"О законе своем и сами недоумевают": народы России в этнографических описаниях, составленных и изданных

Au4rnrZ A. @Avcroe,Gannrern LBHvTaNN-Canlt (Hrg. )

Anthropologische Konzepte in der russischenKultur und Literatur (18.-19. Jh.)

AnrponoJrorr{rrecKrle KoHIIe[uuu n pyccrcofi

KyJrbrype u Jrrlreparype (XVil-XIX nn.)

Wissenschaftlich-techni sche Redaktion : Hilmar Preufj

Halle (Saale)

Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenbere

Haile (Saale) 2003

Gedruckt in der Druckerei der Martin_Luther_UniversitiitHalle_Wittenberg

rsBN 978_3 ^86829_054_7

Inhalt/CoAepx(aHI{e

G. Lehmann-Carli (Halle), A. A. <Daycmoe (Boponetrc)

VorworVTlp eAlrc JI oBI4e

Anthropologische Konzepte in der russischen Kultur und Literatur (18.-19. Jh.)

Anrpono.nornqecKue KoHIIeDIII,TU r pyccxofi KynLType n Jrr,rreparype

f iVItr-XX sn.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

H.,{. Kouemrcosa ( Caurcm-Ilemepiypz )<Essay on Man>> A. flona B pyccKrrx nepeBoAax ................ I

G. Lehmann-Carli ( Halle )Nikolaj Michajlovid Karamzin als ,,Bruder Ramsay" im Kreise der MoskauerFreimaurer und Aufkliirer und seine Affiniffit zu Johann Caspar Lavater..................... l1

H. PreuJ3 (Halle)

Marija Vasil'evna Su5kova (1752-1803) - soziokulturelle und anthropologischeAspekte der Entwicklung einer der ersten russischen Literatinnen im 18. Jh................ 53

JI. O.3ailouq (Mocrcea)

CeN{eH Bo6poe: rrosrrrKa rr.rerauop$u:ua (r anarouuz,rauguraQra) ........................... 83

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<<O gaxoue cBoeM u caMr{ HeAoyMeBaror>>: Hapo,qbr Poccun n ornorpaSuvecxuxolnl{caHnrx, cocraBreHHbrx H r{3laHnbrx n 1770-1790-e rr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9j

A. 14. I,Ieauuqxuil ( Mocrcea)

06 rcrorax rryrrrKr,rHcKoro reAoHI,r3Ma: <ruQepno> u uc-ropr4fl ........... 1 l l

A. A. cDaycmoe (Bopouetrc)

<Malreurrufi qeJroBeK>) n pyccrofi nrrreparype: na6pocox 6uorpaSr,ru ..................... l5l

E. florocsH (3auonroH)

<<O 3aroHe cBoeM ll caMlr HeAoyMeBarcD>:HapoAbr Pocculr n oruorpaQrlqecKnx orrHcaHr.tqx,

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<<IIpu fletpe Be;rurou, - nuca,rr lllrnun s croefi <<l4cropuu pyccroi arnorpa$ur.r>, -noJloxeno 6rrro Haqano r.r3yqeHr.rrM reorpaSnvecxr,rM. <...> 3aga.ra, rannafl or caMo-ro flerpa ero nepBbrM <<HaBltraropaM)> - or6rcKar6, co[uracb rr.r Asnff c Arraeprrofi, -BecbMa xapaKTepHo yKa3blBara, qro Pocclls B 3Ty cropoHy He 3Hturra KoHrIa cBor{x BJra-Aesnfirrr. .{nyur AecrrrlJrerurMr,r no3AHee, npu Auue lloannosHe 6ul ycrpoen <<3THo-rpa(fuuecrufi>> MacKapaA, rleHTpa!-rbHbrM co6urnernr Koroporo 6ula cna4r6a uryroB BJle4lHolt IoMe, r{ B r(oropoM fracrBoBafl, crerluaJrbHo nprrBe3eHHbre e llerep6ypr,.uapoqurr2. Ir[: nepenucrn ycrponrenefi :roro MacKapaAa c (Ae cr.rauc arageuuefi>>Br4AHO, qTO BO MHOrr4X CJryqilrx HW TA, Hrl Apyrar CTOpOHa He pacnonarilra cToJrhKo-nz6yAr onpeAeJreHnbrMlt cBeAeHr{trMH Aaxe o roM, (B qeM xoArr, <...> Ha qeM rr HaKaKLIx CKOTax e3A'r <...> MOpABa, rryBarrra, qepeMr.rca, BoTrKrr, ryHrycbr, KyTbr, qaflqa-

