Occupations at the Twelfth Census. · The return of occupations in 1850 was called :for on the schedule for free inhabitants only,1 and did not apply, as in 1820 and 1840, to :females

CHAPTER II.

COMPARISON OF OCCUPATIONS AT THE TWELFTH AND PRECEDING CENSUSES.

SCOPE OF INQUIRY FROM 1820 TO 1900.

CENSUS OF 1820.

Inquiry was made for the first time at the eensus of 1820 as to the number of pe1·sons (including slaves) engaged in each of three great classes of occupations, namely~ agriculture, commerce, and manufactures: This information formed part of the data to be collected on the population schedule by the marshals and their assistants, who were charged with the duty of taking the census. The number in each family engaged in each class of occupations was entered on the schedule against the name of the head of the family, the system of individual enumeration not being introduced until the census of 1850.

The character of the information expected is -plainly indicated by the following extracts from the instructions to marshals at the census of 1820:

The purposes of the legislation in this act, 1 subsidiary to that of obtaining the aggregate amount of the 'population of the United States, are to ascertain in detail the proportional numbers of which it is composed, according to the circumstances of sex, color, age, condition of life, as heads or members of families, as free or slaves, as citizens or foreigners, and particularly of the classes (including slaves) engaged in agriculture, commerce, and manufactures.

* * * * * The discrimination between persons e.ngaged in agriculture, com

merce, and manufactures will not be without its difficulties. No inconsiderable portion of the population will probably be found, the individuals of which being asked to which o:f those classes they belong, will answer, to all three. Yet, it is obviously not the intention of the legislature that any one individual should be included in more than one of them-of those whose occupations are exclusively agricu~tural or commercial, there can seldom arise a question, and in the column of manufactures will be included not only all the persons employed in what the act more specifically denominates manufacturing establishments, but all those artificers, handicraftsmen, and mechanics, whose labor is preeminently of the hand, ancl not upon the field.

By persons engaged in agriculture, commerce, or manufactures, your assistants will understand that they are to insert in those columns, not whole families, including infants and superannuated persons, but only those thus engaged by actual occupation. This construction is given to the act because it is believed to be best adapted to fulfill the intentions of the legislature, and because,

1 Act of l\:[arch 14, 1820.

being susceptible of the other, it might be differently construed by different persons employed in the enumeration, and thus destroy the uniformity of returns, essential to a satisfactory result.

Besides this enumeration of manufactures, the marshals and their assistants are required, by the tenth section of the act, to take an account of the several manufacturing establishments and their manujactu1·e.9, within their several districts, territories, and divisions; and the meaning of the legislature, by this provision,- is illustrated by the clause in the oaths of the marshals and assistants, that they will take an accom1t of the manufactures, e,i·cept household manufactwres, from which it seems fairly deducible, that, in the intention of the legislature, persons employed only upon household manufactures are not to be included in the column of persons bearing that denomination, the occupation of manufacturing being, in such cases, only incidental, and not the profession properly marking the class of society to which such individual belongs.

This, then, offers a criterion by which your assistants may select the column of occupation to which. each individual may be set down, namely, to that which ia the principal and not the occasional, or incidental, occupation of his life. 2

CENSUS OF 1840.

The population schedule used at the census of 1830 did not call for similar data, but at the census of 1840 an effort was made, following the plan of enumeration in 1820, to obtain a statement of the number of persons in each family employed in each of seven principal classes of work, namely, mining, agdculture, commerce, manufactures and trades, navigation of the ocean, navigation of canals, lakes, and llivers, and learned professions and engineers.

The instructions to marshals at the census of 1840 did not contain any specific reference to the manner in which the number of persons employed in each of the seven classes of occupations mentioned was to be determined, but it is evident from the form of the inquiry that it was the intention to include, as in 1820, all members of the family (including slaves) who were so occupied.

The results of these two inquiries, representing the nrst attempts to classify the population according to leading classes of employment, are reproduced by states and territories in Table rr.

• Census of 1820, pages 3 and 4.

(xxix)

xxx STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.

T.A.l5Llil IL-NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN DIFFERENT CLASSES OF OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRI· TORIES: 1820 AND 1840.

18201 18~0•

I I Naviga-I Learned STATES .. um TERRITORIES. l\Ianufac- Navlga- tion of prof es-

To tu I. Agricul- I Coro- Manufnc- Total. Agricnl- com- tures and l\Iining. tion of canals, slons ture. merce. tures. ture. merce. tmdes. the lakes, andengi-ocean. and rivers. neers.

! ----------Uni led States ... -_ --... 2,490, 770 I 2,068, 9581 72,486 349,326 4, 798,869 3, 719,951 117,607 791, 749 15,210 56, 021 33,076 65, 255

-"~--- -------= North Atlantic division···---· 974, 491 I • 71'1,1641 42,211 218,116 1,800,862 1, 134, 326 63, 846 493, 338 7,578 50, 623 17, 657 33, 494

------Maine ..................... 66, 971 55,os1 I 4,297 7,643 138, 985 101, 630 2,921 21,879 36 10,091 539 1,889 New Hampshire •.•........ 62, 151 52,384 1,068 8,699 99,457 77, 949 1,379 17,826 13 452 198 1,640 Vermont·········-·---···· 60, 211 5M51 776 8,484 &9,454 73, 150 1,303 1$,174 77 41 146 1,563 Massachusetts ....•... ··--· 110, 225 li3,460 13,301 33,46'1 212,904' 87,837 8,063 85,176 499 27, 153 372 3,804 Rhode falnnd ...... _ .... -_. 19,812 12, 559 1,162 6,091 41, 673 16,617 1,348 21, 271 35 1,717 228 457 Connecticut •.... -·--.--·-· 71, 640 50, 518 3,581 17,541 92, 609 56, 955 2, 743 27, 932 151 2,700 431 1,697 Ne~v York···----···-···-·· 316, 799 247,6-18 9,113 60,038 689, 802 455, 954 28,468 173, 193 1,898 5,511 10,107 H,111 Ne"• Jersey .....•.......•.. 58,583 4.0,812 1,83@ 15,941 90, 649 56, 701 2,283 27, 004 266 1,143 1,625 1,627 Pennsylvania····------··- 208,099 140,801 7,088 60,215 345, 829 207, 533 15,338 105,883 4,603 1,815 3, 951 6, 706

South Atlantic division ....... 905, 710 810,069 17,692 77, 949 1,199,659 1,044, 174 16, 950 115, 822 3,535 3,231 5,992 9,95

Delaware .•..•............. 16, 613 13, 259 533 2,821 21, 382 ].Iaryl1tnd ····---···· ···--· 102,&!6 79, 135 4,771 18,640 101,087 District of Columbia .. ----· 2,109 525 149 1,435 1, 790 Virginia ..•............••.. 278,829 24G, 225 4,488 28, 116 325, 962 '\Vest Virginia ............. 34, 003 28,837 377 4, 789 64,2n North Carolina .....•...... 188,591 174, rnB 2,551 11,844 235,532 South Carolina.·-··--······ 176, 138 166, 707 2,684 6, 747 212, 907 Georgia .••.............•... 106,881 101, 185 2, 139 3,557 222, 233 Florid11. ··--- ---·-··- ...•.. ······-·---- ·-····-··--·1-·····---· ............. 14, 533

North Central dlvison ........• 228, 764 200,416 3,008 25,340 857,009

Ohio.··-·-----~---·-- ...... 131, 406 110, 991 1,459 18, 956 357, 9·17 Indiana.·-···-··-·--------- 64, 97S 61, 315 429 3,229 175, 678 Illinois •.....•........•••.• 13,635 12,:1% 233 1,007 124,204 Michigan ... -------·---·-··1 I,812 1,337 318 157 65, 273 '\Visconsin .... ---··-··-·-·· 244 131 74 39 10, 616 Iowa -------·-···--·-----··i··---··-···- ----·14;247· ···--······· 18, 126 ].Iissourl. ••..•. ·-·--··-···- , 16,694 495 1,952 110, 165

South Ce~tral division ·-------1

381,805 344,309 9,575 27,921 9,11, 339

Kentucky·····--------···-) 145, 557 132, 161 1, 617 11, 779 228, 233 Tennes.see ····---··---····- 110, 661 101, 919 882 7,860 250, 273 A1_ab.ama ._-----·······----·l 32,MO 30,042 452 1,412 189, 470 1>.I1ss_~pp1 -.. --...•. --· -.. i 22, 977 22,033 294 650 146, 831 Lou1s1nna ··-·-·---·-··-···i 66, 233

I 53, 941 . 6,251 6,0.Jl 98, 405

Arkansas.·-----·······--·- 3,871 3,t113 79 179 28, 127

16,015 467 4, 060 5 72,046 3,281 21,529 320

110 103 1,326 ··--i;522" 266, 291 5,554 46, 336 52, 751 944 8, 763 473

217,095 1,734 14,322 589 198,363 1,91\8 10,320 51 209, 383 ~.428 7,984 574 12, 117 481 1, 177 l

693, 167 18,867 1'.ll,473 3,512

272, 579 9,201 66, 265 70-1 148,806 3,076 20,590 233 105, 337 2,506 13, 185 782 56, 521 728 6,890 40 7,047 479 1,814 79-1

10,469 355 1,629 217 92,408 2,522 11,100 742

848, 284. 17,944. 61, 116 585

197, 738 3,448 23, 217 331 227, 739 2,217 17, 815 103 177,439 2,212 7, 195 96 139, 72<1 1,303 4,151 14

79,2&9 8,549 7,565 ·····--4i" 26,855 215 1,173

---401 717

61 640

7 327 381 262 435

454 ---

212 89 63 2-:! H 13 39

1, 713 ---

44 55

256 83

1,322 3

---235

1,528 40

2,466 526 379 348 R52 118

6,598 -----

3, 823 627 310 166 209

78 1,885

2,829 ---

968 302 758 100 662 39

---199

1,666 150

3, 153 766

1,086 1,481 1,250

204

12,93 8

5, 663 2,257 2,02 l

1 90< 259 36

1,46 5 g

8,868

2,48 7 2 4 6 8 1

2,04 1,51 1,50 1,01

80

' Census of 182(}, page 9. The differences in the totals for the United States in this table, ns compared with those given in the report for 1820, are due to errors in addition, as follows: 1,688 In agriculture, 7 In commerce, and 180 in manufactures. .

" Sixth Census, pages 201, 475, a.nd 477.

The figures presented in Table II are arranged with reference to the present boundaries of the states therein named, necessitating a division o:f the figures given (1) for Virginia fortha~ part now known as West Virginia; (2) for the District of Columbia for that part re-ceded to Virginia in 1846; and (3), for 1820 only, for Michigan for that part now included in Wisconsin.

In using the total :figures contained in this table, it must be borne in mind that they can not be taken as representing the whole number of persons gainfully em.ployecl at either census, as the inquiries comprehended certain classes only. The expansion from three to seven classes of employments in 1840 gave a number which was more nearly representative of the whole body of workers than was the case in 1820, but it did not include servants and other persons rendering personal service, aml probably did not include government officials, clerks, and employees.

CENSUS OF 1850.

Detailed inquiry was made in 1850, for the first time, as to the name, sex, color, age, nativity, etc., o:f each person enumerated, and in this connection a specific

return was required o:f the profession, occupation, or trade followed by each :free male over 15 years o:f age.

The return of occupations in 1850 was called :for on the schedule for free inhabitants only,1 and did not apply, as in 1820 and 1840, to :females or to slaves. Detailed instructions were given concerning the manner in which the answel's to the census inquiries were to be made, the instructions l'elating to occupations being as follows:

Under head 7, entitled "Profession, occupation, or trade of each person over 15 years of age," insert opposite the name of each male the specific profession, occupation, or trade which the said person is known and reputed to follow in the place where he resides, as clergyman, physician, lawyer, shoemaker, student, farmer, carpenter, laborer, tailor, boatman, sailor, or otherwise, as the fact may be. When more convenient, the name of the article he produces may be substituted.

When the individual is a clergyman, insert the initials of the denomination to which he belongs before his profession, as Meth. for Methodist, R. C. for Roman Catholic, 0. S. P. for Old School Presbyterian, or other appropriate initials, as the fact may be. When a person follows several professions or occupations the name of the principal one only is to be given. If a person follows no

1 Two schedules were used for the enumeration of population in 1850, one for free inhabitants and one for slaves.

COMPARISON AT TWELFTH AND PRECEDING CENSUSES. x:-::d

particular occupation, the space is to be tilled with the word "none." 1

· .

The results of the inquiry were presented in the printed report by states and territories,. first, i.n an alphabetical list comprising 323 occupat10n designations, and, second, in summarized iorm under the following general heads: Commerce, trade, manufacture~, mechanic arts, and mining; agriculture; faboi', not agr:· cultural; army; sea and river navigation; law, medicine and divinity· other pursuits requiring education;

' ' . 1 goverµment, civil service; domestw servants; ot ier occupations.

CENSUS OF 1860.

At the census of 1860 the inquiry relating to occupations, contained on the schedule for free inhabitants, was made to apply to each person, male or :female, over 15 years of age, instead of being confined, as it was in 1850, to males only. This census was taken nr1c1~1· the same provisions of law as that of 1850 and pmct1-callv the same schedules and instructions wcffe used. Th; results contain,_in th€\ printed report for that census consisted of ft statement, in the form of an alphabetical list of the number o:f free persons over 15 years

' ' of age, without distinction of sex, engaged in each of 584: occupations.

CENSUS OF 1870.

The inquiry relative to occupations in 18'1'0 was made to embrace the profession, occupation, or trade of each person, male or female. Detailed instructions 2 concerning the returns were contained in the book of instruetions to marshals and their assistants, to whom, as at former censuses, the work of enumeration waB intmsted. No age limit was specified on the schedule, bnt it wns stipulated in the instructions that the inquiry was not to be made for infants or children too yot'mg to tlLko any pa1·t in production, thereby, in effect, confining the returns to persons 10 years of age and over, the age limit observed in all succeeding censuses. Tho pres en tation oi occupations comprised 338 specifications, classiiied under four main heads, namely, agriculture, professional and personal services, trade and transporu1ti01l, and manufactures and mechanical and mining industries. The persons enumerated in each occupation were sub.Hvided by sex, age (3 periods), and nationalit}r (principal countries of birth).

CENSUS OF 1880.

The census of 1880 was taken under a new act, approvecl :March 3, 1879, which entirely reorganized the census machinery, introducing the system employed at the present time. By this change the enumeration, which p1·eviously had been intrusted to the United States marshals and their assistants, was placed under

1 Seventh Census, page xxii.

the charge of snporvisol':>, tipednlly nvpointo<l hy llit1 President with the oonsont of tho ~t•m1.fa~, !tll(l t1tt1

rettu·ns ,~ere collected by enunrnr1itorl4. H11 h•(~~otl by the supervisors, with th? 11.pprmr1il 01

1 tho Mt~pt'1:rnt1•1.'<_l;

ent o:f tho Censns. Atthm ct~nsuA tho oemtptitwn m1111n,> was specilica.Ils rostrictl'cl on tho sehndul1' to pm'HOHH ltl years of age nnd over. 'l'ho in1>trw»l.,it.rn.-i~ to tlin l'lll1~ merators were snl>s~nntially identical with thmm tt;-11

11111.t thr, census of 1870, nnd tho ~1tme motho11H wnr110:1:-1'.'~'·1•d in the presen tn.tion of tlrn returns; thn snhd1v1~101.n-i were by sox:, nge, nnd J>l'incipn.l uationnlith•ll. ('P11WPl'. rn number than in 1870); tho numbor of. om1upu.twu d1•::11g~ nations was roclncod to 265.

OJUNSUS Ol!' 1890.

At the census of 1800 no stipnln.tion wnH nuuln in either tho scbadnlo or tho ini:;truetionK u itH to Urn 1tgo limit to ho obsorvod. It witl:l intornlocl Lo luwn t.lw ennmeru.tor closuribe, Hfi 1wenmtoly itK po:-il:lihl11, tho O('OU • p1ition o:J' c11ch nnd every por:cion tit wo1~k, irr<'sp1wt«ivo of n.go, but tho tttlmlntions o:e tho :;tnthitil~H ot' 1w1·.uptt· tions did not iudmle, in nny ett.':iO, po1'l:l0JlH nn<hll' 10 years ·of ngo. T110 subdi visioni,; nce.ording t.o l:lo:x:, ngo period8, n.nd i1ntio1111litit1s of tho :l\n:oign hom worn ''l'l'Y nmch cxtendccl, aucl nrnny other impod:ant clotnib w1•1·0

added, comp1·ohe.ncli11g gmieml nntivit.y nrnl cDlor, POil·

jng-111 condition, illiteracy, iim11ilit;y to sprntk l1~11g-\h1h, citizenship, liirthpliwe of mothori,;, nml n1011thK llll\llll• ployed. The gonoml pln.n or gronpin~· (:Jin l'Oi:IU'llH

under four 01· Hvt) uudn c!n.ss lwn.rh~ Wlll4 m1dntnitw11, but sovornl changofi from t.ho c.lti:;sifl<•tttion of U-\80 W\lt•n nmdc and the. nmnhor of ocl1uptttion 11o:·dg·rn~tim11:1 still further reducecl to 2.18.

OI~Nl:lUS ()l!' !}){)(),

As expfoinod, the presentation of occ.nrmMomi 11.t. lilw Twelfth Census lrns boon mn.clo to eomprolw11d BO~l cfo.'l· ignatiomi of occupations an1.tngod uudor .I~J.l) 001mptttfrm gronps, conforming, 111> lK'.f\.rly f\8 poB1.,iiblo1 t.o thn g·lm~ oral classification used nt tho consm1 o:r 18110.

SUllfl\fAHY 1mrt OJ~:NSUSJOS ]!'H.01\'( 1850 :ro :woo. This brief review of the dovC1lopmont of the occnpa

tion inquity makes it evident tlmt thoro hnH boon no fixed classification or armngemont of occupntionN in the reports of tho 1>uccossivo Fecloro.l ccn.o;;uHnH. Uncfor the system of a temporary eonsns orgnnization rn•omlling up to the present time, tho o:Olciu.ls of mwh !'llW

ceecling census had no morms of knowing·, in tfotttH) thn methods and plnns of their proclecessor.'11 n.nd thoroforo could not follow their leatl with snch ii11olity as to n11tko the returns of occupations entfroly eomptu-1.~hlo wit,11 those of preceding censuses. ICrwh co1Fms hnH honn~ to some extent, a lrnv unto itself in thosn r1),~lH'.d:H, ttH i1:1 indicated by the following- 1:Jnm111ary oJ'. tho nrnnlmr of: -------·---------·····--· ······· ...

2 These instructions are re1n·od11ccd in foll iu ApJWtllliX A.

xxx.ii STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.

occupation designations contained in the printed reports· at the censuses from 1850 to 1900, inclusive:

1850-323, for free males over 15 years of age. 1860-584, for free persons (without distinction of

sex) over 15 years of age. 1870-338, for all persons (by sex) 10 years of age

and over.

1880-265, for all persons (by sex) 10 years of age and over.

1890-218, for all persons (by sex) 10 years of age and over.

1900-303 (reduced to 140, for certain purposes), for all persons (by sex) 10 years of age and over.

COMPARISON OF OCCUPATIONS AT THE CENSUSES OF 1870 TO 1900.

This brief description of the scope and method of the occupation inquiry at successive censuses prepares the way for a presentation of the number of persons credited to the various occupation designations u.sed at the several censuses, arranged according to the classification of occupations in 1900. This is done in two tables, namely, Table III relating to the censuses of 1870, 1880, 1890,

and 1900, and Table v relating to those of 1850 and 1860.

Table III shows the number of persons credited to each occupation designation in the census reports for 1870, 1880, 1890, and 1900, arranged under the HO occupation groups (or subdivisions thereof) used in the 1900 classification. The figures for 1900 refer to continental

TABLE III.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE

AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS.

1900 1

Occupation designations.

Agricultural laborers ................................................ ..

Farm and plantation laborers ............................ : ...... .. Farm laborers (members of family) .............................. . Garden and nursery laborers ..................................... .

Dairymen and dairywomen ...•.................•........•............

Farmers, planters, and overseers ..................................... .

1890

Number. Occupation designations. Number.

~. 410, 8771 Agricultural laborers................................................. 3, 004, 061

1, 999, 696 ! 2,366, 149 I

45, 032 I 10,875 j Dairymen and dairywomen.......................................... 17,895

5, 674, 875 \ Farmers, planters, and O\"erseera............... . . . . . . . . . . • .. . .. • . . . . . • 5, 281, 557

Farmers and planters ..... ; ................................ · •... ·. 5, 48.l, 6181 } Farmers (members of family}..................................... 16

58

0

, 919991

•••••••..•.•••••••••••••• • • ••• • • • • •• • .. • • • • • • • · • • • .. • • • • • • • • · • • • • • • .. • • • • · • • • • • • • • • Milk farmers ........•......................•...................... Farm and plantation overseers.................................... 17,067 ................................................................................... .

Gardeners, ftorista, nurserymen, etc................................... 61, 7881 Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, and vine growers................... 72, 601 r----!

Gardeners ............................................•............ Florists, nurserymen, and vine growers .......................... . Fruit growers .................................................... .

I

rg:~~~ !}························ .......................................................... . 8,375 I <'> ........... .

Lumbermen and raftsmen ........................................... . 72, 020 ; Lumbermen and raftsmen . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . .. . . . . . . . . . • • . . . .. . . . . . . . . 65, 866

Stock raisers, herders, and drovers ................................... . 84, 988 1 Stock raisers, herders, and drovers................................... 70, 729

Stock raisers ...................................................... . 37,629 ' ................................................................................... . Stock herdcr8 and drovers ....................................... . 47,359

Turpentine farmers and laborers ..................................... . 24, 735 ('}

Wood choppers .................................. ·...................... 36, 075 i Wood choppers ...................................................... . 83, 697

19,520 Other agricultural pursuits ....................................... ·····,--:-·.:-:-: II ·~P·;~~·~~::::::: :·::::: :::::::::::::::: ::::: :::::::::: ::::::::::::: :::::

ANpotiasnp· 5e1c81.·fi·e·d· · .· · .. · •• • .. • .· •. • .. · .· ·. ·. ·. · .• · .· .· ·. ·• ·. ·. •. ·. • .. • •. ·. · .. · ·. · .. · •· .· .• ·. ·. · .• · .· ·. •. ·. · .. · ·. ·. •. ·. · .• • ·. ·. 4, 193 Other agricultural pursuits .......................................... .

1, 773. •17, 747

PROFESSIONAL SERVICE.

Actors, professional showmen, etc ................................... .

Actors ............................................................ . Professional showmen ................••..................•..•.... Theatrical managers, etc ......................................... .

Architects, designer.~. draftsmen, etc ................................. .

Architects ........................................................ .

~;; ~;; if}·*~~~~;;::;::::::~:::::~::::::::::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: , __ 2_::-::-:-1 3, 480 i ea ica mana0 ers, s owmen, e c... ••. . . . . . •• . . .• • •• ... . . . . • . . . • . . 18, 055

29, 524

10, 581 Archftects .....•.•.•...............••..••.....•.•••.•.•.....•..••••...

17,461

8,070 Designers, draftsmen, and inventors.............................. 18, 943 Designers, draftsmen, and inventors................................. 9, 891

1 For continental United States. 'Fruit growers (except grape growers} included in 1890 with farmers, planters, and overseers.

COMPARISON AT rrWELFTH AND PRECEDING CENSUSES. xx xiii

United States, including Indian Territory and Indian resenrations-areas not included in previous censuses of population.

Officials and employees in 1880 were combined for certain designations under "trade and transportation," as "officials and einployees of telegra.ph companies," ''officials and employees of street railroad companies," etc. This prevented their arrangement strictly in accordance with the classification of 1900, but for pmposes of comparison the number of persons so reported in 1880 has been distributed on the basis of the separate statement made :for officials and employees at the census of 1870.

The notes appended to Table 1 (page 7) of the general tables explanatory of the figures reported :for 1900 are not repeated in Table m, but explanatory notes are used in all

cases whei~e the classifications of occupations at the sev~ eral censuses do not coincide, or where fuller information is needed for the proper understanding of the figures.

The return of occupations at the censuses :from 1870 to 1900, inclusive, comprehended, as previously stated, all persons, both male and female, 10 years of n,ge and over, and the results for these censuses are, therefore, on the same basis as far as the class of the population considered is concerned. In comparing the figures con· tained in Table nr, however, it should be remembered that there was an omission of population in the Southern states in 1870, representing, approximately, 1,260,000 people, 1 which necessarily affects somewhat the returns of occupations at that census.

1 Eleventh Census, Report on Population, Part I, pages xi, xii, and xvi.

CENSUSES OI<' 1870, 1880, 1890, AND 1900, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCOUPA'r!ONS IN 1900.

AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS.

1880 1870

OccupatioJ?. designations. Number. Occupation designations. Number.

Agricultural laborers................................................. 3, 323, 8i6 .Agricultural laborers................................................. 2, 8851 996

Dairymen and dairywomen.......................................... B, 948 Dairymen and dairywomen.......................................... s, 050

• .. .. . • .. .. . . • • .. .. • • ... • ... •• • .. .. • . .. • .. .. .... • . •• • . • .. . .. . • • • • • • .. .. 4, 229, 051 • .. •• • • .............. •• • . ... ... .. • .. • .. • • • • .... • .. .. •• • • • .. • . • • .. • • • • • • • 2, 981, 320

Farmers and planters ................................................ · 4, 225, 9'15 Farmers and pl1mters . .. .. • • •• ••. .... • • . . .... .. .. .. • .. . •• • .. . .. . • • .. . 2, 977, 711

Fnrm and pluutation overseers ...................................... . B,106

56,032

Fimu and plantation overseers ...................................... . 3,609

........................................................................ 33,63~ l-~~-11 1~~~-

{Gardeners, nurserymen, and vine growers · 51, 482 {Gardeners and nursm·ymen . . . • .. ....... ... • .. .. • .. . . •• .. . . . ... . ..... 31, .J35

Florists ......................•....•.....••. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4, 550 ~l~~~~o\vcrs:::::::::::::::: ::: :::::::: :::::: :::: ::::·: :::::: :::::::: i;~~~

Lumbermen aud raftsmen .......................................... .

{~~gg~ ~!~1~~~:::: :: : : : ::: : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : ::: : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : Turpentine farmers and laborers .................................... .

Wood choppers •.••••........................••••••......•..........•.

so, 651

44, 075

16,528 3, 4·19

24, 098

7, 450

12, 731

1,061

Lumbermen and mftsmen ......................................... ..

Tnrpent!ne farmers ................................................. . Tnrpentme a.borers ................................................. .

Wood choppers ..................................................... ..

17, 75!1

15,359

6,588 8,181 fi,590

2,478

361 2,117

8,388

186

<5R~:~~s1~-aii'ri<iiiitiiie ::: : : : : : ::: ::: : :: :: : : :: : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : 1,016 45

Apia,rlsts.............................................................. 186


Actors ............................................................... . Showmen and employees of shows .................................. .

Architects ..........•................................•..............•. Designers, draftsmen, and inventors ............................... ..

7,416

4,812

2,604

6,105

.Acto1·s .............................................................. .. Showmen and show-women ......................................... .

3, 375 Architects .......................................................... .. 2, 820 {Designers and draftsmen ............................................ .

Inventors ......................................................... ., .. 8 Turpentine farmers and laborers included in 1890 with "other agricultural pmsults."

23054-04---iii

3,230

2, 058 1, 177

s, 803

xxxiv STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.

'£ABLE III.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OOCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE CENSUSES

PROFESSIONAL SERVICE-Continued.

19001 1890

Occupation designations. Number. Occupation designations.

Artists and teachers of art .......................................... .. Artists and teuchers of urt ................. _ .................. _ ..... .

Clergymen .......... .............. .. ...... .. . ... .... ... . .... ...... ... . 111, 638 Clergymen .......................................................... .

Dentists.............................. ................................ 29,665 Dentists ............................................................. .

Electricians........................................................... 50, 717

Engineers (civil, etc.) und surveyors................................. 43, 239 Engineers (civil, meehanicul, electrical, and mining) and '1irve;•ors. 1-----11

Number.

