000 kits monthly to Bessarabian f amilies. (Russian War Reli ef Memo, May 1944, p. 3) .

. Very successful is the drive of RWR to . ship household utility kits to Soviet families in the war-devastated areas, to include such common everyday items as soap, needles and threat, gRuze, adhesive tape, evaporated milk, sugar, soup, gloves. The national objective is to send 3,000,000 such.kit9 to the Soviet Union this year. Groups joining in the project include Girl Scouts, and the Southern Baptist Conference. ( Ibid. , p. 5) . . , . .

Shoe dealers in Philadelphia recently contributed more· than 40,000 pairs of new shoes to RWR from dead stocks. (Ibid., p. 6)

INDIA~ LIVING SUPPLIES The food situation is a ga.in becoming criti-cal in many provinces, particularly Bengal,

as a result of the Government's failure to procure adequat e supplies of grain nnd to check the operations of hori,rders rmd black market operators. The Food Minister of Bengnl recently admitted in the Hengal Assembly that t'he Government hnd been unable to obtain the supply of food grains which it hoped would be avnilnble, and , similar reports have come from other provinces. The Bombay Govern­ment, for example, reported on its grain procurement as inadequate •. Thus India is again 'j:;hreatened with wide_spread famine because the Government does not hr1.ve the confidence or cooperation of the people. People's Food Committees hc:'1.Ve be·cri organized in many parts of the .country to urge the pe as nnt s· to sell thoir surplus to the gov ernment and to c xposc ·hoarders, but these Committees have received little support from gov ernment offic inl s. ( Amerasia, New York Cit.y, 5/26;44, p. 164-165)

R~LIEF: PRISONERS OF WAR - FAR EAST The War Prisoners' Aid of . the YMCA learned recently thru

its Stockholm office that the neutral delegate in the Philippines of the War· Prisoners' Aid is now allow~d to purchase.locally relief supplies to: an amount not over $25, 000 monthly for shipme·nt to civilian internment and prisoners-of~war camps there. United States Government funds have been made .avail able for expenditure hy the War Prisoners' Aid for this purpose. The s e are in addition to

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monthly- ·remittances of official · funds which are being transmitted ·· regularly through ·swiss Government ·channels to the executive com- .

mi t tees of civilian internment camps : in the Phtlippine Islands under authorization obtained from :the Japanese authorities in 1943. No permission has . yet been given for · the inspectior;i of ci vj_li

1

an internment carrips or of pri$oner-·of-➔ war camps in the Philippine Islands by repres entatives of the Swiss_9-overnment. (Dept.: _of State Bulletin, 5/_27/44,. p. · .496:-4~7) . ·

CUBA: HEALTH PROJECT Dr. pe·dro · Noguei_ra, director of the Marianao ·Heal:th Unit in Cuba, is in the U. s. currently.

He is also vice .director of the rural-·housing sec~ion of . .the Cuban Good Neighbor Foundation, created soon after Pearl Harbor with funds assigned by the Pro-Allie d. Aid Coi:nrnis 'sion of Cuba. 1rhis grQup · devotes part of its receipts to· worthy causes in other Allied :n-a- · tions, and part to health and other public welfare 1;3ntorprises in

' Cuba. one of the most recent projects of the rural-housing section is demonstration work at the Murga farm in Mnrianao. There, at a total cost of $2,800, 25 dwellings occupied by the f~milies of farm laborers--156 persons--have ·been supplied with running water, latrines and cement floors. Stagnant pools have been drain~d. A communal garden has beon planted and is tended by the school children, and.the school itself is giving healtb instruction ·and vaccinating the children a gainst smallpox and other communicable diseases. (Dept. of State Bulletin, 5/27/44, . p. 501) ·

EUROPE: FOOD . SUPPLY The American Institute of Food Distribution , .. advised its 3,000 members that food stockpiles

already built up in Groat Britain, North Africa and Italy should oc. sufficient to supply the actual rGliof needs of invaded Europe for the next 15 months "without curbing civilian consumption in tho u .. s. 11

Food ratio.ning, except p:robably milk products, will not need to be continued while taking cnrc of malnutrition and actual food needs o:f about 270,000,000 European people who~ we arc starting to release frorn German domination. Wh0at or flour," sugar, fats, d:ry beans and peas and pork have been accumulnted by the Army and through Govern~ ment buying or shoulp. be ava ilable from domestic output. · (New .... · York Times, .June 11·, 1944) · · · ' ..

UNRRA: REFUGEES Governor Lehman announced that UNRRA is looking after the needs of about 45,000 Yugoslav ·, Greek,

and other refugees. UNRRA is organizing teams of specialists for work overseas, qnd preparing as far as pas sible to assemble the sup­plies which wi11· be urgently needed. (New York _ ~imes, 6/21/44)

ITALY: CLOTHING A drive for wearing apparel· has been undertaken by the . National ; -Catholtc .Welfare · Conference -and: Amer­

ican Relief · for Italy, Inc. Every Catholic church in America will receive these gifts and forward them. {New_·York T'imes, editorial, 6/1-9/44)

POLISH RELIEF FUNDS The . War Relief Control Boail?d bas allott 'ed $2,250,000 to Polish War Relief activities for . .

