objectives 1. Describe motion in terms of frame of reference, displacement, distance, vector, and scalar. 2. Understand relationship between displacement and distance, vectors and scalars. 3. Compare distance traveled to displacement. 4. Draw diagrams showing displacement and/or distance from a point of origin.
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Objectives 1.Describe motion in terms of frame of reference, displacement, distance, vector, and scalar. 2.Understand relationship between displacement.
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objectives1. Describe motion in terms of frame of
reference, displacement, distance, vector, and scalar.
2. Understand relationship between displacement and distance, vectors and scalars.
3. Compare distance traveled to displacement.
4. Draw diagrams showing displacement and/or distance from a point of origin.
Description of motion depends on the frame of reference
• A frame of reference can be thought of as any spot you are doing your measurement from as long as it is not accelerating. The reference point is arbitrary, but once chosen, it must be used throughout the problem.
Displacement vs. Distance
• DISTANCE – The complete length of the path traveled
by a moving object
• DISPLACEMENT – the length of the straight-line path from
a moving object’s origin to its final position
Scalar vs. Vector
• SCALAR– A measured quantity that has NO DIRECTION– Examples
• Distance, Time, Mass, Volume
• VECTOR– A measured quantity that includes
DIRECTION– SIGN SHOWS DIRECTION– Example
• Displacement
A ball rolls 5 meters north.
Distance =
Displacement =
5 m
+5 m
Sign Conventions
PositiveNORTHEAST
RIGHT
NegativeSOUTHWESTLEFT
A cat runs 8 meters west.
Distance =
Displacement =
A bird flies 5 meters north, then 7 meters south
Distance =
Displacement =
8 m
-8 m
12 m
-2 m
Example
• A man drives his car 3 miles north, then 4 miles east.
What distance did he travel?What is his displacement from his point of origin?
3 miNorth
4 miEast
Displacement5 mi
Northeast
Distance7 mi
Example• Three men leave the same house on foot. The first man
walks 30 feet north, then 40 feet west. The second man walks 90 feet south, then 88 feet north. The third man walks 10 feet east, then 50 feet west.
• Which man has traveled the greatest distance?
• Who is farthest from the house?
• Who is closest to the house?
The second man
The first man
The second man
• There could be many distances between xf and xi many be many, distance depends on the path.
• There is only one displacement between xf and xi. displacement refers to shortest distance between the xf and xi and direction from xi to xf
Distance vs. Displacement
Displacement = change in position = final position – initial position
∆x = xf - xi
∆ denotes change
xi xf
example
Distance (m) Displacement (m)AB 180 +180
BC 140 -140
CD 100 +100
TOTAL 420 +140
• Use the diagram to determine the resulting displacement and the distance traveled by the skier during these three minutes.
Example• Consider the motion depicted in the
diagram below. A physics teacher walks 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and finally 2 meters North.
Distance:
Displacement:
12m
0
Distance vs. Time GraphsDuring what time interval was the object NOT MOVING?
Distance vs. Time
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (s)
Dis
tan
ce (
m)
2 – 3 secondsThe interval on the graph wherethe distance remains constant!
Displacement vs. Time Graphs
Displacement vs. Time
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (s)
Dis
pla
cem
en
t (m
)
When the displacement isnegative, the object has a
position to the left of the origin1 – 2 and 4 – 5 seconds
Constant displacement means thatthe object doesn’t move
The object’s final position isat +1 meter (1 meter to the
right of the origin)
During what time interval(s) was the object to the left of the origin?During what time interval(s) was the object NOT MOVING?At what distance from the origin does the object stop?
Objectives • Know:
– - Definitions of velocity and speed. – - Equation for average velocity/speed.
• Understand: – - Relationship between speed, distance and time. – - Relationship between vectors and scalars.
• Be able to: – - Use velocity/speed equation to find unknown. – - Draw and interpret d/t and v/t graphs.
Homework – castle leaning – must show work on a separate sheet of paper
Velocity vs. Speed
• VELOCITY – change in DISPLACEMENT occurring over time– Includes both MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION
• VECTOR
• The direction of the velocity vector is simply the same as the direction that an object is moving.