22, 496

88, 203

17,498

2 43, 289

EngineerR (civil).................................................. 20,068 Engineers (mechanical und elcctric11l) .. ..... ......... .... . .. .... 14, 334 ··················-···························-·························i············ Engineers (mining)............................................... 2, 888 Sun·eyors ..................... _............... .. .. .. • .. . .. . .. .. . • . 5, 949

Journalist• .......................................................... ..

Lawrers .............................................................. .

Literarr and scientific perwns ...................................... ..

Authors 1md scientist• ............................................ . Libmrians and a•sistants ........................................ ..

Chemists, assay em, and metallurgists ........................... ..

Musicians and te11chers of music .................................... ..

Officials (government) ............................................... .

Officials (national government) ................................. .. Ollicials (state government) ...................................... . Officials (county government) ................................... . Officials (city or town government) ............................. ..

Physicians and surgeons ............................................ ..

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc .............................. .

Teachers ........................................................ .. Professors in colleges and universities .......................... ..

Other professional service ............................................ ..

Veterinary surgeons ................... ····'·· .................... .

Not specified.,, .................................................. ..

30, 038

114, 460

18,844

Journallst" .......................................................... .

Lawyers .................. _ .......................................... .

~; ~~6 }Authors and literary and Hcientific persons ...•...•.................

8,8·17 Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists .............................. ..

92,174 Musicians and teachers of music ................................... ..

86, 607

43U~g :/officials (gov~rn~ent) .................. _ ........................... . 22, 697 :,JOflcers of Umted States Army and Navy .......................... .. 22,545

132,002 Physicians and surgeons ........................................... ..

446,133

21,849

89, 630

11, 217

6, 714

4,503

62,155

82, 590

104, 805

347, 344

438, 861 , Teachers .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. • .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 341, 952 7, 272 i Professors in colleges and universities............................... 5, 892

13,864 i ........................................................................ 8,063

8 168 I ' '1

5,101 I Veterinary surgeons .................. __ ............................. .

Other professional service .....••.........................•...........

, ___ _ 6,494

1,569

DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE.

Barbers and hairdressers ........................ _ ...... _ ............ ..

Bartenders .......................................................... ..

Boarding and lodging house keepers ..•......•... _ .. _ •......•.•....••.

Hotel keepers .•..•.....•.................•.............•...•..........

Housekeepers and stewards ......................................... ..

Jnnitors and sextons ................................................ ..

Janitors .......................................................... . Sextons ••...........•.......•.•...................•....•.......•...

Laborers (not specified) ............................................. ..

Elevator tenders .................................................. .

131, 116

88,817

71, 281

54, 797

165, 153

56, 577

51, 191 5,386

2, 629, 262

Barbers and hairdressers ................... _ ........................ .

Bartenders .......................................................... .

Boarding and lodging hourn keepers ............................... ..

Hotel keepers ..................... , ................................. .

Housekeepers and stewards ................. _ ...................... ..

Janitors ............................................................ .. Sextons .............................. ; ..................... ··--· ..... .

Laborers (not specified) ............................................. .

!H,982

55, 806

44, 349

44, 076

92,036

26, 538

21,556 •J, 98~

l, 913, 873

I t~gg~~~~ i~~~~~~w::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~r~~~~~~:~.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Launderers and laundresses ............................ __ ..... _ ..... ..

Laundry work (hand) ........................................... ..

12, 690 9,361

2,577, 951 20,191 9,069

385, 965

f ........................................ , ............................. . Launderers and laundresses ..•• _ .. _ ••..••.••• , .•• _ .••.•••••••.•.•• _. ~ ... ~I

Laundry work (steam) ........................................... , 364,020 21, 945

1 For continental United States. •Electricians Included in 1890 with engineers (civil, etc.) and surveyors •Scientific persons combined in 1880 with teachers. ' 4 Includes ofiicers Of United States Army and Navy.

xxxv

01" l/\70, lHHO, ll-1110, ANH HlOO, .AHRANfmD AGClOJUlTNrr TO 'rfrn CLAHHIFIUA'l'H)N OF OOOUl'A'.l'.lONH lN lllOO-Contimwcl.

J•U()ll'J~SSIO N' Al, ~rnnv l('l~"·CH11U1111ml.

11180 lH70

II N11111h1•r. 11 th•1•11putl11111h•"ll.f111\ll1111~. j, N11111t1t•r.

U,JU·I !" ................................... , ............................ ! ~,l»tl Artlata um! h!1wht•1·ij or urt ......................................... ..

I ArtlHtN (nnt ~111•1•ltlt•tl).... •• • ... ..... .... • .... • .. • .. . ... • . ... • .. .. • • .. ::, Q·IR l'tdll!l'rM. ••••• "" "", .. , .......... ,, ...... •• • .,, . ,, ., ,. , ......... , , 71fi

1 ~1·11l11tor11 ................................... , • .. ... . .. .. • • .. . • . .. .. • .. :!~\J '1\•nt•h••r• 11f 1lr11wh11r 111111 pnl11!11111 ................................ , .. H!ll

Ollll'lO'llWll , .................. , ...................... ,. ............ •.. 1\.1, llllli I 'h•1·11s 1111•11 ........................ , ......................... , ..... , , ,

Dl•ntlRlH .. • • • • • .. • • • • • • • .. • .. • • • • • .. • • .. .. .. .. .. .. • .. • .. . • • .. • • .. • .. • t~. aH I 11 .. 111 M~ " ........................................................... .

t•••··············· .............. * •• ~···················~·····"··········~·· ................. J ,•••"' <<••••··~·~··· ,,, ..... ,.,,,,,,,, .......•.... , ........ ,.~ ........ ! ........................................................... AO>••••••••>IO••>l'l••••0>•<•1'10

I

ll, ~~ii i ............ " ... " .................... ' ............................... . Englucora ((11\'ll) ........... ;, ........................... • .. · ... • • • .. • ~.~·111 i 1°;11µh11•t•l'>•(l'll'll\ .................................................... . •1, 708 ........................................................... ~ .... ,. .. ,, .......... , ........ ~··· ·~··1~~., .......... , .......... ,, .. , .. ,.,,,, ........ , .... ~ .. ,~ ........... ~ ............ . :::: :::: :::::::::::: :::::::::::::::: :: :: :::::::::: :: : :: : :::::~: :::::: ::: :: ::::::::::: ~,:l;.·,;\'~1.'t;\:,:~,;lj';~:: :::::: ::: ~:: :~:::::::: :: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ''.:::: :: :: : : • •H• u~J'117i JOlll'lll\l!~lN , •• , ..... ,. •• ,. .. , •• , ........ , ....... ., , ,. ...... , .. ".,. ,,,

r.1iwy(•)'~ ............................................. " ............. ..

............................................ " ....... " .......... ~ ............. ~ .. . Anthm·~. 1t•1•1m'<•1·~. nmt t11t1rnry p111·"1111• ................... , , .. , ., .. ..

<lht~lll!Mt~. l\"HllSJ'I'~. 111\l\ 1111•lnll111·11Ms .......... ".' . ' .. '' ...

l\!nHJnh111H (111·11f1·~~l111ml) nwl h•11t•h11r,; 111 mn~h· ...•.••.......

.•••• 11 .............. , ....................... ,, ••. 11~•······1~··~· ,,,,,~ .... ~

omotul~ 11r guvN·m1w111 .......................... , ••. , ............... . Onlt•l'l'M llf lhtl Army 111111 NH\')' (llnlwtl Hllltv~l ....... ,., ......... ..

l'hyH1lih111fl um! ~111·m•1111H ........................................... ..

Tcmohor.ff f\lltl flt'ltH\ttllo IWfitOUH ••••• •H•·•" u ........ u ... ,. ••• , uuU••

...... t ............... , ., •• ·~ ''"""'"··~ ''' ... ~ •••••••••••• ~.··••a~•' .••• _ ...... ,

Vot<1rhuu·y Hnrl(1•onH, ....................................... , •

(~)

l:.!1Ul'l-li; 111:.1111·11ull!-il~ •• , ,, ~.,. ·~······"•"•. ,,, •• ~, •••••• ,., •• , ••••• , •• , •••.• , , , .

cH,tH1

:1,m1

~I, ml

l~\\\'~'l 1 1''i,,,,., ,,,, .............. ., ....... ,,., ... ,,, ,,,, ,, ......... , , ..

l,\tl!IH•l'I< 111111 lt•11l1ll'l•IH,,,.,., ....... .,,., .. , .................. , ... , .. . l.lhrn1·1i,11• ............... , ..... " ... ,. ............................. .

l ~11li1r1tlht~" ' .............................. ,, ............. '' ........ . ·rrn11•hH1•ri< .. , ...... , .............................................. .

1 ,~tlll lt'ln•111J.l,•t(ll't1t'lh•lnJ.:I ....................... ,. .. 00 , ................... j • 1M .. 11111m111~1• .........................................................

1 »I.II,, ... ., • •It~•••~••••~ - •" ~ • - "''''' ' ' '• ' ' 1 •'' '' '•' . ' '< ~''' '•' ''' "~ ._ •" ~, •" ~ '• ~ < •" • 1

~111.1i·11111• u•r11h·,,,;lu111••1 ......................... ,. ................. I . ·1· .. 111· ht•rtt .. 1· 11111011·..... • ............................................. I ..................................................................... 1

:j ' ' ~ 'I

I

117.111<1 11 1Jn\i•l11l•11f l{t1\'1 1lllllll't11 .......... " ....... ' ". ~,14«1 1

: 1llllt'1'17l uf th\• ,\!Ill~' 111111 l\111·~ tl'llltt'il t11Uh'•l rr

l'~.1m jl·:· ............ , ....................... , I' ( hll1•11111l!hlhl .. ,.,,,,.,, .............. ' Ii l'hY•h•l1111~ 111111 n111·111•n11~ .. .

l:l'J7, 71\1 j Tiqwh1mi 11111l ~1·1~•11l1•1l! .. .. '"i

I r.1.1m1 l•••••1tflltf'l'•-•'•t•N~tr•••i1•1•11tt-,.•t1•,,_~~~'''""~I<'''''"'''"••'''''' •··~~

~. mu I VNnhmry ~m·1wn11w ............................... " ............... ..

l{A11pr.•11!11·1•~ tu 1h1 11!i~I" ... '· .............. ,, .. ,, ... , ... ,., .. , .. ,. ... ..

.. ~-··· Ai't~r·~~uth~t·~ tH h11U'IU"'l l•l'nh'IJ'!.ttlun~,,, . , , . , .•• ~, ••••• ~·, ....... ~~ ~ ...... . ·1·f!l<)\t 1 lh~tlll ur ahnu11u.,lll~-Oilll• 1-ltlll ~ fOI•~ • 11•1-'1-< t <-!!Io~· w• O > QP • ' '""''' ••

. . - .. l>OM l'el•l'l'I(! ANH J•tmsoN Al. MRH'\'H'te.

7'~;\ll•l'H iu11l hnlrdn·1111~fli ............................................. j ~!,Ml ! 1111.rll~l'jj 11111l l111ll'flr1!llli1•r• ....... .

(~) ...... ...... ( .1

Jlcui.r<lhlll' IUHl .J(1ilj.f!f\)I' hO\IH\I lU•(IJl(lfli ............................... .. l\I, (11\H )hH\1'1111111' IUltl h.ldlfflll{ lllllfM(I kWJHlt•,,.,,

'/Iot.ul lcm•pt1rH ............ ,. ........................................ .. 11~,.mu ': 1l 111e11 lw1•1•1m1 ...................... ..

fll11w1irr!H nml fltnwnrito/llll111 .......................... , .... ,, ., , ..... .. f":J, ~' ) ~tVWtll"i{M f\U11 tlf.t-WnrtlH!iMO"'"' '""'"', n•M", !

\1,t!l,~:, l11 .. t•••t•1111•••••••••l'••••fl•s•.,••••••"'•••••••••••'''' ,,.,,,,,,,,,_,,,,,,,.~

\Tnnll"nrs. .......... ~ .. , ••••••• .,.~ .......... , ... ~··~·••t~••b• .. ··~~ ....... , .. .. HllX(UTlH •••••• ~ ..................... ~. j. ··~. "····~ ··~ ... ~ ~·. ~·~· •• t ~·· •••

J41~li11rm·H (not: HJ11•t1ltlm'l). ............ , .................... ., ........ ..

rl,71lll 1 ·hmlt1•f'll, ............................................................ . ~. ~~11 141.1.xtwrn ...................................................... • .. • .. ..

l,l!llU,:l-.UI 1 ....................................................................... .

o o•••••••o •Oii I ••lll•lt• 011 ll••••o••t o' 0 •I' 010 011, ·~··~ t•fclt~• • 0' "ll~ll·•t•1'1J ll't~I_,, llR1!ftl {

lillhflfl!f'li l 1'101 •ri11df1111J) ............................................. . f. It} t•11 I lQf""' 1 1 • • • ~ '' • • • i • > • • • • 1 • • • t O • ~ • 1 o o • • • ~ ft" ~ R ~ • • • • ~ • 1 • • ~ • o ~ ~ " • 11 ~ • • •

1.mopll!fhLPr• ........................................................ .

l111undororH 1rnd ltum(lfl•N~l'H. ........ ., , .. • • ................... ,, •••• 1:.1.1, l).t~ 1.111111tk>rimuu111111untlrt•11>11••· ....................................... ..

·H\H ~a\ ~~7 ~1

till» l!\i

Hl,010

11,/llO ll,·1111

.r:, 11~g

M 11~.:i~u

l~ft, H~~

1.~n1

l,IM lftff ~115 Nt

ll!, 11!6

~n~m'"

l,7fiW t, \Ill

l, 11:1:.1,us•

1.n:n. tHIS I l~~ ~7tt

xxxvi STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.

TABLE III.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIO US OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE CENSUSES

DOMESTIC AND PERSONAJ~ SERVICE-Continued.

19001 I 1890

Occupation designations. -----N~1mber. I Occupation designations. Number.

--------------------------! . 1---------------------------1-----1 Nurses and midwives_ ................................. - ............... _120,9fiG I Nursesandmidwives ........... -......... _ ......................... -. 47, 586

Nurses (trained) ................ _.................................. 11, 804 11 ·

~Yci~~fv~~~~-~~~~'.'.i:.~~::::::::::: '.::::::: :: : : : :: : : : : : : : : :: . : : : : : : : : 10~; g~~ i'.:::: :: : :::::::::::: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Restaurant keepers ... -·-······---··--······-- .. ·····-................. 33,844 Restaurant keepers ............................. :...................... 19,283

Se.loon keepers ........... ---···....................................... 83, 746 Saloon keepers .......................................... ···-·.......... 71, 385

Servants and waiters ............... -.................................. 1,560,721 Servants·······-----··············--···········--·-·····-·········-··· 1,454, 791

Servants ... ·-············-········-·······················-·....... 1,453,677 .}·············---··---······························-···-·-··· ·····----- •••••••••••. Waiters.·-·····-···-··········-···································· 107,044

Sold~:::i:::l;;· 8~~~- ~~~~-e·s· '.~·-~:'.:: :: :::::: :: : : : : :::::::: :: :: : : : : : :i--:-:-::-:-ll. ~~~~-i~~~: :.~i~~~~: -~~~- ~~~~~-~~ '.~-- ~:'.::::::: :: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : .... _ ~~ .. ~~~. ~~!~~~~JYu~~.i :::: :::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::: ~: ~~~

Watchmen, policemen, firemen, etc .................... --···--········ 130,590 74, 629

Watchmen, policemen, and detective.~ ................. ___ ...... .. Firemen (fire department)····--········-··········--···········--

Other domestic and personal service.·----····-············-······--··

llG, 056 Watchmen, policemen, and detectives •.. _._ ...•....... _ ..•... _._.... 74, 629

~:: ::: 1: ::: : : : ::: ::: : :: : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : :: :: :: : ::: : : : : :: : : ::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ..... ~~:~~;. Hunters, trappers, guides, and scouts ........................ __ .. . 3, 048 Hunters, trappers, guides, and scouts ................................ . 2,534

Bootblacks .................................................. __ ... . Not specified··········-·-··························--·····-······· J: ~gg }other domestic and personal service •..••••••..• _ •••••••............. 18,063

TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION.

Agents··········--······ .. ································-···········

Agents (insurance and real estate) ........ _ ............. -........ . Agents (not specified) ................................ _ .........•..

Bankers and brokers ... _ .•..•••... ___ ..... _ •... __ ......•.•.•...•...••.

Bankers and brokers (money and stocks) ......... -.. --···--··-·-· Brokers (commercial) .•....... , .. _____ ,, ...•........•..•.........•

lloatmen and sailors ··- ·-·. ··-··. __ ....•.•... -·· __ ...... __ . _ .....•.•..

Boatmen and canalmen ..................... ----······--········--Pilots ... -- •...... ··- -......... -..................... -- ......•...... Sailors_ .•••..... _ ....•..........•...•........••...... __ ........... .

Bookkeepers and accountants·······--·--·----····----····-···-···--·

Clerks and copyists .•......•...... _ .•...•..... _ ...•........ -•.•...... -.

81~~~~ c~h~;grJ~it~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Letter and mail carriers ................... _ ..•..........•..•••... _

Commercial travelers ..•.... --········----···························· Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc ............ _ .......... _ .......... .

Draymen, teamsters, and expressmen ·······--··-···"···-·--··--Carriage and back drivers ....................................... .

Foremen and overseers . __ ...•.... _ .. _ ....•.....••........... _ .•.. _ .. .

Foremen and overseers (livery stable) ........... _ ...........••... Foremen and overseers f steam ra!lroad) .... ___ ....•........... _. _ Foremen and overseers street rail way) .................... __ ... . Foremen and overseers not specified) ........................... .

241, 162 Agents (claim, commission, real estate, insurance, etc.) and collectors.

174, 582

iM:ii~ }---·····--------------····---------···-····-··········-··············-- ······--···· 73,277

1

.......... ----·········---·········--·--······--······------············, __ s_5,_96_8_,

65, 943 Bankers and brokers (money und •tocks)._ ..... __ ....... _.'_........ 30, 008 7,334 Brokers (eo=ercial) ............ ·--··---··-··--··----------······--· 5,9!i0

78,406

13,U5

4.896 I 60,395

254,880

630, 127

Boatmen and canalmen_ ......... -............................... -.. -Pilotq _____ .••.••. ···--············-····---··········---··············-Sailors ...... -- -- ......•.... --- .... -... -- .. --.. ----... ---.. ---· --. ·. -. -

Bookkeepers and accountants··----···--··-··--···------·······--···

Clerk.~ and copyists- .•. ··--·-····---···-······ .... --· •.........•.•....

76,874

16, 716 4,259

55, 899

159,374

557,358

5~i;~U }······------········-··················----····-·········-··-·-········ ........... .

92,919 Commercial travelers--·····--········----···--··--················--588, 933 Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc . _ ................. __ ........ ___ ..

502,359 36,574

55, 450 Foremen and overseers .. _ .......................................... .

S, 230 35,196 1,023

16, 001

58, 691

368, 499

36, 084

1 For continental United States. •Bartenders combined in 1880 with saloon keepers. 3 Bartenders probably included in 1870 with barkeepers. (See saloon keepers.) •Housekeepers probably largely classified in 1870 and 1880 as servants.

COMPARISON AT TWELFTH AND PRECEDING CENSUSES. -, IN 1.000-·,,l '1•111imwd.

OF 1870, 1880, 1890, AND 1900, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE.CLASSIFIOATION OF OOCUPATIONt:;;

DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE-Continued. ==========---============,-=-•·"''°""'''''

1870

Occupation designations. Numher. Occupation designations.

1--------------------------1----11------------------------·--...

Nurses .•..... ··-------·· ...•...........•..... ----- ............. - --- ----Midwives ............................................................ .

Restaurant keepers .................................................. .

Saloon keepers nnd bartenders ...................................... . Billiard and bow!lng saloon keepers and employees ............•....

{Domestic servants ................................................... . Employees of hotels nncl rest1mrants (not clerks) ................... .

Soldiers, sailors, nnd marines (U. 8.) ..................... ,- .......... .

Watchmen (private) and detectives ................................. .

Bunters, trappers, guides, am! scouts .............................. ..

{Employees of charitable instit11tions ........... '. .................... . Employees of government (not clerks) .............................. . Others in professional and person it! services .................•.......

15, GOl

13,483 2, 118

13, 074

70, 004

2f>8, 461 1, 543

•1, Ifi3,068

1, 075, 655 77, 413

24, 101

13, 384

13, 381

40, 479

1, 912

2,a9n 31, GOl • 4, 570

o o o • • • •• • o o • o" o o ~ o • • •• • o o o 0 0 o 0 o • .. • • o • o "'" ••'"",. .... ..,. ....... " .... "' "+."' II e ...... II .... 10 " ,.. • 1J ..

Nurses .......................................... ········•·········''"' Midwives .................................. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••·

Restaurant keepers .......................... - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. "" • '

.. --- -.......... --...... -. -.... -. --........... ---...... ~ --..................................... ..

............................................................................................................. Domestic scrvantq .. ,., ....................... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •' • • ·' • • • Employees oI hotels and restaurants (not clerks)· - · • · • • • • • • • • • • ·' • • •

....... ---· ........... --·· ............................... -.................... -........................... . Solrllers ~U. fl.) ••••••••••.•••••••••••••••.• - ••• - • - • • - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

~1~~~~~~ (J.· k i::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : -.............. --..................... -.......... -. --.. -......... --................................................ ~

......... ----- ............................................. -........... -.................. ~ .... .,. ....... ..

{Hunters and trappers ........................ - . ~ •..•••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • lncU!in scouts, guides, and in tcrpreters ................ • • • · • • • • • · • • · • •

!Apprentices to barbers ................................ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

~~1¥g~~i~~:~~~~;~:::::::::::::::::::::::: :: : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Chimneyswecps ............................ - •••••••••..• • • • • • • • • • · • • • Employees of government ................................. • • • • • • • • · • • Scavengers ................................................................................. ~


{Traders 1md dealers in real estate .................................. .. Agents (not specified) .............................................. .. Collectors and claim agents ........................................ ..

Bankers and brokers of money and stocks ......................... .. Brokers (commercial) ............................................... .

{~fi~~r~~~~,:~ :'~~:t;~:~:e:~::: ::: :: : :: : : : : :: : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : Sailors .............................................................. ..

Bookkeepers and accountants in stores .............. '· ............. .

Clerks ancl bookkeepers: Banks .......................................................... ..

f~t~~'i'ii'~~Ji~~l~:~::::: :: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : :: :: : :: : : : : : : Manufacturing establishments .................................. . Railroad offices ................................................. ..

33, 989 ................................................. - • - ••••••••••••••••••••

11, 253 18,523 4,213

19, 373

15, 180 4,193

88, 537

20, 3G8 4, 329 3, 770

oo, 070

'59, 790

'444, 664

10, 257 1, 850 2,880

10, 11,1 12, 331

{

Tmdors and dealers in real estate ................................... . Agents .............................................................. . Clahn n.gent~ ........................................................ . Intelllgence office keepers .......................................... .

Bankers nnd brokers of money a.nd stocks •••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Boatmen and watermen ............................................ . Ctmalmen ........................................................... . Pilots ................................................................ . Sailors ............................................................... .

Bookkeepers and 11cconntants in stores •..•••••••••••••••••••••••••••

••• - •• - - ...................... •• .1 ....... •• -- - • -· .... - ................................................ "' ..

Clerks nnd bookkeepers: Banks .......... , ................................................ . Express compnmes ........................................... , ••• Insurance olllces ......... , ................. • ••••••••••••••••.•••• Jvlanufacturlng establishment, ................. _ •••••••••••••••••

01erk:s ailci." cioi>sisis. ({iC:it' aii1ii!-,Vi.s6·a.;,~Cii-iiiecii::: :: : : : :.: :: : : : :: : : : : : : · · · · • 25;:1ii7' Clerks:

¥~n~.~~1~~rli~~s:::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : gf~~~;:and copyists ......................................... , •••••••••

Government offices ............................................. .. Hotels and restaurants ......................................... .. Stores .......................................................... ..

Commercial travelers .............................................. ..

Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc ................................. .

16,8,19 10, 916

358,444

Government offices ............................................ . Hotels 1111d restaurants ......................................... : :

car~\~;.r~ei:s::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : 28, 158 Commercial travelers ............................................... .

177, 586 Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc ................. _ ••••••••••••••••

Ill, V7tl 1, WO

tt l·l,lhl~ I, ~~!ill~

07F~, 7:1,J ~m,.J:IK

\hlll m tlhH \\\ 4~1 ,,~7

'(ll H,41\'I

m11

111,11:11

Hl,11111

I ' l , , ~i • ' ··.,::it~

II, t»IU M,liml

tt:u,m

1,m1 'lt\1

1,1\lili fl,1<111! 'l*a'H

1111 «:, l:\N

11.11n ti, ~t.1:1

'J~~. r~:::~

···---------···-·········-----~-- ........................................................... ., ......... 1 ......... ._~···~·

•Other professional nnd personal services (except veterinary BUrgeons) combined in 1880 with "other domestic anrl personnl servi<•t• ,. •AU otlier bookkeepers combined in 1870and1880 with clerks. (See clerks and copyists.) ' ·• 7Includes 600 (estimated) clerks included in 1880 with officials and employees of telegraph companies. (See telegraph and telophou[l 011111~ator>1.}

xxxviii STATISTICS OF OOOUP ATIONS.

TABLE III.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE CENSUSES

TRADE .AND TRANSPORTATION-Continued.

19001 1890

Occupation designations. Number. Occupation designations. ·Number.

Hostlers .....••............•......•....•....•..•. , •.•••••••.•.••... , • • • 64, 929 Hostlers . . . . . . • . . • . . . • • . • . . . . • . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • . . • . . • • . . . • . • . . • . 54, 086

Hucksters and peddlers............................................... 76, 649 Hucksters and peddlers.............................................. 59, 083

Livery stable keepers . . . .•. . •. . . . . ....... .. .•. . ••. .• . . . . . . . . . . . .•• • ... 33, 656 Livery stable keepers . • . . .• . . . . . .• . . • . .• . .• •. . • . . . . . • • . • ... • •• .. .. . . . 26, 757

Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) . ....... .. •. . • .. . •. • ... •. . . 790, 886 Merchants and dealers (retail)....................................... 660, 239

Drugs and medicines.· ............................................ . Dry goods, fancy goods, and notions ........•..•..........••...... General store .........................•......•.•..•...••.•....••... Groceries .•........•.•.•......••...................................

~~iY~~~~nsi~~'.~.e:q.::: :: : :: : : : : : ::: :: :: : : : : :: : : :: : : : : : : : : :: : : : :: :: : Cigars and tobacco ............................................... . Clothing and men's furnishings ................................. . Coal and wood .................................................... . Lumber ......................................................... ..

Produce and provisions .•.• ·····································;·

Not specified ..................................................... .

Merchants and dealers (wholesale) .................................. .

57,271 45,820 33,006

156,479 18,108 15, 239 15, 351 18, 095 20,860 16, 772 34,175

864, 710

42,326

Drugs and chemicals............................................. 46, 375 Dry goods ........... .'............................................ 42, 527

G"ioceries::::: :: : : :::::::::::: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : :: : :: : : :: :: : · · · · ii4; 997· Wines and liquors................................................ 10, 078

Not specified ..•••••••••......••....•...•••••.•••••••••••.•••••••.

Merchants and dealers (wliolesalc), importers and shipping merchants.

Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors (wholesale) ........... .

446, 262

31, 086

Messengers and errand and office boys................................ 71, 622 Messengers and errand and office boys .•..•.•••.....•..•.............

27,4.43

s .. 643

51, 855

Bundle and cash boys............................................. 10, 497

~~s~:i~~S :::: ::::: ::: ::: : : ::: :::::::: ::::: ::::::: ::::: ::: ::: : : :: : it:i~ Ol!lclals of banks and companies • . . •• •• .. . . .•• ••• •• .• .... •• .. . . . . . ••. 74, 072 Officials of banks and of Insurance, trade, transportation, trust, and

1-----11 other companies. "39, 900

Bank officials and cashiers ....................................... . Officials (insurance and trust companies, etc.) ................... .

Officials (trade companies) •.••................... ' .•.............. Oflicials (transportation companies) ............................. .

Packers and shippers ................................................. .

Porters and helpers (in stores, etc.) ................................. ..

Salesmen and saleswomen ........................................... .

