Objective 2—Development of American Democracy.

Objective 2—Development of American Democracy.

Concepts of Democracy

Worth of the individual—each individual is a distinct human being—may be subordinate to that of the many

Equality of all persons—“all men are created equal”—equal opportunity, legal equality

Majority rule, Minority Rights—Will of the people but with fair treatment to the minority individual

Necessity of compromise—find the position most acceptable to the largest number—individual first and each individual is equal to all others

Individual freedoms—not complete freedom, each individual must be as free to do as he or she pleases as far as the freedom of all will allow.

Different Types of Organization Royal Colonies—direct control of the Crown

NH, Mass., NY, NJ, Virginia, NC, SC, Georgia Proprietary Colonies

Proprietary—Maryland, Pennsylvania.(Delaware) organized by a proprietor--person to whom the king had made a grant of land (landlord)

The Charter Colonies Charter—written permission to establish a colony or

government Conn. (1662) and RI(1663) Self governed—governor elected by white,

landowners (ultimately approved by the King. (VERY LIBERAL)

ExamplesDevelopement of the ColoniesVirginia

1605—Virginia Company— Joint Stock Company—investment and ownership May 1607—settled Jamestown Jamestown

First permanent English colony in the New World Indentured servants—settlers who were bound for a

period of years to the person who paid their way—Tobacco!!

House of Burgesses 1619 First -- representative government in North

America

Massachusetts—Religious freedom from Anglican ChurchPlymouth (Pilgrims)

Mayflower Compact Town meetings=local government First example of direct government in North America:

majority rule: self government Massachusetts Bay (Salem, MA)—Puritans

Paradox—no religious freedom in MassachusettsRoger Williams 1644—charter--colony of Rhode

Island Fundamental orders of Connecticut--1639—

1stwritten Constitution:Thomas Hooker: left Mass. for Conn.—

Regional Differences New England Colonies—Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut,

Rhode Island—Rocky Soil, Large coastline, short growing seasons Commerce--Sold fish, grain, lumber, ship building

Middle Colonies—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware “Bread Basket”—grew staple crops—food crops--Trade Pennsylvania—granted to William Penn

“Holy Experiment” Treated Native Americans fairly Granted freedom of worship Quakers were against war and slavery

Southern Colonies—Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina Maryland toleration Act 1649

Passed to protect the rights of the Catholic minority Georgia—debtor’s colony, people given fresh start Maryland—George Calvert—save haven for Catholics

Southern Colonies and Slavery--the first African blacks --Jamestown in 1619The indentured servant system eventually

gave way to slavery because of the need for labor

Crops: Cash Crops: tobacco, rice, indigo, forest products, and later on, cotton (this would not become a major crop until after the invention of the Cotton Gin

Triangular Trade molassas to rum to slaves European merchant ships carried goods, such as s and

cloth, to Africa, were they were traded for slaves The middle passage—slaves were shipped to the

Americas and sold Merchants purchased raw materials and other goods

to take back to Europe

American identity.The Social Contract theory—an 18th

century enlightenment idea-the state government exists only to serve the

will of the peopleIn extreme examples, people can end bad

government John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau,

Thomas Hobbes

Warm-up questionThe social contract theory is best described

as the idea that1. constitutions should be written to

establish representative democracies2. Rulers come to power because of the will

of God3. people agree to create a direct democracy

for the common good4. governments created as an agreement

between people and the state to trade liberty for security.

American Identity Cont. House of Burgesses—first representative government Mayflower Compact—direct, self-government of the people Great Awakening—1720’series of religious revivals.

Brought Colonies together religiously—questioned authority, Hope, Baptists and Methodists, Jonathan Edwards

New England Confederation. –Mass. Bay, Plymouth, New Haven and Conn. settlements formed the

The Albany Plan of Union(1754) Problem- of colonial trade and attacks by French and

Native American allies Benjamin Franklin-- delegates (representatives) Franklin proposed colonies could:

raise military forces make war and peace regulate trade tax

American Identity Cont.Bacon’s Rebellion—1640’s—fought English

restriction of settlement (Virginia)Peter Zenger—Publisher -libel

antigovernment articles—AcquittedColonists are EducatedBegan to use the term, “American”

Used in Declaration of Rightsegalitarianism=equality—colonists

believed they should have same rights as English citizens

Identity cont.the First Continental Congress—Sept.

