Observer Scanner Training Electronic Searches Section 3 by 1st Lt. Alan Fenter
Observer Scanner Training Electronic Searches Section 3 by 1st Lt. Alan Fenter.
Jan 11, 2016
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Observer Scanner Training
Electronic SearchesSection 3
by 1st Lt. Alan Fenter
Level II Technician Rating
Section 1:
Objective:Discuss electronic equipment, including the reasons for its survivability, and the way to insure proper search coverage.
Level II Technician Rating
The Success of ELT’s depend on
Life of the batterySurvivabilityWhether or not the unit was armed or not
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ELT System
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Check for Understanding
What does ELT stand for?
Emergency Locator Transmitter
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Check for Understanding
On what three factors does the success of electronic searches depend?
1. Life of ELT batteries
2. Survivability of ELT
3. Whether the unit was turned on or not.
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Check for Understanding
What means can be used to insure adequate, thorough coverage during a search?Use both an electronic search & a
general concentrated search
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Section 2:
Objective:Given statements concerning the track line pattern, select true ones from false.
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Electronic Search Patterns
Most effective is the Track Line SearchFlown from 5000 to 10,000 AGLSuccessive sweeps should be ½ previous track spacing
A
C
B
½ SM
½ SM
Track of Missing Aircraft
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Check for Understanding
The track line pattern is most effective during electronic searches.
True
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Check for Understanding
Most track line patterns are flown above 10,000 feet.
False, 5000 to 10,000 ft. AGL is the normal altitude for most Track
Line Patterns
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Check for Understanding
The maximum altitude for receiving an ELT signal is the best for making an electronic search.
False
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On second and third sweeps during a track line search, the track spacing should be one-third of the preceding sweep.
False
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Check for Understanding
The search procedures should be continued until the survivors are found or the batteries are presumed dead.
True
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Section 3: Homing Searches
Objective:Define homing and discuss the meaning of the actions of the left-right needle in a directional finding unit during a homing search.
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ELT Homing Game
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Check for Understanding
What does “homing” mean?
Tracking a signal from a distance point to its source.
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Check for Understanding
What does a centered left-right needle of a directional finding unit mean in the homing search method?
You are heading directly to or away from the signal source.
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Check for Understanding
How can you tell if you are flying directly toward or away from a signal picked up on the DF unit?
Make a 90 degree turn and observe the direction of the needle in relationship to the
planes orientation.
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Check for Understanding
How does the left-right needle indicate to you that you have just crossed over the target?
You will notice a full scale swing form side to side.
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Check for Understanding
If you have been steadily on the signal in a homing search and the needle suddenly drifts to one side and returns to the center, what does this indicate?
Interfering signal
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Section 4: Signal Null Method
Objective:Discuss the basis for the null search method, the equipment needed, the procedure itself, and the special considerations in this type of search.
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2 Assumptions
1. Metal wing will block the incoming ELT signal during steep turns
2. Two or more receptions will provide vectors locating the ELT
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Null ProceduresAltitude 6000 to 9000’
AGL
NULL
Path of Aircraft
NULL
NULL
Target
NULL Vector
Reduce Altitude
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Check for Understanding
The signal null method is based on what two assumptions?
1. Metal wing will block ELT Signal during a steep turn.
2. Two or more receptions will provide vectors locating the ELT.
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Check for Understanding
What special equipment is needed for this method?
A special antenna properly located.
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What does it mean to say “the signal will null”?
The signal will break or momentarily stop.
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How many degrees are added to or subtracted from a null signal reading for it to be accurate in locating downed aircraft?
90 degrees
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When the approximate location has been determined and the search craft has descended to obtain visual contact, how is the crew able to pinpoint the location within a small area?
More “nulls” and visually
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Check for Understanding
What are four special considerations in making a signal null search?1. Crew competent in 360 degree
turns.
2. Knowledge of search aircraft position when null occurs.
3. When signal is lost-go to last location null occurs.
4. Approach wreck area with caution.
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Section 5:Aural Searches
Objective:Define “aural” and discuss the assumption on which aural searches are based, standard volume during a search, and the problem in pinpointing downed aircraft using this method.
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Aural Search methodArea of equal beacon
strength is circular – barely audible in A/C receiver at
search altitude
SH
SF
Chord 1
SH SFChord 2
Chord 3
Decending
Commence Low Alt Pattern
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Check for Understanding
The aural search is based on what assumption?
Area of equal beacon strength is circular
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Check for Understanding
What does “aural” mean?
Audio
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Of what value is maintaining standard volume during an aural search?
Ensures the signal “heard” and “fade” positions will remain
constant.
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Check for Understanding
Why are the calculations on pinpointing the location of ELT units only approximate in aural searches?
In actuality, areas of equal signal strength are seldom circular.
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Section 6: Metered Search
Objective:Complete statements concerning the metered search method of locating downed aircraft.
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Metered Searches
6.0
4.0
First Signal /
8.0
6.0
8.0 Fade
s
8.0 Fade
s
2.0
1.0
ELT
2.0
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Check for Understanding
The meter, in a metered search, measures ____ _____ _______.ELT Signal Strength
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To be effective, the metered search must locate two positions where the signals are of _____ _____ _______.Equal Signal
Strength
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The metered search is carried out by the pilot making turns primarily of ____ degrees until enough information is gathered to plot the location of the downed aircraft.
180
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Section 7: General Conclusions
Objective:Complete statements concerning various general conclusions about electronic search methods.
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Level II Technician Rating
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Electronic searches are most efficient when _________, ___________, and ________ are ideal.
Equipment environment terrain
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One big problem for search teams for a long time has been ________________.Signal Reflections
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During mountainous searches, the pattern should be flown _________ to the valley ridges first, then _____________ to them.
Parallel Perpendicular
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Check for Understanding
In looking at a problem in an electronic search, consider equipment reliability, direction finding procedures, and _______ as possible trouble sources.
terrain
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