Objectives : Identify steps of cell cycle Catalyst : Make a T-chart for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Jan 04, 2016
Objectives:
Identify steps of cell cycle
Catalyst: Make a T-chart for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
TODAYTODAY
I Present – you take down infoI Present – you take down info Let’s Practice TogetherLet’s Practice Together
– Two quick Practice SheetsTwo quick Practice Sheets– Utilizing selector toolUtilizing selector tool
Then you prove your Then you prove your knowledge!!!!!knowledge!!!!!– WhiteboardsWhiteboards– FlipbookFlipbook
How many cells do we begin with?
1
How do we get more?
A: Go to Wal-MartB: Email Mr. LandC: Cellular Division
process by which cells reproduce themselves
CELL DIVISION
Cell Cycle
The time it takes a cell to reproduce varies depending on cell type
CELLS & George Wythe
Why would a cell divide?Why is the school divided by grade
levels?
How do cells get water and energy?Why must we have multiple lunch
shifts?
All cells except sex cells
produces cells with the exact same DNA
and characteristics
MITOSIS
Binary Fission Bacteria replicate its chromosomes and then
divides in two
Budding Little buds sprout from parent and then grow up
– same chromosomes
Sporulation Fungi produces spores that are released into
the air – same chromosomes
CELL CYCLE 2 Stages
Cell Division
Cell Division
InterphaseInterphase
INTERPHASE
G1 PHASE•“gap 1” Phase
• period when cell growth and development occur
S PHASE•“synthesis” Phase
• DNA replication / synthesis occurs
G2 PHASE• “gap 2” Phase• when organelles needed in
cell division are made (centrioles, spindle fibers)
CELL CYCLE 2 Stages
Cell Division
Cell Division
InterphaseInterphase
Cell Division
M Phase
(Mitosis)
CELL Division is composed of 2 separate stages
Cytokinesis(division of cytoplasm)
Back to Interphase
MNEMONIC DEVICE!!! REMEMBER!!
What happens if Mr. Gibney drinks 4 bottles of gatorade and chills on the couch for an hour.
He gets up and goes to the bathroom and is in such a hurry that he kinda misses.
PMAT
PROPHASEPROPHASEMETAPHASEMETAPHASEANOPHASEANOPHASETELOPHASETELOPHASE
1. PROPHASE1. PROPHASE longest phaselongest phaseChromosomes Chromosomes
appear & attach to appear & attach to spindlespindle
Nucleolus and Nucleolus and nuclear membrane nuclear membrane breaks downbreaks down
2. METAPHASE2. METAPHASEShortest phaseShortest phaseChromosomes line up Chromosomes line up
at center of the cellat center of the cell
3. ANAPHASE3. ANAPHASECentromeres splitCentromeres splitChromosomes Chromosomes
separate to become separate to become individualsindividuals
Ends when the Ends when the movement of movement of chromosomes stopschromosomes stops
4. TELOPHASE4. TELOPHASEChromosomes uncoil Chromosomes uncoil
into chromatininto chromatinNuclear membrane Nuclear membrane
reformsreformsSpindle breaks apartSpindle breaks apart
Division of the cytoplasm of the cell
CYTOKINESIS
Meiosis
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes
Chromosomes exist in pairs called homologuesDiploid cells have two sets of chromosomes –
Ex: all cells (skin, hair, eye) except for sex cellsHaploid cells have one half the chromosomes –
Ex: only sex cells
Sex cells are also called gametesMeiosis is the process by which sex cells
make sure they have the right number of chromosomes
Meiosis takes place in the gonads: testes and ovaries
Sex ChromosomesWomen:
Men:
Many women ask why oh “y”
XX
Xy
Diploid!!
Haploid or Diploid
Haploid!!
Haploid!!
MeiosisThe process of cell division so that each new cell has 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the original.
MITOSIS MEIOSISCell Divides
Once
Results in 2 cells with 46 Chromosomes
• Cell Divides Twice
• Results in cells with 23 Chromosomes
• Makes 4 sperm cells or 1 egg cell
Stages of Meiosis
The stages of Meiosis in order are: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II
Spermatogenesis – makes four sperm cells from each parent cell
Oogenesis – makes one ovum and three polar bodies from each parent cell (polar bodies are discarded)
PRACTICE!!!!!
I’ve Presented – you’ve taken down infoLet’s Practice Together
Two quick Practice Sheets Utilizing selector tool
Then you prove your knowledge!!!!! Whiteboards Flipbook
WHITEBOARD PRACTICE
POD Group Competitions
G1 PHASE•This is the period when cell growth and development occur
CELL CYCLE 2 Stages
?
Cell Division
Interphase?