14 projects during the fir$t 9 months of this year. : Polish prison..:. ers of war receive $441,873 through Red Cross, and $187,000 is allo­cated for medical supplies. The Paderewski Testimonial Fund re­ceives $156,303. Refugees in U.S.,Mexico, Palestine, India and Africa will also be helped. (New York Times, 6/8144) 6/21/44-EEWhelden

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CC: · GEP CHG ESC JJ.V JPR. J A MEJ MPS MHJ MF JEB MF LKJ IA LOH RJP HS RD GFW LHN EG PT ET KH PD MCL HK BP ~RW HM SC W'$ & foreign staff

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS No.·7 Part I~. Fro~ sources rec'd jn Foreign Service Library

of Americr.m Friends Service Committee, ·April, 1944 • . .

CLOTHIN~·. LIBERAT~D E.URo.P·i:;, Cl tl · f · ·1 1 E 1 d b ~ - _ J.:.J o ~nng iPms ·a..L. over I ng an_ are e-ing asked by the Ministry of Supply to

take part in,· the scheme for providing ci~ilian relief clothing for the peoples of occupied Europe, and trade committees have been set

, up t.o advise the Ministry on relief c.lothing questions. (Ministry of Supply Release, quoted in British Informa~ion ·Division Circular, 4/19/44,p.l)

ENGLAND~ CHILD WELFAtl.E Fi VG clubs have been opened in London for . school child.ren up to 14 years by tho Save

the Children Fund to give children somewhere to go betw~~n end of ·;sc.,hool and evening • . Membership is 2¢ a woek. The clubs. are run by professional welfare workere, but tho adult~ remain more or loss in the background, as ·. it 1s intended that the . child:r:on should. regard the , premises as entirely their own. (From London Times, quoted in British Inf-orrra·tion Division Circular, 4/5/44, p. 2)

BELGIUM: RATIONING FOOD AND CLOTHING Volk- en Staat, German--. controlled paper published in

Antwerp, recently wrote, "There was a time · when thefts o{ coupons were committed by the hundreds. Why are they l~ss numerous now? Quite simply becau9 e. the whole rationing system is so disorgani:wd

· that it is not nooessary to have ration- coupons. You can buy every-­thing without them. 11

New clothes-rationing regulations have b~en issued in occupiod Belgium. Employers arc mado rosponsible for distributing.to their

. workers the clothin:-~ ossontial for their jobs. Cbildrcn 1 s undur-• · clothing will be distributed by, the local administrations. This method of dist~ribution is gradually to supcirsede t _hc c~xisting method of clothes rationing by eovpons. Th0 scarcity of textile goods is so acute.in occupied Belgium that two factories ure now spccia.liz­ing in the w0aving· ·o£ hair . . One of thcso ,Jstablishmonts .. is making slippers. (Nows from Belgium, 4/8/14, p. 114)

BELGIUivI: i-m;AT ·Several schools in occupied. Bo,lgiurn have been closed · . · _for a month, owing to lack •Qf coal for heating t.te

classrooms. (News from Belgium, 4/8/44, p. 114) .

-.EUROPB : . SW8DISH RELIEF Count Folke Bernadotte announced that tho . Swedish people so far .have .voluntarily given

400,000,000 kronor, or almost $100,000,090, for .the. _relief of war­stricken countries~ This is about $16. pev man, wo~an and child. Government grants arc not included in these figures. The Sw$dish Greek Relief has attrFtcted iptcrnation_al a.tt .ention_. So fnr 300,000 tons of foodstuffs, c~iefly from Canada, have ~eon delivered. (News from Sweden., 3/8/44, p. 3) . .

INTERNEES In London Count Bernadotte conferred with British author-ities regarding a second troosfcr of wnr invalids. Eng-.

land's interest in continuing to exchange prisoners is great but depends on several contingencies, among them tho scarcity of doctors.

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RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 2 - Vol. I,No~7,Pt.II

Ganidian officials have . inquired whether 3 or 4 Swedish physicians could be sent to Canada·, wbere most of the Axis'. prisoners are kept, and the Swedish doctors _are reported willing to cooperate. Nego-:tiations w~re also start_ed iri London rega:rding the e::xchange of _ civilians, who in many respects are worse off than military prison­ers of war. (News from ·Sweden, 3/8/44, p. 3)

-FRANCE: RE~IEF s·ix hundred childr.en in Nice, france, are now . · _ reGei v,ing meals three times a week through the

Swedish Red Cros_s (News from Sweden, 3/8/44, p. 3)

SWEDEN: Rt\TIONING Shoe ration_j_ng has been !3fiSed by advancing the next peripd for tho purchase of shoes from Nov. 1

to July 1. Extra rations are also granted certain occupation groups. (News from Sweden, 3/8/44, p. 3)

HOLLAND: POSTWAR PLANNING Some of Holland's best political minds, during tho leisure onforced by present

conditions, have writt~n, printed and clandestinely distributed a 50-page booklet in whic.b. they appeal to all Netherlanders to sub­merge. their political factionali sm in order to reach an agreement on post-war social reforms. ; The w.riters represent viewpoints ranging from the most conservAti~e pa~ti os to the small group of Dutch Com­munists. The booklet does not c·laim to sot forth any dGmo.nds to be made by each of the four ma_jor p:-:i.rties--tho Christia""l political grou~s, the Catholics, tho SociRlists and tho Communists~-but it is a seri'ous and well-founded plea to the Dutch to study carefully" the various aims promulgated by the country's foremost political think­ers. (Netherlands N~ws Digest, 4/15/44, pp. 91-94) ..

