OA ADSI

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INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL ENGLISH

1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................3

2. WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY .........................................................3

2.1 Fields in technology ............................................................6

3. WHAT COUNTS AS TECHNOLOGY ............................................11

3.1 Technology as Objects .........................................................11

3.2 Technology as Knowledge ....................................................13

3.3 Technology as Activities .......................................................14

3.4 Technology as a Process .......................................................15

3.5 Technology as a Sociotechnical system ...................................17

4. NATURE OF TECHNOLOGY ......................................................17

4.1 Science Vs. Technology ........................................................17

4.2 Design process in technology ................................................18

4.3 Technology requires making ................................................20

4.4 Technology is a multi-disciplinary activity ..............................21

4.5 Values in technology ............................................................22

4.6 Technology is socially shaped ................................................24

GLOSARIO ...............................................................................26

BIBLIOGRAFÍA .........................................................................31


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Introduction to Technical English

1. INTRODUCTION

Technology is constantly changing to answer a series of modern challenges and meet the needs of society. This means all specialists and other professionals involved in its development require certain knowledge to facilitate their performance; this includes communication skills which help the appropriate understanding and interaction regarding technological systems or processes.

Along this English section it will be found the basic language elements needed in order to establish a common background of theory and language skills seen in the first line competences. For this reason, the contents learnt in this section are designed to complement the technical knowledge in the development of this program at SENA. Therefore, all students should recognize the importance of English language throughout the technical competence, having in mind that language and communication skills are a powerful tool in a globalized world allowing better professional and personal opportunities.

2. WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY

Before approaching the definition of technology it is required the identification of background knowledge about the topic. Then, start analyzing the following questions as a brainstorm:

Question 1: How do you define technology?

Question 2: What are the benefits of using technology products?

Question 3: What technologies do you know?

These questions provide with general views regarding technology and its impact in society, now let´s see some situations about primitive technology:

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SITUATION 1:

Look at this primitive person, he lives alone in the Stone Age

He is hungry and needs to find food but the only tool he has is a spear and it is broken; then, he needs to fix it quickly.

He doesn´t have any more tools and his only resources are Stones and wood.

What do you think he should do?

• Sit down and cry

• Wait for another person to help him

• Make a different tool

• Repair the tool plastic or metal

• Use his tool as a model and make a new one (respuesta correcta)

You can see there is a problem that needs a solution, then, it´s time to develop technology!

SITUATION 2:

Now, this person is not alone, he has a family and needs to find more food, then, he notices that his tool is too small and it´s difficult to obtain enough food, so he has a problem again.

Then, this people designed the bow and arrow!

“Technology Works for different contexts in different ways, and it is not necessarily modern.”


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Reflection: Any solution for a given problem can be seen as technology. This involves people to apply their knowledge based on their experiences and

resources.

Thanks to this tool, the family could get food and solve their problem.

To understand what technology is students need recognizing how it works in order to solve problems and help meeting people´s needs. Observe the following diagram of technology process:

NEED SOLUTION

This diagram shows how technology starts with a need or problem, then during the development process a solution can be obtained. Also, this is a cyclical process because a solution might work for a specific need but the result can create a new need or problem to be solved .

Definition of technology:

Technology is all the knowledge used to create tools, develop skills and extract or collect materials. It is also the application of science to achieve an objective or solve a problem.

Technology is the making usage and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function.

Reflection: Is the extension of human capability to satisfy our wants or needs




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2.1 Fields in technology

Developing solutions for the market and society requires the use of various cross-sectional technologies and interdisciplinary

approaches. These have been concentrated in seven main technology fields.

All the fields are connected to science and research that maintains and result in innovations that provide large impacts to all sections of the population from industry to academy around the world.

These fields correspond to the modern industry divisions and major innovation areas; the combination of this fields might give place to new fields to be explored, for example: Nanotechnology or Biomedicine. All of them have shown rapid growth in the last 20 years.

