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Group dynamics

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83

Defining and Classifying Groups

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Concept of group dynamics

Group dynamics generally means interaction offorces in a group members in a social situation.

How a group must be:

Participative Democratic

Cooperative

Roles to perform:

Role playing Brainstorming

Leaderless group

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Why do people join groups

Security- Feel stronger, Have fewer self-doubts,and are more resistant to threats. New employees

are vunerable to a sense of isolation and turn to

group for guidance and support.

Esteem- Associating with high status group,recognition and praise.

Affiliation- common interest, Regular company of

other people, Check their perceptions of new or

uncertain environment.

Power- united we stand, divided we fall

,Leadership enables to enjoy power over the grp

members.

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Identity- we try to understand ourselves through the

behaviour of others towards us. Groups provide

several others who will laugh, praise or admire us.

huddling-executives make use of informal get

togethers called huddles.These are intimate task-

oriented encounters of executive trying to get

something done.

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What

Makes

PeopleJoin

Groups?

StatusSecurity

PowerGoal

Achievement

Self-Esteem

Affiliation

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Effective Implementation ofGroup Dynamics Emphasis is laid on

motivating members tojoin and participate inthe group.

Increase in fluidity and

promotion of frequentinteractions andeffectivecommunication.

Frequent interactionsencourage and help in

exposing any kind ofgrievances or doubts inthe form ofmisunderstandings.

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TYPES OF GROUP

FORMAL GROUPS- deliberately createdto perform a specific task, a hierarchy of authority exists .rules

and regulations guide the behaviour of small groups.

Command group- specified by org chartAnd includes supervisor and his

Subordinates

Temporary Task Group- employeeswork together to complete a particular

Task or Project.

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Informal group- natural formations inthe work environment which appear in

Response to the need for social contact Theyoften develop within formal group out

of concerns which they share

Horizontal clique-samerank ,same depart

Vertical Clique- diffhierarchy levels,

same dept

Random Clique- variousdept, locations &

Hierarchy

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Functions of Formal Groups

Organizational Functions Individual Functions

1. Accomplish complex, interdependenttasks that are beyond the capabilitiesof individuals.

2. Generate new or creative ideas andsolutions.

3. Coordinate interdepartmental efforts.4. Provide a problem-solving mechanism

for complex problems requiringvaried information and assessments.

5. Implement complex decisions.6. Socialize and train newcomers.

1. Satisfy the individuals need foraffiliation.

2. Develop, enhance, and confirm theindividuals self-esteem and sense ofidentity.

3. Give individuals an opportunity totest and share their perceptions ofsocial reality.

4. Reduce the individuals anxieties andfeelings of insecurity and powerless-ness.

5. Provide a problem-solving mechanismfor personal and interpersonal problems.

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Informal Groups

It forms the Grapevine of the company. Theseare not formed under company rules andpolicies. They form a consequential part ofthe company by easing out any kind of stress

or tensionsIt helps in:

Groups survival and provision of benefits

Simplify the behavioral characteristics of

the group and make actions morepredictable.

Effective communication is ensured fromthe top to the bottom without the line ofauthority.

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Group development

Dr Bruce Tuckman published his FormingStorming Norming Performing model in 1965. He

added a fifth stage, Adjourning, in the 1970's.

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Tuckmans Five-Stage Theoryof Group Development

PerformingAdjourning

Norming

Storming

Forming

Return toIndependence

Dependence/interdependence

Independence

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Meenakshi Ahuja

Tuckmans Five-Stage Theoryof Group Development (continued)

Individual

Issues

Forming Storming Norming Performing

How do I fit

in?

Whats my

role here?

What do theothers expect

me to do?

How can I bestperform my

role?

Group

Issues

Why are we

here?

Why are wefighting over

whos incharge and whodoes what?

Can we agreeon roles and

work as ateam?

Can we do the

job properly?

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Stages of Group Development

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Forming - stage 1

High dependence on

leader for guidance and

direction. Great deal of

uncertainty about grps

purpose. This stage is

complete when

interpersonal relationships

are established and when

members have begun to

think of themselves as part

of a group.

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Storming - stage 2Decisions don't comeeasily within group. Teammembers attempt toestablish themselves inrelation to other teammembers and the leader,who might receive

challenges from teammembers. Clarity ofpurpose increases butplenty of uncertaintiespersist, there may bepower struggles. Theteam needs to be focused

on its goals to avoidbecoming distracted byrelationships andemotional issues.Compromises may berequired to enableprogress.

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Norming - stage 3 Agreement and consensus is largely forms among

team, who respond well to facilitation by leader.Roles and responsibilities are clear and accepted. Big

decisions are made by group agreement. The team

discusses and develops its processes and working

style. There is general respect for the leader andsome of leadership is more shared by the team.

Leader facilitates and enables

ages o roup eve opmen

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ages o roup eve opmen(contd)

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Performing - stage 4The team knows clearlywhy it is doing what it is

doing There is a focus on

over-achieving goals, and

the team makes most of

the decisions against

criteria agreed with the

leader. The team has a

high degree of autonomy

. The team does not needto be instructed or

assisted. team members

look after each other.

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Stages of Group Development

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Stages of Group Development

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Types of groups

Primary and secondary

Membership and reference groups Command and task groups

In groups and out groups

Formal and informal groups

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Primary and secondary groups

Primary Intimate ,F2F

Small in nature

Eg Family, relatives

Secondary Formal , general, remote

Might not be interested inindividuals

Absence of intimacy

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PRIMARY GROUPS

Traits

Small

Personal orientation Enduring (long lasting) Frequent interaction

Face-to-face

Intimate

sense of belonging emotional orientation: bond based on emotions

loyalty Primary relationships

First group experienced in life

Irreplaceable

Security

Assistance of all kinds

Emotional to financial

Examples: the family.

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SECONDARY GROUPS

Traits Large membership: larger than primary groups

Goal or activity orientation

impersonal and formal

Infrequent interaction

Secondary relationships Weak emotional ties between persons

Short term

Importance Networking

Career goals

Examples: co-workers, political organizations

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In-Groups and Out-Groups

In-group group with which people identify and have a

sense of belonging

pronoun WE

Out-group

group that people do not identify with

pronoun THEY

Loyalty to INGROUP

Opposition to OUTGROUPS

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Reference Groups

a standard to evaluate ourselvesnormative function

comparative function

In-groups can be secondary or primarygroups, but in either case, they are always

reference groups, real or imaginary .

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Classification under formal and

informal groups

Formal Groups

Command group :

formal group

determined bystructure

Task group: formal

group organized for

a specific task

Committees:

handles problems

outside of regular

assignments

Informal groups

Social groups:

people who enjoy

each otherscompany (chat

groups)

Interest groups:

groups that develop

informally around a

common interest

(news groups,

listserv members)

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Theories of Group Formation

Propinquity

Needs, Functions and Goals

Interaction

Balance Theory

Exchange Theory