Objectives Be flexible because objectives in this section are somewhat fluid at this juncture.

DEVIL PHYSICSTHE BADDEST CLASS ON

CAMPUS

PRE-IB PHYSICS

TSOKOS LESSON 10-10 TO 10-13

10-10: VISCOSITY10-11: FLOW IN TUBES: POISEUILLE’S EQUATION, BLOOD FLOW10-12: SURFACE TENSION AND CAPILLARITY10-13: PUMPS: THE HEART AND

BLOOD PRESSURE

Objectives

Be flexible because objectives in this section are somewhat fluid at this juncture.

Reading Activity Questions?

Viscosity

A friction force between adjacent layers of fluid as the layers move past one another

In liquids, it is mainly due to the cohesive forces between molecules

In gases, it is caused by collisions between molecules.

Coefficient of viscosity, η (lowercase eta) (Pa-s)

Viscosity

Determined by measuring the force required to move a plate over a stationary one with a given amount of liquid between them

Viscosity Determined by

measuring the force required to move a plate over a stationary one with a given amount of liquid between them

v

l

A

Fl

vAF

Viscosity Units for η (eta)

are N·s/m2 or Pa·s CGS is dyne·s/cm2

which is called a poise (P)

100 centipoise (cP) = 1P

v

l

A

Fl

vAF

Coefficients of Viscosity

Coefficients of Viscosity Temperatures are specified because it

has a strong effect on viscosity Viscosity for most fluids decreases

rapidly with increase in temperature

Flow In Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation

Without viscosity, fluids could flow freely without an applied force

Because of viscosity, a pressure difference between the ends of the tube are necessary to cause the fluid to flow

Flow In Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation

Rate of flow of a fluid depends on: Viscosity Pressure difference Dimensions of the tube

Poiseuille’s Equation assumes Fluid is incompressible Laminar flow

Flow In Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation

Q is the volume rate of flow in m3/s

r is the inside radius of the tube L is the length of the tube P1-P2 is the pressure difference

between the ends η is the coefficient of viscosity

L

PPrQ

821

4

Flow In Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation

Q, the volume rate of flow is Directly proportional to the pressure

difference Inversely proportional to the viscosity

and length of the tube Directly proportional to the fourth

power of the radius

L

PPrQ

821

4

Flow In Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation

Q, the volume rate of flow is Directly proportional to the fourth power of

the radius Do blood vessels have constant

diameter?

L

PPrQ

821

4

Flow In Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation

Q, the volume rate of flow is Directly proportional to the fourth power of the radius

Do blood vessels have constant diameter? Blood vessel diameter decreases as they branch out The body controls blood vessel diameter by bands of

muscles surrounding the arteries Arteriosclerosis and cholesterol buildup decrease

diameter forcing a higher pressure gradient for same blood flow

L

PPrQ

821

4

Surface Tension

Because of the cohesion of liquid molecules, the surface of a liquid acts like a stretched membrane under tension Drip of a faucet Water beading on a surface Meniscus in a test tube

Surface Tension Surface tension,

γ, is defined as the force, F, per unit length, L that, across any line in a surface, tends to pull the surface closed

L

F

Surface Tension Because of surface

tension, insects can walk on water and objects more dense than water can ‘float’

L

F

Surface Tension Soaps and

detergents contain substances called surfactants that decrease the surface tension of water Allows the water to

penetrate crevices and between fibers

L

F

Capillarity

Water in a glass will tend to ‘stick’ to the glass and slope upward at the edges toward the glass

Mercury, on the other hand, tends to ‘stick’ more to itself and slopes downward toward the glass

Sloping upward or downward is a function of the liquid’s cohesion and adhesion properties and the surface it is in contact with

Capillarity

Cohesion refers to the attractive force between molecules of the same type (the liquid)

Adhesion refers to the attractive force between molecules of different types (the liquid and the glass)

Capillarity

In tubes of relatively small diameter, liquids will either rise or fall relative to surrounding fluid based on its adhesive and cohesive properties Fluids with strong adhesive properties

will rise Fluids with strong cohesive properties

will fall The amount of rise or fall depends on

the surface tension Capillarity Demonstration

Important News

Because of time constraints, battle fatigue and PTSD, there are no homework problems for 10-12 and 10-13

Concepts from 10-12 and 10-13 (i.e. Reading Activity) are testable

Read through section 10-13 on your own and pay special attention to the Reading Activity!

QUESTIONS?

Lsn 10-11, #46-52

Homework