S PHASE• DNA replication / synthesis occurs
•Part of interphase
1. PROPHASE1. PROPHASE longest phaselongest phaseChromosomes Chromosomes
appear & attach to appear & attach to spindlespindle
Nucleolus and Nucleolus and nuclear membrane nuclear membrane breaks downbreaks down
G2 PHASE• when organelles needed in
cell division are made (centrioles, spindle fibers)
3. ANAPHASE3. ANAPHASECentromeres splitCentromeres splitChromosomes Chromosomes
separate to become separate to become individualsindividuals
Ends when the Ends when the movement of movement of chromosomes stopschromosomes stops
Cell Division
CELL Division is composed of 2 separate stages
Back to Interphase
2. METAPHASE2. METAPHASEShortest phaseShortest phaseChromosomes line up Chromosomes line up
at center of the cellat center of the cell
Division of the cytoplasm of the cell
CYTOKINESIS
4. TELOPHASE4. TELOPHASEChromosomes uncoil Chromosomes uncoil
into chromatininto chromatinNuclear membrane Nuclear membrane
reformsreformsSpindle breaks apartSpindle breaks apart
Meiosis
Humans have pairs of chromosomesFor a total of chromosomesChromosomes exist in pairs called
23
46
Homologues
Sex ChromosomesWomen:
Men:
Many women ask why oh “y”
XX
Xy
Diploid!!
Haploid or Diploid
Haploid!!
Haploid!!
MITOSIS MEIOSISCell Divides
Once
Results in 2 cells with 46 Chromosomes
• Cell Divides Twice
• Results in cells with 23 Chromosomes
• Makes 4 sperm cells or 1 egg cell
Stages of Meiosis
– makes four sperm cells from each parent cell
– makes one ovum and three polar bodies from each parent cell (polar bodies are discarded)
spermatogenesis
oogenesis
THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIP
Chromosome Gene Message Product
(DNA) (mRNA) (protein)
Flipbook
You have 9 cardsFirst card = Flip book of Cellular Division
plus your nameCard 1 – G1 (write definition) - InterphaseCard 2 – S Phase - Interphase, Card 3 –
G2 - InterphaseCard 4-8 – do phases of mitosis plus draw
pictures
Cancer is a disease Cancer is a disease of cells and genes.of cells and genes.
Navajo word for cancer translates as:Navajo word for cancer translates as:
The sore that will not The sore that will not heal.heal.
Per year in the United States alone:Per year in the United States alone:
over 1.2 million new cases (150/hour) over 1.2 million new cases (150/hour)
over over ½ million deaths (25% of all ½ million deaths (25% of all deaths)deaths)
more than $50 billion spent for more than $50 billion spent for healthcarehealthcare
about $15 billion spent for researchabout $15 billion spent for research
“Cigarette smoking is the most significant cause of lung cancer and the leading cause of lung cancer death in both men and women. Smoking is also responsible for most cancers of the larynx, oral cavity, and esophagus. In addition, it is highly associated with the development of and deaths from bladder, kidney, pancreatic, and cervical cancers.” National Cancer Institute
Cancer is a complex genetic disease caused primarily by environmental factorsNote well:Note well: “genetic” is not the same as “inherited”
(most cancers are not usually inherited)
Tumor = Neoplasm = Growing mass of cells
1) Benign
2) Malignant
invasive
metastatic
21_44_Tumors.jpg
21_42_metastasis.jpg
Transplantable keratoma
BENIGN
Ameloblastoma
Adult viral-induced renal Adult viral-induced renal adenocarcinoma grafted to the back of adenocarcinoma grafted to the back of
a tadpolea tadpole
MALIGNANTMALIGNANT
Carcinoma = epithelial
Sarcoma = connective tissue or muscle
Blood = leukemias
Brain and Nerve
time
Normal
Malignant
Hamster cells in tissue culture
Normal Cells Cancer Cells
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of cells growing in tissue culture
Human karyotype
Normal Cancer
Human lung cancer cells in tissue culture have become multi-nucleate
Six features common to cancer cells from: Hanahan, D. and R.A. Weinberg (2000) “The Hallmarks of Cancer,” Cell
100:57-70
1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals or response2. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
3. Evasion of programmed cell death
4. Limitless replication potential
5. Sustained stimulation of blood vessel growth6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
Mainly: loss of control of cell division
Three probable causes of cancer
1. Defective DNA repair mechanisms2. Transformation of a normal gene into an oncogene
3. Malfunction of a tumor suppressor gene
Healthy, dividing cell
Damage to cell
Damage control Stop cell division Assess damage Cellular repair
Successful repair
Return toReturn to cell cyclecell cycle
Failed repair
CancerCancer
Extensive damage
Cell deathCell deathmodified from Biology of Cancer by R.W. Phillis and S. Goodwin
Cancer results from mutations, often environmentally
induced, in genes that stimulate
or suppress cell division and cell-to-cell signaling.
These genes commonly code for transcription factors and
other genetic control elements.
““While much is known While much is known about the science of about the science of
cancer, its prevention cancer, its prevention depends largely, if not depends largely, if not exclusively, on political exclusively, on political
action.”action.”S. Epstein, University of Illinois Medical Center