Aiurbr <KaMrraAaJrbr, - E. II.>, or{KI{, Myrrruuu, baurrcupulr. K[pry3br. Jro[aHLr, KaHTbr-rrrrlr, r(apaKuurnaKr{, apanbr 6ense u qepHbre, u nporr}re, KaKr{e ecTb. noddauuote poccui-cKuerr3. Orcyrcreue roqHrIX t{ssecrufi He noMerrrauo, oAHaKo, npuABopHrrM riAeono-raM cAe.rlarb :rnorpa$u.recKyrc reMarnrcy aaxuoi qacrr,ro osaqna,rsnofi ry,rrryprro.Hanporun, r.rMeHHo HeonpeAeJreHHocrr, cBeAeHufi o rolr, Ao KaK[x npeAenoB [pocrr.{-paeTcfl, LrM[ep[r n qTo flpo[cxoA]rT Ha ee oKpanHax, onpeAenr{na crrTyaquro, B KoTo-pofi .nro6oe eruorpaSuuecKoe oflr{caHne HeMuHyeMo non}^rrL'ro craryc r4AeoJrorxqe-cKoro corrrrHeuru. K cepeAlrHe XVItr e. [peAcraBneHrre o roM, qro Poccuficxar r{Mne-pnr ecrb o6ruapuoe npocrpaHcrBo, B <<ueH'rpe> Koroporo pacnonoxeH ocrpoBoK rlu-Btr:n3at-1:'avt, oxpyxeuunfr HaxoArulnMrrcr B nocrofi HHoM IBH)KeH[rr <<AI,IKI{Mr{)> nJIe-MeHaMr.r. 6rr:ro ruupoxo pacnpocrpaneno5. Bo,rurr <<qpocBerqeHr.rr> (r nepnyro ove-peAb, xpl{crr{ancrra) pacxoA[nrrcb or ueHTpa, He BcerAa Aocrr,rra;I oKpar{H.

t fl"rr,"" A. H. I{croplr-a pyccxofi :rnorpa$uN. O6u1ufi o6:op u:yrerufi HapoaHocrr.t u arnorpa$u-aBenrrKopyccKar. T. l. Cn6., 1890. C.95.'Masrurefiu X.-f.3anucxr.r o Poccnn // flepenoporsr u eofin-br. M., 199'1.C.9-272,:gecr c. 158;Onlrcr, shrcoqailrilr.rM y(a3aM I{ noBeJreHrrrM, xparurulxMcf, n Canrrnerep6yprcxolr CenarcxoM apxuBesa XVIII n. T. IIL 174{r-l762. Cocr. fI. Baoauos. Cn6.. 1878. Ns7265.'Marepua,tsr

Nrfl,t4cropnil t'lvneparopcrofi Araaeuuu Hayrc. T. lV. Cn6.. 1887. C.276." florocqn E. <I4 Heso3MoxHoe Bo3MoxHo>>'. cr,a4s6a ul),roB B JIeAHo\.{ AoMe KaK Qarr o$uqlra,rruofil<yrlrypLl // Tpygst no pyccxofi,r crassucKofi t[ulo.noruN. Jlureparyponeaeure. Tapry,2001. T. IV.c.90-r09.5 3ro lpercranrelue r'Br;ercg, o.{Hofi ux rnnoJrorurrecKnx rtgpr oaMoorlucallrtr <<MMrreprla> (flerpy-xun B. .f., Paescxufi .{. C. O.repxa Hcropuu HapoaoB PoccNN e ApeBHocrr.r u paHHeM cpeAHeBeKoBbe.M., 1998. C.145 u c:re4.), ra 6rrro ruzpoxo pacnpocrpaHeHo B npeaenax <<cJraorHcr(oro rralrpu n XVI-XVtrI ss. (yr<araHu-a Ha Hero HeoAHoKparHo Bcrpeqarorcs B Marepr{ruax, co6paHuux Mrr:n nuronsrna(Mrulrurron A. C. KapruHa cnaBrHcKoro Mrrpa: nsfJrrA Ng Bocro.{Hofi Enponr,r. 3rlroreseruqecxueJIereHAbI, AoraAKlr, [pororr.rnore3br XVI-Haqa,ra XVIII sexa. Cn6., 1996. C. 95 u clea.).