Steam railroad employees •...•••••..•..•..•••.•..............•........

Engineers and firemen ........................................... . Baggagemen ..................................................... . Brakemen .•..•..•......•••••••..•..............•.................. Conductors ....................................................... . Laborers .......................................................... . Station agents and employees .................................... . Switchmen, yardmen, and flagmen .............................. . 'For continental United States.

14,294 5,339

20,389 34,050

59,645

54,191

611,139

582,150

107, 089 19,085 67,474 42, 929

249, 377 45, 963 50, 233

....................... ·······:···· .................................................... ··-·.

!} ...................... : ............................................................ .

Packers and shippers ................................................ .

Porters and helpers (in stores and warehouses) ..................... .

Salesmen and saleswomen ......••.•.........•...••.•..••..•..••...•.

Locomotive engineers and firemen .................................. . r- ""~' ··~"'"" '"""""m"'""'ill""· ................ .

24, 946

24,356

264, 394

462, 213

79, 463

382, 750

•Merchants and dealers not classified as wholesale and retail prior to 1890. 8 Includes officials of mining and quarrying companies (number not stated), classified in 1900 with manufacturers and officials under "manufacturing and

mechanical pursuits" (miscellaneous industries).

COMPARISON AT TWELF'TH AND PRECEDING CENSUSES. XXXIX

OF 1870, 1880, 1890, AND 1900, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN 1900-Continued.

TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION-Continued.

1880 1870

Occupation designations. Number. Occupation designations. Number.

1~------------------------- -~~--1~------------------------~11~--~ I Hostlers ............................................................ ..

Hucksters and peddlers ............................................. .

31, 697

53, 491

Hostlers ............................................................. .

Hucksters .......................................................... .. Peddlers ............................................................. .

17, 580

34, 337

17, 362 16, 975

Livery stable keepers . .. • .. .. .. . .. . •. . .. . ... . .. .. . .. .•. .. .. . . .. . ..... H, 213 Livery stable keepers .............................................. .. 8,50<1

Traders and deniers.................................................. 2 479, 439 Traders and dealers ................................................. . •357, 617

17, 369 39, 790

Drugs and medicines............................................. 27, 700 Drugs and medicines ........................................... .. Dry goods, fllncy goods, and notions............................. 45, 831 Dry goods ...................................................... .

iiiciceries::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : · · · · ioi; 849 · J,Jquors and wines . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 13, 600 lloots and shoes .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . 9, 993 Cigars and tobacco............................................... 11, 866 Clothing and men's furnishing goods............................ 10, 078 Coal and wood .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 10, 871 Lumber .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. 11, 263 :Produce 11nd provisions ........................................ .. Agricultural implements ................... , .................... . Books 11nd stationery ............................................ . Cabinet w11re .................................................... .

3.5, 129 1, 999 4, 982 7,419

cCiitan iilia.· 'vaoi:::::::::: :: ::: : : : : : : : : : : :: : :: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : · · · · · ".i,'.i9·i · Crockery, china, glass, and stone ware ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 2, 373 Gold and silver ware, and jewelry............................... 2, 305 Hats, caps, and furs.............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4, 809 Ice............................................................... 2,8fi.1 Iron, tin, and copper ware....................................... 15, 076 Junk............................................................. 3,574 Lentber, hides, and skins .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. • .. . . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. 2, 382

Live ·aia'cik:::::::::::: :: : : :: : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : :: : : :: :: : :: : : : :: : ::: :: ·· ... i2; iiio· hlarbie: ·a1ii1i0;·o:n.Ci siaie::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::: ·· ···· i;4oi>' Music and musical instruments.................................. 1, 906 Newspapers nnd periodicals...................................... 2, 729 Oils, paints, and turpentine...................................... 1,940

i>O:per'iiiiii paper.stock:·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: · ·· · ··i; 862· Sewing machines................................................. 6, 577 Not specified ... , . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . • . .. .. . .. . .. .... .. ... .. 112, 810 Milkmen and m1lkwomen .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . • .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. 9, 2'12

Messengers .......................................................... .

Officials of banks ................•.............•............•.•....... Officl11ls of insurance companies ...... ~ ............................. .

Officials of railroad companies ...................................... .

Packers •................................................••...........• Shippers and freighters ............................................. .

Porters and laborers in stores and warehouses ..................... . Employees in warehouses ........................................... :

Salesmen and saleswomen ....................................... "· ..

Employees of railroad companies (not clerks) .........•..............

13, 985

415, 553

4,421 1, 774

2,069

9,842

4,176 5,166

87, 214

32, 192 5,022

632,279

230, 058

i.irciceries::::::::::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ~ · · · · · · 74; 4io Liquors and wines .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . • .. . 11, 718 Boots and shoes .................................................. , 7,019 Cigars and tobacco ............................................... I 8,284

~tr"r.::.•:·:: .. :::••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••· ,1:~ Agricultural implement•......................................... 1,939 Books nnd stationery............................................ S,892 Cabinet ware..................................................... 4, 087 Cloths and textile' fabrics........................................ 1, 163 Cotton ...... ._..................................................... 1,701 Crocker)", cluna, and stone ware .. • • .. .. .. . • . .. .. • .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 11 765 Gold tUHI silver w11re, nnd jewelry............................... 6,402

¥c~t~ -~!~~ ~~?.~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: i: ~~ Iron, tin, and coppur wnres.................... .•• .. . • .. .... .. .. . 9, 003

~p~i!i?~:~~~~~'. ~1'.~: ~~~~s::: :: : ::: :: :: : :::: :: : : : : : : : : : ::::::: ::::: · · · · · · ·2;~~~ Livestock........................................................ 7,723 M11chlnery (not specified)........................................ 254

iiii8ic.tiii:cifil·,;sic'iii ii1i!ti·ii,;;e1ii~:: :: ::::::::: ::::: ::::: ::::::: :::: · ..... · "848 Newspnpers and periodicals...................................... 1, 455 Olis, pamtq, and turpentine...................................... 986 Opticnl instruments.............................................. 801

~~~if~~~ff Ji!~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : ..... ~~: i~ Mtlkmcn and mllkwomcn • ... .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3, 728 Pawnbrokers ....................... ;............................. 384

(')

Messengers ......................................................... ..

Officials of banks .................................................... . Ofllolals of insnmnoe companies ................................... ..

!Ofiicials of comp1inies (not specified) .............................. .. Ofl\cials of trading tuJCl tr11.nHportat!on companies (not specified) ... . Offioia.ls of cxprcs~ companit1s ...................................... .. OfficioJs of rallroar1 companies ...................................... . Officials of street mllrofld companies .••.............................. Ofl\oials of telegraph companies ................................... ..

Pnckers .............................................................. . Shlppe\'s and freighters ............................................. . Mule packers ....................................................... ..

Porters in stores and warehouses ................................... .. L11borers (trade and transportation) ................................ ..

Salesmen and saleswomen ......................................... ..

Employees of railroad companies (not olcrks) ..................... ..

8, 717

10, 023

2, 738 762

S,410 976 75

1, 902 88 72

5,4.61

1,421 S, li57

473

Sl, 513

rn, aa1 14,882

'14, 20S

154, 027

• Incluc1es 7,289 (estimated) officials, combined in 1880\Vith employees of express, street railroad, telegraph, telephone, and trading nnd transportation companlcij (not Rpecifted). (See street railway employees, telegraph and telephone operators, 11nd "other persons In trade 11nd transportation.")

6 Salesmen and saleswomen prob11bly largely returned as olerk,s in 1870 nnd 1880.

xl STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.


TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION-Continued.

19001 1890

Occup1ttion designations. Number. Occupation designations. Number.

Stenographers and typewriters........................................ 112, 364 Stenographers and typewriterA.............. .... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . BB, 418

~t;;;~fJfe~~=~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Street railway employees ............................................ .

Conductors ...................................................... .. Drivers .•••.•...............•...•...•.•.........................•.. Laborers .......................................................... . Motormen .....•....•...........•...•........•..................... Station agents and employees .................................... .

Telegraph and telephone linemen .................................. ..

Telegraph and telephone operators ................................. ..

98, 743 •••••.••••••••••••••••.••••••.••••.....•.•.••...•••.•••.•••••••••••..•••..••••••.••• 13,621 ·························-···············-······························ •·••••••••••

68, 919 Street railway employees ............................................. . 37, 434 ----11

:i\~li l··•"'''''''''''''''······································-············ ·······-···· 14, 757

74, 982

Telegraph and telephone linemen aml electric light and power company employees.

Telegraph and telephone operators ................. --............. ..

311, 134

52,214 , ___ _ Telegraph operators .•...•...................••...•............•••. Telephone operators ................................. -........... ..

Undertakers ......................................................... ..

Other persons in trade and transportation .......................... ..

Auctioneers ...................................................... . Decorators, drapers, and window dressers ....................... . Newspaper carriers and newsbo:vs .............................. .. Weighers, gaugers, and measurers .............................. ..

Not spec!fled ..................................................... .

55,824 .................................................................................. .. 19,158 .................................................................................. ..

16, 189 Undertakers .............................. : .......................... .

53,434 ....................................................................... . ____ ,, 9,891

16, 236

2, 808 Auctioneers.......................................................... 3, 205 3,052 o,s9s ·:Ne\vspiifiiii-. <iiti-riers·a:iiCiiie\iiiJio}·s:::: :: ::::::: ::::::::: :: :::: ::::: ::: · ..... 5;2sa· 6, 666 Weighers, gaugers, and measurers.............................. .• . . . 3, 860

34, 015 Other persons in trade and transportation .......................... . 3, 883

MANUFACTURING AND 1\IECHANICAL PURSUITS.

Building trades. Carpenters and joiners ................................................ .

~gfE~~~ir:n~~~i-~i-~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Apprentices and helpers ......................................... .

Masons (brick and stone) ............................................ .

Masons ........................................................... . Masons' laborers ................................................ .. Apprentices and helpers ......................................... .

Painters, glaziers, and varnishers .................................... .

Painters, glaziers, and varnishers ............................... .. Painters (carriages and wagons) ................................. . Apprentices and helpers ......................................... .

Paper hangers ........................................................ .

Paper hangers ........... : ........................................ . Apprentices and helpers ......................................... .

Plasterers ............................................................ .

Plasterers ••....•......•..••........•....................•......... Apprentices and helpers ......................................... .

Plumbers and gas and steam fitters ........................... _ ...... .

Plumbers and gas and steam fitters .............................. . Apprentices and helpers ......................................... .

Roofers and slaters ................................................... .

Roofers and slaters ............................................... . Apprentices and helpers ......................................... .

Mechanics (not otherwise specified) ................................. . 'For continental United State~.

600,252 618, 242

584,635 12, 251

3,366

Carpenters and joiners............................................... 611, 482 (0) .

Apprentices (carpenters and joiners) ................................ · .. · .. ii; 760' 160,805

1499, *~~ }Masons (brick and stone) ...................................... _ ... .. •"'' 2,418 Apprentices (masons) ............................................... .

277,541

258,663 }P . t I i d . h 17, 347 mn ers, g az ers, an varms ers ................................... . 1, 631 Apprentices (painters) .............................................. .

21, 990 I Paper hangers ...•..•...........•...............••......•......•......

160, 845

158, 918 1, 927

222, 233

219, 912 2,321

12, 369 , _____ , 21.m ................................... c,Y .................................. ::::::::::::

85, 694 Plasterers ........................................................... . 39, 002

35,334 360 ................................... {i>""'"'"'""""""'""''"'''•········ ::::::::::::

97, 785

92,216 6,569

9,067

Plumbers and gas and steam fitters ............................... . Apprentices (plumbers) ....................................... :.: ... .

Roofers and slaters .................... ___ ........................... .

61, 231

56, 607 4, 624

7,043

8,931 136 ................. , ................. (ii ................................... ::::::::::::

9, 378 Mechanics (not otherwise specified) ............................... .. 15, 485

2 E:x:clu~ive of238 (estimated) officials. (See officials of banks and companies.) 8 Electng ~ight and po_wer company employees included in 1900 with" other ml8cell&neous.industrles," under "manufacturing and mechanical pursuits." ~ E:x:clusne of 240 (estim!'ted) officials of telegraph and telephone companies and 600 ( estrmated) clerks in telegraph offices (See officials of banks and com-

parues and clerks and copyists.) '

COMPARISON AT TWELFTH AND PRECEDING CENSUSES. xli

OF 1870, 1880, 1890, AND 1900, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPA'l'IONS IN 1900-Continued .

. TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION-Continued.

1880


Officials and employees of street railroad companies ................ .

Officials nnd employees of telegraph companies .................•...• Officials and employees of telephone companies .................... .

Undertakers ............................... : ......................... .

Auctioneers ......................................................... .

1870

Number. Occupation designations. Number.

154

Shorthand writers ............................•.......••........... : .. 154

211, 687 Employees of street railroad companies (not clerks) ................ . o,10s

11, 925

8,816 <28, 106

22, 809 1, 197

Employees of telcgmph companies (not clerks)...................... 8, 816

6,118

'56, mg

2,381

Undertakers ......................................................... .

Auctioneers ......................................................... .

1,996

•12, 218

2,266

·:N0\vsi>D.i;.;1:ci·ier~ -~,;;i ;,;;1:r1ei·s:::::::::::::: ::::: ::::: :::::::: :::::::: · --·--3;374· ·:N~\v.ii)O.i:i;;ici·ier;:,:-1iici «;.;,:1:i.;1:.;:::::::: :: : : :: :: : : : ::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : .... ·--2;002 Weighers, gaugers, and meneurers............ ... . . . ... . . .. . . . . . • • .. .. 8, 302 Weighers, gaugerH, ttnd measurers ........... ,....................... 926

Employees of banks (not clerks) .................................... . Employees o.f insurance companies (not clerks) .................... . Oflicials and employees of express companies (not clerks) .......... . Officials and employees of trading and transportation companies

(not Rpec!fied). Rngpickers .......................................................... . Steamboat men and women ......................................... . Tollgate and bridge keepers ........................................ . Others in trade and transportation .................................. .

1,070 13, 146 13, 00.1

o, 702

2,20G 12,305

2,308 177

Apprentices in stores ................................................ . Employees of banks (not clerks) ................................... .. Employees of. companies (not specified) ............................ . Emplo;•ees of !!xpress comptmies (nut clerks) ....................... . Emploi·ecs of msnrnnce companies (not clerks) ................... .. Empl!Jyees oftmding nncl transportation companies (not specitled). Hagp1ckers .......................................................... . Ste11mboatmen and women ......................................... . Tollgate nnd bridge keepers ........................................ . Wreckers ............................................................ .

678 424 848

8,554 11, 611 4,162

436 7,076 2,25S

98

MANUFACTURING AND l\IECHANICAT .. PURSUITS.

Carpenters and joiners .............................................. . Ship carpenters, cnlkers, riggers, and smiths •.........•...........•.

(1)

Mnsons (brick and stone) ........................................... .

(')

{Painters and varnishers ............................................. . Gilders .............................................................. .

(')

Paper hangers ....................................................... .

sao,um

373, 143 17,452

102,473

130, 319

128, 500 1, 703

Carpentern and joiners .............................................. . Ship carpenters ..................................................... .

(1)

Masons (brick arnl stone) .......................................... ..

360,4-06

3•J•l,596 15,900

89, 710

(') !' ........... .

........................................................................ 86,657

Painters and varnishers.............................................. 85,123 Gilders............................................................... 1, 534

(1) ........... .

5,013 Paperl1angers ....................................................... . 2, •190

.............................. """"(1j''""""'"""""''"'"""""""'""""""""""" :::::::::::: ................................... {,y··············· .. ············ .. ··· :::::::::::: Plasterers ........................................................... . 22,083 Plasterers ........................................................... . 23, 577

................................... {i) ................................... :::::::::::: ................................... {ii·········· ......................... ::::::::::::

Plumbers and gns fitters ............................................ . 19,388 Plumbers and gas fitters ........................................... .. 11,148

................................... {i) ................................... :::::::::::: ................................... {i) ................................... ::::::::::::

Roofers and slaters .................................................. . 4,026 Roofers and slaters ................................................. .. 2,750

................................... (1j'··----········ ................. · ·· :::::::::::: ···•·········· ··· .................. {ij""""""""""""""""···················: :::::::::::

Mechanics (not specified) ........................................... . 7,858 Mechanics (not specified) ........................................... . 6 Exclusive of 6,811 (estimated) officials of express and tmding and trttnsportat!on companies (not specified). (See officials of banks and companies.) •Ship carpenters included in 1890 with ship and boat builders under" other miscellaneous industries." 1 See apprentices and helpers (not specified) under"' other misc.ellaneous industries.''

16, 514

xlii STATISTICS OF OOOUPA'rIONS.

T.A.BLE III.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE CENSUSES

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSUITS-Continued.

10001


Chemicals and alli.ed p1'oducl8.

011 well and oil works employees .................................... .

Oil well employees ............................................... . Oil works employees ............................................. .

Other chemical workers ...••...•..••....•..•.•.......•......•..••....•

Chemical works employees ...................................... . Fertilizer makers ..............••.•••••••••••••••....•..•..•...••.. Powder and cartridge makers .. , ..•.•....•..•....•......•••.•••••• Salt works employees .......•••••••.•. · ........................... . 8tarchmakers .................................................... .

Olay, glass, and stone products.

Brick and tile makers, etc ........•• · .................................. .

Brickmakers ..................................................... . Tilemakers ....................................................... . Terra cotta workers .•.•.•.•..•.••••..................•......•..•••

Glassw()rkers ......................................................... .

Marble and stone cutters ............................................. .

Potters ............................................................... .

Fishing and mining.

Fishermen and oystermen ........................................... .

Miners and quarrymen ............................................... .

Miners \coal) ..•.•...••••••••..•..........•......•.........•••...•. Miners gold and silver) ......................................... . Miners not otherwise specified) ................................. . Quarrymen ....................................................... .

.Food and kindred products. Ba.kers ................................................................ .

Butchers ............................................................. .

Butter a.nd cheese makers ............................................ .

Confectioners ••••••••••.•.•••.......................••.•..•••......•.••

lliillers ................................................................ .

Other food preparers •..•.•..................•......................•..

Fish curers and packers .......................................... . Meat and fruit canners and preservers ........................... . Meat packers, curers, and p!cklers ....•.•............•..•......... Sugar makers and refiners ....................................... . Not specified , ............... , .................................... .

Iron and areel and t71eir product•.

Blacksmiths .......................................................... .

Blacksmiths ...................................................... . Apprentices and helpers ......................................... .

Iron and steel workers .................................. ; ........ : ... .

Iron and steel workers ........................................... .

Molders .......................................................... .

Machinists ................................................... '. ..•..•..

Number.

24,626

18,0il 6, 615

14, 723

6, 740 1,310 4,136 1,775

762

1890


Oil well employees .................................................. . Oil works employees ................................................ .

Chemical works employees .......................................... . Fertilizer makers .................................................... . Powder and cartridge makers ....................................... . Salt works employees ................................................ . Starchmakers ............................. · .......................... .

49, 933 Brick and tile makers and terracotta workers ...•..•................

Number.

14, 771

9, 147 5,624

8,256

3,628 732

1,385 1, 765

746

60, 214

45,594 8,017 1,322

} .................................................................................. .

49, 998 Glassworkers ........................................................ .

54, 460 Marble and stone cutters ............................................ .

16, 140 Potters ........................................................... _ .. _

68, 940

568,406

Fishermen and oystermen .......................................... .

344, 205 Miners (coal) ....................................................... .

1~~:~~~ }Miners (not otherwise specified) ................................... .. 34,584 Quarrymen •.••••••••.•••••••.••.•.•...................•.•............

79, 188

113, 193

19, 241

31,194.

40,548

28, 782

Bakers .•••.•.•..••.•••..•.•••••.••••••..••.....••......••••.....•.....

Butchers ............................................................ .

Butter and cheese makers ....•.•• : .•••..•............•.....••........

Confectioners ............•...•....••..••.......••••••.•.•••••••••••.•

Millers (flour and grist) ............................................. .

34, 282

61,070

H,928

60, 162

8S7, 248

208, 545 141, 047

37, 656

60,197

105, 456

11, 211

23, 251

52, 841

9,725

952 9,249

13, 776 2, 727 2,078

Fish curers and packers.............................................. 1, 279 }Meat e.nd fruit packers, canners, and preservers . • .. ... . .. • • •• . • . .. . 51830

226,477

217, 993 8,484

290,538

203,069

87,469

283,145

Sugar makers and refiners • • . • . • • . • . . • . . . . . . . • . • • • • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 616

Blacksmiths .••••..•••••..•...•..•.•.....•..•••........•..•........... Apprentices (blacksmiths) ••••••..••.••••••..•••.•..•..•••..•..•.•••.

rrron aud steel workers •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..•••••••...

Agricultural implementmakers (not otherwise classified) ••••..•.... Nail and tack makers ...... _ ......................................... . Sewing machine makers (not otherwise classified) ................. . Molders ............................................................ ..

................................... ____ ., ___ .......... i ........................ _________ _

209, 581

205, 337

4,244

220,428

•s, 755 4,583

880 4 66, 289

186,828 1-----11

Machinists ....................................................... . Apprentices and helpers ......................................... .

Steam boiler makers ................................................. .

Steam boiler makers ............................................. . Helpers ........................................................... .

1 For continental United States.

266, 565 Machinists .......................................................... . 16, 580 Apprentices (machinists) ......................................... __ .

33, 046 Steam boilermakers .................•.•.....•....•....•.......•......

177, 090 9,738

21,339

31, 150 1,896 ·············--···-·············--··(2j ................................. ::::::::::::

'See apprentices and helpers (not specified) under "other miscellaneous industries."

COMPAHISON AT 1'vVELF11TH AND P1UX1l~DING CI~Nsusgs, xliii

OF 11!70, 1880, H«lO, ANll UlOO, AHHANGJW AOGOIU>INH TO 'l'HE: OLAHHil"lOl1.'rH>N Oli' OOCUIJA'l'lONH IN Hl(){l-<:untinuml.

011 W~ll l!fWt11tlv1>11111111 h1l»1ri1111 .......... ,.,, .................... . Oil 1111!1111111 r1•ll11ury 111•1•tntl\'1'"· ................................ ..

C'h11111!«11l w11rk~ 1•1111•h•)'''''" ...................................... .. F11rUU~11r llllt11hll~h11w11t 111«•111llv1•• ................. , " ........... .

t-11\ltm11k1•l'll ............ ,, ..... ,. ..... , .... , ... ,,., ... , ..... ,, .. ,, ... l!ltl\t(1lmmk1•r~ ..... , ............................ ,, .... ,, ........... ,

Ohl>l,'l\'IU'li" 11111•1'11111"•·-' ' ..... ,'' '"",.',, ''

?ttt\rhln u to\ 11-t• liH' 11\\t l t 1 l·"~ • , • ~. ~ ••• , ........ , , • ~, •.•••• , ••• , • ~ , , 1 • -..

l 1iHl\1f~ ·········~········~·~···,•····•·········~~·······•~•••1• ... t~

}Mt111•rn .............. ,,, ................................ , , ......... .

!Ink 1•f•,. .. ,, , .... , , .... ,, ,, , , ...... , , .. ,, ...... ,, ,, , , • ,, ,, ,, " .... ,, ,

lh1t1•h1•\'ll " ......... " "' " ....... ' '"' '",' "" •• " "'' '' ' ..... ' ..

i'll1'1•~1·11111k1•1'>1 ""' ... "' "".'', "' '",''

Cou f~t·I h 1111•r~ ,, , ., " , , " , . , , ,, ,., " . ,, , , , ,

M lll<>f•L "" " " ' ' ... '" " " ' " " '

~,, U'~M

l,:ts;t

lH10

:~~~ .. ~~············~·~· .. ·~·~~···················• .. ••1'1t.1t. ............ " ....... .

i11•11tl'l1t 1m11\1t•h11• 11111k1•rll, ... ,, .... ,, ............................... .. !, •. ,.l'ftlUl\'l' ..... ' ' ~"~ •••••• ~ ••••• 8•.' •••••• I •••• I •• ' .................. ,. •••• ,.~ i l;'1•nll1~1 1 1• «•h1hll~hm1•111 1>1'••1'11tlv1•" ... ,. ......... , .................. . i ll 111\\'tl\~l'ltULkt 1 1·n •• , •• "' ••••••• ' ••• I.'' ................ I ........... I •••••• ,,,,

"''"''''""' ,\~h11t_ t'IU'll'hh{•\ IUlll (U!-li~ Uh~k•'l'I{.,,,,,,.~••••••••••.,•••••••••••••••"• 1,.1:11 ' ~nltumk••r• .............. , .......................................... .. t,it~~' '~IUf\'lUunkti~ ................ ,., ..................... ~.~._ ............... .

:J:ll, :.tJH

1:1,)ll~

llr•li•k 11111\ tlh• 111111.a•r, .............................................. ..

~htr\llt• lllltl ~lHlHI 1•1t!t\lt".,,,,,,,,,,,,,,., .. ., ., . "'" ,.,,, , • .,,.,,.,I

Jtllt(,tf,)i ••••• '''"''' ,,..,..,.,, ••••~, •••••• ~' '' <O•• I••~••• 11'1'11~••••••••1!111

Mlm•r« ... ., ..... , ......... , ............................. .,, .......... ..

q111.rr)'111«11 ........ , ... , • """, .. , ,,, • "" ,,,, ....................... ..

·ll,!111\.1 :: ll11k1·~ .... " .. "."' ..... " ......................................... ..

711,<HI jl \1111t•h«nt • "" . , ., .. , ,. .. , , '" '" .................. ,, ...... " .......... .. I'

1,r~1~' 1: tlht1,\_~~'u'"kt1r• i ·~· •• ~, ~~· ·, ~~ ~·· ··~, •• ~, ., ~· • ~., •t• ,, • , ~ ••••• , •• ~ •• i:

lM,it\t.I ;! t'tHlt~'liPtlu1u;rn ~1·~,,,,, .. ,.",.,.,."y~., ... ~··j~~~·~···~,·~t·•~l·•·~··~······ flll,4411 '! Mllhihl ,..,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,"'" ....... ,, ... ,.,, .......... , .... , ..... ,

"'" '" ... "'""' "' "" "",., ""' "',,," "" • '• ".,.,.,," "". • ~. tt•JJI 11 .. "" ""'.",' , '""",""', ... "" ',,,"" '" " .. '"". "" • "",.,"

••• ~ • , , •••• t ~ ... ~ • , , , •• , •••• ,. , • ~ , , ,. • ~ , • , , ~ • ,. • ~ .. , , •• l ~ , •••• J • " • , , , ...... ~ i • • " • ,. • , ~ • ., • I • ~I' l '} _rttt·t,r l o't1.'k f'r:11 •• , •••• ~ , ... ii •••••• fl .... , ~ ""' • , ~ ~ I> 1 I * ... ~ ~ , ........ ~ •••••• i •

JM~ll! 111111 frult pr111111n•l1111 ''~lllhlMlllh•lll l•llljihl)'l'1lll,,,,,,,,., .. ,,,,, ~. Mll ·. Mt'l\t 111111 tmll )'!'l.,.~r\'iHlr 1••l11hlM11111•lll 1•lll1'h•)l<'<'1,,'",, .. " .... ,, .. \M1•11t 1•~1·l11•1>i, 1•11r••t•, 111t•l 1<h•k l«r•." ............. ,. ,,, .. .. • • .. .. lt, ·~ll!I i llt.1111 l•lll'kll!'>I, ••tir.•f•1 nn•I !•lt•klt•r•., ...... ", ...... , ,. ... "',, ....... . HUN1\tHu~k~1t'-"HIHl 1·1•rh\l1r1t ·~·,~·····~···1••1u1••••~•H.,,'l!u1>••~,.11·HH ~.1t'.t1 f :4UJ.fltr1o"kt'f1tnt11l h.1 r,101~ 1'!••·~,~·~· .. ··~~·"·*--··~~··i·~··"r•11\••·••· ''"'" "'"" """ ............... """ ........... • ....... • • · ......... · ........... ,

1 M1w1u·o111 i11111vvr111h•t>lll11111k11l'!l ........................ ,, .......... .

I' ii

N111nhl1r.

ft,111\0

U,HOll l, 7-11

U,tllH

\l,f•l~

~~.~:I\

MltlO

l~~.10'1

HI, Ill\~

Hll:\.l

ft, l'illl

H,m

n,r111~

M'J,076 l'r~ •. :~.w ...................................................................... . J {Uh11•k~111lllt• .••• ,, •. ,.,,.,,. ..................... ,,,..,.,,,,,,,,,,,.,, Hl,7H .............. , ........................................................ , ........ ., .. t l'll•rllllf r11111n!th• 11111kl'l'll UUI

(~l j ......... "!! '""'"\1i"'""""""'""""'""'""''" .......... ..

l4fli\lt'. Rl'\tl fll}f\ llHfk:tlt"f4,. t'.'. t. f ...... HttH. t UI ••• ~·Hu." t'H\H J'I , ••

~1~r,;\fUOtki;rn. i •••,, ,, • , , .. , , , , ~,, i •• ~ ·~~ ·~· ~ ••• .,. ~ ., ....... ~ • .,, "'~•••"''"'"'t AMrh•111tnr11I l111ph•1m•11t 11111lo•r",,,,,,,, ",,,, .. ,,,, ,., "'',,., .. ,. ,., .. Nnllmnk!'l'll,,,,,., ,,, , , , , , , , , ,,,, , "" .... ,, ., ... ,,,,,,. ........... . Ht~Willl:f hUHlhhn~ fn~1tnr~' t!JIPtttth'f~:i. •• ~· •••• ~·~ .... ~ l • ~ ~ .... ' ' ~. ~' •• ' .. J ... .

' ' ............. ,., .. ,, ...... , • .. , ....... ,.,, .......................... J 1:h1,lltn i ,, ,, .... ,,.,, ............................................... "" ... .... Ul, 100

·1ro11 111111 ~h«•I worlo 111111 •h••1•• 1•1•1•r111h•1m, ........................ .J 114,l\llP ·~ ll'l>1t tmrl 11!~t1I w11rk1111111\ Mh11111111111•r11tlv1•" ( 11111 Mt11•1•Hh«l) ..... ,, .... 1 i !run 111111 ~h•t•I rnllln.i milt 111·~1111lv1•• ............................. ..

I fl!t\!llllkl1l'lll11'\ 1illl!ll\llllllkt•f>I ,.,,. .,,., • .,,,. •• .,.,..,,, ........... ! I lrnn tu11111lr)• r.p11r111ll·1•., ........................................ ,, ...

[fllll t11rm11•11111n•mtt1·11~., .......................................... .. I N1t<'lll~mnk11r~ ......................... , •• ,, ...... " ................ .

ll'ltl~Ull llUJlhlll IHll lwri< .......... " " ... " ....................... "'I

l,!YJ1 t4f•nl~• nwl rulu rn11k1•1'!l ........ , .. , .................................. .. 1,m1I: l'lt•rt•Wll111kt•l'!I,., .. ,..,,,,.,,,,,,,.,,.,,,,,.,., ...................... ..

1~.~"I A11rl1•111l111'11l ll1111li•mt11t( UHlklll'!l ................................... ..

~· I 2, 1\111 !l\iwh11t 111111•hll111 f1wt.1r~· op11r11tlw~ ................. "' ............ .. ..... . .. .. . ... ...... . .. .... ... "" ...... " ................................. " ..... '. '" ................... ' ................ "' .............................. ! .. ,

. '.'.::·::'.''.'.'.': .. : :: . :: ... . . . : : ,., : : :. :.: : ::::: : :::::: :::::: :::: ::::;;::::: .~:~~''.'.'.'.''..: ::::::::·:: ·:: :: : : :;.;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ·:::1 ... •: ;:·:~'. 1<11•10111'ollt)rm11kN11 ............... ,, ... ,, ..... ......... ... ........... ·~~,11.' l'ltOMll holh•r 1111tkt'l't< ................................................ 'I 0, ur.~

1 ........................................................................ 1 ............ j .................................... , .................................... I" ....... .

l'l i••"'""'"' () .......... .. *A1trh111l.111rnl lmj1lt1111un1 m11ktll'll Pl.111111lt1v1\ 111 100\l nut~tlfllllll!' to kind M.wnrk t10111:1, 11~. mot11l work, wm111wm•k, ow. 1 hwl11tl1•J:1nll1111• rlul'll tn tll\KI: cl-lllll'l 111tll(l(l11lltlo.r tron 1md Mt.oat workvr~. l11'1U111w11rkt1N, 111111"otlw1·1111~rn1 Wt•rk11r","

xliv STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.

TABLE UL-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATION.S USED AT THE CENSUSES

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSUITS-Continued.

19001


Iron and sfeel and their prorlucts-Continued.

Stove, furnace, and grate makers ..................................... .

Tool and cutlery makers ....................................... _ ..... .

Wheelwrights ........................................................ .

Wireworkers ••......•....••.....•.................•...................

Leather and t'ts jlnislied 1Jroducts.

Boot and shoe makers and repnirern ....................... __ ........ .

Boot and shoe factory operatives ................................. . Shoemakers (not in shoe factory) ................................ . Apprentices ...................................................... .

Harness and saddle makers and repairers .. _ ......... : ........ _ .. ____ _

Leather carriers and tanners ......................................... .

. Carriers .......................................................... . Tanners .......................................................... .

Apprentices·····························-·····-········--·--··--··

Trunk and leather-case makers, etc ............................... · ••.•

Trunkmakers .................................................... . Leather-case and pocketbook makers .....................••......

Liquors and bei·erages.

Bottlers and soda water m11kers, etc··················--·-············

Bottlers .• _ •.................... _ .. _ .. _ .... _ ..................•.... Mineral and soda water makers .................................. .

Brewers and maltsters .•.•••...•••..•................ _ ............ __ ..

Distillers and rectifiers .....................................••.•....•..

Lumber and ifs remanujactw·es.

Cnbinctmukers -····-·····················-···························· Coopers ............................................................... .

1890

Number. Occupation designations.

12, 473 Stove, furnace, and grate makers .................................. ..

28, 122 Tool and cutlery makers (not otherwise classified) ...•••.••.........

J8,f,0.5 Wheelwrights······························-········-················

18, 48i Wireworkers ........................................................ .

208, 903 1-----11

106,818 }B d h k 101, 600 oot an s oe ma ·ers and repairers ................................ .

585 Apprentices (boot and shoe makers) ................................ .

40,101

42,671

Harness and saddle makers and repairers .......... _ ..... _ .......... .

15, 769 } 26, 839 Leather curricrs, rlrcssers, finishers, and tanners •..••................

63 Apprentices (leather curriers, etc.) ......•............................

7, 051 '.l'runk, valise, leather-case, and pocketbook makers •................

Number.

8, 932

17, 985

12, 856

12, 319

214, 575

213,044

1,031

43, '180

B9, 753

39, 332'

421

6,279

3,G57 3,394 ···---------·-········--·\.-----------------·················--·········· .................. .

10, 519 Bottlers and mineral and soda water makers .... _ ..........••..•..•.

9, 716 803

20, 962 Brewers and maltsters ... _. _ ..... _ ................•...•..•...........

3,144 Distillers and rectifiers ......•.••.....................................

35, 619

37,200

Cabinetmakers •...............•..... _. _ ..........•..........•..•.. _ ..

Coopers ............................................................... .

7,230

20, 862

8,814

85, 915

<17, 486

Saw and pli:ning mill employees...................................... 161, 624 ....................................................................... . 188, 678

Saw and planing mill employees ....•..•............... _ •.........

Lumberyard employees ...........••...........•..................

Other woodworkers •........................ _ ........................ .

Basketmakers ............................................. _ ...... . Boxmakcrs (wood) ....•.•.....•.....•...•.....................•... l'iano and organ makers ....•..................•..•.....•......•••

Furniture manufactory employees ......................•......•.. Not specified ............................................ ·······--·

Metals and meta! products other flian iron ancl steel.

Bxassworkers ••..•.............•.......•.•.........................•.•.

Brassworkers ·······································-···--··-······

~~l~~~·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Clock and watch makers and repairers .............................. .

Clock factoryoperatives ...........................•.•......... Watch factory operatives ...•.•.•...............•.............. :::: Clock and watcli repairers ....................................... .

I For continental United States.

1----1

150, 558 {Saw and planing mill employees •.....•......... _ ............. . Door, sash, and blind makers ............•.......•.••........... :::::

133, 637 5,041

11,066

111,596

........ ---..... ---. -.................................. --. -........... -.... ~ ......... --.. .

...........................................................................

~: ~~~ ~~~~~~~~e(~oa"di::::::: :: ::: : : : :: : : :: : : :: : : :: : : :: : :: :: : : : : : : : : : : : :: 10, 221 Piano and organ makers and tuners ................................ .

23,074 } • d k 62, 917 Woo wor ers (not otherwise specified) ••••.••••••••••.••••••••••••.•

26, 760

20,653 117

5, 990

··:····-····--·························································· Brassworkers (not otherwise specified) ............................. ..

<'J (6

98, 151

5,225 10, 883

•14, 683

67,860

17, 265

17, 265

2·1, 120 Clock and watch makers and repairers . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • • • . .. . . • • . . . . • 25, 252

1!J~g !:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: •see apprentices and helpers (not specified) under" other miscellaneous industries" •see boxmakers (paper) under" paper and printing." ·'

MANVl•'A<"l'l'litSil .\SH :\t11:t'IL\SH'.,\l1 l'ltltl-lt!l'l'.'-1 c .. utlttlll'•l.

:1,:>11

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\\'lt1• 11111~•'1'" 1111<1 l\'t1f41>tll ......................................... ..

xiv

1. r~,•a

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a,:tM l.•WI

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t'N .... ~·~···.,~- ............................. ~·······-··~·~·· Vl.i:l

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li j,

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rn, wJn l! .................................................................... " .. ji

........... Jr t~lti!'k11111k<•l'l' ..................................................... ..

:::::::::::11::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: l l•h111n 1111•1l'fRllll111111•1"• llwlH1h,1l !11 Ilk.Ml with" uflwr nt1•c'l1l11111;111UK llltlll•lrlt••," AN0111ur111111tuh· 1lh1•lllti•t In 18\M.l, 1!!110 U1(1hh~rM mu.l~r trun iuut Mt.1wl wurlwa"M.)

171, ·~\7

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l.'i'ill

xlvi STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.

T.A.llLE III.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE OENSUSE

MANUFACTURING .AND MECHANICAL PURSUITS-Continued.

19001


Metals and metal prodnct~ otlter than 'iron and Bleel-Continued,

Gold and silver workers .............................................. .

Gold and silver workers .......................................... . Jewelry manufactory employees ................................. .

Tin plttte and tinware makers ....................................... .

1800

Number. Occupation designations.

26, 112 Gold and silver workers ............................................. .

9,396 16, 716

70,505

Number.

20, 263

57,525

Tin plate makers ................................................. . Tlnners and tinware makers ..................................... . Apprentices (tinsmiths) .......................................... .

6i:~~~ "riiiD.ei-a·an.Ciii;,~vare lliii.i<er8: ::::: :::: :::: :::::::::: :: : : : : : : : : : : ::::: · ··· ·55;:iss 1, 181 Apprentices (tinsmiths).............................................. 2, 037

Other metal workers ................................................. .

~Yflt~~;rgr:r~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell hangers ........................ . Lead and zinc workers ........................................... . .Molders (metals) ................................................. .

Not specified .....•....•......•............................•...•.•.

Paper and printing. Bookbinders .............•.......•......•.........•..........•....•••.

Boxmakers (paper)····································-·--········-··

Engravers .••.•.•.••......•••.....•..••..•..•................•.•.......

Paper and pulp mill operatives ...................................... .

Printers, lithographers, and pressmen ............................... .

~r~~iff&i~~~~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Electrotypers and stereotypers ...•.••....•......•.....•........... Apprentices (printers) ........................................... .

Textiles.

Bleachery and dye works operatives ............•.•...•..........•.•••

Bleachery operatives ..••..•..••....••.••.....•............•.....•. Dye works operatives ..•..••.•..•..••....•..••••..•.••....•.....•.

Carpet factory operatives ...•..•..••.....•.•...•..•.•••..•••••••.......

Cotton mill operatives .•.••••.••.••••••.•........••.•.•.•.......•.•..

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives ................................ .

Silk mill operatives .................................................. .

Woolen mill operatives ............................................... .

Other textile mill operatives ..•..•......•...•.•••.......•.... _ ....... .

Print works operatives ........................................... . Rope nnd cordage factory operatives ...••..•..•.....•.••.••......•

Hemp nnd jute mill operatives .•.•....................•..••.•••••• Linen mill operatives ..•..•........••.•.....••..•...•.....•....... Worsted mill operatives ......•...•.....•.......•...••••...•....... Textile not specified ...•..•..•...•.•.••••...•.••••..... _ ..•.•.••••

Dressmakers ..•.....•..•.......•.. __ ..•.......•...•....•••.•...........

Dressmakers ...........•...•..••..•.....•.•.•........•..•..••.•.... Apprentices •••..•....•....•..•...•..... _ ......................... .

Hat and cap makers .................................................. .

Milliners ...•.•••.....••. ·········-·····-···-·····-··················-·

