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OBESITA ED ASMA Dott. Stefano Spagnotto U O Pneumologia Garbagnate U.O.Pneumologia Garbagnate Milanese 20.03.2010 Associazione cas ale o casuale o causale?
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OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

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Page 1: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

’OBESITA ED ASMA

Dott. Stefano Spagnotto U O Pneumologia GarbagnateU.O.Pneumologia Garbagnate Milanese 20.03.2010

Associazionecas ale ocasuale o causale?

Page 2: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Over 33 million people a year die from chronic (noncommunicable) diseases, including cardiovascular

disease, cancers, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases

WHO Surveillance of Risk Factors Report Series (SuRF)p ( )

1. tobacco use

2. excessive alcohol consumption

3. low fruit and vegetable intake

4. obesity

5. raised blood pressure

6. raised cholesterol

7. physical inactivity

8. diabetes.

Page 3: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

BMI = peso KG / (statura m )²

Page 4: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

EPIDEMIOLOGIA SOVRAPPESO EPIDEMIOLOGIA OBESITA’

Page 5: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled
Page 6: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled
Page 7: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled
Page 8: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Overweight, Obesity, and Incident AsthmaA Meta-analysis of Prospective Epidemiologic StudiesDavid A. Beuther and E. Rand SutherlandAm J Respir Crit Care 2007

Page 9: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Studi Epidemiologici (>1500)Cross-sectional and case-controlled studies (40 studies)Obesity as BMI: overweight (25 kg/m2– 29.9 kg/m2) and

obese (>30 kg/m2) B th S th l d A J R i C it C M d 2007obese (>30 kg/m2) Beuther,Sutherland: Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007

La presenza di errori (bias) grossolani come il peso dichiarato i sintomi dichiarati i criteri sul consumo di dichiarato, i sintomi dichiarati, i criteri sul consumo di farmaci,il mancato utilizzo della spirometria o della BHR, la dispnea intesa come asma,hanno fatto BHR, la dispnea intesa come asma,hanno fatto escludere un numero altissimo di studi

Presenza di variabili confondenti : stato Presenza di variabili confondenti : stato socioeconomico, attività fisica, dieta, età, fumo

Correlazione modesta tra obesità e prevalenza Correlazione modesta tra obesità e prevalenza dell’asma negli adulti, con rischio relativo o odds ratios compreso tra 1.0 to 3.0 (> nelle donne) ratios compreso tra 1.0 to 3.0 ( nelle donne) (addirittura qualche dato sulla forma J della distribuzione della prevalenza dell’asma)

Page 10: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

EpidemiologiaEpidemiologiaStudi Prospettici

Meta-analisi di 7 studi epidemiologici tti i i ti d l l i prospettici mirati a sondare la relazione asma-

obesità

Obesità deve precedere l’asma

E d i t b bilità di il End point: probabilità di sviluppare asma dopo un anno di osservazione

Beuther DA, Sutherland ER. Overweight, obesity and incident asthma: a meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:661–6.

Page 11: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

id d ll’Incidenza dell’asma aumenta del 50%

li i di id inegli individui obesi/sovrappeso.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 175. pp 661–666, 2007

Page 12: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Conclusions: Children with high body weight, either at birth or later in childhood, are at increased risk for future asthma (1.5 infanzia, 1.2 alla nascita)

Page 13: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

OBESITA’ ED ASMAOBESITA ED ASMA

• Motivi “meccanici o geometrici” legati alla

• Motivi “metabolici” legati alla complessa

modificazione dell’apparato

interdipendenza della “malattia obesità” con

respiratorio indotta dall’accumulo adiposo

l’organismo (apparato respiratorio,

addominale e nelle fasce toraciche

cardiovascolare, ecc)

Page 14: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Principali modificazioni polmonari nell’obeso

A t l i tti ità• Diminuisce CFR, CPT,VREA t R i t

• Aumenta la iper-reattività bronchiale (BHR)

• Diminuisce la plasticità• Aumento Resistenze• Diminusce Forza mm.