97

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Tax, calra nMneparprrua B [rrcbMe Bo:nrepy, Ha[r4caHHoM 29-ro uan 176'.. r. nzKaraulr, roBopEna o roM, qro rroAAaHbre ee raK pa3r{trHbr MexAy co6ofi, uro B HeKo-Tophrx cnr{arx HeBo3MoxHo nafiru uexgy HEME Hrrqero o6rqero: <Tenepr s s Azuu.B s4euureu ropoAe HaxoAr.rrcr ABaAr{arb pa3nrrqHbx HapoAoB, coBeprrreHHo Hecxor-H6rX Mexgy co6oro. Haao6Ho, oAHaKoX, Aarb r4M TaKoe nJrarbe, Koropoe 6rr ro4rurocrAnr Bcex. Moxno nafiru o.{eur xoporul{e Hailara, Ho Aeranlr... <...> 3ro Ilolrru ro ,(e.qro corBopnrb. ycrpol4Tb. CoXpaHUTb Ue,rufi urp!16. Peqr B nHcLMe. KoHerrHo xe, rrJ.raHe o HaprAe, roroprri cMoxer clryxr{Tb !{yxAaM KaXAOTO v3 ee [o.qAaHHbrx, a o co-craB;Ienrrlr eAlrHoro AJrff Bcex ceoda saxouoe - HoBoro y,roxen[s.

Xepacron B cBorrx uaHerHpuqecKnx oAax soprrryanpyer r{rero eAr.rHoo6pa:r.r.a no4-AaHbrx r.rMneparpntlbr 6olee xonxperHo - KaK O6pereHr.re uMu eAvHoro L&teHu, n KaKcocraBrenrre u3 Hr4x eArrHoro 6pamcmea:

Itl sce 6rr HapeKJrncr HapoABrPo cc uil c x uu uM e H e,\4 oaH uv7.

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Ilo,tHo.rlrbt xr,ITe,r H tor.qa*.

florentxrn, roroprrft nyq'ue Apyrrx 3H€ur, KaK yroAnrb uMneparpurle, B qacrHoMrucLMe r neii nr.rca.r s 1790-Na r. o ,rro6uuov eryre Erarepuurr, Aaexcau4pe: <rlep-BeHerI r'r3 ITeHTIOB OpnHX yxe O[epr,IJrc.fi, cKopo, npocrpr KpbrJrbr, 6y4er oH nraBarbHa'4 noBepxHocrbKr, oKaxercr euy Poccza KaK Kapra npoc.rpauHefiuarr, yBri.qrrr oHpacupocrpaHeHne rpaHvrl yMHoxeHae aprtr,rfi, $nor:on u rpaAoB, crefl]r 3aceneHHbre,Hapo,Gr, ocra8aBrrrue duxocmo <...>. flpegcraBrtrcfl, eMy cehbt 6esqucneuuan co6pa-muil, u6o rr,r Mar6 cBorrx [oAAang6rxrr'. llpeeparqeuue B poccrrllu 4lr florenrxrlHa, KaKMbI BITAHM, CBt3aHO C TeM, qro HapoAbr ocma6u,7u duxocmt H craltur <<co6parrrlru>>, yKOTOp6TX <<eArrHa Bepa, qapb, r3brK>. <<rpeo6paxerue pa3Hbrx HapoAoB B eAnHOe Ue-Jroe' - flHrrrer A. 3opun, - 3To 3aAarra r{Mnepur{ <...>. crpeuaeHne florelrrr.rHa 3ace-nnrb BBepeHnyrc euy Honopoccluo BblxoAuaMr.r rr3 pa3HFrx KpaeB craHoBzrcr cltMBo-]IoM tprAyurero eAEHeHr.rt HapoAoB B HOBbrx npoBrrHq[rx poccnicroft uuneprra. Ba-

o Voltaire and Catherine the Great. Selected Correspondence. Translated, with commentary, notes andinrod. by A. l-entin. Cambridge, Eng., Oriental Research partners, 19j4.p,4g.' Xepacrcon M. M. O,qa <.. .> Erarepvue A,rexceenue <...> Ha ycraHoBrreMbre BHoBb flpeMyApr,resaxoHbr n Ha flpecJ'raBHblr 4ena <...>. IM.), tl767l. HeHyvep." Xepacxon M. M. Oaa <".> Exarepune A,lexceesHe <...> Koroporc upr4Hocr4T npu 3aK1rorreHr-rx corrol raHcxorof IoproroTopXecTBeHHoroMfipaBceIIoIAauef i ruee.no. ,apu"n, ' , "<. . ,>.

[17741. Herytrep.'ErarepunaIIuf .A.

I loreuruu: J l r . rqHiurrepenucKa 1769^1791.M.. 1gg7.C.344.