, HOLLAND: CLOTHING Last NovombGr -the Germans invalidated all cloth-

ing coupons, requisitioning the bulk of Holland's textile goods for tho Reich. Allied air raids wrecked scores of , textile factories. But Dutch textile dealers are seeing that some, of the supplies on himd are going :to the poorly clothed HollandGrs. The Nazis have made no A.ttempt to · o~:mceal tho Dutch clothing crisis. In Gouda, South-Holland, an appeal was made for . bedsprend.s to be converted into children's underwear • . (Netherlands News Digest, 4/15/ 44, p. 96) .

HOLLAND: POSTWAR PLAlfNING The first concrete progro.m for rehabili-. . __ tation and reconstruction offered by the

goyernrnent of any NA:Zi-o~cupicd, country was presented at 'ft meeting of the Neth~lnnds society 11 Pro Patria 11 in London on April 4 by Dr. Jacobus de Be~s, . secretary to Netherlands Prime.Minister Pieter s. Gerbrandy. 11 a·am-inistrntive measures arc included, some to go into effec ·~ immediatoly on liberation, others later. · This includes among other points: Reli~f and Roconst ruction, for which many mil­lions of guilders' wort.h of goods had. -nlrcady been acquired long before UN:ii.RA materialized. Ropn:triatio;n of refugees Rnd of citizens deported for forced l:ib or in_ the Reich and elsowhe·re; steps will be taken to inform these · people of the 0_xi.stonce of a - Repatriation Corn.:.. mission and of the w~ys in wh~ch to contnct its officials; mean~ while they will bo clothec;l P..nd e n.rod for u1:tll they can ·be repat­riated; adequate mo.qsures wiJl , pc tnJ.con to protect Holln.nd 1 s public health against the importo,t_ion . of contag ibus diseases through this influx of former deport ooi,; . 1:1.fte1'wards ,the r8patr ia te s will be

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION EXCERPTS - 3 - Vol.I,No. 7, Part II " transported to their homes or to temporary 9arnps; finally they

will be given employment or at least sufficient means for subsis­tence (a report on this has been published). Number of Hollanders outside the country now totals almost 500,000. Social measures arc being rapidly prcpnred vii thin tho framework of UNRRA--the govern­ment assumes a moral duty as regnrds tho cnre of unemployed, job placement, reconstruction of Trade Unions, relief for war victims, nnd housing problems. (Nothorlands News Digest, 4/15/44, p.101-103)

EUROPE : POSTWAR EDUCATION U.S. State DepRrtment announced 4/l/i4 that it would collaborr:i.te with a confer­

ence soon to be held in London of Allied Ministers of Education. A United Nntions organiznt1on for educational and culturRl recon­struction of war-torn countries outside the Axis is one of tho main projects of the conference. Tho Stnte Department opposed any move to introduce a foreign educn.tionnl progrem. or system in any liberA.-:­ted country, to place Americnn teach~rs in schools of those coun­tries, or to prepare textbooks in the U.S. for use in such schools. (Noth~rlands News Digest, 4/15/44, p. 103)

NETHERLANDS: HEALTH CONDITIONS A secret document listing the in-creasing rnvages of disease RS a

result of the Nazi.occupation nnd calling for a 7-puint health pro­gram immediately after the.Germans aro driven 9ut, was received in London on March 22. Holland's general death rnto incrensed from 8.6 per 1,000 in 1939 to 9.5 per 1,000 in l942. Infant mortRlity incre~sed from 34 per 1,000 in.1939 to 43 per 1,000 in 1941, and deaths from tuberculosis increased from 41.2 per 100,000 in 1939 to 80.7 per 100,000in May 1943. The increo.se in the death rate for bnbies occurred in tho winter months and vrn.s a result of the inFtbil­i ty to heat houses adequately. While the food situation has not yet reach~d famine proportions, tho official daily rntion is definitely inadequate. Rickets prevails because of lack of foods rich in Vita­min D. Of 40 cases in one children's hospital, ll were rickets. Some infectious disertses have. increased alarmingly; scarlet fever cases jumped from 7,197 in 1941 to 23,000 in 1943. At tho end of. 1942, the chief health inspector issued data regarding medicine sup­plies and listed 27 medicines which had to be used most sparingly. Forty other medicines Tiere mentioned of which stocks were alarmingly low; they included anourino, camphor, _bismuth preparations, CRlomel, chloroform, codeine, pyramidon, cold preparations, iodine, morphine,. opium, liquid paraffin, and cardiasol. At the beginning of lnst yenr the insulin stocks becnme 11 unexpectedly 11 small, the report said. Consumption of the drug hnd to be hnlved. By the middle of February tho supply to pntients whose daily ration had been · twenty units was cut off and small quantities . Methods used before insulin was dis­covered had to be revived, such .q_s the II hunger cure. 11 Up until the end of last year, insulin was still available in the black market at five times normal price. As early as February lFtst year 2,348 patients awaited admission to the hospitals in Amsterdam. Hospita- . lization of even the most urgent surgical cases was difficult. Also serious shortage of hospital personnel. (Netherlands News Digest, 4/1/44, p. 47-48)

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RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCT.ION EXCERPTS - 4 - Vol.I,No.7, Part I!