Respiratori

Diminuisce la plasticità dei muscoli bronchiali

• Mancanza del riflesso Respiratori• Aumenta la rigidità della

gabbia toracica

broncodilatatore indotto dalla inspirazione profondagabbia toracica profonda

• Precoce disaccoppiamento drive pprespiratorio/ventilazione = DISPNEA

Page 15: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

fisiopatologia

I legami actina-mosina tendono ad

iù fi i essere più fissi e meno instabili

Obesity and Asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 ; 174. 112–119,

Page 16: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Effetto dell’obesità sui volumi polmonariEffetto dell obesità sui volumi polmonari

Sin, D D et al. Thorax 2008;63:1018-1023

Page 17: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Lavoro respiratorioLavoro respiratorio

Page 18: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

normale

enfisemaenfisema

Page 19: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

normale

Obesita’Obesita

Page 20: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Effect of lung volume on airway resistanceEffect of lung volume on airway resistancem

eg

Volu

mLu

ng

Airwaycaliber

Raw

caliber

Page 21: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Effect of lung volume on airway resistanceEffect of lung volume on airway resistancem

eg

Volu

mLu

ng

Airwaycaliber

Raw

caliber

Page 22: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Airway conductance (Gaw) by increasing BMI

Males n 139 Females n 137Males n=139 Females n=137

King GG et al. - Eur Respir J 2005; 25: 896–901

Airways were narrower than expected on the basis of the reduction in y plung volume, suggesting that there were structural or functional

changes in the airways that were specifically associated with increasing body mass index.body mass index.

Page 23: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Evidenze che fattori geometrici aumentino la BHR negli ObesiBHR negli Obesi

Airway responsiveness in obese nonasthmatic subjects

r2 = 0.32, p< 0.001

Solid and open pcircles identify men and women, respectively

Torchio R et al. J Appl Physiol 107: 408–416, 2009.

respectively.

Page 24: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Airway responsiveness in obese Evidenze che fattori geometrici aumentino la

BHR negli Obesinonasthmatic subjects (men)

BHR negli ObesiAirway responsiveness in obese nonasthmatic subjects

r2= 0.56, p< 0.001

Torchio R et al. J Appl Physiol 107: 408–416, 2009.

Page 25: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Bronchodilation and Bronchoprotection by Deep Inspiration end Their Relationship to Bronchial HyperresposivenessTheir Relationship to Bronchial HyperresposivenessG. Skloot A. Togias Clinical Reviews in Allergy and immunology 2003

Mancanza riflesso broncodilatatore legato all’inspirazione profonda nei saniMancanza riflesso broncodilatatore legato all inspirazione profonda nei sani

Page 26: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Anche l’attività fisica influenza la reattività bronchiale

in modo proporzionale inverso

Page 27: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Diminuzione della plasticità muscoli bronchialiObesity and airway function

Obesity leads to decrements in functional residual capacity (FRC) andObesity leads to decrements in functional residual capacity (FRC) and tidal volumes (VT), resulting in dynamic decreases in smooth muscle stretch. The resultant latching of the smooth muscle leads to enhanced airways reactivity and irreversibility of obstruction. These effects may y y y ybe enhanced by breathing around the closing volume, which is characteristic of morbid obesity

Tantisira KG, Weiss S. Thorax 2001

Page 28: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

•Ipoventilazione

•Ostruzione bronchiale•Ostruzione bronchiale

•Instabilità bronchiale

Rid i d ll f li •Riduzione della forza muscoli resp.

Precoce disaccoppiamento D i Drive

respiratorio/ventilazione = DISPNEADISPNEA

Page 29: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Queste modificazioni interessano inoltre per…..