Did you know? 10 Most Important Technological Advancements that Changed the World (PDF)

2.1.1 Medical

All technologies are designed for a specific purpose, this means the benefits can be observed in different areas in society. One of the most important technological developments start with the medical innovations which can not only improve our lives can also save them.

Medical technology is also named health technology involves a large variety of healthcare products used to diagnose, monitor or treat many different medical conditions. The main objective of these innovations is to help improving the human life.

In order to achieve this objective, technological innovations require extensive research and the use of highly developed devices and services.

In some countries, medical technologies have been used widely to treat difficult diseases and create new products as a result of research and experimentation.

Medical


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Did you know? Developing countries like Colombia is in the top priority lines of importance to assure people´s good being and sustainability. For this reason, this field is in constant need for the development of better care services through the use of technological systems

2.1.2 Agriculture

Agricultural technology is the tools, machines and services offered to support agricultural activities. This is one of the oldest types of technology, therefore, this has suffered vast changes along the time; such improvements have changed the ways people grow their crops and harvest.

The cotton Gin is a good example of how this has changed. In the 18th century, cotton fibers were separated by hand or using very antiquated technology. Because of the effectiveness of the new machinery and processes, the cotton industry has grown to become a major textile raw material.

Video : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HhXL2l8wyMI

The technology available is getting more complex and precise to perform agricultural functions. One example of this is precision agriculture for farm management with the objective of optimizing processes using high technology devices such as GPS and specialized software.

2.1.3 Biotechnology

This technology is based on biology, then it includes cellular and biomolecular processes to develop products that can improve our lives and health of our planet. This is not new in terms of handling microorganisms, but new products are helping reducing environmental problems with more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.

There are many products available for the public for areas like farming, pest control, bio-refineries and Green technologies

The most recent advancements developed by the biotechnology industry organization involve farming, fuels and health. They are developing some projects like:

Agriculture

Biotechnology




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• Heal the World: This project manipulates genetic layouts to reduce infectious diseases and save millions of lives.

• Fuel the world: This project uses biological processes and microbes for producing biofuels that might cut greenhouse gas emissions.

• Feed the world: This project improves crop resistance to plagues by using environmentally sustainable farming practices with benefits for the products and the consumers.

Find more info: http://www.bio.org/articles/healing-fueling-feeding-how-biotechnology-enriching-your-life

2.1.4 Energy Power

Technologies oriented to energy production are formed by an interdisciplinary engineering science. The main objective of those technologies is to result in efficient, safe, environmentally friendly and economical extraction conversion, transportation, storage and use of energy; looking forward for reducing negative effects and impacts on humans or the environment.

This field has constituted one of the most important research lines in recent times due to the extense need of large amounts of energy for industrial or domestic purposes, having in mind the increasing population, the environmental policies and regulations and the dramatic decrease of non-renewable energy resources.

This is why the development of energy technologies has become a crucial aspect of international interest for its economic and political influence. Therefore, scientists and researchers have classified the energy sources and processes into different branches:

• Solar Power

• Wind Power

• Geothermal

• Hidropower

• Bioenergy

• Thermal & chemical

Energy Power


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2.1.4 Construction

This technology covers the basic elements of structures and super-structures providing also basic services like water, gas, electricity and drainage. This includes industrial and commercial buildings.

This field specializes in design of constructions and the supply of innovative products with maximum security and performance. In case of natural disasters or catastrophic events, this technology aims to protect human lives and provide with comfort as well as functionality and a comfortable life style.

The results of construction research and innovations can create a large impact for transforming cities and connect remote places by creating roads or efficient water systems that improve quality of services, diminishing diseases while increasing sanitation among others.

Most of the projects are run under governmental planning, which establishes clear goals for infrastructure improvement reducing long term costs; helping people having more opportunities for transportation, housing and commerce. Some others help economic growth and are seen as a priority in developing countries like Colombia.

2.1.5 Manufacturing

This technology involves all tools that enable production of manufactured goods, including the use of machinery and industrial processes. The goal of these products is to

provide support the effort of individual workers and consequently benefit the companies and the commerce.