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<flpeyne4om,re'zro>> .{onrarunera B <nporpaMMe> 6rr.rra npeAlocJraHa 3acraBKa, HaroTopofi r4Mreparpr{qa, cnA{ rrepeA cronoM c qrlpKyneM, pa3AeJurer no Kapre pocclrrcua ry6epuuu. To ecrr ollEcaHrre nMnepull, Koropoe AoJrxHEr 6rrrz cocrasurb aKaAe_uurn' 6r'r,'ro 3aAyMaHO KaK r,rJrnrocrparlr4ff, KOTOpar Aonx(Ha 6sr.na nora:arb rrnoAbr Aer_TeJT'HOCTA EXarepuHrr II no <ycrpoeHzro> poccuficrofi rnanepuu u yuu$nxarr4Lr ar_MrrHr'rcrparnBHoro AeJreHrrr. .I{ontau[ren cueq[a!-rbHo [ofi9epKr.rBaer, 9ro <<o6.nacril>,KOTOpbre B Tor r{Jrr{ r.ruofr r-rcropuuecxnfi nepuog 6ulu nprncoeAuHeHbr r poccnu, ror4axe 6rr,ru <npuo6'1enrr K ee cqacrr4ro>>. <<Jleronzcu cefi ruonapxuu He fipeAcraB.sr<" '> HII oAHoro nepnoAa' - ,'u,IIeT oH, - B xoerr,r 6rr efi cvla I4 lqacTlre ̂ ospacmcuu ucmona 6ucmpo' r crotb BhrroA'o, KaK Hhr'e. <...> fpannqbr er o3HaMeHOBaHb.rpo-sexun <...>. Yrr.r HapoAa pacrpocTpaHeH <...>, pa3w ero rpocBerrleH )n{eHr4eM; qyB_CTBOBaHUS OqEIIeHbI BOCnUTaHLeM; BOCTOpT' B ynOeHIILt TOJIbKO IIIaCTLIII .nrO4e[ n,re-uaroqnf, qyBcrBrileneH HaM.)> B KOHTIe Xe on o6pallaercl x Axa4elrrxaN{: <<oT eac3aBlrcerb 6y4er, focy.uapn Mou, Brryul,rrl MHe COqur{eHI{M BarIrr{M H3peqeHr.rr, c Ko1IMIlr npeAcraBJrrc lpyA Baru [peA oqII Bceanrycreftruef HaIIrefi florpornre.nrHr{ubr.>)

<.{penu.rr wcropur Poccuuo, c ooco6enslru onucaHueM Kaxroro Hapola>, TaKr{Mo6pasornr, AorxHa 6r,ua npo4euoHcrpr.rpoBarL xMleparpr{qe, qro ee ycraHoBneHru[prrBenn r orrcrponry, [porlcxoArrqeMy rrprMo Ha rrr,l3ax <<flpocBerqeHr4ro> H <<BOCIII._TaHItIo)> HapoAoB, noKaBarb <<oco6euHge uepeMeHbl, cnyqllBrxuect c IroABJracrHLIMI.rPoccr'u HapoAaMlr>. fpanropa, [oMeu]e'Harr ryr x(e, [oKa3hrBa]ra, o Ka*ux <<,,epeMe-Hax>> rrrJra peqb: fiprMo Ha Kapre poccllicroft vrMrrepilu 6rr,ru r.r:o6paxeusr A,rey1crr4eocrpoBa, Ha HrD( - piBBaJ'rr4Hbr r3brrrecKrrx xpaMoB r O6nolrxr.r riAonoB, a prroM ane_YTbI, 3AH'TbIE PTBJITIIIHbIMII NPOMbICJIAMI4.4. A,rEYrrr, KAK XOTCJIZ [OK1BATb COCTABUTC-

" c"eAyet 3aMerl'rrb' qro aKaAeMLt(u BoBce He BcefAa orrerrrvJll-r BblrroJrHlrrb npanrrelrcraeunufr3aKa-t rarltM o6parov, q'ro6bt aracrff ocranucr AoBo,T6HbI! xory peqb, (ogeqso xe, He rlna fi o roM,'rro6H sbma:Blnarl raxoe-:ru6o HeyBaxerlre K BJracrrM. Tar<, fornlr6-3uaop"asur"p,'*Br4ra Koropo_ro o6 Asose (1738) xpono,ror'qecKn 6rma onpe4eleH'o cBr3aHa c no6eraMr,r poccr,fi s Typeqxofinoirne 1735-1739 rr., rarosqnr cBoe coqlrHe'r4e paccKa3oM o6 o.ru"ne"r" A;;;; Ilerpe Benr_KoM, (ax 6yAro nopaxerrlrerrl l71l r. BoeHgbre Eei4crsr:rr uporun Typ{uN , orpuni" rr"r. Kuura,rar<xn o6parour oKa3aracb paccr(a3oM o 6:ucraremurrx BoeHHbrx yraatax v Aoca4Hblx Heyaaqaxllerpa, a Boace He o Ae{renbHocru AHHH I{oaHuonHrr ([Baftep T. 3.] i(parxoe o.,r"un-rr" Bcex crrra_eB' Ka.aro4rxcr ao Asosa or co3AaHr.rr c.r-o fopoAa Ao Bo3BpaueHr4r olroro noa poccuicrcyro 4epxa_ny. CI I6. , 1738. C. 229ucrct) .to Ha'repranue o6qero ronorpaSuvecr-oro u Qurxvecroro o[r.{caHr.{Jr poccuficrofi r.rMrrep[rrr npeA-npurrroro hvneparopcroro caxxmerep6yprcxoro Axa4elrzero HayK. cr16., 17'7g. c.3-r2.