NETHERLANDS: MILK Nowadays the Dutch person receives one of her two fortnightly quarts of. 11 skimmed milk 11 (a mixture

of milk powder and VTRt.er, in · a bottle, but the other half of her ration will be handed hi~ in a paper bag. January 23 regulation orders milk denli~s to supply milk powder directly to consumers; 2 oz • . of powder in_steA.d of one quart of skimmed milk. It is suitable for preparing mush., . pudding, vegetables or SRuces; housewives are told not · to try to turn the powder into milk.or to use it in coffee or tea as even large dairy plants hnvo difficulty in dissolving the powd·er. (Netherlands News Digest, 4/1/44, p .. 48-49)

INDIA: FOOD SUPPLY Mr. Richard Casey, now Governor of BengaJ, broadcnsting from Calcuttn 4/1/44, SRid in part,

11 In 1943 there was A. :real -shortn.ge of rice in Bengal owing to the poor crop nnd to the disaster of tho cyclone. This yen.r there has been a very good crop. This yenr C~lcutta . is getting 640,000 (Bri­tish long) tons (=730,000 Americnn tons) of foodgrains.from the rest of India outside Bengal, so we ~re relieved of the greatest single deficit area in I;3enga1-.:..gre·ater Calcutta itself. Last year we had no·organisation to cope with the procurement and distribution of gra1n...:.-nor had we any stocks of grn.in on which to draw. This year we "have a lr-trge organisRtion thr-i.t is being constantly improved to cope with all of Bengal 1 s foodgrain problems--and we hRve sub­stantial quantities of grain in reserve. Transport arrang~m~nts.are being constantly improved. There should bo no recurrence of the famine :i.n Bengal in 1944 and the price of rice sho,uld fall. ••• Bengal has thi ~ year. e.nough food to feed i tsoJ,.f nnd t .o provide the seed for· the next crop, Rnd make a prudent an9,. ~casonable insurance for the future •••• The numbers of hospital's and, beds have been vastly· increased wi thtn the last three months and more arc being set up. Epidemic and other disease is, generally speaking, under control and declining. The pµblic health staff has been strengthened by more than 1,000 additionRl h~nds to deal with any possibl~ future outbreak. 12,000,000 inoculRtions against cholerR and vnccinations for smallpox have · beci:i performed during the last five month~. . • • We have taken fl.ctj,on to enable the restoration of lR.nds to poor cultivators who were forced to .sell lest they should starve. A gr·e1:1:t many wor~houses have b~on set up where dcrnti tutes are being taught to earn a li.ving~-:-8.nd a groat deal more is about to be done in this regard. ·Along .with the. oxpRnsion of privnte orphanages, thousands . of orp~ans'nnd dos -crted children are being CR.red for by temporar-y" Govcrnm~nt . o:r.pp.anages. More thn.n 1,750 milk CE1.nteens are distributi'ng.milk foods to _oVEJr ·100,000 children and to nurs .ing and expectant -mothef'. ~ •. · . • .•• 11 (Government of In,lia, Information Service~, _No. j/101z,/mmb/, 4/8/44)

NETHERLANDS: HEftLTH Feeding is definitely insufficient with the official daily rat~on, at tho end of 1943,

pro~riding ~ total of o.nly 1,417 calOT'l80, mnde up, nominally, in bread, butter, rr.eat, cneese, SL'ga:-:-, flour, j01P, buttermilk, and vegatnbL.:s. (Many of those.:iorr.mod:;..ties, previous reports h,9,ve shown, are eithar impossibJe t~ obtain o~ cnn bo ~aught only on the black market at ox0.C'bita;1t prir.es.) Tho lac~~ of .;rhole mil~, butter and fresh vegotablos hae C'.J.t acw,1 tb'3 E>.vorago iat1:,k c of Vitamin A, resulting in a weakcnjng of ~o~ily reslstanco and increasing sus­ceptibility to infectious disonso--notabay tuberculosis. However,