~~~~iiifc·e,; :: : ::: :: : :: :::::: :: :: ::: ::: : : : :: :::::: :::: :: ::::::::::: Seamstresses ..•••••.....•.....•..•......•.........•......•..........•.

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers ........................................ .

56,602

8,185 6,387 7,446 5,334 3,161

~Yfcit~~;r~r:r~r~_:::::::::::: ::::::::: ::::::::: ::::::: :: : : : ::: : : : : : :: : : GuOHmiths, locksmiths, and bell h1mgers ....................•....... Lead and zinc workers ............................................. ..

(')

26, 089 {Metal workers (not otherwise specifie1l) ..... _ ..................... .. Brltanniit workers .................................................. .

30, 278 Bookbinders ........................................................ .

21,098 Boxmakers (paper) .......................... ,, ..................... .

11,151 Engravers ........................................................... .

86,328 · Paper mill operatives ............................................... .

155, 147

103, 68() 7,956

86,838 3,172 3,501

}Printers, lithographers, and pressmen .............................. . Compositors ................................................... _ ..... . Electrotypers and stereotypers ...................................... . Apprentices (printers) •.•.....•.••.•.••••.•.•••.......•..•••••••.....

22, 278 Bleachers, dyers, and scourers ..•.•••..•••••••••.•••••••••.••••.•....

4,385 17,893

619, 372

246,391

47,120

64,46()

73,196

104,619

6,056 7,591

Carpetmake,rs ••..••••••..........•.•••....•.•••••.•.....•..••••....••

Cotton mill operatives ................................................ .

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives .....••••.....•..•....•.••......

Silk m!ll operatives ...........•.....•.•.........•.....•..............

Woolen mill operatives ......................................... : .... .

--------------------·····---------·-·-------·-··············------······ Print works o~eratives .............................................. . Rope and cor age makers .•...•..•..•..............•.........•.....•.

27•

104001 Mill and factory operatives (not specified) .•......••••.•••. ,_ ••.•..•.

3,519 }

' 78,312

346,884

344,627 2,257

22, 733

87,859

..................................................................................... Dressmakers ......... _ ...•..............•....................•••.•.... Apprentices (dressmakers) •.•••••..........•.•.......•.•...•.......•.

Hat and cap makers ••.................•.•.. ~ ...••......•....•••......

···-------------- ------- ---- ........... ·---------------··· .... ··--- -...... . ~.·~~ Milliner~ ...... ,., •....................••........•..........••••......

Apprentices (l'.lllllmers) ............................................ ..

39,.132 Shirt, collar, and cufI makers ....................................... .

150,9421 Seamstresses ....................................................... ..

Tailors and tailoresses ............................................... · , __ 22_9_,6_4_9_,, .......... _. ............................................................ .

1~~~~~~~~ ~~.r:.~:.s.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 228,081 J !_ailors ftd tai~resses ............................................... . 1, 568 ppren ces ( ilors) ............................................... .

1 For continental United States. •see apprentices and helpers (not Specifiedl under "other miscellaneous industries " •Not sepa.1R.tely classified in 1890. (See mo ders under iron and steel workers ) ' •Not separated in 1870 and 1880 as to paper and wooden box makers ' 5See carpetmakers (rag) under "other textile workers." '

87, 512

3,38•1 2,756 0,158 4,616

16,GM 90,1

23, 858

17, 757

8,820

27, 817

128, 059

86, 803 so, 060 1,471 4, 635

14,210

22, 802

173,142

29, 555

S,1,855

84,109

108,298

6, 701 8,001

• 93, 596

298,504

289,164 4,3•1()

2'1, 018

61, 686

60,482 1,204

150,044

21, 107

188,025

185,400 2,625

C<)~fl'AHISON AT 'l'WEJ . .li1,,l'H ANI) PltECI~~lllNG xl \'ii

I

[ Cop1•,~r \\'•Wkt~rn ,

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l

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?'\'11111hur. Numlu·r.

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I

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1

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1

"1111••1111111 .. ,,, ... ,, ................ .,......... •.• ...,,...... :1iH1

lil,M:I ·1 11,.,1khl111k1'"'1t•lll11l•lll•l'M, "''"'""'"•"' .,,,..,.,,.... 11,HH

·ttf11'l1~;! J lh•\ f1H'fLH'~·H,'1'htH\'•'tl,, , •. ,,, .,,,, ···•nnu~. •t1,t4'0 ,I ,

~J·;·:· .j h1111rn1···'"·· .............. ,..,, .. ,,

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· jll'rlllli<r1• ,,,,,, ................ .,,,,,,., '"1'1 "''""'~111·1~·1"><,,,,,, .. "."'"'"' ,,,., ........... , .... ''"''''"'

\'ill

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i

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I

~·~~-,,~·.11:i-.~ 1~~· l ••• ''"' ,,, ~·,~; ,.,.., .,~~.

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~!ll tl\l,Hll\I

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lll,llrl\I

Ill, tlilll

:1,1111:1

I 111111111111·111• 1m1lu•r•,., '"'"""'"'"''"" .. ,,,.,..,,.,' 111,1«~ lhH nm11•11p111llltt•l'>l .......................... , ....................... I l~,U~l\

''. ~· f'it•~l• ~l~•· ••• t.. ~ ..... l. ~ •• , 1 ~-,_' '' '··~·. '\' ... ..,~ 'J ··~··· .. ~ ~•'ll •~ ••• I' ........ ~·~'.·~·.·~ ........ t.i• .. ,,.~. ~~.-·· ~ ............ .,,~I· .. ~ .. ~.·~~ .. . ' lq """"' ,.,'! ('l , ..... , ......

1t) :.:,:! <rl "'"""''"

!I (~) I'"""""'• ........ .,,.., .. , ............ : 11.11•'11 '! l'!lhlrl, ••11rr, 11ml 1ml1Hr 11111.k~r~ ....................................... ·i ~.oxo

'' '<' .• '~ o•• t• *l~ ~ ~ *' ._~ ~-~*·~~I .1ai.1. 7fl.ft 1

11 it~.-u • .r~i '"l111~tlf', ntHI ,t.Jf;f\Ull!itrt~~~t\!t ••••• ·~·. n~~~· ~~· ••• 'n• ·~ ••••• ',\ l* Hn.~:i.,\{) I . ~ .

' ' j ' ' ' t ~ '· ••• ,, i • 1 • ~ ~ ' 1 ~ • ~ I ~ a I f n ., • ' • "' ~ • ~ '.,:ft tt it "' ~ ;t ••• 'II' • ~ 11. " ~ ! I t .. I •• "" " " ~ ~ ~ " • ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ... ' • ~ ~ • ~ •• 't' ' •••• ' •••••• ~ • ~ ••••••• ~ ~ ' I • ~ • ~ • ~ • '

\ lt\ I~ •11111• •••• '. I j ( l "' ~' "u "~ > I •

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xlviii STArrISTICS 01:!' OCCUPATIONS.


MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSUI'L'S-Continued.

rnoo1 1890

Occupation designations. Number. Occupation desigrn1tions. Nun1l1er,

Textiles-Continued.

Other textile workers·' ......................... --- ...... -------·· ... .

Carpetmltkers (mg) .............................................. . Lace and embroidery milkers ..............................•....... Sail, awning, and tent makers ••.................................. Sewing l!Jachine operators ..•............................... ····· ·i Not spec1fled •...•....•..•......................................•..

.Miscellaneous industries.

Broom and brush makers ............................................. .

Charcoal, coke, nnd lime burners ......•.•............................

Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) .... --··--···-··-- ........... .

Glovemakers -··--··--·········---····································· Manufacturers and ofiicials, etc ...................................... .

Manufacturers and officials, etc .................................. .

Builders and contractors ...•.......•..............................

Publishers of books, maps, and newspapers ...................... . Officials of mining and quarrying companies .................... .

Model and pattern makers ...................••.......................

Photographers ......•••..........•.....................................

Rubber factory operatives ...............•..•... , ..••...•..............

To ba.cco and cigar factory operatives .....•...........................

Upholsterers ••.........................................................

lfi, fi8U -----1

i: ~i~ ·i;~ce·an.Ci ;;riiiJ!oici~r"Y iii.akers:::::::::: :::::: :::::::: :: :: : : :: ::: : :::: ·· · · --r,; ~,)o· 3, 577 I Sail, awning, .and tent makers....................................... 3, 257 5, 772 Sewing machme operators........................................... 7, 126 3,727 ···•••••••••••••••••••••••••·····••···••••••••• ••.•.•••••••••••••••••••••• •••••·••••

10, 220

14, 436

223,495

243, 009

157, 948

50, 749

10,957 17,355

15, 073

26, 941

21,866

131,452

30, 821

Broom and brush makers ........................................... .

Charcoal, coke, and lime burners ................................... .

Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) ............................ .

G!ovemakers ..................................•..............•.......

Manufacturers 1md ollicials of manufacturing companies .......... .

Builders and cnntmctors ........................•....................

Publishers of books, maps, 1md newspapers .•........................ (')

Model nnd pattern makers .......................................... .

Photographers ................................•.......................

Rubber factory operatives ...........................•.•..............

I Tobacco and cigar factory operatives ...•............................

I Upholsterers ................•..•.................................. , ...

10, 115

8, 704

139, 7G5

6,416

153, 882

101, GlO

46,988

10, 300

20, 0·10

16, 1G2

111, 625

25, 666

Other miscellaneous industries ....................................... · , __ ·17~1_, o_s_9_,i •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••• _............. 211, 123

!{Apprentices (not otherwise specified)................................ 35, G98 Apprentices and helpers (not specified) .......................... . Artificial flower makers .......................................... . Buttonmakers .......•..................................•.......... Candle, soap, and tallow makers .................................• Corsetmakers ...........................•.............•....•....... Cotton ginners ................................................... . Electric light nnd power company employees ................... .

~l;;3n'6°a'~ ~~~~1~i'i8era::::::: ::::::: :: : :: : : :: : : : : : : : :::::::::: :: : Strn w workers ......................•...........................•. Turpentine distillers •.........•................................... Umbrella and parusol makers •..................•................. Well borers .............••.................••.•.........•.......•.. Whitewashers., ....... ,,.,, ...................................... .

Not speclfled ••...•.......•••••••••••••••••••.•••......••••........

'For continental United States.

31, 679 2, 775 6,621 4,020 8,016 1,395 6,156 6, 955 4,293 3,838 7,099 3,242 6,608 3,439

874, 953

'I ApJ!fei.1tices (carriage and wagon makers)........................... 852 Artificial flower makers.............................................. 3, 046 Buttonmakers. .. . . . . . • .• •..•... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 601 Candle, soap, and tallowmakers..................................... 3,450 Corsetmnkers......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 6, 533

("""""""""""""""""""""'"'"""""""•"·········· .. ······················ ........... . I (0) ••••••••••••

I Gas works employees ........... ··•·.....•............................. 5, 22-1

k (•) ·••········· Straw wor crs.......... •. . . . . • . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 666

. ~t~~~~~~;~ ~:~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ...... !i ~~!.

!Bone and ivory workers ......................... , ..• , ... , ........... . Carriage and wagon makers (not otherwise classified) .............• Hair workers .........•..........••................................... ~Iusical instrument makers (not otherwise specllled) .............. . Ship aud boat builders .....•.........•...•........................... Other persons iu manufacturing and mechanical industries ..•..•...

1,691 8 34, 538

1,254 652

8 22, 951 76,7H

"Officials Of manufacturing and mining companies combined in 1880 •Included in 1890with officials of banks, etc., under "trade and transportation" 4 Probalily included in 1880 all apprentices. · •Apprentices we_re, as far as possible, incl1;1ded in 1870 with their respective trades. Only those whose vocations could not be separately determined re

reported under the title "apprentices (not specified)." (Tenth Census, Report on Population, page 762.) we

COMPARISON AT TWELFTH AND PRECEDING CENSUSES. xlix

OF 1870, 1880, 1890, AND 1900, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN HJOO-Continued.

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSUI'.l'S-Continued.

1880 1870

Occupation designations. Number. Occupation c1eslgnatlons. Numbm•.

12, 163 ...••.•••••..••....•........••••.••....••••.........•.•••.••.•••••••.••• f>, 351

·tacernnk·ers· :: :: ::::: ::: :::::::::::::::::: ::::::: :::::: ::: : : : : : : : ::::: · · ····i;?u8· : : : : : : : : : : : :::::: ::: : : : : : : : : : : ::: :: : :::::: ::::::::: ::: ::: : : : :: :: : : : : :: : : : : : :: : : : : : : : Sail and awningmakers..... .. ... . . . .• . .. .. . ... .. . ............. .. . . .. 2, YiiO Snil und awning makcl'H .......................... ~.. .. . .. .• . • • . . .. . . 2, 809 Sewing machine opcmtors.......... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 505 Sewing machine npcrntors........................................... :1, °'12

Broom and brush makers ........................................... .

Charcoal und lime burners ........... : .............................. .

Engineers and firemen .............................................. .

Glovemakers ........................................................ .

{Mannfnctnrers ........•...............•............................... Officia)s of mnnufltcturing !L!Hl mining eomp1tnies .................. .

Bridge builders 1rnd contractor.~ ..................................... . {Builders and contractors (not specified) .................••..........

Railroad builders and contractors .......•........................... Publishers of books, maps, and newspapers ........................ .

(3)

Pntternmnkars . . . . . . . . . .. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . ....................••

PhotogrnpherR ..............................................•.........

Rubber factory opemtives ........................................... .

Cigarmnkers ........................................................ . Tobacco factory operativeR .......................................... .

Upholsterers ......................................................... .

}Apprentices to trndes ................................................ . Artificial flower makers ............................................. . Button factory operatives ........................................... . Candle, soap, and tallow makers .....•.......................•••• -... . Corsetmakers ....................................................... .

8,479

U,851

4,511

GD, 595

>J.J,019 "8,198 10,80·1

2,fiH7 1,200 2, 781

5,82~

9, 990

o, 350

77, 045

56, 599 20, 440

10,,H3

185, 8·13

"J.1, 170

3, 390 4,8i2 2; 923 4,660

Broorn nncl brush nittker:;l. ..... ~ ........................................ .

Charcoal 1t1Hl limc bnrnerH .......................................... .

Engineers mul firemen ................................................... ..

GlovemnlrnrH ......................................•..................

Manufacturers ....................................................... . Otlieinls of nrnnufnctmlng em11p1mlcs ..........................•.....

{

Bniklcr·i m1cl contl'llctors (not specitled) ••.....•..•...•.••..••...•... Brltlgo lmiltlcrH 1mcl coutrnctors ..................................... . HouKe bnililers uml contmctom ..................................... . Railrmul builclers m1<l <'Ontrnctors .....................•.............. PnhliHhers of hooks, 1n1tp:!-!, nncl newRpnperH . ............................. . Otlicinh1 of mining l!mupunics ....•.................................•.

P1itter111111tkcrs ...................................................... .

Dnguorrcntypists tLntl photogmphers ..........•.•.....•..............

Rubber factory opemth·cs ........................................... .