100

Hapodot Poccuu e emuozpaQuuecKt'tx onucaHwx

JIrrflporpaMMbl'ocTaBJI'loTfl3bltlecTBo,cTaHoBf,Tc'xpuc'rllaHaMl,I,aBMecTecxpllcTlt.arrcrofi Bepoi oHI'I o6peraror v lpyrve nnoAbl IIIlBI4nv3aUlrr4'

foAoM paHee B fletep6ypre 6rt.no garoHqeHo [eqaranue rpexroMuoro rpyAa aKa-

neMr{Ka Zoian"a forrrE6a feopru .<Onucanre Bcex o6rralorqrx n Poccuficrot'l rocy-

iup.r". uapo^onrts. Knrra srruuta oAHoBpeMeHHo Ha HeMeuKoM, Spanqyscxou rt

ooaa*o, r3brKax. 3ro 6rr.no [epBoe cBoAHoe 3THorpa(b{qecKoe ofl]IcaHl',Ie BCex )KI{Te-

iaf poaa""tu. Ono 6uno cocraBJreflo, KaK yKa3bIBaJI carr.t feopru, us cseAeHui, ro'ro-

pbre fbrnuBKjlrclleHl'I B olrl4caHlls orAenbHbrx reppnropufr, Ir3AaIrHLIx paHee' <flo co6-

cTBeHHOMy ero co3HaHuroo, - coo6uaeT npeAIIcnoBLIe' KHI{ra 6rIJIa coc:rasfleHa I'I3

onvca1rlir <<coBeTHrl1a Mr,ulepa, nyTeIIIecTBHt nO cu6lrpu l4or'. fueauna, r' Kpaure-

Hr.rHHr.tKoBa o KaNr.rarre, r. lllre.nnepa o6 OnOft Xe, rns @rmeporofi cu6upcKofi ucro-

pwl.., Ll3TonorpaQnu opeir6yprcxoii llerpa Psr.Ixosa u efo x(e Kararrcxofr I{cTopI&I' I{3^r.yr.r.rr"*

bury"nu r*"JrrrHa no Poccur, n3 nyrellrecrBus r. flaruraca' <...> r. JIe-

nlx*ra, r.r r..q. llpu eroru feoprn npI{AepxI{BtL'Ic' <(KaK Mo)KHo 6Jruxe uonecrsosa-

TeJrbHof IrcrItHbI, npn coxpaHeHrrl4 BceBo3Moxnoi xparrocru>>' Lt flpl{ roru ropove"lT'

coqusenue feopru, 6ee conrHeHur, AoJIXHO 6rr,ro noc,nyxl{Tb ocHoBaHl{elr .q,rx rofi

qacrn rpaH,qlro3Horo aKaAeMllqecKoro npoeKTa ,flouaurHera' xoropa' 4o:rxna 6rna

6rrrr nocnrrqeHa orrrrcaHlrlo HapoAoB'

AraAev[.{ecrufi npoexr B TOM BIIAe, KaK ero onIIcaJ'I ,{OUaUruen, ocyulecTBneH He

6rm. Knr.rra xe feopru reperr3AaBanacr s XVIII B. ABax,qbI, s 1795-1796 u s 1799 r"

o6a pa:a r43AaTeJrer\( 6rr.n llsaE fna:ynon. ocranOsuN4Cr no4po6uee Ha sTIIx .4Byx ne-

pelr3AaHr{.rx, KOTOpbre coAepxaT noKa3aTeJlbHble AJUI HaIIIeft renart npn6an:Ile|jl/d.

o6auzgauut t'lasynona 6rr.nr.r cua6xeHbl [ocBtuIeHIteM, I43,qaHI',Ie 1795-1796 n'

6suro nocuxuleHo HMrepaTpnqe Erareprne II, urAauue 1799 r. - IIMIIeparopy llan,ry

flerponuuy. B o6or.rx v31alr4sx ocHoBHoMy reKcry feopru rpeAnocnauo flpocrpaHHoe

<flpeyee4olr,reHr.re> [3AaTer-fl. oHO npeIcTaBJIteT co6ofi KpaftHe unrepecnrrfi I'IAeOJIO-

rrqecrnfi AoKyMeHT, nprueM <[peyBeAOMJIeHIIe)> K I'I3AaHnIO eKaTepIIHI',IHCKOI-o uapcT-