• OSAS Sindrome Apnee Notturne (macroglossia, ( g ,retrognazia, ipertrofia delle pareti ipofaringe e laringe)pareti ipofaringe e laringe)

• OHS Sindrome obesità ( 30ipoventilazione (BMI>30,

paCO2>45,assenza di paltre malattie respiratorie)

Page 30: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

OBESITA’ ED ASMAOBESITA ED ASMA

• Motivi “meccanici o geometrici” legati alla

• Motivi “metabolici” legati alla complessa

modificazione dell’apparato

interdipendenza della “malattia obesità” con

respiratorio l’organismo (apparato respiratorio, cardiovascolare, ecc)

Page 31: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Effetto Effetto proinfiammatorio

Aritmie

SCC

Ernia iatale GER SCCGER

Effetto I i ♀♂ Effetto protrombotico

TVP TEP

Iperestrogenismo ♀♂

Iperandrogenismo ♀

Page 32: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Mancuso P - JAP 2009

Page 33: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Sazietà (Oressine) diminuisce lipogenesi, aumenta lipolisi e spesa energetica

ti l

e spesa energetica

alta

stimolanoInfezioni

TNF, interleukina

LEPTINA(adipociti)

1

( p )

bassaInibiscono:Adrenalina

T3, GH

Sistema immunitario

DigiunoBassi livelli

insulina ipotalamo-ipofisi-gonadiinsulina

fame

ipotalamo ipofisi gonadiipotalamo-ipofisi-surreneipotalamo-ipofisi-tiroide

fame

Page 34: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Relationship between serum Relationship between serum adipokines and asthma

Lugogo NL et al. – JAP 2009

Page 35: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Leptin and leptin receptor are expressed b b hi l ith li l ll (16HBE)by bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE)

Leptin receptorLeptin Leptin receptorLeptin

The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled and severe asthma and is in ersel correlated ith air a remodeling

A Bruno et al 2009

inversely correlated with airway remodeling.

Page 36: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Obesity is a state of

chronic low grade systemic inflammationinflammation.

The current paradigmis that inflammation

Leptin, IL-6TNF-alfa, TGF-beta

Eotaxin, CRPspills over into the blood, leading to

inflammatory activationat sites distant to the

adipose tissue.

( Beuther et al. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2006; 174:112 ; with modifications)

Page 37: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Obesità ed effetti sistemici mediati da ormoni e citokine

Physical Inactivity and Obesity N.H.T.ten Hacken 2009

Page 38: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled
Page 39: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Candidate genes of potential relevance to both obesity and asthma

Beuther DA et al. - Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 174:112–119; 2006

Page 40: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Gene (Human Genome

Position Variant associated with

Variant associated withOrganization name) associated with

asthma-related phenotypes

associated with obesity-related

h tphenotypesTNF-α, TNF 6p21.3 308-G/A 308-G/A

Eur Respir J,May 2009

Page 41: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Cluster Analysis and Clinical Asthma Phenotypes AJRCCM 2008

Page 42: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Obesity-Asthma Phenotypey ypSintomi persistenti

Tempi di ricovero più lunghi anche in UTI Tempi di ricovero più lunghi anche in UTI

Riduzione della qualità di vita

Mi t ll d ll’Minor controllo dell’asma

Aumento delle ospedalizzazioni per asma

Alterata risposta alle terapie

Prevalenza femminile, scarsa atopia

Asma più severa oppure asma più difficile per la prevalenza maggiore di altre comorbidità fisiche e prevalenza maggiore di altre comorbidità fisiche e

psicologiche?

Page 43: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

La prova del 9La prova del 9

Se a forza di correre…..

Page 44: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

• Weight reduction significantly improved g y pFEV1, FVC, and health status in obese people

ith thwith asthma.• The number of asthma

exacerbations andexacerbations and courses of oral steroids could also be reducedcould also be reduced

BMJ 2000.

Page 45: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Surgically induced weight lloss

1. Murr et al., 1995;1. Murr et al., 1995;

2. Dixon et al., 1999;

3. Dhabuwala et al., 2000 ;

4. Dixon and O’Brien, 2002; These studies report

significant 5. O’Brien et al., 2002;

6 H d St bb 2004

gimprovements in all asthma outcomes,

6. He and Stubbs, 2004;

7. Simard et al., 2004;

,including prevalence,

severity , use of asthma 8. Ahroni et al., 2005;

9 Spivak et al 2005

y ,medications, and hospitalizations9. Spivak et al., 2005. p

Page 46: OBESI’TA ED ASM A - Medici Groane · The leptin/leptin receptor pathway is involved in lung epithelial homeostasis in asthma. Its expression decreases in subjects with uncontrolled

Grazie per l’attenzione.