Object-Oriented Analysis & Design Chapter 1 NTPCUG Study Series.

Object-Oriented Analysis & DesignChapter 1NTPCUG Study Series

Welcome!

• 10 (+) week book study

• Tom Perkins– [email protected]

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• Books available at Nerdbooks.com

Session Objectives

• Awareness of functional OO app• Identify 3 steps to great software design• Use enums vs string comparisons• Use encapsulation to protect program

parts• Use delegation to achieve loose coupling• Be aware of what makes a program

functional, maintainable, reusable, and flexible

Rick’s Guitar Store App

• Developed by “Down and Dirty Coding, Inc”

• Inventory management system• Search tool – match a customer with

their dream instrument• Handout (C# and VB)• Available on class website

Rick’s Guitar Shop ApplicationUML Class Diagrams

Guitar

serialNumber:string price: double builder:string type:string backWood:string topWood:string

getSerialNumber():stringgetPrice():doublesetPrice():doublegetBuilder():doublegetModel():stringgetType():doublegetBackWood():stringgetTopWood():string

Inventory

Guitars: List

addGuitar(string,double,string,string,string,string,string)

getGuitar(string):Guitar search(Guitar):GuitarinitializeInventory:printInventory()

Main Application

Inv:Inventoryg:GuitarwhatErinLikes:Guitar

initializeInventory(Inventory)

DEMOricksGuitar_start

Nice app, but it has a few problems …

• Doesn’t work (functionality)• Doesn’t give client choices• Heavy use of string comparisons• Dependencies

– Inventory class must know internals of Guitar class

– Maybe needs some architecture re-do

• WHERE TO START????

3 Steps to Great Software

1. Solve the customer’s problem (do what it is supposed to do)

2. Apply OO principles (remove duplicate code, OO techniques, etc)

3. Strive for maintainable, reusable design (patterns, refactoring)

Step 1 – get it to do what it should be doing

• Problem: search doesn’t return a hit (never, ever)

• What’s the problem?• Possible solutions:

– Use lowercase comparisons– Use enums instead of strings– (some problem fix, some improved

design – using enums improves design and fixes problem)

Enums

• Enumerations are user-defined sets of integral constants that correspond to a set of friendly names.

• Using enumerations makes your code easier to read, easier to debug, and less prone to errors caused by typographical errors. – MS eLearning series – Windows-based

Applications with C# and VB, chapter 3, lesson 2

Enums

enum Wood { Indian_Rosewood,

Brazilian_Rosewood, Mahogany,

Maple, Cocobolo,

Cedar, Adirondack, Alder, Sitka

}

Enums – code GuitarEnums class

InitalizeInventory method

Note Intellisense -> fewer errors

Enums - CodeTo describe Erin’s dream guitar:

Guitar whatErinLikes = new Guitar("", 0, Builder.Fender, "Stratocastor", GuitarType.Electric, Wood.Alder, Wood.Alder);

Step 1.b – Give customers choices

Search should return a list of guitars instead of a single guitar

LinkedList<Guitar> matchingGuitars = inv.search(whatErinLikes);

Old:

New:

Guitar guitar = inv.search(whatErinLikes);

See full code in ricksGuitars_choices

Step 2 – Apply some OO Principles

• Encapsulation – Break your apps/objects into logical parts– Keep those parts separate– Apples in apple boxes, oranges in orange

boxes– Code Cohesion – group like things

together• Groups (blocks of code, objects) should have

a single purpose

Good Object Design

• Well-designed objects only one purpose• Name of object should tell what it does

– Jet object• takeOff(), land() methods OK• takeTicket() method not OK

• Object should represent only one concept– Duck object – should not represent quacker,

rubber duckie, and getting out of the way of a foul ball

• Unused values (null properties) are a dead giveaway

Encapsulation Candidate –

• Guitar object as used in Search Method

Guitar whatErinLikes = new Guitar("", 0, Builder.Fender,"Stratocastor", GuitarType.Electric, Wood.Alder, Wood.Alder); Unused variables

• Clients never enter a serial number or price• Only guitar’s general properties used

– Builder, topWood, etc

Solution:

• Break object into separate parts and keep those parts separate

• Encapsulation• Create a separate GuitarSpec object

Guitar GuitarSpecGuitar

serialNumber:string price: double builder:string model:string type:string backWood:string topWood:string spec:GuitarSpec

getSerialNumber():stringgetPrice():doublesetPrice():doublegetBuilder():doublegetModel():stringgetType():doublegetBackWood():stringgetTopWood():stringgetSpec:GuitarSpec

GuitarSpec

builder:string model:string type:string backWood:string topWood:string

getBuilder():doublegetModel():stringgetType():doublegetBackWood():stringgetTopWood():string