BoBaHI,It u r 6o:ree [o3,qHeMy' IIaBnoBcKoMy' IloKa3areJrbHo orJll{llalorct'

flocle paccr<a:a o nprno6pereHr.[r IIpaB Ha H3AaHI{e sroro TpyAa I{ rpaBI',IpoBaHHbIX

,nnro.rpurlifi K HeMy, I,IraH firasynoB nepexoAl,Ir x oc'os'ofi reMe cBoero <flpeyne-

AoMJIeHK')> - yToqHeH[Io ocHoBHoro cMI,IcJIa rry6rrnrcyerr,rofi I{M KHIIn4- ou nuurer:

<HapoArr, o6rrarorque B ceBepHLIx Ir BocrorIHbIX' caMblx rcpafiurx oKoxeriHocrtx u

ny"r"ro*, ne yAo6urx Ko BBeAeHHOMy r Eepone o6pasy xIt3HI{' tKO JIOBULI riJrld nAC-

Tbrpr4 cKll.raroquecr, xoTr n ocTaroTct eqe npl4 cBoeM o6pa3e XI{3HI{, HO } {I4HI'InuCb

yxe AoBonbHO H3BeCTH6rMrl, a oco6flr.reo flpl{ HacTotlqeM HOBOycrpoeHHOM COCTOTHIII{

t, feop., 14. f. Onucauue scex s Poccfific*oM focyAapcTBe o6r,rarorqux HapoAoB' rar xe ux xurefi-

"*"^ o6p"oou, nep, o6sIxHooenrfi, xu,ruut' oaexr, 14 npoqux /locroflaMqrrtocrefi: B 3 u': flep' c uev'

Ct16.,1.776_|717. (Georgr, J. G., Beschreibung aller Nationen des Russischen Reichs, ihrer l,ebens-

a't, netiglon' Gebrauche, Wohnungen, Kleidun-g und iibrigen Merkwiirdigkeiten, 4 Bd., SPb. 1776_

1780).iu To*up"u C. A. feoprl 14.1. ll Vcroputpyccxofr aruorpa$ua' M'' 1966' C' 103-l l0'tt r.op.n II. f. onllcaune scex o6;anlrrzx n PoccufiiKoM rocyAapcrBe HapoAoB' ux xureficrulx

o6p"ao*, o6srxxoseuui, oAexr,, xuJll{ul, ynpaxueHuft' :a6an' eepoucnoseAeHHfi I{ 'qpyrux aocrorta-

r"inoctei: B 4 u.: IIep' c neu. CII6', 1799' q' I' C' V'

l 0 l

E. Iloeocnu

focy4apcua Poccaficroro. Xznyr{ne r(e B coceAcrBe c ucnoBeAyrou{lrMtr XpncruaH-cKylo Bepy It B yMepeHHhlx cTpaHax' BecbMa 3HarHo y4adrw.nwcb oT ApeBHI{x cBoHX Hpa-BoB cpeAcrBoM eAr{Horo ro,qpaxanrir. Ilpueunror4ue Xpucmuaucrcyto Bepy, npue.^*xn_t4ue u zrasHoe Poccuilcxoe Hapegue, o6pnd crcusuu, odeauue u Hpa6u, u xomt He momvac, 6 nepgott KoreHe, yvuHgtumct u xopoutu.I4u epacrcdauauu, Ho KoHeqHo nepecma-pm 6atmo meil, qev 6autu. <...> E4r,rnoo6pa:nocrb yqpexqennx rocy4apcrBa BecbManpeMy.qpo AonoMoraer ceMy, r4 ucnoruHcKurytu wa?uvtu npu6nucrcaem zpy6wx HapodoeHAWVX rc eduuoil,veme eceo6t4ezo Poccuu npoceet4eHus, coeAilHeHrUr qyAecHoro 60eduuo rneno u eduuy dywy, u maK cKa3amb, cnfia&EeHllrt eo Llcnonuua, ue rone6uuorocorHltMlt seKosrrl8. B erou KparKoM paccyxreHur{, KaK MoxHo 3aMerrrrb, rr3rareJl6yMeJro coeAr.rHtur Bce ocHoBHEre <arHorpaQrvecKue> reulr oouqllaar,uofi KynbrypbreKareprrH[HcKoro BpeMeHr{. B usraunu 1799 r.3To paccyxneHze npaKrrrqecKz Henperepneno nrvesesail.

