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Jan 29, 2016
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Objectives Explain how to implement green
fleets Learn about incentives for
converting to electric drive vehicles Learn about the availability and
cost of operating electric drive vehicles
Identify the advantages of using electric drive vehicles
Understand how to safely charge and operate electric drive vehicles
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Why use green fleets? Reduce operating costs Reduce greenhouse gas
emissions Improve corporate image
Greening of Fleets
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How to Implement Green Fleets Get buy-in Create long-term objectives Avoid setting reduction goals in
absolute numbers Anticipate obstacles Move slowly Improve vehicle use Track and report progress
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EVs = vehicles powered or assisted by electricity
Electricity is provided by grid or generated onboard
Stored in batteries Four types of EVs (HEVs, PHEVs,
BEVS, and FCEVs) Each types serves a different
purpose
Electric Drive Fleets
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HEV Most common EVs Utilize an ICE and one or more
electric motors Motor/generator captures or
produces energy
Figure 1: Hybrid commercial fleet vehicles. Source: NAFTC.
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PHEV Most PHEVs are modified HEVs Larger battery capacity, ability to
charge their batteries by plugging in to the grid
Can operate on all electric power
longer than HEV Limited all electric
rangeFigure 2: Toyota Prius, a popular plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle. Source: NAFTC.
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BEV Simplest EV design Batteries, motors, drivetrain Limited range depending upon
battery capacity
Figure 3: The Proterra BEV transit bus. Source: Proterra.
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FCEV Most advanced EVs Hydrogen gas powers the fuel
cell Large battery packs are not
required
Figure 4: Hydrogen fuel cell bus. Source: NREL.
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Incentives Partnership initiatives and pooled
resources Financial subsidiaries Informational tools
Initial cost vs. federal and state incentives
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
Clean Cities Program
Incentives for Using Electric Drive Vehicles in Fleets
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Did You Know?
Argonne National Laboratory developed a graphical user interface-based calculator called AirCRED that calculates air pollutant emissions based on specific fleet variables. These emissions “credits” are used to determine excise tax credits.
To learn more, visit: www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/AirCred
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Tax Incentives Federal and state tax rebates Research and production rebates
depending upon work done Rebates and incentives available
for use of hydrogen fueling equipment
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Federal Grant Funding Federal government = largest
grant provider U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) U.S. Department of Transportation
(DOT) Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA)
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State Grant Funding State Energy Office (SEO) National Association of State
Energy Officials directory Alternative Fuels Data Center map
To find state-specific information, visitwww.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state
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Incentives for ElectricityProduction
Electricity is a domestically produced product
“Clean” electricity production Job opportunities and economic
benefits Increased demand will lead to a
continually expanding marketplace
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More than 6,800 public charging stations nationwide
Regional electrification programs
Increased demand will help build an expanding infrastructure
Onsite charging
Electricity Cost and Availability
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Figure 5: This map illustrates the number of public charging stations across the country. Source: AFDC.
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Cost Electricity production Installation of charging
infrastructure Cost-per-mile for electricity vs.
gasoline Long-term savings Production factors – source of
electricity, location of production, availability of raw materials
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Figure 6: A comparison of electricity and gasoline energy cost per mile. Source: AFDC.
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Cost Factors Fuel source for energy production Charging infrastructure Cost to process raw materials Seasonal weather affects on
energy consumption
Figure 7: Electricity and gasoline and diesel cost comparison, 2009-2012. Source: AFDC.
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HEV Advantages:
Better fuel economy than gasoline/diesel counterparts
Lower emissions than conventional vehicles
Combines efficiency of EVs with range of gasoline fuel
Things to Consider: Capital cost/purchase price Battery life/disposal Fuel economy advantages highly
dependent upon driving conditions
Electric Drive Advantages
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PHEV Advantages:
Better fuel economy than gasoline/diesel counterparts
Lower emissions than conventional vehicles Combines efficiency of EVs with range of
gasoline fuel Extended battery only range when compared
to HEVs Things to Consider:
Capital cost/purchase price Battery life/disposal Fuel economy advantages highly dependent
upon driving conditions More limited availability than HEVs
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BEV Advantages:
Lower fuel costs No localized emissions Quiet operation At home ‘fueling’ by charging
Things to Consider: Capital cost/purchase price Battery life/disposal Limited driving range/public charging
stations Limited availability when compared to HEVs Emissions do occur at fossil fuel powered
plants used to produce electricity Charge time
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FCEV Advantages:
Lower fuel costs No localized emissions Quiet operation
Things to Consider: Capital cost/purchase price Limited driving range/public fueling
stations Limited availability Emissions and energy required to
produce hydrogen for use in FCEVs
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Similar performance and safety when compared to conventional vehicles
Each type poses unique issues Size and complexity of electrical
systems differ greatly
Electric Drive Performance and Safety
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Performance HEVs and PHEVs
Similar to conventional vehicles Reduced emissions High torque available from electric
motors Driving range is comparable to
conventional vehicles Available in light- and heavy-duty
applications
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Performance BEVs
Similar performance to conventional vehicles
Peak torque availability may allow for better acceleration
No onboard ICE or complex transmission system
Available for niche market applications Consistent routes that allow for onsite
charging
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Performance FCEVs
Performance is similar to conventional vehicles
Larger battery pack replaced with onboard hydrogen storage
Decreased cargo capabilities Usually only available through lease
programs
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Required downtime for charging PHEVs and BEVs
Three charging levels Specific equipment
requirements
Figure 8: The main levels of charging available for PHEVs and BEVs. Source: NAFTC.
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Level 1 = standard 120 volt three-prong cord
Wall mounted units available Most EVs sold with necessary cords At home Level 2 are available as
well
Figure 9 (left): Level 2 wall mount charging stations. Source: GE Industrial.
Figure 10 (right): Nissan Leaf charging cord. Source: NAFTC.
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Level 2 = 240 volt connection Typically used with BEVs and
some PHEVs Public, home, and onsite fleet
charging
Figure 11 (left): Free-standing Level 2 charging station. Source: NAFTC.
Figure 12 (right): Level 2 Minit-Charger private fleet charging infrastructure. Source: Minit-Charger.
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Level 3 = 480 volt connections “Quick charge” systems Reduce charge time to half an
hour or less depending uponthe equipment used
Valuable for use inthe heavy-duty sector
Figure 13: The Blink DC Fast Charger. Source: Blink Network.
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Electric Drive Performance Summary
• Similar vehicle performance• Lower
operating/maintenance costs• Quieter operation• Fewer local emissions
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Safety Same stringent NHSA and DOT
safety standards as conventional vehicles
Charging equipment safety standards
High-voltage disconnects within vehicles
Inertia switches
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Color coded high-voltage vehicle components
Bright orange or light blue insulation
EVs that are plugged in to charge will have more cords that may not be color coded
Different charging levels, equipment, charging can be done by anyone
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Electric Drive Safety Summary• Safety measures in charging
stations• Meet NHSA and DOT standards• High voltage cables are color
coded• Maintenance should be done by
trained technicians only
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1. List the four types of EVs presented for fleet managers in this section along with their acronyms.
2. True or False: The GGE price of electric has remained nearly unchanged between 2009 and 2012.
3. The fastest EV charging requires a Level _______ charger.
4. True or False: EVs must be charged by only trained professionals due to electric shock hazard.
Test Your Knowledge