Cign,rn1nk:erH ........................................................................... . 'Tobacco faetory operu.tivcs ............................................. .

ii~~g,l~~~l~~-~O·l';;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :

Apprentices (not Bpceiflccl) .......................................... . ArLiJicinJ flower mulcers ............................................ , . Button f1Lctory operatives .......................................... .. Candle, soap, nrnl t11llow malrnrs .................................... .

fi,810

3:1,233

2,329

07, '105

42,R77 2, l.J<l 7,flll 1,029

ll9\l 1.202 1, fi77

570

:l,970

7,558

3,886

40, 271

28,286 ll, 985

11,111.

fi, 736 376

101,'117

r.rn,302 1, mo 1,272 l1U'12

......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 'iifis 'voriis elli'Piayees::: ::::: ::: ::: ::: : :::: ::::: :: ::: :: ::::::::: :::::: · · ·· · -.i; ao5· ·li1;,;;voi·i;,; cmiiia;Yi,;,;.: :: :: :::::::::: :: : : :: : : :: :: : : :: :: : : : :: : ::: : : ::::: · · · · · · ·2; o8a

(7~ Straw workere ......... ·•····· .........................•......•.•.•••....•• ".i,"229" "8ti·1i;v·\VOl:l~ers:::: :::: ::::: ::::: :: : : :: ::: : : : :: :: :: ::: : : : : : : :: : : : :: ::: : .••.... 2,"oiio

·ulli6reiia:a:ri<ij,ii:ifisciiillii1<ci·s::::::::::::: :::::: ::: :: :: ::: : : : :::::: :: · ···· ·i;un1· · u~;breii.~ -~.i(i ii~;.:.i;.;1 ii1~i1<tii·ii:::::: :: : : : : :: :: :: : : :: :: : : : : : : :: : : : : : :: : · · · · · · · i;,i:ii> · wh'ite,vasiiers:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: · • · · • • s; a iii·

Boatmakers ......................................................... .

g~:~:~l~~~~~:.~~~~~::~.::::: :::: ::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::: :::: Carriage anc1 wagon m1Lkcrs ........................................ . Employees of mnnnfacturing establishmentB (not specified) ....... . Fnr workers ............•..............................•....•......... Hair cleaners, dressers, 1incl workers ............................... . Quartz ancl stamp mill operntives und laborers ....................•. Others in manufacturing, mechanical, and mining industries ...•.•.

s2, 063 l,8H8 4,708

849, 881 34, 536 1,5~0 1) 005 1,·14D

13, 542

·~J~~~~~~~~i~~::::: :: :::::::::::::: ::: :::: :: :: ::: : :: : :: : :: : : ::::: :: :: : • • ... •H• ~:~j~ Bone nncl ivory workers.............................................. ~OS Cn.rn1n.lrE~r.R ............................................................. 2,228 Card and fnney paper rnttkern........................................ 839 Carrlngc n.nd wn.gon innkm·A............. .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . a •!2, 1JDri Combmnkers................. ................................ .......• 003 E!nployecs of mnnnfnetnrlng C8tt11JliHhment,q (not s11eeille<l) . . • • . . . • 20, 2•12 li'tl'O\\'Ol'kH lllltl::cr:; .............................................................. - 101 l:jlur'v(1rkur:-1................................................................. 1,191 Glnem11kcrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 2·11 llilir elenncrs fllHl <lrcssers ............................ _............... 1, 020 Hoscmalrnrs (le1Lthcr nml other)..................................... 2•18 Inkmnkcrs • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 M uslcal !nstrumen ~makers ( 1wt specific cl) • . . . . • . . • • . . . • . • . . . . . . . • . • 377 !'laster rnoklers • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. • • • . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .. • . . . . . 223 Quartz 1tnd stnmp mill liiborer., .................................... ,. 017 'l'russm ak!!rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 7'! Whipm1tkcrs .......................... :.............................. OQ() Window shnde makers............................................... 2•15

o Combined in 1890 with telegraph ancl telephone linemen uncler "trade anrl. tri111sr1tn•tntio11 " · 1 Combined in 1880 anc11890 with piano anc organ i:iakers. (See "other woodworkers" nncier "lumber an1l Ms remo.nufnctmes.") 8 Carriage uncl wagon makers and ship und boat bmlders classiflecl in 1900 according to kinc1 of work done, ns metal work, woodwork, eto,

23054.-04-iv

l STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.

The detailed presentation in Table III of the number of persons credited to each specified occupation at the last four censuses is supplemented by Table rv, showing, wherever practicable, a classification by sex of the total number of persons reported at these censuses in the several occupation groups of the 1900 classification. To a limited extent the subdivisions under the main groups are also g·iven, in order particularly to

supply the figures for males and female: wherever they seemed fairly comparab

Some changes have been made in tb occupation designations under class be suscs of 1870, 1880, and 1890, in order tlu may correspond with those for 1900; c totals as prcsen ted in Table rv cli:(fer fro1r in the printed reports for the three cen

TABLE IV.-NUi\fBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS, FOR BOTH SEXES AND SEPARATELY: 1870, 1880, 1890, AND 1900.

========c=========······ BOTH SEXES. MALES. F

OCCUPATIONS.

19001 1890 1880 1870 19001 18110 1880 18i0 19001

-----------·I---,------.-- ---- ----1---- ----l·----11·-~----All oecupations .......... 29, 073, 233 22, 735, G61 17, 392, 099 12, 505, 923 23, 753, 836 18, 821, 090 1-1, 74·1, 9·12 10, 669, 635 5, 319, 397 3, 91.4, i

··---= Agricultural pursuits ........ 10, 381, 765 8, 565, 920 7, 713, 875 5, 948, 501 9, 404, 429 7, 887, 042 7, 119, 305 5, 551, 593 977, 330 G71', I

Agricultural laborers ............. . Dairymen and dairywomen ....... . Farmers, planters, and overseers .. . Gardeners,florists,nurserymen,etc. Lumbermen andraftsmen .......•. Stock raisers, herders, and drovers. Woodchoppers .......••............ Turpentine farmers anrl laborers .. Other agricultural pursuits ....... .

Apiarists .. : .............•......

---- ----<-----1----·11---- ----1·----1-----' -------4,410,877

10,875 5, G7·1,8'i5

61,788 72,020 84, 988 36,075 24,735

5,532 1,339

3, 00·1, 061 17, 895

25, 281, 557 l.!72, 601

05, 866 70, 'i29 33, 697

} 19, 520

1, 773

3, 323, 876 2, 885, 996 3, 747' 668 8, 948 3, 550 9, 983

4, 229, 051 2, 981, 320 5, 367, 169 56, 032 33, 632 58, 928 30, 651 17, 752 71, 920 44, 075 15, 359 83, 056 12, 731 8, 338 35, 962

{ 7' 450 2, 478 24, 454 1,061 136 5,289 1, 016 136 1, 291

2, 556, 957 16, 161

'5, 055, 130 '70, 186 65,838 70, 047 33, 665

} 19, 058

1, 728

2, 788, 97G 8,238

4, 172,0·19 54, 493 30, 651 43, 859 12, 731

{ 7, 325 1,043

999

2, 512, 664 3, 133

2, 958, 639 33, 353 17, 752 15,284 8,338 2,294

136 136

.603, 209 892

307, 706 2,860

100

447,1 1, ~

2226,•. 22,~.

1,932 113 281 } 243 48

Professional service.......... 1, 258, 538 944, 333 603, 202 371, 650 827, 941 632, 646 425, 947 279, 347 430, 597 31.1, ( ---------·1----11----1----1-.;___--1----1------

Actors, professional showmen, etc. Actor~ ........................ .

Architects, designers, draftsmen, etc.

Architects···---------········· Designers, draftsmen, and in-

ventors. Artists and teachers of art ........ . Clergymen ........................ . Dentist~ ........................... -Electricians ...................... . Engineers (civil, etc.) and sur-

verors. J ournallsts ........................ . Lawyers .......................... . Literary and scientific persons ... .

Chemists, ""sayers, and metal-lurgists.

Musicians and teachers of music .. Officials (gm·ernment) ............ . Physicians and surgeons •...•..•.•. Teachers and professors in col-

leges, etc. Other professional service ........ .

Veterinary surgeons ....•..•.••

34, 760 14, 708 29,524

10,581 18, 943

24, 873 111, 638 29, 665 50, 717 } 43, 239

30,038 114, 460 18,84'1 8,847

92, 174 86, 607

132, 002 446,133

13,864 8,163

27, 783 9, 728

17, 461

8, 070 9, 391

22, 496 88, 203 17,498

43, 239

21, 849 89, 630 11,217

4, 503

62, 155 82,590

104, 805 847, 344

8, 063 0,494

. 7,416 4,812 6,195

3,375 2,820

9,104 64, 698 12, 314

8,261

12, 808 64, 137 •s,100

1, 909

80, 477 69, 681 85,671

8227, 710

'2,180 2,130

3, 230 27' 003 23, 200 5, 413 2, 053 8, 334 5, 779 2, 992 3, 303 2E, 483 17, 134 6, 122

2,017 10,481 8,048 3,358 1, 286 18, 002 9, 086 2, 764

4, 081 13, 852 11, 681 7, 043 43, 874 108, 265 87' 060 6·1, 533

7' 839 28, 858 17, 161 12, 253

7' 374 { fiO, 308 } 43, 115 8, 261 43, 155

5,286 40, 736 1,751

772

16, 010 47,029 62,448

126,822

1,867 1,166

27, 845 113,450 12,860 8,599

39, 815 78, 488

124, 615 118, 519

11, 525 8,149

20, 961 89 ,j•)')

s:4i\s 4,4641

27,636 ' 77, 115

100, 248 101, 278

7,582 6,492

12, 020 64,062 82, 782

1, 921

17,295 67,609 83,239

373,335

2,438 1,361 3,289

2,016 1,278

3, 669 43, 807 7,815 7,37-l ,{

5,251 40, 731 1,592

772

10, 257 46, 615 01, 921 42, 775

1,813 1,166

6,857 6, 37,j 1,041

100 941

11, 021 3,373

807

4~H 2, 193 1, 010 5, 984

248

52, 359 8,119 7,387

327, 614

2, 339 14

4,1 a,~

!

34,f '1, E 4,E

240,C

4

Domesticandpersonal~ervice 5, 580, 657 4, 220, 812 3, 418, 793 2, 263, 564 8, 485, 208 2, 553, 161 2, 237, 493 1, 290, 951 2, 095, 449 1, 067, (!

Barbers and hairdressers •......... Eoardingandlodglng house keepers Hotel keepers ..................•... Janitors and sextons ..•....••.•....

