Objectives Compare and contrast independent and dependent variables. Compare and contrast experimentation and investigation. Identify the differences.
Dec 23, 2015
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ObjectivesCompare and contrast independent and dependent variables.
Compare and contrast experimentation and investigation.
Identify the differences between mass and weight.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
Review Vocabulary
experiment: procedure performed in a controlled setting to test a hypothesis and collect precise data
ObjectivesExplain what scientific notation is and how it is used.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
Scientists use scientific methods to structure their experiments and investigations.
New Vocabularyscientific methods
hypothesis
independent variable
dependent variable
control
Le Système International d’Unités (SI)
scientific notation
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Scientists use similar methods to gather data and communicate information.
Scientific methods are a series of problem-solving procedures that helps scientists conduct experiments.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
A hypothesis is a testable explanation of a situation that can be supported or disproved by careful procedures.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
Visualizing Scientific Methods
Scientific methods are used by scientists to help organize and plan their experiments and investigations.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Experimentation
An experiment is classified as an organized procedure that involves making observations and measurements to test a hypothesis.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
The independent variable in an experiment is the factor that is changed by the experimenter.
A dependent variable is a factor that is affected by changes in the independent variable.
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
A control is used in an experiment to show that the results of an experiment are a result of the condition being tested.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Investigation
An investigation involves observation and collecting data but does not include a control.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
The Nature of Scientific InvestigationsAnalysis and conclusions
During a scientific experiment, all data are carefully recorded.
Once an experiment is complete, graphs, tables, and charts are commonly used to display data.
These data are then analyzed so that a conclusion can be drawn.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Analysis and conclusions
Many times, a conclusion does not support the original hypothesis.
In such a case, the hypothesis must be reevaluated and further research must be conducted.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
Measurement
Le Système International d’Unités (SI) is a modern version of the metric system based on a decimal system.
Length
The SI unit for length is the meter (m).
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
Measurement
Mass
The amount of matter in an object is called mass.
The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
Measurement
Weight
Weight is a measure of the gravitational force on an object.
The SI unit for force is the newton (N).
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
MeasurementArea and volume
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
Area is the amount of surface included within a set of boundaries.
The SI unit for area is square meters (m2).
Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object.
The SI unit for volume is cubic meters (m3).
Measurement
Density
Density is the measure of the amount of matter that occupies a given space.
The SI units for density are expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3), grams per milliliter (g/mL), and kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3).
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
MeasurementTimeTime is the interval between two events.
The SI unit for time is the second (s).
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material.
The SI unit for temperature is the kelvin (K).
Absolute zero is the coldest possible temperature.
Temperature
Measurement
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material.
The SI unit for temperature is the kelvin (K).
Absolute zero is the coldest possible temperature.
Temperature
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
Scientific Notation
In scientific notation, a number is expressed as a value between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
Scientific Notation
Example
The number of grains of sand on Earth is approximately 4,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 and would be written as 4 1021.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
Scientific Notation
Example
The mass of Earth at 5,974,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg would be written as 5.9742 1024 kg.
Methods of ScientistsSection 1.2
CH Key Concepts
Section 1.1 Earth Science
Earth science encompasses five areas of study: astronomy, meteorology, geology, oceanography, and environmental science.
Earth is divided into four systems: the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
Earth systems are all interdependent.
Study Guide1
CH
Identifying the interrelationships between Earth systems leads to specialties and subspecialties.
Technology is important, not only in science, but in everyday life.
Earth science has contributed to the development of many items used in everyday life.
Section 1.1 Earth Science
1 Study Guide Key Concepts
CH
Scientists use scientific methods to structure their experiments and investigations.
Scientists work in many ways to gather data.
A good scientific experiment includes an independent variable, dependent variable, and control. An investigation, however, does not include a control.
Section 1.2 Methods of Scientists
1 Study Guide Key Concepts
CH
Graphs, tables, and charts are three common ways to communicate data from an experiment.
SI, a modern version of the metric system, is a standard form of measurement that all scientists use.
To express very large or very small numbers, scientists use scientific notation.
Section 1.2 Methods of Scientists
1 Study Guide Key Concepts
CH
The number 1,280,000,000 can be written in scientific notation. Which answer choice is equal to this number?
a. 1.28 107
b. 1.28 108
c. 1.28 109
d. 1.28 1010
1.2 Section Questions
The Nature of Science1
CH
What term collectively refers to the problem-solving procedures that scientists use?
a. experiments
b. investigations
c. hypotheses
d. scientific methods
1.2 Section Questions
The Nature of Science1
CH
A rock is broken into many pieces. Which of the following measures of the rock material increased as a result?
a. mass
b. weight
c. area
d. volume
1.2 Section Questions
The Nature of Science1
CH
Which of these examples best represents a scientific model?
a. the salinity of typical ocean water
b. the size and mass of the Moon
c. a diagram of Earth’s interior
d. a picture of a volcano on Mars
Chapter Assessment Questions
The Nature of Science1
CH
The Kelvin scale is often used to measure temperature during scientific experiments. Which value is the lowest possible temperature on this scale?
a. 0
b. –100
c. –175
d. –273
Chapter Assessment Questions
The Nature of Science1
CH
Newton’s first law of motion is a scientific law. What do scientific laws provide to scientists?
a. an explanation of why things occur
b. a new idea that can be tested
c. a description of how nature behaves
d. an illustration or picture of nature
Chapter Assessment Questions
The Nature of Science1
CH
Le Système International d’Unités (SI) is the set of standard units that most scientists use for making measurements. In which unit should a person who is using the SI system express volume?
a. the square foot (ft2)
b. the square meter (m2)
c. the cubic foot (ft3)
d. the cubic meter (m3)
Chapter Assessment Questions
The Nature of Science1
CH
Why is scientific notation sometimes used when doing science?
Answer: It is sometimes necessary when doing science to use numbers that are very large or very small. These numbers can be conveniently expressed by using scientific notation.
Chapter Assessment Questions
The Nature of Science1
CH
In a scientific experiment, which factor is changed or changes to produce the observed result?
a. independent variable
b. dependent variable
c. constant
d. control
Standardized Test Practice
The Nature of Science1
CH
An object is moved from Earth to the Moon. What measure of the object changes as a result?
a. its weight
b. its mass
c. its volume
d. its density
Standardized Test Practice
The Nature of Science1
CH
What requirement must all scientific hypotheses meet?
a. They must be correct.
b. They must be simple.
c. They must be useful.
d. They must be testable.
Standardized Test Practice
The Nature of Science1
CH
a. g/cm
b. g/cm2
c. kg/m3
d. kg/m2
Which unit could be used to represent the density of an object?
Standardized Test Practice
The Nature of Science1
CH
Why are scientific research reports often put through a process of peer review before they are published?
Standardized Test Practice
The Nature of Science1
CH
Answer: The peer review process helps the publisher select reports that make the most important contributions. It also helps reduce the number of mistakes and helps to ensure that the report’s conclusions are objective and fair.
Standardized Test Practice
The Nature of Science1
CH
scientific methods
hypothesis
independent variable
dependent variable
control
Le Système International d’Unités (SI)
scientific notation
Section 1.2 Vocabulary
The Nature of Science1
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