Encapsulation Code Changes

Guitar whatErinLikes = new Guitar("", 0, Builder.Fender, "Stratocastor", GuitarType.Electric,Wood.Alder, Wood.Alder);

LinkedList<Guitar> matchingGuitars = inv.search(whatErinLikes);

Search now using a GuitarSpec object:

Old way

New way

GuitarSpec whatErinLikes = new GuitarSpec( Builder.Fender, "Stratocastor", GuitarType.Electric,

Wood.Alder, Wood.Alder);

LinkedList<Guitar> matchingGuitars = inv.search(whatErinLikes);

Encapsulation Code Changes

•Guitar class contains a GuitarSpec object – composition•Design principle – Favor composition over inheritance

•Use “has-a” instead of “is-a”

class Guitar { private string serialNumber; private double price; private GuitarSpec spec;

public Guitar(string serialNumber, double price, Builder builder, string model, GuitarType type, Wood backWood, Wood topWood) { this.serialNumber = serialNumber; this.price = price; this.spec = new GuitarSpec(builder, model, type, backWood, topWood); …

private variables

constructor

Encapsulation Code Changes

foreach (Guitar g in guitars) { GuitarSpec guitarSpec = g.getSpec();

if (!searchSpec.getBuilder().Equals( guitarSpec.getBuilder()) )

continue; …

Inventory search routine now uses GuitarSpec for comparisons:

Additional benefit of Encapsulation

• Suppose Rick wants to start carrying both 6-string and 12-string guitars– Add a numStrings field to GuitarSpec

only– Won’t need to change Guitar class

• Encapsulation – change one part of your app without changing other parts

• What to encapsulate – Isolate the parts of your app that might vary from the parts that will remain the same

What we’ve done

• OO Principles applied:– Functionality – does what it is supposed to do– Encapsulation – separated parts that might

vary from parts that remain the same– Flexibility – made code easier to change,

change is inevitable

• Yet to come (tune in next week …)– Polymorphism and Inheritance

• See: ricksGuitars_encapsulation

Step 3 – Make code reusable and extendable

• Rick wants to offer both 6-string and 12-string guitars

• Plan:1. Add numStrings property and getNumStrings()

method to GuitarSpec2. Encapsulate GuitarSpec in Guitar class

constructor3. Delegate comparison of search object to

GuitarSpec class – no longer Inventory’s job4. Update Tester class and test everything

2. Encapsulate GuitarSpec parameter in Guitar

constructor public Guitar(string serialNumber, double price, Builder builder, string model, GuitarType type, Wood backWood, Wood topWood) { this.serialNumber = serialNumber; this.price = price; this.spec = new GuitarSpec(builder, model, type, backWood, topWood); }

Old:

New: public Guitar(string serialNumber, double price, GuitarSpec spec) { this.serialNumber = serialNumber; this.price = price; this.spec = spec; }

New constructor with encapsulated GuitarSpec

Create Guitar objects for Inventory

static void InitializeInventory(Inventory inv) { inv.addGuitar("11277", 3999.95, new GuitarSpec(Builder.Collings, "CJ", GuitarType.Acoustic,6, Wood.Indian_Rosewood,

Wood.Sitka));

inv.addGuitar("V95693", 1499.95, new GuitarSpec(Builder.Fender, "Stratocastor",

GuitarType.Electric,6, Wood.Alder, Wood.Alder));

3. Delegation

• Delegation – let someone else do it• Inventory search method – now has

to know the insides of the GuitarSpec object to do its comparison

• Delegate this comparison to the GuitarSpec object – “Does this other GuitarSpec object

match you?”

Modified GuitarSpec object – match method

public Boolean matches(GuitarSpec otherSpec) { if (builder != otherSpec.builder) return false;

if ((model != null) && (!model.Equals("")) && (!model.Equals(otherSpec.model))) return false;

if (type != otherSpec.type) return false; if (numStrings != otherSpec.numStrings) return false;

if (backWood != otherSpec.backWood) return false;

if (topWood != otherSpec.topWood) return false;

return true; }

Using the match method

foreach (Guitar g in guitars) { if (g.getSpec().matches(searchSpec))

matchingGuitars.AddLast(g);

} return matchingGuitars;

Search method in Inventory class:

See: ricksGuitars_final for code

Review (and that rhymes with Whew!)

• We’ve looked at – Enums– Encapsulation– Delegation– Code Reuse

• To write good software:– Do what the customer wants– Apply OO principles– Design and code for flexibility, maintainability,

and reuse

Assignment – Chapter 2

• Get the book!• Slow down! Make yourself comfortable!

(Take your pants off!)• Do the exercises• Read “No Dumb Questions”• Drink lots of water• Talk about what you’ve learned• Get involved with the process• Use what you’ve learned at least one time

this week