The industrial sector needs to effectively and efficiently transform raw materials into more complex and diverse quality products that can make modern life possible. Additionally, the development of this technology with productive tools provide positive effects on the economic growth of the countries and improves all commercial systems from agriculture to transportation and home appliances.

Many of those machinery and processes are related to computed aided

Construction

Manufacturing




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manufacturing thanks to automation and computerized systems; this includes all steps of manufacturing from design to assembly lines.

Did you know? China is one of the most powerful manufacturing countries. Try to see the origin of some of the items you hold at home, how many are there made in China? You will be surprised!

2.1.6 Information & Communication Technology (ICT)

This technology is widely known as ICT for short. It refers to all technological elements that provide access to information through the use of telecommunication services and resources. It is linked to information technology (IT), this includes Internet, Wireless networks or any other means of communication.

Compared to other technology fields, this is the most widely developed in recent years, because of its use and importance for the different sectors; for example, people can communicate and transmit information in real time reducing the need of travelling from place to place. Also, this has helped the monitoring all industrial processes from production to marketing for providing assertive planning and execution of management plans. Then, ICT has become one of the most important fields in technology for the globalized world.

SENA orients its students to be part of this crucial development to support companies of all ranges. Therefore, has designed the program ADSI known in the ICT field as Software Development. This is immersed into the ICT field as described in the following diagram:

Information Systems

Software Development

Information TechnologiesComunications technologies

All students of ADSI (Software Development) should be prepared to answer to the new challenges of developing countries by increasing the development of

Information &CommunicationTechnology (ICT)


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new technologies and software innovation in the productive sector of Colombia.

The result of their research projects will help managers in decision making processes by using applications that encompass most needs of the companies with specialized software known as Information System applications.

3. WHAT COUNTS AS TECHNOLOGY

Throughout the twentieth century the uses of the term have increased to the point where it now encompasses a number of “classes” of technology:

3.1 Technology as Objects

The most evident result of technology development is a physical object, this might be as simple as a tool or as complex as an automatic device.

The evolution of technology suggests that these objects have evolved into three different stages as follows:

Tools: The first technological stage of technological evolution, this provides a mechanical advantage in accomplishing a physical task, and must be powered by human or animal effort.

Machines: The second stage is a tool consisting in one or more parts that generally uses energy to perform an intended action. These components are used to transmit or modify force looking for a specific function or useful work.

Machines can be divided into simple or complex and are usually powered by mechanical, chemical, thermal or electrical energy.

Devices: These objects are the result of the tools and machines development. In such evolution, this is the third and final stage in which people obtained devices is called Automation. A more complex definitions describes a devices as a machine that removes the element of human control with control systems and information technologies to optimize productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services.




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This devices can also be divided into:

• - Automatic

• - Semi-automatic

Trafic ligth Automatic

Cell phoneSemi-automatic

ATM (automatic Teller Machine) Digital Watch Semi-Automatic Automatic

In Computing devices are known as Peripherals and they are divided into three types:

INPUT SOME EXAMPLES


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OUTPUT

STORAGE

Reflection: Technological evolution causes political, social and environmental changes. There is a direct correlation between development of technology

and changes in history.

Technology allows humans to conquer their world; this causes evolution as cultures, ideas, people, but physical landscapes are destroyed. Also, technology allows humans to thrive and become more successful in their own society.

3.2 Technology as Knowledge

The know-how behind any technological innovation

What is KNOW-HOW?

This is nowadays one of the most important sources of knowledge and innovation; in fact, it is all skills and knowledge that combined are the body of knowledge for example: formulas, instruction, patterns, specifications and manufacturing practices or concepts that determine HOW a product is designed and developed until it is released to the public.

Think of PATENTS as a good example of Know-how. All you need is creativity and having a good IDEA!




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Other examples of know-how can be a design, formulae or source code in the case of software. Let´s see a good example of know-how and its importance:

Watch the videos

1. Coca Cola Recipe: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44PeZr43jv4

2. INNOVATION Watch the video and get to know that are the results of technology as Know-how:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Uh1KxcpWz0

3.3 Technology as Activities

What people do, their skills, methods, procedures or routines.