Janitors ................•...•... Sextons ...........•.•...•....•.

~~~~'J~:c~'i:r~E1~~:~~.;88e8::::::: Nurses and midwives ..........•... Restaurant keepers .......•....•.•. Saloon keepers .••..••..•••••...•••. Bartenders ............•.••.....••.. Servants and waiters ...•........... Housekeepers and stewards •.•..... Soldiers, sailors, andmarines(U.S.). Watchmen, policemen;llremen,etc. Other domestic and personal service

181, 116 71, 281 M,797 56, 577 51, 191 5,386

2, 629, 262 335, 965 120, 956 33,844 83, 746 38,817

1,560, 721 155, 153

43,195 130,590 34,637

~!: ~~~ 44,076 26, 538 21, 556 4,982

1, 913, 373 248, 462 47, 586 19, 2E3 71, 385 55,806

1,454, 791 92, 036 27, 919

} 90,226

44, 851 19,058 32,453 9,212 6, 763 2,449

1, 859,223 121, 942 15, 601

} 88, 078

}l,155,351

2<1, 161

'53,863

23, 935 12, 785 26, 394 2,920 1, 769 1, 151

1,032,084 60, 906 12, 162

50, 767

1,000,417

23,338

17,856

Trade and transportation.... 4, 766, 964 3, 326, 122 1, 871, 503 1, 244, 383 '

Agents ............................ . Bankers and brokers ....•......... Boatmen 11nd sailors ............. ..

174, li82 83, 989 35, 968 19, 373

20, 316 10, 631 88, 982

125, 542 82, 157 11, 826 11, 756 46, 264 38, 800 48, 544 23, 730 13, 249 18, 776

5, 295 4, 954 2, 505, 2E7 1, 858, 558

50, 683 31, 831 12, 265 6, 190

41, 949 6, 745

30, 317 8,499 6,064 2,435

1, 796,575 13, 744 1,189

81, 660 69, 110 80, 880 ! 2E, 999 16, 867 l 88, 377 55, 660

276, 958 238, 152 185, 078 8,224 5, 947

22, 756 5, 725

25, 529 2, 767 1,623 1,144

1,010, 763 5,297

806

50,051

126, 679

43, 195 27' 919 24, 161 23, 338

{ 129

• 711 I} 86 ·184 •48, 356 17, 240 27, 673 '

4,2G3,Gl7 ~,097,701 1,808,445 l,~24,000

230, 606 169, 707 33, 553 20, 219 72, 984 35, 458 19, 240 10, 616 78, 253 76, 823 88, 478 88, 941

5,574 59,455

8,533 8,033 7,942

91

2,E 82,f 5,~ 2,E 2, 7

123,975 54, E 335,2s2 210, e 108,691 41, ~

! 4,845 2,4 2,~~g 2, ~

1,283,763 1, 216, 6 146,929 so, a

{ 879}·······

6, 964 3 , 7 li03, 347 228,4

4,8 5

Bookkeepers and accountants ...•. Clerks and coyyists ............... . Stenographers and typewriters ... .

241, 162 73 277 78: 406

254,880 630, 127 112,3M I 92, 919

76, 874 88, 537 159, 374 } 557,358 •504,454 33, 418 {

180, 727 131, 602 } { 544, 881 493, 139 •474, 110 288, 762 20, 246 12, 1481 91, 973 58, 080 27, 886 7, 230

296, 785

10, 550 293 153

74, 153 85, 246 86, 118

27,? 64,2 21,~

Commercial travelers .•............ 58, 691 2S, 158 7,262 9,15

i For continental United States. •Fruit growers (except grape growers) included in 1890 with farmers, planters, and overseers; clfissifled in 1900 with gardeners, florists, n ur1 •Scientific persons combined in 1880 with teachers. 4 Other professional service (except veterinary surgeons) combined in 1880 with" other domestic and personal service," 6 Partly estimated.

COMPARISON AT TWELFTH AND PHECEDING CENSUSES. Ii

TABLE IV.-NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS, J?OR BO'.rH SEXES AND FOR EACH SEX SEPARATELY: 1870, 1880, 1890, AND 1900-CO:ntinued.

OCCUPATIONS.

Trade and transportation-Con.

Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc. Foremen and overseers ............ Hostlers ............................ Hucksters and peddlers ....•....... Livery stable keepers .............. Merchants and ilealers (except

wholesale). Merchants and dealers ~wholesale). :Messengers and erran and office

boys. Officials of banks and companies .. Packers and shippers .............. Porters and helpers (in stores, etc.). Salesmen and saleswomen ......... Steam railroad employees ......... Street mil way emplovees .......... Telegraph and tele~lione linemen. Telegraphandtelep one operators. Undertakers ....•.................. Other persons in trade and trans-

portation. Auctioneers .................... New-spaper carriers and news-

bOyF, Weighers, guugcrs, tLIHl mens-

urers. Manufacturing and mechan·

!cal pursuits. Bnilding trades.

Carpenters nrnl joiners .....•....... Iasons (brick imd stone) .......... :It

.P ainters, glaziers, and varnishers .. Paper hangers .....................

Jasterers ................•......... p Plumbers and gas and steam fitters. Roofers and slaters ................ Mechanics (not otherwise specified)

Chemicals ancl allied product~. Oil well and oil works employees ..

Oil well emplor.ees ............. Oil works emp oyees ...........

Other chemical workers ........... Chemical works employees .... Fertili2er makers .............. Powder and cartridge makers . Salt works employees .......... Starchmakers •• , ...............

Olay, glass, and stone products. rick and tile makers, etc .•....... lassworkers ....•.................

B G M p

arble and stone cutters .......... otters .•............•••..........•.

Fishing and mining. shermen and ovstermen ..•..•••. iners and quarrymen ............ ,

Miners (coal) ...•.............. Miners (not otherwise specified) Quarrymen ....................

Fi M

.Fbod and kindre<l p1·oditcls. I akers ............................. , ntchers ....•.............•........ utter and cheese makers .........

B B B c M 0

onfectioners ........•............. illers ............................. tiler food preparers ...........•••.

Fish curers and packers ....... Meat and fruit canners and

preservers. Meat packers, curers, and

picklers. Sugar makers and refiners .....

Iron and st.eel and their p1'0<l11cts. lacksmitbs ....................... B

I M s s T w w

ron and steel workers ............. nchinists .......•........•........

team boiler makers ............... tove, furnace, and grate makers .. ool and cutlery makers ........... heel wrights ...•••...•............ ire workers ...•••.................

1 For continental United States.

19001

538, 933 55,450 OJ, 929 76, 649 33, 656

790, 880

42, 326 71, 622

74, 072 59 545 51:191

611, 139 582, 150 68, 919 14, 757 7·1,9K2 rn, 1s9 53,~34

2,808 6,893

G, GOG

7,085, 309

600, 252 160, 805 277, 541 21, 990 35, 69·1 97, 785 9,067 9,378

24, 626 18, 011

6 615 14:723 6, 740 1,310 4,136 1, 775

762

49, 933 49, 998 54,460 16,140

68, 940 563, 406 344,205 184, 617 34,584

79, 188 118, 193 19,241 31, 104 40, 548

"ll: ) 9,249

181 776

2,727

226,477 290, 538 283, 14& 83, 046 12,473 28, 122 13,505 18, 487

BOTH SEXES.

I

1800 1880 1870 10001

368, 499 177,586 120, 756 538, 029 36, 084 ····ai;697 . .... i7,'586' 54,032 54, 086 64,8.'iO 59, 083 53, 491 34, 337 73, 734 26, 757 14,213 S,504 33,466

660, 239 } { 756,802 479, 439 357, 6-17

42,065 31, 086 51, 355 18,985 8, 717 64, 959

•15,553 10, 023 72,801 '39, 900 24, 946 9,3·12 fi, ·161 39, 557 21, 35() 37,2H 31, 513 53, 625

204, 394 •32, 279 •14, 203 •161, 909 4G2, 213 236, 0.58 154, 027 58U,4t;2

37, 43·1 •11, ll87 fl, 103 68, 873 •11,1:;.i ... :i 2ii,"ititi. --- ''8,'3i(;' 1·1,7"7

52, 2l·i 5!l,-12(i 9,801 5, 113 1, 996 15,866

lG, 23G 356, 169 421 218 -19, 73-1

3, 20;::) 2,331 2,266 2,805 5, 288 3,374 2,002 6,82·1

3, 800 3,302 920 G,·187

5, 678, 4GR 3, 78·1, 72G 2, 677, 765 5, 772,Ml

'618, 242 7 390,595 300, •196 5U9, 707 160,845 •102, 478 89, 710 mo, r.as 222, 233 •130,319 86, 657 275, 782 •12, 369 •5, 013 2,490 21, 749 •39, 002 822, 083 23, 577 35,G49

61, 231 819, 383 11,143 97, 669 •7, 043 •4, 026 2,750 9,065 15, ,185 7,858 16,5H 9,351

14, 771 11, 269 5,550 24,573 9, 1'17 7,340 S,803 18, 001 5,624 3, 929 1, 747 6, 572 8,256 7, 122 3,684 . 12,035 3, 628 2, 923 667 5, G87

732 1,383 316 1, 308 1, 385 '"'"'i;.i3i' 761 2, 745 1, 765 1, 721 1, 671

746 1,385 229 024

60,214 36, 052 26, 070 49, •155 34,282 17, 934 9,511l 47, 377 61, 070 32, 842 25, 831 M,817 14, 928 7,233 5,0llO 13, 200

60,162 41, 352 27, 106 68, ·178 387, 2·i8 2·19, 397 165, 606 562, '117 208,5-15 } 23'1, 228 152,107 { 3·13, 581 141,047 184, su; 37, 656 15, 160 13,589 34, 521

60, 197 41, 309 27,680 74, 800 105,456 76, 241 44,354 112, 815 11,211 4,570 3,53•1 18, 598 23, 251 13, 692 8,219 21, 080 52,841 53,440 41,582 40, 862 9, 725 8,623 4,015 23, 640

I 82,1

f 5,983

7,109 6,290 2,877 12, 799

2,010 2,327 1,609 2,708

209, 581 s 172, 726 142, 075 220, 284 •220,428 130, 346 9,1, 790 287, 241 186, 828 •101, 130 54, 71i5 282, 574 8 21, 339 •12, 771 G,958 83, 038

.8,932 3, 341 1,543 12, 480 17, 985 1&, 588 6,7641 27, 376 12,856 15, 592 20, 942 13, 495 12,319 7, 170 21 796 16, 701

MALES, FJ~MAI~I~S.

181JO 1880 1870 19001 lS!lO 18RO 1870 -------- ---

368,205 177, 586 120, 500 904 23·! ·-········ 196 35, 1-09 ............ ···-i7,'.584" 1, 418 975 ........... . ········2 fi.1,014 81, 697 79 22 50,82-1 50, 999 32,8.U 2, Ul5 2,269 2,4~~ 1, •103 26, 710 1·1,180 s,.103 190 47 11

034,884 } { 3·1, 08,! 25, 355 } 404,087 351,91.'i lol, 7f>2 5, 732 30,890 261 196 ·18, ·1-10 13,585 ll,1137 6, 063 2, 909 •100 80

"39 683 3J5,553 !J, 955 1,271 2217 68 --··--532· 1H:42ti 8,810 fi,2ti0 rn, 988 6,5W 195 2·1 002 a.J,7M 30, 963 5G6 3fi-1 2,4.60 lifiO

20fl'.9·13 •2J, 535 •ll,•128 149, 230 ris,,151 •7, 7.J.I •2, 775 ·!GO, 771 235,Gll 153,965 1,688 l,.u2 .f.17 62

37,-123 "11,0~3 u,102 4G 11 "'1 1 0 10,.rnr. ------ .. ·--· -----······ ... 22;55;;·

0 000 . .. :ii;27i» ...... 355 ·J3, 740 '21,891 7,961 8,·17'1 9,808 fi,Oli8 1,970 :123 83 55 20

lii, 341 351,5-19 .Jl,fiS3 3, 700 SU ii 31, 620 635

3,203 2,328 2,25-1 3 2 3 12 5,216 3,2~8 i,m:m G9 72 70 7

3,842 3,291 923 179 18 11 8

'1, 650,540 8, 153, ti92 2, 323, 7·H 'l, 312, 668 1, 027, 928 031, 03·1 85·1, 021 ---- ---------------

•018,0H 78UO, 095 :mo, -rna 5.15 •ms . . .. . . . . . . ~ ......... mo, so1 810~~. ·173 8ll, 710 lli7 .fl 220, 960 •120, 903 86, mm 1, 759 1, 273 H32(] 88 •12, 315 s.i~ 850 2, ·171 241 BM Blfi.1 19 838, 987 •22, 083 23, 577 45 Hlf1 .......... ............

61, 185 •10, 383 ll,H3 126 •IG .......... ......... •7, 0,10 s 1, 02G 2, 700 2 83 ---·--··5· --··2;559 15,472 7,853 13, 955 27 13

14, 724 11, 237 5,510 53 47 32 40 9,137 7, 3·10 3, 802 10 10 ·········· 1 5,587 B,897 1, 708 ,13 87 :12 39 6,530 0,488 3, 368 2,688 1, 726 li3•1 826 2,613 2, 509 473 1,058 1,orn ·114 18'1

726 1,371 310 2 0 12 6 903 ·····i;aoo· 005 1·i5J ·122 ....... ,ji' 96

1, OG2 1, 721 103 5GG 1,218 189 188 180 167 ,10

60, 070 35, 9&1 25, 996 •178 UI o~ 7'i 32, 572 17, 370 9,3,15 2, 021 1, 710 00•1 173 61, 012 32,8,12 25, 831 148 li8 ······m 1°2, 039 G,6,H •1, 0•18 2, 9'!0 1, 089 ...... 589'

59, 899 .Jl, 287 27, 071 402 203 05 85 386, 872 249, 318 105, llf>O 980 870 79 46 208, 330 } 23•1, 149 152, 001 { 62·1 215 } 70 ,16 140, 9H 302 133 37, 628 15, 169 13, 589 GS 28 ~ ... -.. -... ...........

67, 910 40,2•16 27,,J<J2 4, 828 2,287 1,003 238 101i, 380 7ti,241 44~ Bli~1 378 117 10,808 4,230 2, 750 6•18 ,103 . ·····3,j(i. """'"'784 17, 077 11, 892 7, 007 O, 21•1 5,67'1 1,800 012 52, 747 53,803 '11, 348 180 0·1 77 289 8,115 7,445 3,•165 'lil) 1, 010 1, 178 550

I 8,266 5,508 5,182 1, 839 1, GOO 1, 161 538

977

2,612 2,813 1, 599 19 4 14 10

209, 521 8172, 726 1'12, 075 193 oo· 0 217,515 128, 932 91, 996 8,297 02, 9111 .... i;.ii.i" --··2;794

180, 677 a 101, 130 54, 755 571 151 .............. 8 21, 333 s 12, 771 o, 953 8 '6 ............. ········5

8,912 3, 341 1, 543 48 20 17, 449 15, 031 6, 656 7-16 &30 557 ...... ios 12, 855 15, 502 20, 942 10 1 11, 238 6, 925 1,901 1,786 1, 081 ······245· ····· ·335

•Inc!udes officials of mining and quarry_lng companies (number not stated), classified in 1900 with manufacturers ancl officials under "mmrn!acturing imd mechamcal pursuits" (miscellaneous industries).

•Partly estimated. •Salesmen and saleswomen probably largely returned as clerks in 1870 and 1880.

pur:J~:,';'des electric light and power company employees, classified in moo with "other miscellaneous industries" under "manufacturing ancl mechanical •Does not include ship carpenters, classified in 1890 with ship and boat bullders, 7 Includes ~hip calkers, rlg!(ers, ancl smiths, combined in 1880 with ship carpenters, but docs not include apprentices. s Does not mclude apprentices. •Includes all molders, classified in 1900 under iron and steel workers, hrassworkers, and "other metal workers."

Iii STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.

TABLE IV.-NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS, FOR BOTH SEXES AND FOR EAOH SEX

SEPARATELY: 1870, 1880, 1890, AND 1900-Continued.

BOTH SEXES. MA.LES. FEMALES.

OCCUPATIONS.

I 1880 1870 19001 1890 1880 1870 19001 1890 1880 1870 19001 1890

-----------Manufacturing and mechanical

pursuits-Continued. . " Leather and 11sftnished products. Boot and shoe makern and repairers 208, 903 214,575 '194, 079 171, 127 169, 393 180,871 •173, 072 161,485 39,510 33, 70<! •21, 007 9,642

Harness and saddle makers and 40,101 43,480 39, 960 32, 817 39,506 42, 647 38, 409 32, 767 595 833 1,551 50

repairers. 42, 671 39, 753 •29, 842 30, 726 40, 917 39,461 •29, 642 30,641 1, 754 292 •200 85 Leather curriers and tanners •.••••

Trnnkandleather-casemakers, etc. 7,051 6,279 4,410 2,047 5,472 5,458 4,031 1,970 1,579 821 379 77

Liquors and beverages. 5 Bottlers and soda water makers, etc 10,519 7,230 2,081 458 9, 725 6,681 2,012 453 79·1 549 09

Brewers and maltsters ......•••.... 20, 962 20,362 16, 278 11, 246 20, 687 20,294 16, 217 11 238 275 08 01 8 Distillers and rectifiers ••.••••••••• 3,144 3,314 3, 240 2,874 3,114 3,305 3,237 2;868 30 9 8 6

Lumber an<l 11s remanufactures. Cabinetmakers., ....•• ___ ••.• ·.--- .• 35, 619 35, 915 50, 654 42,835 35,552 35, 891 50, 174 42,123 67 24 •180 712 Coopers ..•...••.••.....•....••••••. 37,200 47,486 53, 199 43, 647 37,087 47,438 53.199 43, 61'1 113 48 33 Saw and planin~ mill employees •• 161, 624 138, 678 92,3o7 63, 180 161, 251 138, 386 92; 316 63, 001 373 292 41 119 Otherwoodwor ers •.•.•...•...•... 111,596 98, 151 30, 337 22,066 104, 791 92, 053 29, 334 21, 749 6,805 6,098 1,003 317

Basketmakern .....•......••..• 6,522 5,225 5,654 3,297 4,460 4,514 5,058 3,082 2,062 711 596 215

Metals and metal products other than iron and steel.

Brassworkers •••••..•........•..••. 26, 760 •17, 265 211, 568 4,863 25,870 316, 352 '10, 831 4, 757 890 "913 • 737 106 Clock and watch makers and re· 24,120 25,252 13, 820 •1, 779 19, 305 20,556 12,002 41, 704 4,815 4,696 1,818 475

pairers. 28,405 18,508 19, 732 16, 914 26,438 17,279 6,380 3,~~~ 1, 967 1,229 Gold and silver workers ••••••••••• 26.112 20, 203

Tin ¥late and tinware makel'!! •••••• 70, 505 57,525 242,818 30, 524 GS, 730 56,623 '41, 781 30, 507 1, 775 •1, 037 17 in plate makers •••.•.••••••••• 7,231 .•.. 5i(488" ····42;8i8" ····30;524" 6,954 -- ··54;5139· -- --ii: 78i" .... iiii;5ii7" 277 ····--399· .... i:oa1· ....... i7

Tinners and tinware makers •• 62, 093 60, 606 1,487 Other metal workers .••..•.•••••••• 56, 602 37,512 lG,394 12,522 54,282 36, 127 16, 069 12, 275 2,320 1,38~ 325 247

Copper workers .•.....•••••••.. 8,185 3,384 2, 342 2, 122 8,174 3,377 2,326 2,118 11 10 4 Electroftlaters ••..•..•.••••••••• 6,387 2,756 ....... _______ ................ 6,146 2,644 ··--ia:a11· ·····s;i5i. 241 112 ................ Gunsm ths, locksmiths, and 7,446 9,158 10, 572 8,184 7,400 9,069 46 89 195 88

bell hangers. 4,413 2, 105 550 203 93 Lead and zinc workers ..••.... 5,334 4,616 2,105 649 5,237 97 ..............

Paper and printing. Bookbinrlera •••.••.•.•••••••••••..• 30,278 23, 858 IS, 833 9,104 14, 616 12, 298 8,342 6,375 15, 632 11, 560 5, •191 2, 729 Boxmakers (paper) .••....••••••.•• 21,098 17, 757 615, 762 •6,080 3, 796 4, 714 58, 632 68, 857 17, 302 13, 0·13 0 7,130 f12, 228 Engravers .•..•.••••••••.•.••.•••••• 11, 151 8,320 4,577 4,226 10, 698 8,017 4,474 4,197 453 308 103 29 Pafrer and pulp mm operatives •••• 36, 328 27,817 21,430 12, 469 26, 904 18,856 14, 711 8,585 9,424 8,961 6,719 3,884 Pr nters, lithographers, and press- 155, 147 123,059 • 72, 726 40, 424 139,166 110,848 '69,270 38, 920 15, 981 12, 211 •s, ·15o 1,504

men. Tedi/a.

Bleachery anddyeworks operatives 22,278 14,210 8, 222 4, 901 20,493 12, 503 7,573 4,582 1, 785 1, 707 019 819 Carpet factory operatives •••.••.••. •19, 372 22,302 17, 068 15, 669 010, 371 11,546 9, 962 10, 292 • 9, 001 10, 756 7,100 5,877 Cotton mill o~ratives ••.•....•.... 246, 391 173, 142 169, 771 111, 606 125, 788 80, 177 78,292 47, 208 120, 603 92, 965 91,479 6•1, 398 Hosiery and itting mill opera· 47, 120 29, 555 12, 194 3,658 12, 680 8, 745 4,334 1,664 84,490 20, 810 7,860 1, 989

tives. Silk mill oBeratives ...••.••••.•.••. 54,460 34,855 18, 071 3,256 22, 023 14, 192 8,860 954 32, 437 20, 668 9,211 2,302 Woolen m11 operatives .••.•.••.•.• 73, 196 84, 109 88, 010 58, 836 42, 566 47,638 52, 504 86, 060 30, 680 36, 471 35, 506 22, 776 Other textile mill operatives ....•. 104, 619 108, 298 48, 565 51, 678 .53,437 61,661 33, 422 40,840 51, 182 46, 637 15, 148 10,833

Print works operatives ..•••••• 6,056 6, 701 5,419 s, 738 4,963 5,162 4,318 2, 786 1,093 1, 539 1,101 952 Rop~ and cordage factory oper- 7,691 8,001 8,514 2,675 4,592 4,896 3,040 2,345 2,999 3,105 •17•! 830

atives. Dressmakers •••••••••••••••.•..•.•. 346,884 293, 504

} '285,401 } { 2,090 836 } }

{ 344, 794 292, 668 r2s1, 928 } 187, 687

Milliners •••.•••••••••••............ 87, 859 61, 686 253, 904 1, 739 395 2 3,473 66,217 86, 120 61, 291 Seamstresses •.•••••••••...••.••.••• 150, 942 150, 044 4,837 4,001 146, 105 146, 048 Tailors and talloresses •.•.••.••..•. 229, 649 188, 025 2133, 756 160, 714 123,516 •s1, 658 68, 935 6<!, 509 2 52, 098 Hat and cap makers ••...........•• 22, 733 24, 013 16,860 12, 625 15, 110 17, 319 13, 004 9,275 7, 623 6, 694 3,856 3, 350 Shirt, collar, and cuff makers •••••• 39,432 21, 107 11,823 4,080 8,491 5,132 3,163 1,268 30, 941 15, 975 8,660 2,812 Other textile workers ••.•••••••...• 29, 533 15, 689 12, 168 5,351 8,862 4,931 4, 797 2,460 20, 671 10, 708 7, 806 2,891

Carpetmakers (r';f,) •..•.....•.. 7,245 ·····5;255· ..... i;?oa· ------····· 1,916 ··--------- -------···· ----······· 5,329 -- · ·4,«is5 • .... i;.j§,j' ········· Lace and embroi ery makers .• 9,212 ·····2;iio9· 1, 944- 821 254 ..... 2;273· 7,268 Sall, awning, and tent makers. 3,577 3,257 2,950 3,168 3,006 2,843 409 251 107 31 Sewing machine operators ••.•. 5, 772 7,126 7,505 3,o.12 736 1,lo.1 1, 700 182 5,036 6, 022 5i805 2,800

Miscellaneous industries. Broom and brush makers ...•..•••. 10, 220 10, 115 8,479 5,816 8,643 8,949 7,837 5, 299 1,577 1,166 642 517 Charcoal, coke, and lime burners • 14,436 8, 704 5,851 3,83·1 14,405 8,689 5,851 3,829 31 15 ·········· 5 Engineers and firemen (not loco- 223,495 139, 765 79,628 34, 233 223,318 139, 718 79, 628 34,233 177 •17 ·········· ......... motive~ GloYema ers .....•••••.••••...••.. 12,271 6,416 4,611 2,329 4,503 2,741 2,558 1,110 7, 768 3,675 1, 953 1,219 Manufacturers and officials, etc •.• 243, 009 7153, 882 69, 595 57,405 239, 649 7153,468 69, 122 57, 209 3,360 1414 473 196 Model and pattern makers •••..•.. 15,073 10,300 5,822 3,970 14,869 10,159 5,822 3,970 204 141 ···-··45r Photographers .•.......•..•.••.•••. 26, 941 20;040 9, 990 7,558 23, 361 17,839 9,539 7,330 3,580 2, 201 ······228 Rubber factory operatives •..•..•.. 21, 866 16, 162 6,350 3,886 14,492 9, 706 4,292 2,085 7,874 6,456 2,058 1,851 To~acco and cigar factory opera- 131,452 111, 625 77,045 40,271 87, 955 83,634 66, 177 36,137 43,497 27, 991 10,868 4,134 t1..-es. UphoMererH.: ...•••....••••.•••••. 30, 821 25, 666 10,443 6, 111 28, 663 23, 918 9, 901 51905 2,158 1, 748 542 206 Other miscellaneous industries •.•• 471,089 211, 123 185, 843 101,417 380, 167 177, 916 155, 430 93,220 90, 922 33, 207 30, •113 8,197 Artiflcial flower makers •..•..• 2,775 3,046 3,399 1,169 437 503 512 218 2,338 2,543 2,887 951 Buttonmakers ••.•.••..•••.•••• 6,621 2,601 4,872 1,272 3,511 1,011 2,480 736 3,110 1,590 2,392 536 Candle,sonp,and tallow makers 4,D20 3,450 2,923 1,942 3,289 3,051 2,718 1,900 731 399 205 42 Corsetmakers ...•..•.••••.••••• 8,016 6,533 4,660 ---··2;086" 815 733 795 . ···;2;082" 7,201 5, 800 3,865 Gas work.q employees ...•••••.• 6,955 5, 22·1 4,695 6, 9~0 5,219 4,680 15 5 15 ········4

Straw workers •.•••.•..•.....•. 3,838 3, 666 4,229 2,029 911 1,243 1,531 699 2, 927 2,423 2,698 1,480 Umbrella and parasol makers. 3,242 3,403 1,967 1,439 1,331 1,465 1,094 749 1,911 1, 938 873 690 Well borers •.•••.....•.•••••..• 6,608 4,854 --·-·3;8i6" ·····2;873" 6,597 4,853 ····-······ ·····2;432· 11 1 Whitewasbers ..••...••••••••••. 3,439 3,996 3,374 3,987 3,301 65 9 15 891

I For contmental United States. •Does not Include apprentices. •Does not include molders or apprentices. ~ Clockmakers. 5 Boxfactory operatives; probably include.q boxmakers (wood). •Does not include carp.etmekei;i (rag); included in 1900 with" other textile workera." 1 Does not include officials of mmmg and quarrying companies, classified in 1890 with officials of banks and companies, under "trade and transportation."

COMPARISON AT TvVELFTH AND PH.ECEDING CENSUSES. liii

COMPARISON OF OCCUPATIONS AT THE CENSUSES OF 1850 AND 1860.

As previously stated, the occupation inquiry at the census of 1850 was confined to free males over 15 years of age, and at the census of 1860 was extended to include all free persons above that age without distinction of sex. The results, therefore, are not strictly comparable with those of later censuses; but for historical purposes and fol' convenience of consultation the occupation designations reported at these two censuses, numbering 323 in 1850 and 584: in 1860, with the persons credited

thereto, comprising 5,329,506 1 free males at the former census and 8,235,557" free persons of both sexes at the latter, have been arranged under the 140 main groups of the 1900 classifiuation in the following- titble:

1 Not including 42,370 students and cadets given in the roport for 1850 as a part of the table of occupations.

2 Not including 51,486 studentR, nuns, and sisters of charity, given in the re1JOrt for 1860 as a part of the fable of occupat.iom1.

TABLE V.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED A'l' THE CJiJN. SUSES OF 1850 AND 1860, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN moo.

AG RICUL'.l'URAI, I'URSUI'.l'S.

===============~==========c=-~=-==-· 1800

OCCUP..!.TION DESIGN..!.TIONB IN 1901).

O'""'Plltion clesignatlonH.

Agriculturn.I laborerri .. -- - .. ___ ----- ....... ____ --- -- ....... Ft1r1n InhorcrH .... ........ --··--· _ ....... .

Dairymen and rl11irywomen............................... Duirymeu ............................. .

Farmers, planters, fLnd overseers .......... __ .............. ............................................ .

Farmers ..... ·--- ....................... . Plunters ............................... .

Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, etc ............................................................... ..

Florists .••.•....•.............. - - - ..... . Gardeners 1111d nurserymen ........... . Horticulturists ....................... .. l\farketmen ........................... . Vine !;rowers .......................... . Vine resseri1:1 ........................... .

Free persons over 15

yen.rs.

7llf>,079

1~ 95~

2, li00,451i

2, 1123~ fi9U Sfi, fiOl

23, 737

•158 21,328

67 1, 778

5 11C

1850

Occupation desig1mt!ouA.

(')

Dnirymen nnd n1ilkn1cn ............... .

Jiln.r1ncrs .......••.••... , . ............... . Phmtcrn ............................... .

Fl'eo nutlc~s ovt1r Ir> renr8.

12, rm1, ma

2, an:t, 9fi8 IJ.7,Uf>l'i

10, 385

{Gr~nlcuers 1mr1 florists.................. 8, HI Nurserymen............................ ilil5

·1i:i1i-i~(;i,;;oi1.:: :: : : : : : : ::: :: ::: : : ::: : : : : : · ···-· · i; i>oo

Lumbermen and raftsmen ................................ Lumbermen............................ 15,929 Lnmbcmien ........................... . 10, 070

~.·136 Stock raisers, herders, and drovers ......... -··--··-- ...... -- ...... --·- ____ ........... -····-·---· .... 11, 161 ... --· ................................... .

Dl'Ovcrs •••••..............••..•• ___ ..... Graziers .................. -----··-··----Herdsmen ............................. . Rancheros .. _ ................... _ ..... __ Shearers .•.•................. ·-----·-··. Shepherds •.... _ ................. ·---··· Wild-horse catchers ......... _ .•.•.•••••

Turpentine farmers and laborers ............... -···-·-- ... Turpentine makers .................... .

Wood choppers.-·····--· ........ ·------- ....... -------· ... ·--- ..................................... .

Wood cordcrs ......................... . Wooclcutters •••. ____ ................... .

1----11 2, 477 Drovers ............................... .

uuo } , I o, ~~~ , Hei;dsmc11, gra"lcrR, aml r1meh01·0H ••• _ 472

8 .......................................... ••••••••••••

1, l!i~ :: : ::: ::: :: : : : ::::::: :: : :: :: : : : : : : : :: ::::: : ::: ::::: :::

1~358 Turpentine makers .................... .

81 Woocl corllers .•....••... , .. , .......... . 3, 882 Woodouttors ........................... .

fi07

1,fi28

206 1,322

Other agricultural pursuits·······----·-·-·············--- .......................................... 1 ____ os_, ·····-·-··:·--···---··-······-····-······- ••.•.•••••••

~E~~~~~~·s·: :: :::: :::::: :: : : : : : : : : : : ::::: 59 9


Actors, professional showmen, etc ........................ ··--------·····• ......................... .

Actors ••..... -~--·-······ ... , ....•... , .. Rorse trainers._ •.... _ .•...• _ ........ ; .. Showmen·········-·--------··········· Ventriloquists ... ·-- •..•. __ .•.••.... , ...

.Axchitects, designers, draftsmen, etc·---------··············----·----···--··----·-----··------·····

t~~t~ii0ef;i:::::::::: :: : :: ::::::::::: :: : :

1, 758 766

1,4.~~ Actors.................................. 722

2·16 • siio\VllGl;·:: ::::::::::: ::: ::::::: :: : : :: : .......... RB 11 ..................................................... .

1,698

1,263 435

Architects .......... _ ................. _. Draftsmen ............................. .

780

fl91 189

.Artists and teachers of art-----····-··--·-·-----··········.......................................... 4,729 ......................................... . 2,270 1----11

t~~~~~ors:::::::::::: :: :: :: ::::: ::: : :: : : 4' g~~ fff~i~i:o;,;: :::::::: ::::: :: : : : : :: : : : :: : : ::

Clergymen-·-···········---··-···········----·-··-········ Clergymen-···--····--···----··-·-----· 37, 629 Clergymen .... __ ... , .................. .

2,0ll3 177

20,842

Dentists ................................................... Dentists................................ 5,606 Dentists··-·-·················--·····--·' 2,029

Electricians-···--·····.·······-··-· •...... ·-···-·---- ..... Electricians'· ......... ---------·-··---· 12 . .••••• .••..• •••••• ............ •••• \ 1 Al?pcultural lf!borers probnbly included with farmers and planters in 1850. . •.• - - •••. - • - ' ..••• 2 Milkmen classtiied in 1900 uncler merchants and dealers (except wholesiile).

1iv S'rA'I'ISTIOS OF OCCUPATIONS.

TABLEV.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE CENSUSES OF 1850 AND 1860, ARRA.NGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN 1900-Cont'd.

PROFESSION AL SEitVICE-Contlnued.

1860 1850

--------------------11-----------------·------OCCUPATION DE'lIGNATIONS IN 1900.


Engineers (civil, etc.) and surveyors ••....•.••••.......... Civil and mechanical engineers •.•..•.

Journalists .•......•••.................••.........•.....•............••..............................

Editors ...................••............ Reporters •..........••...•..........•...

Lawyers .•••.....•••...........•..•.•••.•••••••............•..••......................•....•.......•.

Free persons overl5

years.

127,437

S,405

2,994 411

34, 839

Conveyancers.......................... 584

i~~;!rs:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 33,m Notaries public......................... 275

Occupation designations. Pree males

over 15 yeitrs.

2,126

Civil engineers................... . . . . . . 512 Surve;yors . ... ..... ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 1, 014

Editors ...........•..................... Reporters ....•...•.................•..•.

Lawyers ...................•............

1,510

1,372 138

2a, 939

Literary and scientiJlc persons............................ . . • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . 924 ......................................... . 1----11

547

Assayers................................ 51 Astronomers . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . • • . . . . . . . 2 Authors • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Chemists . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

~;~~i~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6~ Naturalists............................. 7 Translators............................. 4

Musicians and teachers of music ....••.•••••••........•............•....•.....................•.....

Muslctenchers .........•.......•....•.. Musicians {vocal and instrumental) ...

Ofllcla.Js.(government) ..............••.•.............•.•..••.••..•..........••.............•........

10,354

5,025 4, 729

32,887

"A:U.ii:tori:::: ::: : :::::::: :: : : : :: ::: :: :::: · ·· · · · ·· · · 82 Chemists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

··.····-------------·-··········-······---- ........... .

IIIusic teachers ........................ . Musicians ............................. .

8,550

9,14 2, 006

22,8'17

Inspectors ....•..•...................... Officers (public) ........•............... United States officers .............•.....

2i: m 1 ·cit¥: °C0;1;iii:: ;;,;a· toivi1 ;:,~~.~-,~;:::::::: .. -. -. i2; 579 7, 097 Umted States und stntc olllcers . . . . . . . . 10, 268

Physicians and surgeons ...............••...•••.•.......................••.•••••....•.............•.

Chiropodists ........................... .

8~RB;~~ :::::::::::: :::::::::: ::::: ::::: §ii'l;!g~~-8.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Teachers and professors in colleges, etc •.....•..••.....••.....•...•....•.••.....•............•.•....

Professors ............................. . Teachers ..........•...................

Other professional service ............•.......••....••.........•..•.•••..............................

Danc!ngmasters ....................... . Riding masters ...... ·----- ............ . Veterinarians ........................ __

55,159

5 16 83

54,~~

112, 969

2,liOO 110,469

573

171 10

392

D0:111ESTIC AND PEHSONAL SEHVICE.

•10, 765

· o.iU.ii,;tii. :::::::::: ::::::: ::: ::::::: ::::: · ·• · · ·····iii Physicians .......................... __ . •10, 564 Surgeons............................... 191

Professors ..............•...... _ ... , ... . Teacher" .............................. .

S0,530

9.13 29,587

46

Barbers and hairdressers ......................•........... Barbers ...........•.•...••............•. 11,140 Barbers ...............•.........•....... 6,01$

Bartenders .......••..........................•............ (')

Boarding and lodging house keepers...................... Boarding house keepers ..... _ ......... .

Hotel keepers .....•.....•..............................•.. Innkeepers ••...................... · ..••.

Housekeepers and stewards .......................•..................•..•........................•..

Housekeepers .•.................•...•.. Matrons •.........•.....•..•..••....•... Stewards ..•..............•.............

Janitors and sextons ...................................... Sextons ....•.......•..•...............••

Laborers (notspecifled) .......................•.• · ....•........•.....•.•.......••.....•....•....•....

Cellar digll'ers .............. __ ... _ ..... . Cistern bmlders ....................... . House movers ......................... . Laborers ............................... . Pavers ................................. . Stevedores ........•..............•.•....

(')

12, 148 Boarding house keepers ..•....•...•. __ _

23,818 Innkeepers •............................

2,554

22, 476

22, 918 ·····-··········-·····-----------········· ············ 1---~-

22,393 228 297

836

971, 723

Sextons .....................•........... 436

910, 973

~ ················----·-·····-········-··-·· ...... ···--·

: ~~i~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~:::: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~:::::: ~ ~ ~~~~~~~I::::: ~6~; i~~ Well diggers ........................... .

2 969, 301

892 li02

1,016 Stevedores.............................. 514

Launderers and laundresses .•••..•....................... Laundresses............................ 38,633 ................................. . 1 Includes: evidently stationary engineer~ and possiblv 1ocomotive engineers ...... -- ·-. -- - -·. - .. •Bartenders probably included in 1850 and 1860 witli barkeepers. '

COMPARISON AT TWELFTH AND PRECEDING CENSUSES.

TABLE V.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT '£HJ1: ( SUSES OF 1850 AND 1860, .ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN 1900-Cont'

DOMESTIC AND PEESONAL SERVICE-Continued.

==========================c=========---===------I 1s~o

I Free p:~I Frco ·

!sons over 15/ Occnp11t!on cleslgnatlons. ovc

OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS IN f!JOO,

181!0

Occupation designations. years. ye1

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-!-~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Nur8es1111dmidwive• ........................ -...................................................... ! 8,403 I ............................................... .. Midwives .•.••...••...........• _ ••..•... Nurses ............................... -..

271. 8,132

Restaurantkeepers ......... -.................................................................................... .

Saloon keepers ......................... ; .............................................. -........... ..

Barkeepers ........................... .. Billiard ~aloon keepers ................ . Bowling saloon keepers .............. .. Saloon keepers ....................... ..

Servants and waiters ............................................................................... .

Cooks ................................. .. Domestics ............................. . Servants ............................... .

14, 861 Barkeepers ........................ , .. ..

113, 263 287 21

1,290

565, 517 Servants ............................... .

353 5,25U

559, 908

Soldiers, sl!llors, and marines (U. $.) ............................................................................ Soldiers ............................... .

Watchmen, policemen, firemen, etc .......... ······•···· .. Watchmen nnd messengers ............ . .114, 759 Watchmen ............................ .

Other domestic and personal service ............................................................... . 1,689

Astrologists ............................ . Bathroom keepers ..................... . Billposters ........................... .. Bootblacks ........................... .. Chimney sweeps ....................... . Feather dressers ...................... ..

8 ................................................. . 3 ............................................... ..

24 ................................................. . 14 40 ·a·1~illi1icys1v.eci1.q:::::::::::::::::::::::: ....... 15 Feather dressers ...................... ..

Gunners ...... ; .........................

1

Hunters .............................. .. Trappers ............................. .. Interpreters ............................

1

Scavengers ........................... ..

2 .......................... _ ...................... . 1182~ }Hunters, trappers, ancl rangers .....•..•

2~~ I:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Agents .................................................... ···-··· ................................ .

Agents .............................. . Collectors .......................... .. Commissioners ..................... .. Cotton samplers .•................•••. Insumnce agents ................... .. Intelligence agents .................. . Negro trader~ .. ~ ................... .. Real estate agents .................. .. Samplers ........................... ..

.. 19, 19·1 1

1

.. 16,478 .. 1, 707 .. 239

.. 21 .. 589 .. 2

.. 111

.. 43

.. 4

-~~~::t~·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::I---· Collectors ............................. ·I

D::.:1:::.:·:wrn:-:::u:w.:rn::u .. : Bankers and brokers ............................................................................. . .. 9,61'1

-----~~g:::.s:::::: :: ::::: :::::::: :: : :: : : : : Cotton brokers ...................... . Speculators .......................... .

.. 2, 758

.. •1, 007 .. 2 .. 1, 982

~~~i::::.::::::::::::::: ::: : ::::: :::: ::: : ................................ J ....................... .

Boatmen and sailors ............................................................................. . .. 101, 860 10!

~~~~fr:i~ri: :: : : : ::: ::: :: ::::: ::: : : : : : : ~1!~~r~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: S11iling masters ....................... . Ship masters ........................ .. Snbm11rine divers ................... ..

.. 23,816

.. 2,mm 234

67, 360 S,358

837 S,646

10

Boatmen............................... 3~

Bookkeepers and accountants ............................ Bookkeepers ......................... . '2,053 (8)

Clerks and copyi,ts ............................. . • 18,1, 496 Cle1·ks ................................ .. •101

8f:~~v.r~~~~·~: ::: : : : : :::: :::::::::::: :: : 11 184, 485

Commercial travelers ............................................................................. . . .............. Draymen, haekmen, teamsters, etc .............................................................. .. 77, 626 .. 40

R~f~:~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Express riders ....................... ..

¥:tf~~f~1i.1s8~::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

21, 640 160 ..

10, 521 36

1,445 .. 3,1,su

Carters................................. 13

Bi~Ye<if:c:r~:::::::::::: ::::::: :: : : : : :: : '.:: · · · · • · io T·ri,i1ilsi:0,:;::::::::::: ::: :: : : : ::: : : : : : : : : ·····-iii

Foremen and overseers .................................................. _ ....................... .. 37, 968 Ove~seers .............................. . 18

Overseers ............................. . 37, 883 Wharfingers . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. • .. 85

1 Bartenders probably included in 1850 and 1860 with barkeepers 'Messengers classified in 1900 with errand and office boys under "trade and transportation " 'Bookkeepers and accountants and salesmen anc1 saleswomen probably returned ~s clerks hi 1850 and 1860.

lvi STATisrrrcs OF OCCUPATIONS.

T.AllLE V.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE CENSUSES OJ:t' 1850 AND 1860, ARRANGED .A,COORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN 1900-Cont'd.

OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS IN lDOO.

TRADE AND '.1'HANSPOR'.1'A'.1'ION-Continued.

1860

Occupation designatiom. Free per

sons over 15 years.

181>0

Occupation desig1111tions. Free males

0Yl11' 15 ycnrs.

Hostlers ................................................... Ostlers ................................. . 8, 581 Ostlern ................................. . 4,029

Hnckstern null pedrllern ............................................................................ . 19, 819 PeddlerH .............................. .. 10, OC.9

Hucksters ............................. . Peddlers ............................... .

Livery stable keeper,q •. .... . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Livery stable keepcr." ................. .

~~~g~~~~ ~g~ ~:i~~~ (~:£ife;al~i~~~~~~~~} ...... · · .............. · .. · ............ · · .... · .. · .. · .... · Booksellers and stlltionern ........•.... Stationers ............................. . Cattle dealers ........................ .. Clothiers ............................. .. Coal dealers ........................... . Coal oil deniers ....................... . Commission merchnnts ............... . Dealers ............................... .. Druggists .............................. . Fancy goods de11lcrs .................. . Fish dealers ........................... . Flour dealers ........................ .. Fruiterers ............................. . Furniture dealer.< .................... .. Furniture merehnnts ................. . Furriers ............................... . Grain dealer.<. ......................... . Grocers ............................... .. Hardware dealers .................... .. Horse dealers ......................... . Hosiers ............................... .. Ice dealers ............................ . Importers ............................. . Jewelers ............................... . Junk deniers ......................... .. Leather de11lers ...................... .. Lime dealers .......................... . Lumber merchants .................. , .. Merchnnts ............................. . Milkmen .............................. . Music sellers .......................... . Newsmen ............................. . Oil dealers ........................... .. Opticians .......... ; ................... . Paper dealers ........................ .. Pawnbrokers .......................... . Pork deniers .......................... .. Produce dealerR ...................... .. Provision dealers ..................... .. Refectory keepers .................... .. Seedsmen ............................. . Ship chandlers ........................ . Shipping merchant~ ................... . Shoe dealers ........................... . Stock dealers ......................... .. Storekeepers .......................... . Stove dealers .......................... . Taxidermists ......................... .. Tea dealers ............................ .