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Relief and Reconstruction Excerpts - 5 - Vol . I,No.7, Part II

because brown breg,d and potatoes are present in sufficient quanti­ties, there has been no shortage of.Vitamin BJ.. But an insufficiency of Vitamin B2 has cRu.sad a siege of intnstinal trouble which has reached almost epidemic proportions. The winter diet contains too little Vitamin C which, like a lack of Vitamin A, hRs reduoed resis­tance to infectious disease . Nevertheless the genuine deficiency disenscs caused by a lack of this element hav9not occv.rred. According to ,an official report on health conditions in Holland made last No~~mber 28 to UNRRA in Atlantic City by Dr. van.den Belt, the number· of diphthGrla cases in Bolland coulo. be expected to reach between 35t000 rmd 50,0JO in 1943 as against 1,730 in 1940 . An epi­demic of infantile pc'. rnlyf:3is r·Bged in the vicinity of Amsterdam and Friesland in the lattor months of 1943. About 1,800 persons wore stricken but the epiQemic was not overly serious. Food shortage was blA.med as the chief caus~ for the enormous incref.'..SG in tuberculars, while the disease's virulence was said to be increased by a lack of fc1.cili tics for tren.trnant. Investigntions 1,mdertaken in 1942 by the Central Bureau for Statistics revealed an increase that yeRr of 20,000 cases requiring sanatorium treatment . Meanwhile.venereal diseases hnve spread alarmingly. ExRct figures not available because notification of cases under treatment is not compulsory . There.are 51 consultation burenus throughout Holland which assi 9t in fighting the disease . Cod liver oil is now supplied only to tuberculars.

(Knickerbocker Weekly, 4/3/44, p. 7- 9) NETHERLANDS : FOOD The butter ration was reduced 50% early in Feb--

runry and replac~d with II spreadable frying fat!'; the N'ieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant , which reported the measure, did not state what the type of fat would.be , . The last previous figure on the butter ration was a quarter of a pound per person every two weeks (Knickerbocker Weekly, 443/44 , p . 9) .

NETHERLANDS : CLOTHING PLANS Organization of sewing Rnd knitting chapters which, it is expected, even­

tually will produce 18,000 garments yearly for the people of the Netherlands is being undertaken °t?Y tho Queen Wilhelmina Fund 1 s Pacifi·c Division, with hendquarters in Sn.n Francisco , Calif . (Knickerbocker Weekly , 4/,3;44, p . 25)

. . NE%HERLANDS : RELIEF AND POSTWAR PLANNING According to an announce-

ment by Mr . A. Philippe von Hemert, President of the Netb~rland Benevolent Society, recently, al though the expenditures of the Society ( n.pparently to needy Dutch citizens here) have decreased during the past three years from $21,000 in 1941 to less than $11,800 in 1943 1 many more members are needed, so thnt 11 1n the futvre this Fund will have the opportunity to direct its generosity townrds a liberated ijetherlnnds, for which every dollnr will be necded . 11 During 1943 the Society made about 700 payments to 87 individuals, averaging $17.30 each. .

In 1939 casb grants of $50,000 were made by the American Red Cross for relief of Dutch refugees in Great Britain and France. No relief could be sent into the ~etherlands until September 1943, when medicnl supplies v~lued at $12,800 1 including 62,500 vials of insulin , wore shipped by ARC for the account of the Netherland.s War Relief , Inc . Upon receipt of satisfactory reports from the super~ vising International Committee of tho Red Cross, an nddit~onal $240 , 000 shipment will be sent. (Knickerbocker Weekly, 4/3/44, p.29)

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Hel 18 :t lHVl RE'<:301ist .rv.~ ti on F.xce::-pt s - 6 - Vol,I,No.7, Part II

:t'P.ISON'ER.S uF w},;n '. · ;E.UnC'FE: ? , 500 cartons of flower nnd vegetable seeds 1.nd gn.rdP-n tools are to be distributed

shortly to Uni tod. N,ition3 prisoners in Surope by the American Red nross. Each carton 1.s t~ contAin aombinntion weeder and hand hoe\ JUGds of lettuce, · SWibs 0h11rd, c.;f.bbn.ge, :radish, beets, carrots, onions, tomatoes, pa::-snips, turnips, sweat co:r>n, dwarf green beans, nnd paas; nnd seeds of zinnias, marigold) and candy tuft. It is 1-:rn tirnatcd. thnt 3rtch six-pour1d 0P..rton will permit a prisoner to cul­tivate about 1/8 of dn ncro of ground. (Knickerbocker Weekly, 4/3/:1:4, p. 33)

MIGRATION In April tho · Portuguese lin0r, Serpa Pinto, brought 376 refugees nnd repatriates from Europe to Philad~lphia.

274 were refugees who were put on trains for Toronto and Montreal, where the Canadian Government has promis~d them snnctuary. About 100 others wore rcpntriated American citizens or persons destined for Central and South American countries. (New York Times, 4/8/44)

John Wo Pehle of the War R~fugee Board confirmed reports that t h8 proposal for II froe ports" was being discussed. It calls for creation of reserved areas near .Eastern ports where refugees with no other plncc to go could bo kopt until nrrangements h~d been made for their permnncnt disposition. Refugees taken in would not be considered as legal residents of the country •.•• Ira Hirschmann, just back from two months representing WRB at Ankara, Turkey, report­ed that thousands of homeless persons had been ~oscued through VffiB efforts from occupied countries, includlng three boatloads of 250 each taken from Constanza, Rumania, to Istimbul. Most of them were subsequently moved to Pnlestine by rn.iJ.. The WRB had also expedited the removal from Transdniestrin to tho Rumanian interior Qf some 49,000 refugees, the rcmainuer of about 160,000 who had been put in the path of the Russian armies by the Rumanian Government . (New York Times, 4/19/44)