Software development requires some specific activities to develop along the ADSI course, these are the activities all students are expected to do along the learning process:

ACTIVITIES FOR ALL COMPETENCES ACTIVITIES FOR THE PROJECTResearching AnalyzingInnovating DesigningManaging DevelopingDemonstrating TestingImproving MaintainingIlustración 7 Technological Activities

The activities mentioned in the chart correspond to GERUNDS. These words are formed by the combination of a VERB + ing. The gerund always has the same function as a noun, to understand the grammar and functions read the following examples:

• I like sleeping (dormir)

• You love studying (estudiar)


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• We love swimming (nadar)

• They don´t like drinking (beber)

Software development activities:

Identifying, Analizing,Designing, Developing,

Implementing

Testing & Checking Quality

“ For creating my project I need to start analyzing. Next, I have to learn designing, later, I practice the coding and software developing. Finally, I make corrections or testing, and conclude with maintaining the software product. “

3.4 Technology as a Process

Begins with a need and ends with a solution. Observe the following diagram that includes all the activities to develop technology. The process consists of three steps:




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Producingsolutions

Generating &Developing Ideas

Exploring &Defining the task1

Each step requires the identification of the Need, identify the key factors, understand the implications and possible effects, evaluate possible opportunities. Next, it is necessary to execute technological practices or activities (Ilustration 7 Technological Activities) in order to plan the solution.

All processes need complimentary activities to verify the effectiveness of the solution. The three most important are: Planning, Managing and Evaluating.

EXAMPLE OF PROCESS AS TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION:

Cars changed the way people lived, worked, and travelled; however, most people don’t notice that the process of manufacturing automobiles has also a large impact on industry.

The creation of the assembly line by Henry Ford at his Highland Park plant, introduced on December 1st, 1913, revolutionized the automobile industry and the concept of manufacturing worldwide, this is innovation through PROCESS.


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3.5 Technology as a Sociotechnical system

A simple definition of a socio-technical system is the manufacture and use of objects involving people and other objects in combination.

Many authors of technology theory establish that socio-technical systems help improving interaction between technology and society. This term started during the Second World War in order to identify the complex structures participating in the interaction with technological products.

Socio-technical systems refer to the relations of people and technical aspects of organizational structure and processes. This includes not only tools as devices but also knowledge and procedures oriented to improve productivity and wellbeing.

This is the new innovation!

For example:

Kids don´t need paper and crayons to express themselves, they have tablets!

To understand what involves new developments of socio-technical systems, read the article: Real Cyborg

4. NATURE OF TECHNOLOGY

Technology has a number of distinct characteristics:

4.1 Science Vs. Technology

There is a relationship between science and technology. Technology is marked by different purposes, different processes a different relationship to established knowledge and a particular relationship to specific contexts of activity.

Science vs Technology




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The explicit purpose of technology is the change in the environment is and not, the understanding of nature as is the case with science. The following chart contains all aspects required to understand the differences between science and technology:

Aspect Science TechnologyMotto: Science is knowing Technology is doingMission: The search for a theory

or cause.The search for solving problems and creating new processes.

Result : Making statements Activities, processes and products.

Evaluation Methods: Analysis, generalization and creation of theories

Analysis and synthesis of design.

Focus: Focuses on understanding of nature

Focuses on the change of the environment to solve problems.

Development Methods: Discovery (controlled by experimentation)

Design, invention, production

“Technological solutions are not right or wrong, verifiable or falsifiable, they are more or less effective from different points of view.”

4.2 Design process in technology

At the center of technology there is design. Then, design is also the very core of engineering is affirmed by the requirement that all degree engineering courses should involve design. The design process in technology is a sequential process which begins with the perception of a need, continues with the formulation of a specification, the generation of ideas and a final solution, and ends with an evaluation of the solution.

Design process in Technology


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Perception of the need: Requires analysis of the problem and identification of concerns to be solved.