3, 225 10,594

5, 361

267, 921 ----

1,801 565 88·1

3, 3i6 3-11

4 3, 952

14, 063 11, 031

225 26

967 1, 98·1

74 9

785 8

40, 070 95

879 425 866 648

10, 175 181

66 5

176 -123,878

3,439 276 943

3fS 430 us 21

3,438 2,043

13,054 2

67 21

685 249

7,863 50 20

440

·T'ri:iciera:::::::::::: :::: :::::::: ::::: :::: ..... ii;i95' Wine o.nd liquor dealers................ 4, 541 Wood dealers........................... 1, 228 Wool dealers .. .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. ... .. . .. . 392

Messengers and errand and office boys.................... (')

Of!iciala of banks and companies .................................................................. .. 3, oai'

Livery st11ble keepers ................. . 2, 7'11

17'1, 102

}Booksellers and st11tioners ..... ~....... 1, 720 ('attic dealers . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. 182 Clothiers .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. n, 780

· neaiei·H:::::::::::: ~:::::::::::::::::::: · · · --· ~ .1; {i{i'."t Apothcc1uies 1t1lf! <lrnggistH . . . . . . . . . . . . 0, 1~19

· iiriiit.ercirs ::::: :::::: ::::: ::: ::::::: :: : : · .. · .. · --11ii7

·Fu~;1ers:: ::: : :::: :::::: :::::::::::: :: : : · · · · ·· · ·· ri:li ·iircicer~::::: :: : : ::::: :: ::: :: : :: ::: :: ::: : · · · · · ·24.-.i71i 'licirse.ae;,:1;,;~·:::: :::: ::: : : : : : ::::: ::::: · · .. · · ·· ·isii Hosiers................................. 217 Ice dealers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. • .. . .. 219

· j;,·weiei:s:: :: : ::: :: :::::: :: : : :: ::: : : : ::: : · · .. · .. r,; iii

· :ilierci;iiiii8:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: · · ... ioo; 752 (1) .......... ..

Jriusic sellers .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . 7S Newsmen.............................. 209

· cii?iiiii;,:,;,;:::::::: :::::: :: : : : :: ::: ::: :::: · ··· •••• 'i54 Po.per dealers........................... 140 Pawnbrokers........................... 72

}~r~~;I~·; ~~~-~~~;l~i~~ ~;~~i~;~::::::::. • .... • • ~; ~7~ Refectory keepers...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s; 226

·si:ore'keeiierii· ::: :::::::: :: :: : ::: : : :: : :: : · · · · · · · 3; 747

-~~£~~~::::::::::::: ::::: :::: ::: : : ::::: ..... -~~: ~1~ Wine and liquor dealers................ 71.9 Wood dealers........................... ,173 Wool dealers .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 344

Bank and insurance officers............ 1, 375 1-----11

Bank officers .. .. . .. .. • .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. 2, 995 Stage proprietors .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 36

Packers and shippers...................................... Packers ............................... . 1, 921 Packers ............. ~ ................ ..

·Porters and helpers (In stores, etc.) ................................. - ............................. .. 10, 199 Porters and carriers ................... .

Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . • • . . . 3, 845 Porters ............................... '.. 6!354

Salesmen and saleswomen .............................. .. (') (3)

622

s, 185 .

Steam railroad employees................................. Railroad men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 567 Railroad men 4 8 ............. -· .. . ... . ...... , 31

Stenographers and typewriter.< .................................................................................. , ..................................................... .

Street railway employees..................................... ..... .............. ...... ....... ... I Telegraph and telephone linemen ......................•........................•......•...............•...... · 1 ..................................................... .

Telegraph and telephone operators ....................... Telegraph operators ............ :::::::: ...... ~.-~~~·1 ·;;I~~;~~~~;~;~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::: ...... ·--~~~ !Milkmen combined in.1850 wit!~ dairymen. (See agricultural pursuits.) · Messengers combined m IS60 with watchmen under "domestic and personal service " 8Bookkeepcrs and accountants and salesmen and saleswomen probably returned as cierks In 1860 and 1860.

Iv.ii

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lt1>t1fl'l'M 1111;\ Nlllfl'l'M, .. ,., • , ,. ". •.,, ""' ... ,,.,.,,,,,, . .,.. j(l111[1•1'H Hllil llhlfl'I'~,.,.,.,., ",.,,.,.,, . 1

I M1•t•h1111h•• ( 11111 nlht>l'l\'(Ht• N)ll'l'lill'tl) .. , .. , ..... , ..... , ... , M1•1•l1111ill'• , •• ,. , •• "",." .... ., ., , . I t'/11111fr11/MU11il 11//l11l 111·11i/11r/". I

Oil Wt•ll lltlll nil Will'l<H 1•111pl11s•'•'" ..... '. '"'' ... " .. "' .... "' ..... " ................ " ... "." ... '"

('011( 11111111!111•1'• ........................ ! Olll1111ln•r11.,. .. .,, .................... ..

()lht1 l't!IH~lllil 1 1d \\!Ut'k~'l'M .,,,,,,~,···••••••~•••••••11•••,.••• •••••••••••~~~··••••••••••• .. ~··•••••~·····•

uu111•ill11t•k ll111lwr11 ..... " ............. .. l'111llll1lllkl'rtt ............. "" ........... . 111111111t 1111•1!1t·h111 nml<1•1·H ............. . l'tll'l'llHllhlll 1•1111 lllll kt•J'H.'. '" •••••••• ' ••• Jitll'flllth\l'll,. • O I 0 It' I• I I I~~'• O. • 1' IO 01" I II• .. •

1•11w1h•r mn11nr1wt11wrn ................ . H11h•1·11tu>111mlwrn .......... , , .......... . H111l1111dWl'H ............................ . Hlnn•ll 1111urnf1ll't11rt•rtt ................ .. V111•t1t•h11111lwrn ................ , ....... .

I '/llf/, ttftlXM, 1(111/ ~/1111/t )lrlli!W'I~. \\1.tt11Un11ltut1ti •••• , , •••••••••• II.~ ••• " .... .

llrh•k 1rn1l 1lh• 11111!•1•1·~. 1•11• .......................... ~ .............................................. .

111·t<'k11111lwrtt .......................... . 'l'll!'lllllk"l'H, .... , , ............ ••••. ••••,

llln><ll11·0rlwn1 .......... ,', .................... , ......... ,. .................. , ., • ,, ............. , .... ..

Clh1AA 1•11ttori< .................. , • , ... , •• , Wn>m 1111u111f11l'lt1rurtt ....... ,, ......... . Uhl"-" ~t11l111·r~ .. ., ...................... . 11Jil"'411111kt•l'N • .... , , .... ., ... , .,, , ., , , , , ,

Mnrhlt• 11111\ •lt1111• 11ut11•r" .................................. ilt11t11• 11111l 1111L1·hl11 1<11tt.1•ri< ............. .

:··• t. 1::111 !I...... . ........... ; ..................... . . I

:~1~·.: 1.iH I t:nqu•ll[l'l'H ............................. !' rn1,11;1 H, :t 1 ~\ 1IHhH 1l',"i , • , , •••••• , • , • , •• , , , , ••• , ••• , • , • , t~~t ti7~l

t:\, ;\\1;: Hhlt1 i;tU'f1t•Ut11t"'-I •... ~ ..•. , , , , ••• . • •• ••. . ll~i'1~f1 I .. , .................................................... ..

io:1,:•::1l i1 Mll>'Hll'111llll pl11'lt'i'1•1".;,................. lti:l,:1\l~l t Ii :HI ): ·1:-i. \t'i1 11

1 ... :1:\\1 '\ •. . . . . .. • • .. . . • .. • .. .. .. • • • .. .. • • • .. .. • .. l'H. :r•~ Ill II•""'''""""""''"""""'""""'"""" ........... . ·I 1····· .............................................. ..

1.w; ! ..................... <.".) .................... :::::::::::: f 1,' 1\1 1 ·'II) 11lIII'1 •l'!'i ' ' ' •• ' •• ' ••••..•••••••••• " • • • ~~11~~

l•L 1~11;. l'nlut1•r111i11tl ~thtlh~t-.i,,.,., .. , .•... , .. <, ~!~, lllH \I',' Ii l'!l'111•1l1•1',.......................... •• • .. ·I

~l, (111:1 ij l'1lpi'1' ltu !iff<'l'N II 111\ 11pht>INll•l'l'l'M,.,.,,.. :1:l, /.\I~\

10.1111\ 1'l """"""""'

·::.:::: 11... .................... . ..... .. . '·"" i.

~!.Ill~ Ii !i11H 11!11•r• ............................. . n,:m'l \; 1•111111111•1·,; ............ , ................ ..

!,\l:U

1

.! H1>11t.>1·• 111t1l ~lnt1•1•x .... ., .............. . ~\ii, ~\I~: I .$1•1•11111111•" ( !itll 1tf li1•l'll'IHll Hj1<'t•llh•1$ •••

II ·mu! lllhu11lwrH ................ -....... ., .. ..

11 I >!IS I

lMU

i.ll~\71 ................... , . .. . . ... . . . ... . . ...... ~.mu

tll , llmwlll1wk 1111tl1<'rH .. • .. • .. .. .. .. • . .. • .. lfl

~~1ri 1 · i·i~t;:,ii '1ii,:1H,:i1i;.·;.i1d,·,;;,;::::::::::::::: ········'"nil 1U ..................................................... .

~111 1'1•1·r1111wrH.............................. Ill~ :H!J Pu\\'1lt1i· 11rnu11f1u1t11rt1t'H ••••••••• u •••• H ~~O

Ill 1-11\(<'flllltH lllllkt'l'H,,,,,, ............ ,.... Ill\ r~l1 l'illltlllllkt'l'H., .. ,..,,.,.................. !,ll~tl 'Ill t'hll'l'11111111111f11nt11n•1"H.................. lil:I.

:t:H YnrtfhdnHlll·Wfli,. J .. ' ••••••••• u ••• ".... m.m Ill ..................................................... .

rn, 7-ltl Jlrh'k11111k1•1·~ .......................... .

Hl,7ltll •I

~L 11:.?K , •• ~ ....................... ~ ................... .

M H O•Jll , .. ii7 ~M

I

.111, ll~fi 14Louu 11.u1l mnrllk1 n111tt'1"H ............ ..

tl,hhl

I ·I. llill

111111.1•1·,; ................................................... 1'11tll'~ ............. ................ .... a,.17(1 l't•ltl\l'H. ........................ ........ •I, ll•:i

l l'htH!l'fl'l'M l'il11!lth11•1l l11 lllllil With llll\Hllll~. Q <ltltl1•1•,; l!11111ltlm•<'I ht IKW with t'lll'l'«l'll 11111t11r "ntl111r Wt>rnlwurlu-1·~." u U11h11lttt11rorM 1•!11.,..,dlh•cl 111 1\1Ull t1tll'h•1' "111!Muoll1111~mrn hHl111ttrlt1tt."

lviii STATISTICS OF OOOUPArrroNS.

TABLE V.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE CENSUSES OF 1850 AND 1860, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN 1900-Cont'd.

MA.i."'ro"FACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSUITS-Continued.

1860

OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS IN 1900.


Fishing and •mining,

Fishermen and oystermen ••..••.•••••..•........•...........................•...•..•••..•...••....•

Fishermen ............................ . Oystermen ........................... .. Whalemen ............................ .

Miners and quarrymen .......•..•....•••.••••...•......•....••..•..............................•••.

CoJliers ......•..••.•.......••.•..•....•. Miners ................................. .

Food anct kindred products. Quarrymen ......•...............•...••.

Bakers..................................................... Bakers .•.....•...............•.........

Butchers • • . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . Butchers .............•.......••••......

·Free personsover15

years.

26, 755

21, 905 4,636

214

158, 157

6,288 147, 750

4,119

19, 001

30,103

1850

Occupation designations. Free mules

o\'er 15 years.

11, 269

Fishermen ............. '................ 9, 025 Oystermen • . . . • .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 2, 244

Colliers ............................... ..

~~~~~;Dieii:: :::::: ::::: :: ::: ::: :::::: :: Bakers ....•.......................•.....

Butchers .............................. .

82, 290

2, 9·18 77, 410 1, 932

14, 256

17, 733

Butter and cheese makers ............................................................ __ ....................... . .............................................. ............... . Confectioners •..•••••..••••••••..•• , • . . . • . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . Confectioners .•.••.....•..•....•.......

Millers . . • . • . . . • . • • • . • . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . • . • • • . . . . . . . }fillers .• ; ..........................•...

Other food preparers ............................................................................... .

Coffee grinders ....................... .. Coffee roasters ...........•......•.....•. Mustardmakers ...................... .. Picklers and preservers ............... . Sausagemakers ........................ . Spicemakers .......................... . Sugar manufacturers ................. .. Vinegar makers ..........•••.•........•

Iron and steel and their products. Blacksmiths ........................................................................................ .

Axlemakers ........................... . Blacksmiths .•..••....................•. Whitesmiths ........................... . Farriers ............................... . Sprlngmakers ......•.....•••....•...•..

Iron and steel workers ............................................................................. .

Agricultural implement makers ...... . Armorers ............................. .. Chainmakers ..........................• Diesinkers ............................ .. Fire engine builders .................. .

Jg~'f,ed~~iii.eii:: :: : : : : : :: : : : : :: : : :: : : : : : : Iron founders ......................... . Ironmongers ...•.•........•............ Iron workers ........................... . Molders ............................... . Nail manufacturers ................... . Nailers ................................ . N eedlemakers .....••.•.•..•............ Rulemakers ........................... . Safemakers (iron).: ................... . Scalemakers ...............•............ Screwmakers •....•........... _ ........ . Sewing machine makers .............. . Shovelmakers ..•...............•.•..... Skatemakers .......................... . Smelters .............................. .. Spindlemakers ..................•...... Steam engine builders ................ . Steel manufacturers ................... . Tackmakers ........................... .

Machinists .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . • . . . . .. . • • .. . • .. • • . . .. . . . . . . Machinists ............................ .

Steam boilermakers ...................................... Boilermakers ................ ,.,. ....... .

Stove, furnace, and grate makers .................................................................. .

Gratemakers .......................... . Stovemakers ..................•..•.....

Tool and cutlery m1.kers .......................................................................... ..

6,293

37,281

965

3 45 41 63 58 3

469 283

. 114,001

91 112, 357

741 442 370

39,822

12,390 529 30

128 18

802 4,596 1,370

829 8,067

~17, 077 2,065

425 72 65

292 290 176 100 41 4 2 2

135 114 203

Confectioners ......................... .

Millers ...................... : ......... .

3,871

27, 795

429

·iiusiitrd:miiic€"r8.: ::::: ::::: ::: : : :: : ::: : : · · · · · · · •· · 44

· siiiar·i:Un:i1iiin:cfiii-ei-8::: ::::::: :: :: ::::: · ... · · · ·· :io7 Vinegar makers.................. .. .. . . 78

100, 151 ................................................... 1-----

}~1~~k·~~~ ~~~it~~~~~~~:::::::::::::::: ...... ~~.· ;~3 Farriers . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . 290 Sprlngmakers ...................... __ .. 158

Agricultural implement mukers ...... . Armorers ........•......................

26, 867

11, 318 469

·iiirii c,;;iiiie"i:ll.iiters· :: :: ::::::: :::: :: : :: · · · .. · · · · · 29 ·········----·-··························· ............ . ·1i-Ciii i-aiiiiae·ri;:::::::: ::::: ::: : ::::::::: · ··· ·· ·9;21i Ironmongers .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 022 Ironworkers............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 008 Molders................................ •7, 287 Nail manufacturers . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2, 046

·Neeaieiiiiiker:i:::::::: :: ::: ::: : ::::::::: ·· · · · · ·· ··2i · siirei:lliiitei-8::::::::: :: :::::: :: :: :: :: : ::: · ···· · · ··· 92 Scalemakers........................ . . . . 188 Screwmakers..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ·········································· ············ ·········································· ............ . ........................................... ··········-· ·················--······················· ············ ............................................ ············ ·sicei·:m~fii.iiaciU.i-<ii-~:::: :: : : : :::::::: :: : · · · · · · · · ··42 ···········--·-·············-············· ············

43, 824 Machinists ...... : . .................... . 24, 095

1, 581

981

3, 313 Boilermakers .......................... .

985 ···································--·····

~~~ t~J~::~~~~ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4, 190 ···································.······· 1-----11

74 907

3,835

±~~~li1e~;:~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1~~ .......................................... ·········· ··

~a~::~~!:~~~~~:::::.:::::::::::::::::: ::8 · ifiti~~¥ri~~~~~:~~·~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~ ~ · ·· · · · · · ·m Grinders................. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . 79 Planemakers ..............•............ 251 ':Piiirie~aiiers::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ·········377 Sawmaker.............................. fi26 Sawmakers 544 Surgical instrument makers . . . .. . . . .. . 192 Surgicalinstrumeiit makei·ii::::::: :: : : :1 207 Toolmakers .. . . .. . . . ... . . . . . • • . . . ... . . . 1, 391 Toolmakers . . . . . . . . . • . . . ... . . .. .. . . . . • . 1, 191 1Agricultural ~mplement makers classified in 1900 according to kind of work done as metal work woodwork etc

•Molders classified in 1900 under iron and steel workers, brassworkers, and" othe~ metal workers." ' ·

COMPARISON AT TWELFTH AND PRECEDING CENSUSES. lix

TABLE V.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE CENSUSES OF 1850 AND 1860, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN 1900-Cont'd.

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PUiiSUITS-Continued.

1860

OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS IN 1900. Occupation designations.

Iron and steel and their products-Continued.

Wheelwrights ............................................. Wheelwrights ...•.....••.•.............

I Free perlsons over 15

years.

I8ii0

Occnpn,tion designations.

32,693 Wheelwrights ......................... .

Frco mnles ovor 15 )'CIU'S,

Wireworkers ................................. . ........... ..................................... ...•• 1,445 ................................ ••••••••••

80, 098

626

Roop skirt makers .................... .

~~~~~~~~~~ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Wire cloth makers •..•.•••...•.......•.. Wiremnkers ........................... . Wireworkers ......................... ..

Leather and its finished products.

----·II 419

2 69 8

330 617

· \vireiiiiiiierii:: :: : ::: : : : : :::: ::::::: ::: : : · ..... · · · i74 Wire workers .. .. . . • . . . . . . • . . . • • . .. .. . .. 452

Boot and shoe makers and repairers . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . • • • . • . . • • . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. .. 168, 172 ......................................... . 130, 885

Shoe binders .......................... . Shoemakers ........................... .

Harness and saddle makers and repairers ......................................................... .

Ramemaker.< .......................... . Harnessmakers ........................ . Saddlers •.•.......................•....•

Leather currlers and tanners ....................................................................... .

Beltmakers .......................... .. Curriers ............................... . Leather workers ....•.......•......•... Morocco dressers ...................... . Tanners and curriers .................. .

Trunk and leather-case makers, etc .. : ............................................................. .

Pocketbook manufacturers .....•...... Trrinkmakers ...........•.•............

Liquoi·a and b1111erages.

Bottlers and soda water makers, etc ............................................................... .

Bottlers ............................... . ll!ineral wn,ter makers ..............•...

Brewers and maltsters . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . • .. . . . . . . . . Brewers and rnn,ltsters ................. .

Distillers and rectifiers .............................................. _ .............................. .

Distillers ............................. .. Rectifiers •..••.....................•.•.• Winemakers ........................... .

Lumber and its 1·1m1anufactures.

Cabinetmakers .......................................... ~. Cabinetmt\kers ........................ .

Coopers ............................................................................................. .

Coopers ........•••....•........•........ Stavemakers .......................... .

Saw and planing mill employees ................................................................... .

Blindmakers .......................... . Sasbmn,kers .......................... .. Lathmakers ........................... . Planers (steam) ....................... . Sn,wyers ............................... . Sbinglemakern ........................ .

Other woodworkers ......................................................................... _ ..... ..

1-----11 3,564

164, 608

25,489

5 12, 728 12, 7u6

15,876

Shoe binders ......................... .. Cordwalners ........................... .

Saddle and harness ma.kers •.••...••...

412 130, 478

22,77g

rn, 911

15 3,548

12 1,820

10,481 ':Moi·ocicci are8scrs:::::::::::::::::::: :: : · · · · · · · i,'!i23 Tan ncrs nnd currlers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, IJS8.

1,882

201 Pocketbook manuf!Lctnrers ........... . 1,021 Trunkmakers ........................ ..

639

398 1'11

6, 807

2,682

Bottlers ............................. . Mincml water mn,nnfnctnror~ ••....•...

Brewers and distillers .....•.........•..

(')

1,854

193 1, 161

4.52

31\6 86

l1i,85'!.

46

2, 551 2

1w ·;,\•ii1em.·~iriii·s:::::::: :::::: :::::: :::: :::: .. · · ·· · · "46

29, 228

43, 886

43, 62•1 262

20,839

605 2,g~~

Cnbinot n,nd chair nmkers •...•••.......

Coop01·s ................................ . Stn,vemiikers ...••.•••...•.....•.••..•.•

}sash and blind miilrnrs .........•....... Lathn111kers ........................... .

~37, 859

•18,79•1

•JB, 694 100

15,853

2,026 68

48 15,ooo ·s~·1i--Yers:: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : · .... ·ii; 074

2,478 Shlnglemakers ... ...... .... .... ... ..... 1, 285

29, 9"10 • •••••....•..••..•.•. •• .. • • •• • . . . • • • ... • .. 17, 720 1-----11

'Distillers combined in 1850 with brewers. 2 Cha.irmnkers combined in 1850 with cabinetmakers.

Ax helve makers ...................... . Basketmakers ......................... . Billim·d tn,ble makers ................ .. Block makers ........•.............••... Pnmpmakers .......................... . Boat builders ...•........•......•..••... Bobbinmakers ......................... . Calkers ................................ .

g~~::::~~~~::::::::::::::::::: :: : :: :::: Chairmakers .......................... . Cork cutters ........................... . Felloemakers .......................... .

f k~!~~~; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1fatchmakers ......................... . Onrmakers ............................ . Organ builders ........................ .

22 2,862

18 484

1,541 2,632

3 2,84~

2,269 6,841

9'1 22

758 620 400 352 418

25 878

·niiS1~0i:Uiaitera:: ::::::: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : ::: · · · · · · ·i; s·ii }B1~;k·~;,~j ~~~~; ~~i~~~~:::::::: ::: : ::: ...... -~.-~~~ Boatbuilclers .. . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 2, 086

· cii1"kors::: :: : : :: : : : : :: : :: : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : · · · · · · · i; ~ii; ·aiiivei·siiiiil.iriiaertii:::::: ::::::: ::: ::: : : : :::~~'. ?~~ Cork cuttel'S..................... .... ... 103

·Ti1:.Z::riiemai.·01:9 :::: :::: :::::: :::: :::::: :: · • · · · · · · • m L!llltmakers..................... . . . . . . . . 1388 Mastmakers . •. • . • .. . . .. . • . . . • . • • . . . • • .. 283 Matchmn,kcrs .. . . •. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . .. 260

· 01iav.· hiii1iier8: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : :: : : : · · · · · · · · · 212 •Gilders combined in 1850 with carvers under" other woodworkers."

Ix STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.

TABLE V.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE CENSUSES OF 1850 AND 1860, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN 1900-0ont'd.

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSIDTS-Continued.

1860

I 1850

i~---------------F-r-ee-p-er---l-----------------F-re_e_m_a-le~s

Occupation designations. sons over 15 Occupation designations. over 15 OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS IN 1900,

Lumber ancl its remamifactures-Continued. Other woodworkers-Continued.

Pianoforte makers .................... .

Reed workers ......................... . Riggers ................................ . Saddletree makers .................... .. Shoe peg makers ...................... . Shuttlemakers ....................... .. Spokemakers ... , ...................... . Turners (metal, ivory, an<l wood) .... . Willow workers ....................... .

Metals and metal products other than iron <tnd steel.

Bras.sworkers ....................................................................................... .

Bell founders ......................... .. Brass founders ....................... .. Brassworkers ................•..........

Clock and watch makers and repairers ............................................................. .

Casemnkers ........................... . Clockmakers ......................•.... Watchmakers ......................... .

Gold and silver workers ........................ : .................................................. ..

yeiirs. years.

2,359

4 1, 210

112 108

29 15

4,027 2

2,609

Pianoforte and musical instrument makers.

11, 822

· iiiiiei-8::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::: :: ::: · .. · · .. i;ii5 ·siicie.rieg"Diii.iierii:::::: :::::: ::: :::::::: ····· · · --·49

·Turners.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: · · · ·· · · 8;s2s

I, 926

69 } 939 Bell and brass founders ............... .

1, 601 Brass and composition workers ....... . 1,353

578

5,835 4,082 l~---·11

131 1, 157 ·c·1;iiiliDiaiiers ::::::::::::::.:: :::::::::: ·······i;isi 4, 547 Watchmakers .. .. . . . . .. ..... .. .. . .. . .. . 2, 901

4,139 8,407

Gold beaters............................ 354 Gold beaters ........................... . 229 68 .......................................... ............ Gold pen makers ...................... .

Goldsmiths .. · - .. ·· · · ............. · · · ·.. 519 }Gold and sliver smiths ................ . Silversmiths............................ 3,205 J:,apidaries.............................. 61 Lapidaries ..•..........•.......•...•.••.

3,082

28

Tin plate and tinware makers ............................ Tinsmiths ............................. .

Other metal workers ............................................................................... .

Bell hangers ..•..•. _. _ .......•.......... Locksmiths ............................ . Britannia workers .................... . Chandelier makers .................... . Coiners ............................... .. Copper rollers ................... · ...... . Copper workers ....................... . Coppersmiths .......................... . Gunsmiths ............................ . Lead smelters ........................ .. Lead workers ......................... . Lightning rod makers ................. . Platers ................................ .

~~~~~t~;9::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Thimblemakers ....................... .

l'aper and printing.

Type cutters ..........................•. Trpe founders ......................... . Zmc manufacturers ................... .

Bookbinders ............................................... ····-······· ............................. .

17,412

12, 161

113 2,234

334 3

35 24 21

1,919 4,511

42 74

164 1,745

180 173

2 98

421 68

6,360

Tinsmiths ............................ .. 11, 747

8,964

}Bell hangers and locksmiths........... 2, 101

· cO"rii>ei-sID.iiii8: ::::::::: ::::: ::: : : : :: : : :: · · · · · ·"i." 7iiii Gunsmiths .................. _·,......... 3,843

·r;eii.i. 1voi-k"er8::::::::::::::::::::::: ::: ·----····ia6 Lightning rod makers.................. 13 Platers................................. 585

·sii«iciD.-filiiD.Uiiiciitii-ei-B::::::::::::::::::: ......... is2 ·i'Yi>Ei«iiiiiei-8::::::::::::: ::::::::: :::::: · ..... · --2ia Tfpe founders.......................... 211

Bookbinders·--·····-·············----· 3,414

Bookbinders .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . . • 6, 010 Book and document folders............ 850

Boxmakers (paper) ....................................... Boxmakers ........................... .. •2,634 Boxmakers ............................ .

Engravers ....••.•. -....................................... Engravers ......................... _ •... 2, 768 Engravers ............................. .

Paper and pulp milloperatlves ......................... -- .....•. ·····-··· ........................... . 4, 772 Paper manufacturers .......••.•.....•.•

Envelope makers....................... 194 Paper manufacturers................... 4,578

Printers, lithographers, and pressmen ......•........•......•...•...............•...........•....... 23, 766

Block printers ......................... . Electrotypers .......................... .

•940

2,208

2,971

H,886

Lithogray,hers ............ ... : .. ....... .

~~;re:~-~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

19 4

386 95

23,}gg · P"aJie!·ru.i0i5:::: ::::: :: : : : : : : : : :: ::: :: :: · · · · · · ·· · ·22 Prmters . . • . . . .. • • . • • .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. • . 14, 740

Th>:liles. Stereotypers .......................... .. Stereotypists . • . • . .. • • • . . . .. .. • .. . . . . • .. 124

Bleaehery and dye works operatives .............................................................. .. 3,867

Bleachers ............................. . Dyers and scourers .................... .

519 fDyersand bleachers ................... . 3,348 \Scourers ............................... .

Ca.rpet factory operatives ................. ,................ Carpetmakers ..•....................... 1,481 Carpetmakers ....................... _ ..

Cotton mill operatives ......................................................................................... _.

3,280

8,241 39

1,218.

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives...................... Knitters................................ 899 .......................................................................................... 1 Musical instrument makers (not specified) classified in 1900 with" other miscellaneous industries." •Not separated in 1850 and 1860 as to paper and wooden box makers,

COMPARISON AT TWELFTH AND PRECEDING CENSUSES. lxi

TABLE V.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THlD CENSUSES OF 1850 AND 1860, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCOUP ATIONS IN 1900-0ont'd.

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSUI'.L'S-Contlnucd.

1860

OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS IN 1900. Occ11pation designations.

Thxtiles-Contlnued.

Free per· sons over15

years.

1850

Occupation des!gnatlcmH. Free males

over 1tl ye11rl!.