CZECHOSLOVAKIA: RATIONS The whole area of the Roich &nd the occupied countries 1~ divided into three districts

for food rationing purposes. In the first, which comprises W~rtem­berg, Baden, Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna, tustria, Snlzburg, Styria and tha Tyrol, ration cards entitle the recipient to & flour ration comprising 50% whent flour and 50% rye.. In the second o.istrict, comprising Ba·varia. nn1 n number of German provinces, including Su­dotonl~nd,· the propnrtion is 60% rye flour to 10% wheat. All the rest of the Rroa ruled by Gormany, including the 11 Protectorate, 11

belongs ~o. the third district, in which the proportion of rye to whcnt is 70:00. "I'he quality of the rntions js graduated on 11 politi-. cal 11 lLies.. Througt.out the occuy.>ied Qountrie s, the German army, German canteens a:1d Ge:""m&l'.l ::."'9sta1,1.rrmt::i have a prior cln.im on rations . GoG:ring bas actuall;y b,)asteJ that the occupied countries arc supply­ing the whole GB:1'.'innn '3.:emy. • • • Tho fat r&t'lon is negligible; the hams ai1d mnrrn2la,13 me·'.1tion8d o:r. ~he l"'dt.ion card R:re made of anything ~ut fr~it, I~ is oven ~&id ~own that~ certain quantity of beet, car'.i.'Ot Rlld. po·ca.to can oo c,dd0d ~o .',&:ns, i.;.p t;o 70%. The use of sac,. charjn:3 o.nd ~)rcserovE1tiiT~;s is· a:LL Ci•iC"i .. Th:J :.:lcur in oread consists of i.0% ·vlwat ·· ;rs}t w.ho:;Jl 1;,; he '1.·~·:,, 4,Cj ~"Y1.,i 0!51; bJ.J'.'ley 01 .. oatc;, ancl 10% potatoes., Tho broad ·~1'.Lstes l)[ c:1. -,,_Er' .i.:-1 ; na.:·:.gf:st~_bJ e; .hcnc0 the in­cr0ase in gas trio• 'ccm'p::tP.i t1t ·3 .::.r.•. ,u . .:. 't~1.c· :)c~1.rpicr'1. countries. Ca.l;?bage

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Pel i.ef a--ia Recol'."struc.tlon Exaerptg - 7 - Vol.I,No.7, Part II

has to be u.se :i for p~ ckitng; ther..:3 is ;1ot likely to be any fresh Gab'oF.1..ge left o•rt:,r inr- ti1e civil poJiu1a~~-on. The milk ration (a sky.-blu3, meca:1_tH: -- 9~~im::1ed l iy_i.li::3_) . 1 t-1 a ri1~artr:n· of a 1 i tre per head pe!' <1.ey ·t'.')r:.·1.;l·;.l:t',i ~lI1d c.:1i1d~c•?n.ovor liJ; child.ren under ten receive ~i./2 :i_i L:--::; v; i t i:1 a 2. G% fat con~: en t, 'I' he egg rat i 0:1. is rme per he ad rer 'v::eck---·T-C t o..1.Vl.aJs obtainable. T Le V,:t.l:i ii": y of ration car de for fats ~s ,,.:,r,all/ 1,,rolonged; b·,.rl; :if t;bere is no supply for a long t:ime the:r :i.ap-:;0, I:•1for11a.ticn rec01Yt,d f.rc,;r, the-) ll}'re,te~tc,ratcH by private :rer:,(Y!.'_6 ::i_t; Gh:i:•:i.etmas 191~ n1e-1tlc.-ncd. a '"'dtio:i of 1/4. kilo of fish per head. fc,r ur-:rij~n1,v3,. It l~_; est;~n.,:;,tc:f.. that e.t lE::ast 407& :cf' the iniJ.E'.b j­t an ~s cf :~,he H.,jtch are on t.i-10 r;;ln.i.mum ral:;:i o.'ls for the normal cons·cmE ::> ~ acco:'\..~j:rig tc Gu,:ma:1 infJrrt10tion tl1<3 percrnntago in t~o 11 Prcteutcra'ce 1' is s+:ill 1:1igh8:'o At tbe bc 6 l:rning of tho v·rn.r cert ai n c hi ld sp9cia:1.­ist s Jt.'.dgod that 0tnldre:1 1..;.nJ.ar three onJ oyed in some ways more favournbl~ conditions thnn tho othGr classes of thG population. Tl:.e :i:at.ions for child_ren u:i:, to thrclO did not seem too smr:tJ.l. 'IhJso mcst gravdly menaced from the b eg inning were tho children a~ t~e reriod. of greatest growth--those of ten yenrs and upwards. 1rnese re­ceive the same rations as adults , but their need of albumins: cal­ci~m: and fats is very groat and is not covered by tho ration. r:codo.y the condition of th9 breast-fed babies, which at first was go od., is becoming worse. Exh,qus ted 11.nd under-nourished moth0r 9 can-­not bear healthy children. Pregnant women have priority in the mattJr of food; but the increase in their ration is negligible. At most, admitted a medical officer, they receive an extra 100 grammes of food per day in the last six months of pregnnn cy and half D. 11 trs of milk per day for six weeks following childbirth. Accordlng to a report in Mi.'n;chor medizinische Wochenschrift thero was six times as much illness in Germany in tho a1,ltumn of 7:943 as there had b8en befo'"'."'o the war. After this frank report the publiention of similar st~i~stics was forbidden in Garmany. There is a shortage of doctors in G0rmany, ~nd much more so in the occupied countries. A report f::'c,m dweden puts it at one do9tor to every 12,000 of the inhnbit,qnts. Modicamon ts aro strictly rn. tionod; sedatives, insulin, vi tam in preparationB are unobtA.innble. Inston.d of bandages there is a pap0:r substi tnte which can only be obtn.ined on a prescript ion, so can tho substitute cotton wool, a shiny, non-absorbent cellophane substance. As tho troops move from place to place thoy bring wi tt them epidemics of SQarlet fever, diphtherin:-,Md typhus. Today in Finland there is a lot of scrofula., tuberculosis of lungs and bones. ( 11 Czech Children 1n Vv"e.T.'tjme, by D:.."', B. Kaasova, Central European Observer, Englru1d, 4/14/44: p. 118-119)