5, 1774 Intolerable Acts—Laws passed to punish

colonists for troubles in Boston Declaration of Rights—document sent to King

George protested Britain’s colonial policiesAsked for almost a National Conscience“ firmly agree and associate, under the sacred ties of

virtue, honor and love of our country”

Economic reasons for RevolutionEconomics

Mercantilism—economic policy Colonies were a source of raw materials and as markets for goods Navigation Acts—required European goods destined for the

colonies to be routed through England [why was this smart?]Taxes—mostly to pay for the French and Indian War

Stamp Act of 1765—required the use of tax stamps on all legal documents and newspapers no taxation without representation

Stamp Act Congress—Oct. 1765—Nine colonies sent delegates first time the colonies joined to oppose the British government British Parliament repealed (removed) the Stamp Act, but new laws were

passed Townsend Acts 1767—taxes on glass, lead, paper, paints, and tea

Many colonists supported a boycott—refusal to buy or sell English goods

Religious and Politics reasons for revolutionReligion

Great Awakening—series of religious revivalsPolitics

The French and Indian War 1754-63 (Seven Years War) Causes--Virginian’s western expansion (attacked by French and

Indians)--Disrupting trade of the colonists The Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the war

Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi Spain--surrendered Florida to the British.

Proclamation of 1763—Stopped settlement of land west of the Appalachian Mts.—greatly angered colonists

Political Cont. Boston Massacre

Boston tea Party—Dec. 16, 1773— Reaction to the Tea Act and its tax on tea Intolerable Acts

Series of acts meant to punish the colonists Closing of the port of Boston Suspension of Massachusetts government, etc.

First Continental Congress—Prepared Declaration of Rights—ignored!

The Second Continental Congress—May 10, 1775All thirteen colonies sent representativesWar had begun (Battle of Lexington and Concord -

April of 1775)

TIMELINE—put in order event1st Continental Congress…which led to…2nd Continental Congress…which led to…American Revolution….which led to…Articles of Confederation…which led to…Battle of Lexington and Concord…which led to…Boston Tea Party….which led to….Constitution Cost of French and Indian War…which led to…Declaration of Independence…which led to…Declaration of Rights…which led to….Intolerable or Coercive acts…which led to….Taxations without Representation led to…..

Our first Government. 2nd Continental Congress--the nation’s first

national government from the adoption of the Declaration of

Independence July 4, 1776, until the Articles of Confederation, March 1, 1781

fought a war, raised armies and navy, borrowed funds, bought supplies, created a money system, made treaties

War ended on Oct. 19th, 1781 with Gen. Cornwallis in Yorktown, Virginia

Treat of Paris of 1783—officially ended Revolution

The Articles of Confederation“firm league of friendship”

unicameral (one house) Congress state sovereignty!!!!—one vote each Powers of Congress

Could make war and peace, borrow money, raise an army State Obligations—THEY SHOULD

Encourage free , fair trade fund troops and government

Weakness of the Articles Congress could not

tax regulate trade needed 9 of 13 nine states to pass laws No national court No executive to enforce acts of Congress ALL states needed to amend

CHANGE IS NEEDED!!!Only major positive accomplishment--Northwest

Ordinance 1787—governing of area--organization

the Critical Period, 1780’sShay’s Rebellion

economic crisis—inflation and foreclosureAnnapolis Convention, Maryland—Sept. 11,

1786recommend a plan for regulating commerce—

agreed to AMEND Articles of Confederation

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONMomentous Decision—(after about a week) Set about

writing a constitution to replace ArticlesFramers —writers of Constitution

George Washington president of the convention James Madison -“father of the Constitution” (good notes) SOURCES OF THOUGHT

British tradition—English Bill of Rights, Magna CartaPolitical writings—John Locke’s—Two Treatises of

Government Colonial experiences—Virginia Bill of Rights, Mayflower

Compact, etcIroquois Constitution—(five NY tribes)—end conflict,

representative form of go.

“Bundle of Compromises”The Connecticut Compromise (the Great

Compromise-representation)Two House Congress

House of Representatives- population Senate—equal representation—chosen by state

legislatorsthe Three Fifths Compromise

representation!!! Slaves counted as 3/5ths of a human

the Commerce and Slave Trade CompromiseCongress could not tax exports and NO

action on slavery for 20 years

FIGHT FOR RATIFICATION (ART. VII)Federalists and Anti-Federalists

Federalists Favored ratification of the Constitution James Madison and Alexander HamiltonFederalist Papers—supported Constitution--Alexander

Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay anti-Federalists

against Constitution Patrick Henry and John Hancock Problem—no mention of god, states could not print money, NO Bill of rights,

central government TOO STRONGArticle VII--Nine states are necessary to approve the constitution--

Delaware 1st on Dec. 7, 1787 New Hampshire was the ninth (see page 57)