Formulation of specifications: Any solution is determined by certain aspects that delimitate what is needed of how solutions should be implemented. These aspects are known as: Requirements

Generation of ideas: The possible solutions for the given problem.

Final Solution: The option that better answer to the requirements and provides a viable solution

Evaluation of the solution: This step evaluates the selected option and identifies the possible effects of implementing such solution.

Example: Look at the following example and analyze how important is the design process to solve a problem or meet the needs of any person.

Lucy is going to the supermarket near home with her son and his dog, but she doesn´t have much time and she is worried about her son´s safety because he is a very hyperactive boy.

She is designing a plan to cross the street safely, quickly and easily.

Look at the design process in the following pictures:

1. Perception of a need




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2. Final solution

3. Evaluation of the solution

Safe?Quick?Easy?

4.3 Technology requires making

The motivating factor behind all technological activity is the desire to fulfil a need. For this reason all designs should be made and proved using a prototype, batch or any type of three-dimensional or computer model; additionally, if the design shows to have a good result in the practical field, so it is legitimately evaluated to make the solution

have a real purpose and provide the expected effects on the situation or system.

The preliminary activities listed below can be functional or non-functional according to how close is the result to the real product.

Technology requires making


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MAKING ACTIVITIES

DESCRIPTION

Prototype A first or preliminary form from which other forms are developed or copied.

Batch A command to queue jobs for later execution 3D-Model Is the process of developing a mathematical

representation of any three-dimensional surface of object via specialized software.

Sketch A drawing or other composition that is not intended as a finished work, but a preliminary exploration

Outline A document summary, in list format. A general plan showing essential features but no detail.

Mock-up Is a scale or full-size model of a design or device, used for teaching, demonstration, design evaluation, promotion, and other purposes.

A mockup is a prototype if it provides at least part of the functionality of a system and enables testing of a design.

4.4 Technology is a multi-disciplinary activity

Design and production in technology involve co-operation between different people, for example designers, engineers and scientists, also may involve “technologists” for performing many functions.

Such team work needs to cooperate by working with others, operating within budgets, persuading decision makers, communicating to clients and working to deadlines, etc.

Working as a team requires all members to communicate efficiently and be organized.

Technology is a multi-disciplinary activity




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SENA encourages its students to work as a team and develop productive projects along their studies. Therefore, they improve their sense of responsibility and proactive attitudes as well as communication and tolerance.

Benefits of Teamwork

• Problem solving: All member has a role and contributes with a different perspective which might result in better decisions, products or services.

• Accomplish tasks faster: When people work together they can perform many tasks at the same time, therefore jobs are done in less time.

• Healthy competition: This usually motivates people to improve their performance and help others going one step forward.

• Developing relationships: A team characterizes for creating constant interaction between its members. When the team feels correlated the tasks can be more satisfactory, but in conflictive cases communication is the clue.

• Increasing unique qualities: Team work can offer good opportunities for some members to share their knowledge, skills or any particular ability which can be useful for being productive, providing support to other members of the group.

4.5 Values in technology

Technology is formed by values at every point. People make value decisions all the time and they may depend not only on the specific design criteria or economic judgments but also in relation to the particular benefits of a particular solution in ethical terms.

The value is the mental estimation a consumer makes of a product. Is the relationship between the consumer’s perceived benefits in relation to the perceived costs of receiving these benefits.

Example: Two costumers are looking for a new cell phone, they have different criteria for selecting the item to buy, observe on the table their values for making decisions:

Values in technology


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Value

Price

Quality

Size orQuality

Realiability

ServiceLevel

Ease ofUse

ExpectedValue

Durability

Variety

Design

Jack´s values Rachel´s valuesSpeed DesignCapacity SizeSupport AccessoriesDurability CompatibilityQuality Ease of use

Based on the values they describe, the options for each customer vary dramatically then, the real value of the product is not the price but how the product meet their needs and expectations.

There is a formula to determine the real value of a product, it is described as the relationship between the values offered and the cost.

Value: BenefitCost




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4.6 Technology is socially shaped

Technological enterprises are determined not only by advances in knowledge but also by the identification of needs, and of course social interests.