• SPEED – change in DISTANCE occurring over time– Inclues ONLY MAGNITUDE
• SCALAR
As an object moves, it often undergoes changes in speed
Types of speed and velocity
• Initial speed
• Final speed
• Average speed
• Instantaneous speed
• Initial velocity
• Final velocity
• Average velocity
• Instantaneous velocity
Calculate Average Speed and Average Velocity
• The average speed during the course of a motion is often computed using the following formula:
• In contrast, the average velocity is often computed using this formula
Does NOT include DIRECTION!
vavg = ∆x∆t = tf - ti
xf - xi dt
=
Average Velocity
dv
t
What does this remind you of?Position vs. Time
Time
Po
sit
ion
What is happening in thisgraph?
SLOPE OF A GRAPH!
CONSTANTZERO
SLOPE
MotionlessObject
Position vs. Time
Time
Po
sit
ion
CONSTANTPOSITIVE
SLOPE
Moving withCONSTANT
positive velocity
Position vs. Time
Time
Po
sit
ion
INCREASINGSLOPE Moving with
INCREASINGvelocity
Example• Sally gets up one morning and
decides to take a three mile walk. She completes the first mile in 8.3 minutes, the second mile in 8.9 minutes, and the third mile in 9.2 minutes.
– What is her average speed during her walk?
vavg = d / tvavg = 3 mi / (8.3 min + 8.9 min + 9.2 min)
vavg = 0.11 mi / min
Example• Tom gets on his bike at 12:00 in the
afternoon and begins riding west. At 12:30 he has ridden 8 miles.
– What was his average velocity during his ride?
vavg = d / tvavg = 8 mi / 30 min
vavg = 0.27 mi / min WEST
Example – finding displacement
• During a race on level ground, Andre runs with an average velocity of 6.02 m/s to the east. What displacement does Andre cover in 137 s?
Answer: 825 m East
vavg = ∆x∆t (∆t )(∆t )
∆x = vavg (∆t ) = (6.02 m/s)(137 s) = 825 m
example• What is the coach's average speed and average
average velocity = (-35 + 20 - 40) yd / 10 min = - 5.5 yd/min
Instantaneous Speed
• Instantaneous Speed - the speed at any given instant in time.
Average Speed versus Instantaneous Speed
Average Speed - the average of all instantaneous speeds; found simply by a distance/time ratio.
During your trip, there may have been times that you were stopped and other times that your speedometer was reading 50 miles per hour. Yet, on average, you were moving with a speed of
In conclusion• Speed and velocity are kinematics quantities
that have distinctly different definitions. Speed, being a _______quantity, is the rate at which an object covers ___________. The average speed is the _____________ (a scalar quantity) per time ratio. Speed is ignorant of direction. On the other hand, velocity is a _________quantity; it is direction-aware. Velocity is the rate at which the position changes. The average velocity is the ______________ or position change (a vector quantity) per time ratio.
Describe the velocity of the object between 0-5 s and between 5-10 s.
The velocity is 5 m/s between 0-5 seconds
The velocity is zero between 5-10 seconds
Practice – determine average velocity
7.3 m/s
objectives
1. Describe motion in terms of changing velocity.
2. Compare graphical representations of accelerated and nonaccelerated motions.
3. Apply kinematics equations to calculate distance, time, or velocity under conditions of constant acceleration.
• AccelerationAcceleration
Questions: 1. “If an object has a large velocity, does it necessarily have
a large acceleration? 2. If an object has a large acceleration, does it necessarily
have a large velocity?”
aavg = ∆v∆t = tf - ti
vf - vi
Acceleration = (change in velocity) / time
change in VELOCITY occuring over TIME
Vector
Measured in m/s2
• Anytime an object's velocity is changing, the object is said to be accelerating; it has an acceleration.
• What are the three ways to accelerate your car?Gas pedal, break, steering wheel
The Direction of the Acceleration Vector
• The direction of the acceleration vector depends on whether the object is speeding up or slowing down
• If an object is speeding up, then its acceleration is in the same direction of its motion.– moving in the + direction, the acceleration + direction– moving in the - direction, the acceleration - direction
• If an object is slowing down, then its acceleration is in the opposite direction of its motion.– moving in the + direction, the acceleration - direction– moving in
• The direction of velocity and acceleration do not have to be the same!!!