Ho caua n4e.a 6ucrporo 'rporpecca 6rrua s <rpeyre4ontre*rr4>> v3l.a''j"fr. 1799 r.pa3Bura 6olee 4era,rrno. B no4raepxAeHl4e roro, qro uporpecc ltAer <<HclloJrqgcKnMlrrrraraMu>), u3AareJrb renepE yKa3brBaer, r{To eMy npulrrJlocb MHoroe B o[ucaHl{tx co-Kparr.rrb <<rKo He cyil{ecrByroqee 6o,'ree), a MHoroe r{ Ao[onHr.rrb. ,I(a,,ree BcmeqaeMerqe 6oaee rrnTepecHbre pa3HoqreHlt.{.

Tax, rau, tAe peql a.qer o roM, qro Ar.rxr4e HapoAEr eqe cJreAyror ronry o6pa:y)ril.r3Hr{, roropufi npeAnncaH ecrecrBeHHblMu 3aKoHaMr.r (<<nuerqaroqlD< s ce6e sce ec-TecrBgHHOrO COCTO{H}rx 4O6pO re s.no>), xaparrepzcrr.rKr.r guxapeit HaquHaror pa3qr.rr6-cx. !Ir4are.nr, HarrpriMep, coo6rqaer, qro Ha flplrMepe pa3Hbrx HapoAoB, Hacenrro[IrxPocu'Ificxyro l4Mnepltrc, Mo)r(Ho npocreArrr Bce cryneux rra [yrr.r or Ar.tKocrr,r K rlr.rBr.r-,rru3au[r4. 3ro xacaerc.q xorJrEUIa (or <ropr n xyrqefi> Ao (ropoAoB c ueproranru>), uTyr pa3HoqreHnfr eule ner.,{anee cneAyer opyrKve. I,Icxo4Ho roBopnnoc6: <<or [parqEAo crpen, nar, $y:efi c $uru.|.auu fi 3aMKaME)>. Buoc,'re4crnzz 6rrao go6anreno: go<<IryIIreK co BcgM coBeprrreHcrBoM BorrrrcKoro rzcKyccrBa cyxonyrHoro n MopexoAHo-ro>>. rlocre opyxHr ucxoAHo creAoBEuru peMecna, rAe 3Haq[rocb <<or o64erurnaHu.rpa6oTbr KaMeHHbrM HoxeM 4o Xy4oxnuKa)> a <<or rlrnrbt xllr"raMl,r xllBoTHbrx .rlo BbI-IrrI4BaHlIr 3oiroroM rr IrIeJrKaMr,t)>. Ko rpervteulr rtocJreAHero u3raHvr nporpecc B:ggtrurcfr{3Aarenro 3Haq[TejrbHo 6oree sne'raTJlrrcnlr.rM, 3Aecb yxe 6uro <<Ao v3ce.re$vs. v3Bafl-snfi, se ycryIlarculrlrx @n4nerrrv>>, r.r Kaprr4H, (<oxzBorBopeHHbx pyKorc caMoro, Ka-xercq, Anerneca>>. I,I yxe npunqEnr.raJrbHo HoBbrM 6ruro yra:auue, uro voxno Hafitr.rlpqMepbr pa3Br,rrr{t <<or c6ug.{HBoro norurrr,rr o ce6e,{o r,ry6oqafiuero no3uaHrrr cBo-Hx Bl{yrpenHr.rx crrir u cnoco6noctefi ,,1e.

Bropar Bax'ar r4Aer DpeyBeAoMJrelrnr, npucyrcrBoBaBruiur B o6eux pe4axqu.ax, -ITOACTryAHOE BHYIUAEMOE III{TATEJIIO NPC.UCTABIEHI,IE O TOM, IITO I'MNEPIU HEYCTAHHO

t8 feop.u v. | . onucanue o6urarcqux, s PoccuficxoN{ rooyaapcrBe, HapoAoB, Tar< xe t.rx xrrefrcr<1no6pxaor, rep, o6uxHonerui, xu,ruu1, oAexA u npouux 4ocrofiHonaMqruocrefi: B 2 u.: rrep. c Heu. 2-e usa. CfI6., 1795-1796. q. I. C. VItr-IX.tn feopru tr'L. f. omrcanue o6rmarcrqzx, s PoccnficKol.r rocyaapcrBe, r{apoaoB, TaK xe rrx xureficruxo6pr,{on, nep, o6uruoremzfi, xrl,rurq, oAexa n npoulrx 4ocroilHonaMqruocrei; feopru I,l. f. onnca-HI'IO Bcex o6urarorqux s Poccuicrov rocy!,apcrBe HapoaoB, rx Nlrrefrcrulx o6praon, o6rrxnoseulrfi,oaexA, xr'r,rl{u, ylpaxuenufi, sa6aa, repoucuoee4eHufr Ir Apy-lrx AocroraMsruocrefi. r{. I. c. m-x.