Silk mill operatives ................................................................................ . 480 Bille manufactttrcrs .................... . lOB

Silk m1tnufact11rcrs...... .... ........... 415 Silk operatives .. . . . .. .. .. .. . • • • • . • • . • • • 2•1

Woolen mill operatives ............................................................................ .. 2, 430 Wool combers an cl carders .•• , ...•.•••••• 9,2M

Carders................................. 106 Cloth finishers.......................... 14 Wool combers and c11rdem.... .......... 2, 335 Wool sorters............................ 75

Other textile m!ll operatives ....................................................................... .

Baftmalrnrs ............................ .

g~r~cg,_~~ie~;~r_•. :::::::::: :: : : :: : : ::::::: Ropcmnkcrs ........................... . Flax dressers ......................... .. Hemp dressers .............. .' •.......... :tria.tmnJcers ........................... . Netm1tkers ............................ . Oilcloth mmmfncturers ............... . Seinemakers .......................... . Spinners ............................. .. Threaclmnkers ••....................... '!.'winemakers ......................... .

~~~~~~~:::::::::: :: : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : ::: : Worstedmakc1·s ...................... ..

Dressmakers ............................................... Mantnamakcrs ........................ .

,19, 9li9 1-----11

77 321 3!i4

2,261 281

·12 20'2

a 41'1

:l o, 358

38 {)

397 86, 178

21

40,051

·a;i1ica.ii1:1;iic1:s·:: ::: : :: : :: ::::::: :: : : :: : • ••• ·• ·· · 220 }no110 ttnd cnrcl n111kcrs................. 2, 200 Fltix dressers........................... 1•17 Hmnpclrc~scrs...................... .... 02 Mn.tmttkcrs....... ... .. .. .. .. . . . . • .. . . .. . 01

· 01iiJirJtii i1iitii11i1iliiiir'u·r~-:::::::::::::::: · • · ..... "1i88 · si:;11i1icrs·: ::: : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : · · .. ···r.; 002

· \viirii.;,:.i::::: ::: :::::::: :: : : : : ::: : : : ::: : · · ·······so~ Wcavcm.. .......................... .... 31, 1!72

Hat and capmakers .............................................. , ................................. . 12, 530 Ifat and c1qi nuinufnctnn•rs ........... . 11, 02·1

Capmnkers ............................ . Hnt binders ........................... . ~atters ................................ .

Milllners .................................................. MllllnerR ............................. ..

Seamstresses ........................................................................................ .

Senmstrcsilcs .......................... . Skirtm11kcrs ..•..•..••....•.••..........

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers ..................................................................... ..

28 855

11, 6'17

25;722

90, 050

90, 198 761

397

Coll11rmakerR............... .•.. .. .. .... 22 Shlrtm1tkers.. ....... .... ............... 375

Tailors and tnllorcsses .................................... Tailors nnd tt1llorcsse8 ................. . 101, Sll8 '.l'111Jor• ................................. . 52, 060

Other te:x:tile workers .............................................................................. .

Corders ................................ . Embroiderers .......................... . Frlngemakern ........................ .. Lace manufocturers ................... . Mllltary trimming makers ............ . Re;lf:alla makers ........................ . Sa1 mokers .......................... , .. Sewing machine opemtives .••••....•.. Tasselmakcrs .......................... .

Miscellaneous indust1'ies.

,17 285 666 953 19 4

2,959 26'1 38

· i.:1:1iigoifi~iccrii ::::: :: ::: : : :::: ::: ::::::: · · ·• ·· · • ·rn! Lace m111mfnct111•crs.................... 102

"si1iiffiiiic'cirs·::::::::::::: ::: ::::::: :: : :: : · · · ·· · ":{iti2

Broom and brush makers .................................... : ..................................... . 8,027 2, 747

Broom-makers ....•.•.•.......•..••.••.. Brushm11kcrs .......................... .

Charco11l, coke, and lime burners ................................................................... .

£!111rcoal bnrners ...................... . 1me burners .......................... .

Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) ............................................... , ........... .

1, 288 1, 739

1, 659

203 1, 'J5G

513

Broom-makers ......................... . Erusln111tlrnra .......................... .

01111,rconl burners .• ." ................... . IAmc bm·noi·s .......................... .

..................................................................... *

Fi (l) ............ Engineers ............................. . < remen................... ... .. • .. • ... . 518 Firemen ............................... .

Glovemakers .............................................. Glovers ................................ .

Manufacturers and officials, etc .................................................................... .

753

22, 750

Glovers ................................ .

1,2'1<.l 1,r.oa 1,172

lti9 1,orn

11,81!1 ----~~--

11,026 lllr>

\!<17

22, 016

Bridge bnlldcrs. · .. · · • .. · •• · · ••••• • ..... '11? }Brldge and doclt bullclcrs .............. -··------· Dock builders".......................... 31 270 Builders................................ 2, 911 Buil{lcrs... ....... •• .• . ...• ... .. . •.• • . •• 1, 227 Contractors............................. 3, 120 Contmctors ............... , • • . • . . .. . • . • . 1, 909 Honse framers.......................... 1G :Mapmakers ................... ,......... 111 ·~f~P"iiiil1(er:,;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ........... 8 ~~~!~~~~~::::::::: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ::::: 91~ • ~-~~~:~!~:'.·~: :::::: :::::::::: ::: : : : : : : : : : : ......... ~~~

!Engineers included in 1860 with civil and mechaulc1tl englnecrs under "engineers ( ci.vll, etc,) and aurvoyors." (Seo professional s~rvico;)

lxii STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.

TABLE V.-NUMBER OF PERSONS CREDITED TO THE VARIOUS OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS USED AT THE CENSUSES OF 1850 AND 1860, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN 1900-0ont'<l.

;\f~'"UFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PURSUITS-Continued,

1860

OCCUPATION DESIGNATIONS IN 1900. Occupation designations.

.Miscellaneous industries-Continued.

Manufacturers and officials, etc.-Continued. Manufacturers:

Arrowroot ......................... . Blacking .......................... . Bo11net .............................. . Chalk ............................. . Chocolate ......................... . Cloth .............................. . Coffeemill ......................... . Cotton cloth ....................... . Fluid ........•....................•. Gas fixture ........................ . Hitrdware ......................... . Hook and eye ..................... . Hydraulic ram .................... . Inkstand .......................... . Iron railing ....................... . Lard ............................... . Lard oil ........................... . Linseed oil ....................... .. Patent leather ....................•. Pin ................................ . Porcelain .......................... . Pot and pearl rt."h .................. . Rosin .............................. . Show enEe .......................... . Sod11 ............................... . White lertd ••••••••••.•.•.•••..••••. Whiting ........................... . Wooden ware ...................... . Woolen ............................ . Not specified ...................... .

Free persons overl5

years.

11 50

208 4

17 127

1 335

5 29

801 2 7 2 2 2

19 36 93 36 25

147 2 3

12 45

9 736

1,170 11,283

181i0

Occupation designo.tions.

~fannfacturers:

Frccmalcs over 15 years .

ii1aciitiiii ::::::::: ::: : :::::: :: ::: : :: · ··· ·· ·· ··33

ciiacoia.i;,·: :: ::::: :: :::: ::::::: ::::: · ·········~iii Cloth............................... 253

cot'tiiD.::::::::::::::::: ::: :: :: : : : : :: · · · · · · · "522

i:iai-d.;viire: :: :::: :: ::: ::: : :: :: : ::: : : · · · · · · .. '8i9

i:1i:iseeci."aii:::::::: ::::::::::: ::: : :: · .. · · · · · .. 32 Patentleather........... ........... 157 Pin................................. 24 Porcelain....... .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . 13 Pot and pearl nsh .. .. . . . . • • .. • • • . .. 164

\vii'ite.iea<i::::: ::: ::: : ::: ::: : : ::: : : · · · · · · ····39 Whiting .... ,............. . . . . . . . . . . 1S Woodeuware ................... .... 556 Woolen............................. 1,007 Not otherwise specified.. .. . . .. . . . . . 15, 091

Model and pattern makers ••••.•.....••••••.•••..••.•.•.•.•..•...............•.•........•........... 2, 729

Modelmakers ....••..................... Pattcrnmakers ..•......................

143 2,586

l\Iodelmakers ...•...•..•.•............•. Patternmakcrs ........................ .

Photographer• ..................................................................................... . 3,154 Daguerreotypist.~ .....••.••••........•.. 1-----11

Daguerreotypl&ts . . . . .. . . . .. . . •. . . . . . . . . 2, 650 Photographers . . . . . . . .. .. • . . . . . . . . . . • .. 504

Rubber factoryoperatives .......................................................................... . 458 India rubber manufacturers .•.••....... 1-----11

India rubber manufacturers............ 208 India rubber workers................... 250

Tobacco and cigar factory operatives .............................................................. .

Tobacco cutters ...................... .. Tobacco manufacturers ............... . Tobacconists .......................... .

Upholsterers ....................................................................................... .

21,490

22 55

21,413

7,035 1-----11

Tobacconists and clgarmakers •.•...••.

-----·····------·······················--·

93 1,374

938

158

10, 828

1, 288

Mattressmakers ....................... . Trimmers ........................... .. Upholsterers ..........•...•••.......... :

3, 8~~ • T'rimillers· · ... · · · .. · · .... · · · ..... · .. · .. · · .... · · i: 288 3,199 ········(ij"""""""""""""' ........... .

Other miscellaneous lnd11Stries .................................... _ ...•.....•. _ ................ . 1--2_0_2_, 1_4_6 -11· ......................................... , ___ 1_2_, 2_5_11

AApJ?rfienit\Icfies .... ........ ........ ........ 55, 326 Apprentices ...................... . rtt c a ower makers ....... ;.... 600 Artificial flower makers ............ ·.•.·.·.· 1, 846

45 Artificial limb makers . . . · · · · 5 Artificial teethme.kers ... :............. • ................................... _. •.... ············

~~[g~::i1::ff:i1 1i1::[;'u';;,ee~1tt ~~~~~~:::::: ~~ }. A,;t~~~~~j~~i; ~~~~-~~~tl~~; -~~-~ ~~~~ ........... .. Nautical Instrument makers 25 tical instrument makers. ' 390 Bellowsmakcrs ......••...... ::::::::::: 60 Bellowsmakers Bucklemakers ............... ;.......... 25 ' • • • • • · · · • • • .. • • • · .... · .. • 39 Buttonmakers..................... .. 778 'iiuiiciiiillakera:::::::::::::::::::::::::: ·········433 g~~J>~~~:::::::::::·.·.·.·.·.· .. ·· .. ·.··.·.·,.·_·: __ .. _-.... · 477 •• • ccmentmakers....................... 1~i card.maniiiiiciii;rei-8:::::::::::::::::::: .......... 37 Chandlers . · Cementmakers .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 · .............................. 2,971 Chandlers

CCoacbmakers........................... 19, 180 c h k.............................. 2,388

ombmakers c oac ma ·ers · .. • .. · · · · · · .... · · · ·• • 14 049 eorrtm~kers::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6~~ ombmakers........................... 1:786

ECot on gm makers • .. . . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . 21 • Cotton ·;;-u. "makers" ............................... .

ruimelers 66 E 0 • • • • • ...... • • • • .. ; • ••• 111

~~~~w~i~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87,28g F~~:g;~~!nda::::: ::: ::::::: ::::::::: :: 10, 8a~ FF1

11t;rmakers.................. .. . .. . . .. 4 • • •• •• ... •• • ... •• • • ·" •• • • • .. • • .. • • • .. · · • • • .. •• • • .... •

~.n~•hcrs............................... 1,139 ·••••· ........................................... ·•··• l~~'j~;~r!11nkers....................... 868 . Flre,vorJ{ makers::::::::::::::::::::::: .......... iii;

···----·----·-----------·--·· grsgiakers ........................... 464 ·ciiiroi:ak~r:;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ......... i<is

g~~~1!~!~~~~;~:::::::::::::::::::~~ 2ii · fi1iiemakers :::::::::::::::::::: :::::::: •••• ··•· ·i44 Millstone makera. ...................... 10 }Grindstone and mil:stone makers .•.••.

1 45

1 Upholsterers combined In 1850 with paper bangers under "building trades."

rn L\lPAIU~ON A'I' TWgLF'J1H ANll J>HEOEIHNG CENSUSl~S. lxiii

'!'Am.}:\'. '\{l:llllEH <W l'I•:Hl4UNH Ultt-:Jl.l'l'IW 'I'll Tim \'AltllllT:-\ ()('(!{Tl',\'l'ION llEBIONA'l'JON~ U::II•:n A'l' nn; Cll<:N!Wl'll·~'-l UF lX,"iO ;\NO lilil(l, AimA~Wl~l> ;\.(!t'U!HHN'n TU 'l'Im CLAN:·Hl•'lUA'l'lON t)1" OO(HJPA'l'ION::l IN UlllO-Uuut'd.

:11 AX{! l•'.\C'I't'Hl N!I AN I> :\fg{ 'IL\ N l< '.\J, l'F H~Hl l'l'H~·\11111tlmw1l,

,llir>l'fll1111r1111N iml 11xlri"'·· t '1•111111111'•1.

1 II t1<•r 111l•1'1•lh11wo11• 111'111•trh•'. ·t 'u111it1111•11,

tHUO

I Fn•1•Jll'I'· :~llUl'ltl\'1 1 1 1 tn I y1 111l'.4,

1Hli0

l\("'liJllLlllllllk~lgU1LtlllllH,

ll1dr wnrlil'r~ .......... ,. •• . .. .. . . ... ... ·Hl I lr1d1· worklll'M .......................... .

l1't•1 1\I lluth•H ll\'l'I' 1fi )'l'lll'N,

~\Ill lJt•St'lUHht 1 l'~ • •, •• ,,, ••.,,, •. •••••., ••••• \I •,, • • •, , • • I nl• u11111111'111•t111·1·1·"..................... 10:1 Ju k rn~i1ii1rii1;t1ir1•i·~::::::::::::::::: ::: : ·"""":ii~ lu~tnm~1·11t uml;:~·1., ...... ,,,. .. .. . ........• I)

l\u11l1111uli1 1 r~ •.. , ..... , . , . . . .. •. . . . .. . .• ·I :::: ::::::~::: ::: ::::: ::::::: ::::: :: : :~;~ :1: :::::: ::::: l"11111111111k1•r•........................... .1:17 !.11111pm11lu•1·"·"· .. ··•· .. ········"'"'' iltlll l.11lh1•1111tlll'I',' ........... , .. , , ,, .. . . .. ... ~:I J,1~lhl'Ui!l!WJ'H .. ,.., , .,., ,. ..... , ...... , , •Iii Li l•tkitl).f ~hl"-1 UIH l~\ 1 1','i •• '' '" '' •• r....... l~~:I Ltu 1klll).f ghL~i{ rnnkt\J'~ • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • :ltH M\ll11·1·i1tllt•1 .......... ,............... \l,illi:I ~lllllnlµhlN............................. \l,11ltl ~lolthmll<"l'li •••..•. , .............. , ..... lfi\I M11l1l11111k1•1'.,., ..... , .... , , • , ........ , .. , Ii~ ~\llHh•11l ill•<ll'llllll'lll lllllil1'J".'i .. .,........ ',"fd (I) '"'"'""""' (lrunuh 11lt H\llli~·t·~ ...... ,,,............. H ····~·· ........... ~ l'1tl"''' ,1111111•1" •• ,................. :1:~·1 1'111u•1;~i1lllll'l"'· ... :'.:'. :: :::::: :: : :::: :: : ......... f,i1H 1•1,111~r l'''''' 111ttkt•rs, •.•. , .. ,., .. , . . . • • . L:l ........................... ~ ••..•••......••••••••••••.• P1•1ll'I \\"t•l'k1·r~~~············· ........... f1 ••••• •• • 1•,.1111 w11'•'1tdl 11111 i.,.r,,................. ~~:Ill ll'<'1i11"1i1iZ1;rK:::::.:::::'.'.'.'.:::::::::::::: .......... i>ii

l.l'1•111•1\11111k1•1•11 .. .... • .... ..... • • .. .. .... U17 l'ldln•.t•(tlth•:<i i1t••ll'l11llt'lll 1tlllk1•I'',.,," 11~! l'hll0Ht1]'1ii1•11l lllHll'llllW!lt llll\.kP\'H,. .... (l(i:I t•1t11111i1•1l1• 111111•1·~ .................. ,... HI ....... .. •• .. l-Jpt1 llt1l\..l 1 l'~t • ~~. ~, .•.•••. ,,.,, H7 l'l1•,\11\nk~ 1 rn·::: .. ::: : :::::: ::: : : : ::: :::: · · · ·" ·' '' '7:"1 1~1u ... tt·1· tl~n11·1 1 HutL..1•rl"I .. ,........... •••. lf1"l l1htHlt•1· ll1nn·~1 rnnl\t~l'H ......... ... .•. .... ~2 1'11lblh'I''' 1111d h111·111,1t1·r· .. '.' :nn l'olM1111·H tlllol !1111Hl1111•H •••• ... •• . ... •••• Hi•! HnltH'"ll''•J'H1Ul~1'r~ ... , ,., .. ,,,,., Hf) Hn~ul'Klropmulwr14 ................. n•••• ~·l tt1 1 tlu~·rN .. ,," ........... , ,,, ,,,........ :tu11 ltt•tlHt'l'li.~ ....... ~·············~········· nr1'.! Hhntt1mlHlltH•tlU't'l'~1 .•. ,, ,,,,,.,,.,, Ill Hh·nt,1n11nuftu~t1U'1'l'H ............. u•P•• ~-l :--lh1t,t.~hUIH\;;lll'~I ''"''' ,,,,, ,, ,,,,, ,, .. ~ ••••••••••••~•••••••••~ ,., ~ •• ,

~::::~1;:~,At:.11~~ '.':'.'~'.':'.".::::.:::.::.::::::: 7~ I:::::::::::::::::::::::'.:::::::::::::::::: ::::::: ::::.: ~tt·o\\' \\'tll'l\.t•t'.•1, •••• ,,.,,, ,,,.,,.,. ••. ~,~s7 :-tll'tl\\' \\'ol'l,·t·l'~............................ IH~ a-\\t'1il~ 1 1\i h•t' rnuk1 1rs. I ' '' ' •• ' • 1 ' ' ' •• ' t.!.tl ' H\l~Jlt'lUlt~l' 11\H kt•t'H. ~nu •.. u .•..•. ' •. u 11!1 •t•oruuilt.t••'M.", .•. ,, ~···, ,,, ., , , . . . . . . ~r~ , ··~· .............................. ~~· ......... ··~ ...... . ·rnt'pnul111 u111l\.1·i·:~.~····, t. ........................................................ .. Ml11'ltl'l ... lUU kt 1I'" ' i ' ' ••• "' ' ' ' '.' ' '' ' • ', •• >". I u . "' ............ ~ ........... ~...... . . I.

1'111l1n•llt1 1111111111'111·11m•r•" .......... ., .. 7M llmlt1•1'1h1 111111111C111•tt11·111·s ..... : :: :: • : :: : .. • "·7~!~ \\'uf1,l'lltnk-~1·tt .. ·~ ·~ .. '' '' ., , "' r 'l '.'. 't ........ •••11•• • •••••••• •••••• ·~·· •••••• * •• • • • • '\'tU{•H\UUtk1 1 1'/4,.~,~U'''''' ,,.,,.,,,,,,, ~1 :t~ \\'11):.fHHHtllk\lt'M ••.••. ~.-u .............. : ... i:r1f.()

-~~':l~~;\~,~~·~~ .. ··~. ·:: :: :: ~ ~:::,:: ~:,: ~::. '.::: ~ ......... '.1• "\\·ii,llt~f1~.1;1; \\.~:,:1tt1i·~:::::: :::: :: : ::: :::: · · ··· ·'' ''fu\ \\'hlj•11111l1t•r.i,, ..... , .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. 11;.;, \\'hlpm11k1·1·>1 ••• ... .. ............ ... .... 11:m \\'hi 1•11·11"lt1•n<,.,,............. ... .... 1,1171 \\'hlllt11·11•lwrtl.......................... ·llll

~~::~:1:1.~:~ 1:.1i;,;;,·,; ;;!;,·,;.~;.;,::::::::::::::::: ~:: . \i·ii1;i1ii1; ~ii.;;,;; il11\i;,;,:ii::::::::::::::::: ...... ' ... ."tit j t H\wl' u1•1;llt1uthiltH l\Hl1 u11ktt11\\'U '.' '.. (l~,~7~~ I t HlWl' httt~t1}11\1!0Ht.t ••••••••. .... ~ .••• '... ~~I mu

All 1lt1sill,'tmti1111s or "11m11nfnl'tm·111•i-i" i11 l,"\f10 t111(I

ll'l!Hl l11w11 lint lH11111 t1sHig-1111tl in 't'11.li)11 v tu tl111 llHHl 01•1•n1mt it111 1.n·11up nt' "lltlllllll1

11t'(.11n1r:-1 1111il otlil'itdH." 'l'bui-;11 d1•:·dg·1mt11111H fur wltit•h 1ht• 111tmb11r 111' t11 11•s11w' l't'jHIJ'frd indit•tlfl'd (.)lflf, lltt1t'llljllO,\'tll'H111' lll!lllllf1tt•l1tl'illg'

l1,4(1d11lsl11t1t111tH W1 1 1•11 i11d11d11d htL\'1 1 !itlt\11 llHsi~1wtl tn

otlw1• g1·1111 p~. a-i, p1q111J' 1t1n11111'1wt.m•111·." to pit] H\I' n.ntl pulp mill op1q·11.ti\'t'H, silk 1111u11d'1wtu1•111•14 lo Hilk mill

OJH'l'lllfr11H, t'(p,

wilh nu 11gg1·1•gnt11 11£ 1°1•1•tal11 11«1•np11t.i111m grmtt.ly !'lltorl: ,,r wlint: la kt11111·11 111 ht• llw f1w1, 1irnl wlmt: 1'1111 bc1 l!l'll\'1111 by l11t•1tl dit•t1t1tlll'il•a 1md r1•µh<l1•rt<. flt·1·n1•11ti11HH nrt• nut. 1mmtin11111l1 whit1li 1 in Um Htm10

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Th11 l'l'!lll'llH or llt'l'llPllliolll'l 111: thn t't11lS\IS!'!ol ol' I K(l()

nntl I Stlo m•r11 1101. \'t'l'~' s1itiHl'1Lclm·.1· 1 Pit.ht1r H!ol to tlwir 1·rn11pl1•(,t1111 1HH f)l' th« dt 1luil in whi<\h tJl(I 0t•1•n1mt.ion11 w1•1·11 Hhtl·t•d. 'l'hiH WHl'l p1tr!i1·nln1·l,Y t.hn <'llHt\ in !~mo, 1111tl t lw Jll'11HP1tlutin11 of t.lrn rn't"llPttlfott (.1tlil<1!o! Wll!>I

n1·P1it11pnnit•tl liy tlw l'ollowi11g- oxpl1t11nt.01•y 1·1•111ttl'kl4: 1

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'l'lw h1•n1li11g "nth1•1· 111·t>np11ti11111;" will u1•1111n11l; fnl' ~unrn of those 11iH1'f't1JHllll'i1'H. trmli'l' H 111°11 nhA11rh1 1tl 11 g-ro11t. YttritlLy of mlnnr 111t1pl11y111P11t111 whkh lH•illg in 1111111!11n· 1011 ftlw for 1\ ~l11Lt1 1 wc1ro !huuf.(ht. to 110 h1•t!t•1· j1hw1•1l uwlor thiH l11111tl l"lllm 1m1fol' 1mylipt't•Ulo Olll't.I, '!'IHI l'IH'l'k~HIHl~H 11f lllll l1lllllll!lrulorn HtlllOlUll:A for otlwn1; 11111. tlltll't• ttl'll PXplnhw1\ in l't•tlnntinl-( how mnuy nc1oup11t.iorn1 oftt•u lll•lo11,,r 111 tltt1 ~1u1w Jll'l'rt1111, wlw, i11 r1•l11ming- thorn, will not he \'ttl'~' npt lo follow any gi•11t11°1tl rult•, tlwngh inHt:rneh1d trl 110 Ho.

!Incl tlw llt'n<ling 11 11!.ht•t' Ot'lHlplltfouH 1' notl1l1tmnlt•o1uly 1t1l11ptuL11 111ul n. v111•y lttrg-11 pnrtinn of tlw work nrr1mgo<l u11tlor H, tho H11pminlt\ltclt•ut wonlil lm\'tl l'X\'hHll'1l ii, nrnl rioparntoil t11wh t-mployrnPnt hy iti<t'if, lww11\'l'l' md111r1tn·tn11t:; 01· lf thii. lut<l not; lll'on pr11ct.lml1h', wonhl huv11 lnicl 1lnwn 11 1·uh1 fut• t\<UulonHntfon, mul, in I\ 110!0, l'll!llll(lrnt:Pil till ol tl1n 1 1111plo~·mt.mtH whit•h Wl'l'!I 1liHJUIH!•ll .,f tlllll:l. Hm:h 1.1 courHo wonhl h1wo )Juen rmrnuod ia nny etn:1u, w lmtunir tlw

lxiv STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS.

labor involved, if the table 1 which follows, and which is arranged under certain limited classes, could have been by that means perfected. The difficulty was still existing-altogether incapable of removal-of separating the laborers so as to show how many were agricultural, nonagricultural, or engaged in the services of commerce, etc. All that could be done was to arrange the data to the best a<h·antage, and to indicate by the notes, for the information of the reader, how that arrangement or reclassification was made. In general, it is assumed, for these purpo~es, that the laborers are not agricultural, though, without question, a great many are, and "other occupations" are taken to include only persons that are employed in trade or manufactures. This arrangement will be more nearly correct than any other. The reader can judge for himself, however, and frame any other tables if he prefers. The subject will receive attention again. ·

* * * * * In the construction of this table (Table x, for each state and

territory) it was deemed advisable to follow 1113 closely as possible the returns of the assistant marshals, notwithstanding some difficultieo occurred which seemed to require a greater condensation of the headings. The principal one arises from the fact that frequently two or more occupations are united under one general buEiness, in which case the assistant marshal generally returns the individual a;; following that particular employment which is the moHt common or important, and consequently the incidental pursuit is not shown in the table. An enumeration of some of these headings which might have been condensed will at once show the mode of rendering them consistent, viz: "Cabinet and chair makers," and "undertakers"; "carpenters," "joiners," and "builders"; "clock and wateh makers,'' and "jewelers"; "copper and tin smiths"; "dairymen" and "milkmen"; "drivers,"" carters," and ''teamsters''; ''machinists'' and'' engine manufacturers''; ''plough

1 Seventh Census, Table Lr, page lxxx.

makers" and "agricultural implement makers"; "refectory keepers," "barkeepers," etc.; "lath, shingle, and stuve mukers"; etc. Another apparent discrepancy results from the fact that frequently one individual has two distinct pursuits, or a regular and incidental occupation. This case includes almost all holders of small offices, whose regular pursuit is given by the assistant mnrshal, but whose official occupation is lost. This will account fur tho small number of "bank officers,'' "insurance company oHicers," "eity, county, and town officers," etc. A third difficulty is, that the ollieers haYCl frequently returned the employees and operatives of large manufacturing establishments as "laborers," arnl consequently the "factory hands" are not sufficiently represented in tho tnbles. To supply this deficiency, there is attached to each of tho tables :t brief statement of the numbers of male lrnndR employed in sovoral of the leading interests, as shown by the industrial schedules.

The report for 1860 contains no statement relative to the sufficiency or explicitness o:f the occupation returns, but the Superintendent of the Ninth Census (18'70),2 in commenting upon the return of occupations under general and unmeaning terms, says:

In the census of 1860 the occurrence of these vague and nnsntisfactory terms was so frequent that the utmost effort1:1 in compilation could not have succeeded in removing tens of thousn.utls or cases where, from the specification of the occupation, it waa impossible to judge to which of the great branehes of indnstry-munufactures, agriculture, mining, commerce, or professional lifo-the person reported belonged; or to avoid tens of thonsamlH more where, the great branch of industry being cletermine<l, it wns entirely impossible to say to which of its principnl departments he should be assigned.

2 Ninth Census, Report on Population, page xxxiii.

Occupations at the Twelfth Census. · The return of occupations in 1850 was called :for on the schedule for free inhabitants only,1 and did not apply, as in 1820 and 1840, to :females

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