Technology is shaped by society, by consumer choice.

All inventions that have changed our lives for good are to be mentioned as the result of a technological outcome. Then, there it comes many scientists and inventors that combine pure analysis, experimentations and knowledge to shape the world we have today. These inventions need to be mentioned and they all have in common that are part of a class of technology seen earlier:

• Objects

• Know-how

• Activities

• Process

• Socio-technical system

Thanks to all these innovations we have now cars, computers, internet, roads, vaccines, mass production, plastic, social networks and human genome among others. Despite of their good intentions to help humans, they have also affected our way of life in some other ways like diminishing human contact and creating dependence on cars or cell phones. This is why the last and not least characteristic of technology is that even if it is not intended, it is here to change society in ways we cannot measure now but that lead us to the future and determine our present.

All effects cannot be judged under one criteria only, as every innovation has to be seen under the eyes of history.

Technology is socially shaped


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Check out some examples of innovations that have changed the world:

10 Inventions That Changed the World in Ways We Didn’t Expect

http://io9.com/5951267/10-inventions-that-changed-the-world-in-ways-we-didnt-expect

10 Inventions That Changed the World

http://www.geniusstuff.com/blog/list/10-inventions-changed-world/#page=10

11 Innovations That Changed History

http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/11-innovations-that-changed-history


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GLOSARIO

Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers:WORD DEFINITION TRANSLATION

Achieve to bring to a successful conclu-sion; accomplish

lograr, alcanzar

Advantage benefitorprofit ventajaAmounts extent; quantity; supply monto,cantidadAntiquated aged; ancient anticuadoApproaches the act of coming towards or

drawing close or closera close approxi-mationAssertive confidentanddirectinclai-

ming one’s rights or putting forward one’s views

assertivo, certero

Available obtainable or accessible; ca-pable of being made use of; at hand

disponible

Become to come to be; develop or grow into

llegar a ser, con-vertirse en,

Branches a subdivision or subsidiary section of something larger or more complex

rama, division

Budgets an itemized summary of expec-ted income and expenditure of a country, company, etc, over aspecifiedperiod,usuallyafinancialyear

presupuesto

Changes to make or become different cambiosCore the central, innermost, or most

essential part of somethingnucleo, centro

Cottonfibers anaturalorsyntheticfilamentthat may be spun into yarn

fibrasdealgodón

Crafts skill or ability, esp in handiwork manualidadesCrops the produce of cultivated plants cultivos, campos

cultivados


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Delivery the act of delivering or distri-buting goods, mail, etc

envio, distribucion

Develop to elaborate or work out in de-tail, to come or bring to a later or more advanced or expanded stage

desarrollar

Developing coun-tries

countries in constant devlop-ment or in the way of improve-ment

paises en via de desarrollo

Devices a machine or tool used for a specifictask

dispositivos

Diseases any impairment of normal phy-siological function affecting all or part of an organism

enfermedades

Effectively productive of or capable of pro-ducing a result

efectivamente

Efficiently functioning or producing effec-tively and with the least waste of effort; competent

eficientemente

Engineering the profession of applying scientificprinciplestothede-sign, construction, and mainte-nance of engines, cars, machi-nes, etc

ingenieria

Enough sufficienttoansweraneed,demand, supposition, or requi-rement; adequate

suficiente

Environment external conditions or su-rroundings, esp those in which people live or work

relacionado con el medio ambiente, entorno

Fields an area of human activity,a limited or marked off area

campo, area

Fix tomakeorbecomefirm,sta-ble, or secure

arreglar, corregir

Goods possessions and personal pro-perty

productos,

Green technolo-gies

technologies intented to pro-tect the environment or dimi-nish negative effects

tecnologias ver-des, ecologicas




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Grow to increase in size or develop, to produce (plants) by con-trolling or encouraging their growth

crecer, plantar

Harvest the gathering of a ripened crop cosecharHealthcare actions and services provided

for improving human healthcuidado de la sa-lud

Improve to make or become better in quality

mejorar

Information Sys-tem

software solution dsigned to meet the needs of a particular customer, looks for improving management processes.