Positive Velocity
Positive Acceleration
Speeding up in + direction
Negative Velocity
Negative Acceleration
Speeding up in - direction
Positive Velocity
Negative Acceleration
Slowing downEventually speeds up in – direction!
Negative Velocity
Positive Acceleration
Slowing downEventually speeds up in + direction!
+v
+a
The car will…
-v
-a
The car will… The car will… The car will…
+v
-a
-v
+a
Equations
t
vaavg
atvv if
“Acceleration is a rateof change in velocity”
“The slope of a v-tgraph tells what the
ACCELERATION ISDOING!”
“An object’s velocity at any point in time canbe found by considering:
- its starting velocity
- its acceleration
- the amount of time over which it accelerates”
Example – average acceleration• What is the acceleration of an amusement
park ride that falls from rest to a speed of 28 m/s in 3.0 s?
aavg = ∆v∆t = tf - ti
vf - vi
aavg = (28 m/s – 0) / 3.0 s = 9.3 m/s/s down
Example – finding time of accelertion
• A shuttle bus slows to a stop with an average acceleration of -1.8 m/s2. How long does it take the bus to slow from 9.0 m/s to 0.0 m/s?
aavg = ∆v∆t
∆t = ∆vaavg
= (0.0 m/s – 9.0 m/s) / -1.8 m/s2 = 5.0 s
∆v
aavg ∆t
Example
• Two cars start at the same point . Car A starts with a velocity of -5 meters per second while Car B starts with a velocity of +3 meters per second. At the end of 15 seconds, Car A has a velocity of +25 meters per second.
– What is Car A’s acceleration?
– If Car B has the same acceleration, what is its speed at 15 seconds?
vf = vi + at25 m/s = -5 m/s + a(15 s)
a = +2 m/s2
vf = vi + atvf = +3 m/s + (2 m/s2)(15 s)
vf = +33 m/s
The Meaning of Constant Acceleration
The velocity is changing by a constant amount - in each second of time.
constant velocity: displacement is changing by a constant amount - in each second of time.
constant acceleration: displacement is increasing in each second of time. Velocity is changing by a constant amount - in each second of time
Constant motion vs. accelerated motion ticker tape
The slope value of any straight line on a velocity-time graph is the acceleration of the object
Speeding up or slowing down?
• Speeding up means that the magnitude (or numerical value) of the velocity is getting large.
Example: describe velocity and acceleration for each v-t diagram
Velocity is positive. increasing, speeding up
Acceleration is constant, positive
Velocity is positive decreasing, slowing down
Acceleration is constant, negative
Velocity is negative decreasing, slowing down
Acceleration is constant, positive
Velocity is negative, increasing, speeding up
Acceleration is constant, negative
Determine acceleration
From 0 s to 4 s:From 4 s to 8 s:
Example 1
0 m/s2
2 m/s2
Example 2• The velocity-time graph for a two-stage rocket is shown
below. Use the graph and your understanding of slope calculations to determine the acceleration of the rocket during the listed time intervals.
1. t = 0 - 1 second
2. t = 1 - 4 second
3. t = 4 - 12 second
+40 m/s/s
+20 m/s/s
-20 m/s/s
objectives• Understand Relationships for all kinematics
equations. • Understand Relationship between slope of
kinematics graphs and quantities they represent. • Use any kinematics equation to find unknown. • Draw and interpret all kinematics graphs.
Homework – castle learning
vavg = vf + vi
2vavg =
∆x∆t
= vf + vi
2
∆x∆t
∆x = ½ (∆t)(vf + vi)
The displacement equals to the area under the velocity vs. time graph
Determining the Area on a v-t Graph
For velocity versus time graphs, the area bound by the line and the axes represents the displacement.
The shaded area is representative of the displacement
area = base x height
area = ½ base x height
area = ½ base x ( height1 + height2)
example• Determine the displacement (i.e., the area) of the object
during the first 4 seconds (Practice A) and from 3 to 6 seconds (Practice B).
120 m 90 m
example
• Determine the displacement of the object during the first second (Practice A) and during the first 3 seconds (Practice B).
5 m 45 m
example• Determine the displacement of the object during the time
interval from 2 to 3 seconds (Practice A) and during the first 2 seconds (Practice B).