HOLLAND: FOOD So many hens and chickens we:re seized and carried off that the number of . hens in Holland has fallen to

3,700,000, compared with 35,000,000 in 1938. Pigs in the same pe~iod dropped from 1,538,000 to 491,000. (Knickerbocker Weekly, 4/l?/44, p. 7)

JAVA: HEALTH The possibility that the people on occupied Java are suffering from ~n epidemic of scurvy, usually caused by

lack of proper foods,.was indicated in a Japanese radio broadcast reported recently bh the u. S. Office of War Information (Knickerbock­er Weekly, 4/17,44, p. 32)

NETHERLANDS: REPATRIATION Plans for the return of Hollanders to their native country after the libEration,

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Relief and Reconstr~ction Excerpts - 8 - Vol. I, No. 7, PartII . .

including the many dP.pcrtP.d to Germany for forced labor, are being worked out.by G"' F. Ferwerda, Netherlands Commissioner for Repatria­t :ton. Netherlanders a'cro2i.d. wi 11 be informed of the exi steno e of the C0rnmission;· th~i·will be cJ~thcid ~rid cared for until repatriation is accomplished~-· care will be taken to p:"'event them from being a clanger to public heal th; they will be coi1d~ctod to their destina­tions, · at least to. temporary ·homes, while finally they will have to be given work or at least a moans of su'osistence. (Knickerbocker Weekly·, 4/24/44, p. 8)

POSTWAR PLANNING: TRAINING A broad program to train 3,000-4,000 foreign technical graduates from Europe

and .Asia in American· engineering colleges, so that they can return after 18 months of>study to help with the reconstruction of their own land during the post-war period, has been adopted by tho general engineering staff of the Foreign Economic Admin.;Lstration, the New York Timas announced recentJ.y. The students to 0ome will be selected by tho foreign governments with the advice of u.s. educational leaders. The greatest portion.of tho money involved is to come from the foreign countries, although the Amoricnn Government is to contri­bute an unspecified percentage. The colleges are also now geared to provide training for technical graduates of this country who wish to prepare for foroign service. Because of the complete destruction of many of tho best engineering c~ntors of Europe, it will be necossary -. fo·r U.S. to help rebuild foreign industrial systems. (Kninkcrbocker Weekly, :4/24/44, p. 8) ·

NETHERLANDS: FOOD Gorman inundation of large areas of Holland re-c·eritly as an anti-invasion measure has dangerously

threatened the country 1 s food supply for .t;lGxt year and made the farmers 1 ' posit ion desporat c, according to tho Dutch Nazi weekly Sto:rm. (Knickerbocker Weekly, 4/24/ 44, p. 13) . . ,'

FRANCE: HEALTH AND FOOD A study of conditions of children in Marseille schools in the spring of 1943,

