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1 The Global Obesity Epidemic in Children Rebecca Stoltzfus, PhD Professor Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University November 29, 2011 Obesity in Children Worldwide 10% of schoolage children are overweight or obese by IOTF definition Obesity (WHZ > 2.0) in children < 5 y based on various surveys Less prevalent than in schoolage children The ordering of countries is surprising! Is this because we are 45.6% 72.6% *Overweight prevalence in women: comparing different years of data? Or because U5 obesity is responding to different factors in the environment? 28.5% *From WHO Global Infobase Both low and high birthweight are associated with adult overweight 2545 – 3182 g <2272 g >3900 g Stunting at 3 y in Guatemalan children associated with waisttohip ratio in adulthood http://www.womenhealthinfo.com/449Waisthipratio.html
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Obesity Epidemic Obesity in Children in Children · The Global Obesity Epidemic in Children Rebecca Stoltzfus, PhD Professor Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University November

Oct 15, 2020

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Page 1: Obesity Epidemic Obesity in Children in Children · The Global Obesity Epidemic in Children Rebecca Stoltzfus, PhD Professor Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University November

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The Global Obesity Epidemicin Children

Rebecca Stoltzfus, PhD,Professor

Division of Nutritional SciencesCornell University

November 29, 2011

Obesity in Children

Worldwide 10% of school‐age children areoverweight or obese by IOTF definition

Obesity (WHZ > 2.0) in children < 5 y based on various surveys

• Less prevalent than in school‐age children

• The ordering of countries is surprising!

• Is this because we are 

45.6%

72.6%

*Overweight prevalence in women:

comparing different years of data?

• Or because U5 obesity is responding to different factors in the environment?

28.5%

*From WHO Global Infobase

Both low and high birthweight are associated with adult overweight

2545 –3182 g

<2272 g >3900 g

Stunting at 3 y in Guatemalan children associated withwaist‐to‐hip ratio in adulthood

http://www.women‐health‐info.com/449‐Waist‐hip‐ratio.html

Page 2: Obesity Epidemic Obesity in Children in Children · The Global Obesity Epidemic in Children Rebecca Stoltzfus, PhD Professor Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University November

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Stunting at 3 y in Guatemalan children associated withwaist‐to‐hip ratio in adulthood

Figure 4.Waist:hip ratio (WHR) at follow‐up according to severe, moderate and mild levels of stunting (height/age) at 3 y of age. Panel B: values adjusted by co‐founders and BMI. P = 0.05, regression with z score as continuous variable; *P < 0.01, regression with z score as continuous variable. Severe also differs from other categories.

Source:  Martorell R et al., Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131:874S‐880S.

http://www.women‐health‐info.com/449‐Waist‐hip‐ratio.html

• One aspect of the nutrition transition is that as it progresses, the relation with 

Child overweight by family income level

income and urban residence flips around.  

Health consequences include:

• Metabolic syndrome (right)

• Early age at menarche (below)

• Diabetes

Health consequences include:

• Metabolic syndrome (right)

• Early age at menarche (below)

• Diabetes

Social consequences of obesity in US children are well documented (e.g. below), but little is known about cultures in 

low‐income countries.

Source:  Garrett & Ruel, IFPRI 2003Note:  Prevalence higher in Latin America,lower in Asia

Page 3: Obesity Epidemic Obesity in Children in Children · The Global Obesity Epidemic in Children Rebecca Stoltzfus, PhD Professor Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University November

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• What do you conclude from this:• in terms of causation?• in terms of program strategies?

Source:  Garrett & Ruel, IFPRI 2003Note:  Prevalence higher in Latin America,lower in Asia

• What do you conclude from this:• in terms of causation?• in terms of program strategies?

• Nutrition transition does not affect household members equally• Intrahousehold food distribution• Dietary quality (not just calories)• Key messages for behavior change need to be tailored• Food interventions need to be targeted

Source:  Garrett & Ruel, IFPRI 2003Note:  Prevalence higher in Latin America,lower in Asia

Interventions

No country in the world has yet seen aNo country in the world has yet seen a decrease in overweight and obesity.

Current research funding is inversely related to potential for preventing obesity (Lobstein et al., IOTF task force 2004)

Current research funding is inversely related to potential for preventing obesity (Lobstein et al., IOTF task force 2004)

“A major threat to the health systems of developing countries may not be only the importation of ‘westernized lifestyles,’ but also the importation of Westernized medical responses.”

Yach et al., 2006.  Assigned reading.

Policy options always boil down to these three:

• Information/education

• Incentives (rewards)

• Regulation/penalties (e.g. taxes)

What do you think we (the global health community) should do?