25 m 40 m
Recap
• Acceleration:
• Final velocity: vf = vi + a∆t
• Displacement: ∆x = ½ (∆t)(vf + vi)
a = ∆v∆t = tf - ti
vf - vi
• Displacement: ∆x = vi∆t + ½ a∆t2
• Average velocity: v = ∆x ∆t = 2
vf + vi
Another equation for final velocity
• Final velocity: vf = vi + a∆t
• Displacement: ∆x = ½ (∆t)(vf + vi)
• Final velocity: vf2= vi
2 + 2a∆x
Constant Non-Zero Acceleration
2
2
1attvd i
advv if 222
“Distance or Displacement” Equation
“Timeless or ShortcutEquation”
DOES NOT INCLUDETIME!
In one dimensional
motion:
∆x = d
• A bicyclist accelerates from 5.0 m/s to a velocity of 16 m/s in 8 s. Assuming uniform acceleration, what displacement does the bicyclist travel during this time interval?
Example
84 m
∆x = ½ (vf + vi)(∆t)
Example
• A racing car reaches a speed of 42 m/s. It then begins a uniform negative acceleration, using its parachute and breaking system, and comes to rest 5.5 s later. Find how far the car moves before stopping.
120 m
Example• A train starts from rest and leaves
Greenburg station and travels for 500. meters with an acceleration of 1.20 meters per second2.
– What is the train’s final velocity?
– How long does it take the train to reach its final velocity?
vf2 = vi
2 + 2advf
2 = 0 + 2(1.20 m/s2)(500. m)vf = 34.6 m/s
vf = vi + at34.6 m/s = 0 + (1.20 m/s2) t
t = 28.8 s
Example• A driver traveling at 85. miles per hour sees a
police car hiding in the trees 2.00 miles ahead. He applies his brakes, decelerating at -500. miles per hour2.
– If the speed limit is 55 mph, will he get a ticket?
– What would his acceleration need to be to not get a ticket?
Objective• Apply kinematics equations to calculate
distance, time, or velocity under conditions of constant acceleration.
example• A barge moving with a speed of 1.00 m/s increases
speed uniformly, so that in 30.0 s it has traveled 60.2 m. What is the magnitude of the barge’s acceleration?
a 6.71 10−2 m/s2
example• A person pushing a stroller starts from rest, uniformly
accelerating at a rate of 0.500 m/s2. What is the velocity of the stroller after it has traveled 4.75 m?
vf = +2.18 m/s
example• An aircraft has a landing speed of 302 km/h. The landing
area of an aircraft carrier is 195 m long. What is the minimum uniform accelerating required for a safe landing?
a = -18 m/s2
example• A plane starting at rest at one end of a runway
undergoes a uniform acceleration of 4.8 m/s2 for 15 s before takeoff. What is its speed at takeoff? How long must the runway be for the plane to be able to take off?
vf = 72 m/s
∆x = 540 m
Objectives
1. Relate the motion of a freely falling body to motion with constant acceleration.
2. Calculate displacement, velocity, and time at various points in the motion of a freely falling object.
3. Compare the motion of different objects in free fall.
Two important motion characteristics that are true of free-falling objects
• Free-falling objects do not encounter air resistance.
• All free-falling objects (on Earth) accelerate downwards at a constant rate.
“g” - The “Magic” Number
• “g” means ACCELERATIONACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
• Each planet, star, moon, or other large object has its own value for “g”
Examples • “g” is 1.62 m/s2 on the Moon• “g” is 26 m/s2 on Jupiter• “g” is 9.81 m/s2 on Earth
If the feather and elephant experiment were performed on the moon, would they still fall at the same rate, just like on Earth?
• Dropped from rest
• Throwing downward
• Throwing upward
• Throwing side ways
a = -g = -9.81m/s2 for all free fall objects.
(the ‘-’ sign means “downward”)
• Since free fall motion has constant acceleration, we can apply all kinematics equations on free fall motion.