sistema de infor-macion

Knowledge the facts, feelings or expe-riences known by a person or group of people

conocimiento

Layouts plano, disposicionMachinery machines, machine parts, or

machine systems collectivelymaquinaria

Machines an assembly of interconnected components arranged to trans-mit or modify force in order to perform useful work

maquina

Manufacturing to process or make (a product) from a raw material, esp as a large-scale operation using machinery

manufactura

Marketing the provision of goods or servi-ces to meet customer or con-sumer needs

mercadeo

Methods a way of proceeding or doing something, esp a systematic or regular one

metodo

Microbes any microscopic organism, esp a disease-causing bacterium

microbios

Needs to require or be required of necessity

necesidades

Notices the act of perceiving; observa-tion; attention

darse cuenta


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Perform to carry out or do realizar, llevar a cabo

Population all the persons inhabiting a country,city,orotherspecifiedplace

poblacion

Purpose the reason for which anything is done, created, or exists

proposito

Raw material material on which a particular manufacturing process is ca-rried out

materia prima

Requirement something demanded or impo-sed as an obligation

requerimientos

Resource a source of economic wealth, esp of a country (mineral, land, labour, etc) or business enter-prise (capital, equipment, per-sonnel, etc)

recurso

Skill special ability in a task, sport, etc, esp ability acquired by training

habilidades

Software Develo-pment

is the development of a soft-ware product,includes all that is involved between the con-ception of the desired software throughtothefinalmanifesta-tion of the software.

desarrollo de soft-ware

Spear a weapon consisting of a long shaft with a sharp pointed end of metal, stone, or wood that may be thrown or thrust

lanza

Storage the act of storing or the state of being stored;

space or area re-served for storingSupport to provide the necessities of life

for, to give strength to; main-tain

apoyo, soporte

Surface the exterior face of an object or one such face

superficie




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Sustainable capable of being sustained sostenibilidad, sostenible

System a group or combination of in-terrelated, interdependent, or interacting elements forming a collective entity; a methodical or coordinated assemblage of parts, facts, concepts, etc

sistema

Technique a practical method, skill, or art applied to a particular task

técnicas

Tool an implement, such as a ham-mer, saw, or spade, that is used by hand, anything used as a means of performing an operation or achieving an end

herramienta

Understand to know and comprehend the nature or meaning,

comprender

Ways a manner, method, or means; a route or direction

formas, maneras


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BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Bloomfield,Masse.(1993).Mankindintransition.MasefieldBooks,1993.

Bloomfield,Masse.(1995).Theautomatedsociety.MasefieldBooks,1995.

D.M. Clark (2005). “Human redundancy in complex, hazardous systems: A theoretical framework”.

Darby,G.(1961).Whatisasimplemachine?Chicago:BeneficPress

Donald A. MacKenzie et al.,(1999). “Introductory Essay” in The Social Shaping of Technology, 2nd ed. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

Hongbin Zha (2006). Interactive Technologies and Sociotechnical Systems: 12th International Conference, VSMM 2006, Xi’an, China, October 18–20, 2006, Proceedings.

Kenyon B. De Greene (1973). Sociotechnical systems: factors in analysis, design, and management.

Lovitt, William (1977). “The Question Concerning Technology”. The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. Harper Torchbooks.

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Control de documento

Construcción Objeto de Aprendizaje

INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL ENGLISH

Desarrollador de contenido Experto temático

Margarita Araque

Asesor pedagógico Claudia Milena Hernández Naranjo

Rafael Neftalí Lizcano Reyes

Producción Multimedia Luis Fernando Botero Mendoza Martha Lucia Chavéz

Programadores Roberto Chajin Ortiz

Líder expertos temáticos Ana Yaqueline Chavarro Parra

Líder línea de producción Santiago Lozada Garcés

OA ADSI

Documents

technology products

definition of technology

nature of technology

technical knowledge

technical english1

language skills

technical competence

communication skills