made by the Cent:re d 1Etudes . d 1 Hygiene de Marseille, included 233 school child:ren (97 boys and 136 girls), of whom 83 had also been examined in 1941. The children wore mostly from frunilies with littLe money. Tho average daily calories of 46 of the children whoso complete meals" were checked were 1,725. There was a scarcity of moe.t, E:ggs and dai:ry: products, ai:id comparative abundance of vegetc.blcs. This is insuffici0nt for the needs of a 10-year-old child ( the average age .'of the so 46). The dit;:it is poor in lipide9 and proteins of ·animal origi~, which are especially necessary for growt);l. It can only ·partially be prov.ided in vegetable proteins. There is not 0•r~o.ug.i1 -calcii.1..1 .. m, but the quantity of iron is suffi- . . ci ent. P::...,oformed v-itnmln A in not found in enough quantity, but the di9t is higl~ in oarotine ar1d npparr:rnt 1y sa tlR fact r:,ry in vitamin C. Thel'.'.:; is ap:r:;arontlv· orou.c;h v1tc:1,iiins El and 32, ·. lJt,;.t lack of v:i..ta;nin PP. In cl~nir,c;.J. exa.mi::::a::icns: rr.m-1y chLi..dren were fC'und to have c.Gfini tely suffnred fr-crn A.1:i. n0:,tn1~:· r cs~;:--~ ~t ior.s. :t-.7o OHSG of act·.1R.l sic1:-.ne3s fr'Jr,1 ·c~G~) .. ci0--1c:• ir':l -3 c.,stc.h} .. is:~ec.j ~)11t differGnt sig.1s of dc:ti0.lcr,.Qy Y'8:CG fr0~1unr1'..;1;y iG:J.i16. t-' '1 •).. c,ft,rn a ,J0rtain numbGr of siga8 of p:;:c--do1'1clc:r.cy. 8f~ :..-ll,o-::;,::.J. 2 • .'':.H101·ma1- suscepti­bility to fatigue; 8E..,% oxGess1_1rc ::1G1·vo:J .. s1,l:es~ I:1 l1alf tl'1e cases, mere or l0ss m~rk.ed ln::d p:..JSttE'c; , ,vou,k appt::ar:1hco, thinness, or lack of s·...i.bcuto.neouG fat accompenictl by a lack Of muscular

Relief and Reconstruction Excerpts - 9 - Vol.I, No.7, Part II

development ( this p0rcontago v,as 35% in 1942, 15% in i91:l) ~ 18% of the t o_tal grc,up wero more than 10% ,,mc.8rweight. · After the age of 11, _the nulnbcr :::,f children una_ervreight increases. Of tho 83 ohildrun t=)roviously . n:,,:,:c:i7ninud) 2 hnd :i.os t weight since the pre­vious e_xrunjnation and -:1:2 showL:c.'1 insuffie;ient gro•;;rth in weight or 65% of norrr, ::~l :i.r.crGase. It 3hould be !1.otod tl1at many probably have lesa 1.;l:ia:1 r.or:-,1R1 statura1 growth, so that tl:lc tot;al number of chil­dre!l underctGva:i_cpe:l is g:i""cat.rr th,tn that sh0wn _by v.ndcrweight for height fig..:..-ce,:i No cns~~s of ·~ct·u.nl sick:riasa duo to vitruni!1 defi­ciency wG~o fcr,:ric_, (Ropo:"t c.:Ytc.d. ·1 /L7/44 nnd. received by American Friends . 8("rvj_,Jt1 Com:r1it,coo f:rorn Ee~;D_u.rs. Quake~ in Marseilles)

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GERM.ANY: · FOOD Ar~co:i."'ding to the _V,iQ11-informe.J 8'Nis's newspaper Galler Tagblo.tt of 2/l~/44, the Gcrmx''\ 1. ... e.~ion for fnts ot

all kinds n.mounts--to241 grams ( 8-. S oz.) r,er 'pcrso:r.. pc:r week. The quality of most foodstuffs ha9 greatly deteriorated. (Internation£tl ~tatistical Bureau Foreign Letter~ 3/23/44, p.2) This information ie confidential end c9pyright.

·o~DIA: FORECAST An A. P. mes sago from New Delhi of 1/24 says~ ,: With~ out a radical change of the present methods of

-,_wn inistr(ltion in Bengal, a second famine in 1944 could bot ·be ,',.vorted, according to Dr. Shyamaprasad Mookerjee President, Hindu ::Inhasabha . 11 ( India To-Day, March 1944)

?OST WAR PLANNING: CHURCHES On 4/3/44 Church Comm. on Overseas Relief and Reconstruction reported

sending oyer one and half ~illion dollars from Protestant churches of America during 1943 for their united overseas relief work among non-military.war sufferers, Present plans call for the sanding of one representative from the American Protostqnt churches to each liberated area as.it . opens up, for fellowship and to secure informa­t:ton concerning the needs of the churches there and how American churches can holpe (Press release of 4/3/44 of CCO RR)

ESTONIA; LIVING CONDITIONS According t·o figures roaching the Inter-. national Foderaticin of Trade in London,

a;)out 13 ,ooo buildi.ngs and 2,500 fnrms in Estonin ha.ve boon entirely dcst:2oyod •. The decline in st-ocks ci.nd herds is as follows: horse$, 30,500 (15%); cattle, 239,800 (34%);· sheep, 320,000 (46%); pigs, 223~600 (51%). Industrial undertakir:igs have mostly ceased to exist. There has been a 10% drop in the total population, but the number 01· men between 20 · and 35 has fallen by over 50%, Prices on · tho homo 3lack Market have gone up twenty-fold. Official rations, with n food· value of 950 calories, aro the lowest in Europe and about 1/~ of pro-war consumption. Supplementary supplies from tho Black M~rket are out of the question for most. Maximum wages arc 113 marks a month, which would buy one kilo of butter on the Black Market • . (Worldovor Press, 3/22/44, p. 1 - not to bo reprinted without their permission)

6/2/44 EEW

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