Free fall – motion with constant acceleration a = -g
To solve free fall motion problems, we can use kinematics equations with constant acceleration.
a = -g∆x = ∆y
Velocity of a dropped object• An object falls from rest. What is its velocity at the end
of one second? Two seconds? Three seconds?
t = 0 vi = 0 m/s
t = 1 s v = -9.81 m/s
t = 2 s v = -19.62 m/s
t = 3 s v = -29.43 m/s
atvv if a = -g = -9.81 m/s2 (‘-’ means “downward”)
Displacement of a dropped object• An object falls from rest. How far has it
fallen at the end of one second? Two seconds? Three seconds?
t = 0 d = 0 m
t = 1 s d = -4.905 m
t = 2 s d = -19.62 m
t = 3 s d = -44.145 m
2
2
1attvd i
+
Velocity and distance of a free falling object dropped from rest
Throwing Downward• An object is thrown downward from
the top of a 175 meter building with an initial speed of 10 m/s.
– What acceleration does it experience?
• -9.81 m/s2
– What is the object’s initial velocity?• -10 m/s
vi = -10 m/sa = -9.81 m/s2
“a” and “vi” in SAME DIRECTION
Building Example (cont.)
• What is the object’s velocity as it hits the ground?
• vi = -10 m/s
• d = -175 m• a = -9.81 m/s2
• vf = ?
• How long does it take the object to hit the ground?
• t = ?
vf2 = vi
2 + 2advf
2 = 0 + 2(-9.81 m/s2)(-175 m)vf = -58.6 m/s
vf = vi + at-58.6 m/s = -10 m/s + (-9.81 m/s2) t
t = 4.95 s
Throwing Upward
• A cannon fires a shot directly upward with an initial velocity of 50 m/s.
– What acceleration does the cannonball experience?
• -9.81 m/s2
– What is the cannonball’s initial velocity?
• +50 m/s
t = 0 svi = +50 m/s
t = 1 sv = +40.19 m/s
t = 2 sv = +30.38 m/s
“a” and “vi” in OPPOSITE DIRECTION
atvv if
Cannon (cont.)• What is the object’s velocity as it reaches the
top of its flight?
• How long does it take the cannonball to reach the top of its flight?
• What is the maximum height of the cannonball?
0 m/s (All objects momentarily STOP at the top of their flight)
vf = vi + at0 = +50 m/s + (-9.81 m/s2) t
t = 5.1 s
d = vit + ½ at2
d = (+50 m/s)(5.1 s) + ½ (-9.81 m/s2)(5.1 s)2
d = +127.4 m
Question
• If a ball thrown into the air, and caught at the same point you it was released. Is the speed of the ball equal to, more than, or less than the initial speed when it is caught?
• To accelerate at -10 m/s/s means to change the velocity by -10 m/s each second.
Time (s) Velocity (m/s)
0 20
1 10
2 0
3 -10
4 -20
Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity.
• If the velocity and time for a free-falling object being tossed upward from a position with speed of 20 m/s were tabulated, then one would note the pattern.
Question • If a ball thrown into the air, and caught at the
same point you it was released. Is the speed of the ball equal to, more than, or less than the initial speed when it is caught?
vi vf
given: vi, a = -9.81 m/s2; ∆y = 0 m;
Find: vf vf2 = vi
2 + 2a∆y
vf2 = vi
2 + 0
vf2 = vi
2
The ball has the same velocity, but in the opposite direction
Class work• A ball is thrown straight up into the air at an initial
velocity of 39.24 m/s. Fill in the table showing the ball’s position, velocity, and acceleration each second for the first 4.00 s of its motion.
t (s) Y (m) v (m/s) a (m/s2)
0 0 19.62 -9.81
1
2
3
4
Free Fall by Graphs of a dropped object
A position versus time graph for a free-falling object
A velocity versus time graph for a free-falling object
velocity increase in the negative direction – slope is neg. & increasing
velocity increases in the negative direction at constant rate – slope is neg. & constant
time
velo
city Upward: velocity is big, positive, decreasing,
slope is constant (a = -9.8 m/s/s).
Top, velocity is zero. Slope remains the same (acceleration is still -9.8 m/s/s)
Downward: velocity increases in negative direction at the same constant rate of -9.81 m/s/s (slope remains the same), reaches the same speed as it started upward.
Free Fall Graphs of upward object
time
pos
itio
n Upward: displacement increases, slope is positive, decreasing (velocity is positive, decreasing)
Top: slope = 0 (its velocity is zero)
Downward: displacement decreases, its slope increases in negative direction (velocity is negative, increasing)