r02

Hapodat Poccuu e emuozpaQuuecKltx onucaHuttx

gACfiWflet cBOI'I rpaHuIIbI' a IOTOMy <<BCe eule OcTaerot' a MoXeT 6Url u OcTaHerCt

"cerAarreonr.rcaHHblMToqHoII3BecTIIeoMHorI,rxI43TexHal 'naqeHapoAoB'KoTopble3aHeAocTaTKoMyI{IIX[ucbMeH'3aII{KocTIl IocBoe}o,3aHeyAo[pexoAI4MocTI,Io.uoHItx'I{ 3a ApyI'rIMI{ [peMHot l4MIr TpyAIIOCTtMI',I' He MoryT 6rrTb :roqgo paclpoueHbl I1 UC-

cIeAoBaH6I>.I1oeron' lyaBTopo6r' tBJlreT'q-ToKHI'Ira[pIt3BaHaAaTbonuQaHueroJlLKo<$Kcmont4ezococTo'HI.IJI"upogo"o[I;X],o.onucrrnarrHapoAbIIrM[epIII4ecTL'Ta-

KI{M oOptI3oM, nepMaHeHTH M 3aRa!ra' Koropa{ HrrKorna He 6yAer peueHa: I{Mnepr4t

IIocTo,IHHopacul,rpf leTc{,rpaHuubleeBcerAa6y4yrnpoxo,q[TbIIoTeppI.ITopI,qMHe-u3BecrHbrM, HapoAbI, Is'IB)[que rart'r' 6yayr nocrotHHo [OAHrrMaTbc'tr Bblure I4 Bbllue no

recrHllqeIII'IBIrJrLI3aIII4u,aHOBbIerIJleMeHaguxapeit6y'ryrncrynarbBpq'qblUOAAaH-Hbrx lrMlrepfiI'I.

I , Is,qa:reru,KaKMbIBI4,qItM,HeroJlbKoqerKooflpeAenterKoHllenqnrccBoeroI43Aa-

Hrtl-,HouIlof,cHterneo6xoAulrocrbnocneAyrourxo6son'neHHblxn3AaHI'Ifi::roroco-TII.IHEHI'I'. IIOVET"TY II3,UATEJIb HAXOAI'T TTCO6XOATUTTM flOqCHI'ITL CMbICJI KHI'ITU |EOPTU'

6olee roro, cquraer' r{To B lEAaHuu 1199 r' cneAyer paccraBlrrb aKIreHTbI 3HaqI{TeJrb-

Ho 6oree onpeAeneHHblrr'r o6parorrr' MbI B Toqnocrl't He 3HaeM' Moxno' oAHaKo' npeA-

roJroxl,rrE, qTo oH pua"rtt"r"- ga raroe-lu6o I1oourpeHne cBoero rpyAa co cropoHbl

MOHapxa,u,nego6r' IaurucberonepBbIMCBOI4Mrr3XaHl' ,reM'peuIrJIyToqHnTbKOHUeI-qurcnpeyBeAoMJIeHI,r'BHa[paBJIeHIII4'KoTopoecqI{TaJl<osnurna,rrHoeocrpe6oeau.

n"t%unur"rc, K TeKcry caMoro feopru n norrblTaeMc_s [oHnrb, qro rrMeHHO B Krrr{re

feopru rpe6oBano AorIorHeHLq Ir yroqneHut Ant roro' qro6bl 3acnyt(nTb fiooulpeul{e

lrMneparplrubl, a B [ocJIe.{HeM n34A]'jrtlrl - }IMneparopa'

feopru Aen[T cBoe cotlllHeHue Ha qgrblpe tuti" -. n nepeofi oH orllrcblBaer $utt-

cKI,IeHapoA6I'noaropofi_TaTapcKI,Ie'BTpeTbefi_HapoAI,r<<oco6ennlteIlrAoHbIHeeu{eHe peruelluble o npl4HaAJrexHocrll)>' B ocHoBHoM cu6upcrue' HaKoI{eq' r uerseprofr -

MOHroJlbCKr4e HapoAbr, xurelefi Kasra3a, HeMrIeB ra ApyrtD( eBpon€fiIleB, [oJltKOB' KO-

3aKoB I{ poccutH, - (HapoA, BnaAblulecrByrouufi ao-Bceft Poccr'rficxov wllnepuu> [I;

xIII-xIVl.onucanue KaxAo[ rpynnbr r{ Kaxroro orAeJ]bHoro HapoAa feoprn l{aqfiHaer c Ko-

poTKOIOKOHIIe[ryanbHOroBBeAeHI'lt'BKOTOpoMcTapaerctoupeAenl{TbypoBeHb<<uI{-

Brr'rr3oBa'Hocrr{>> Kax'oro HapoAa. gurare:t, TaKrrM o6pa3oM, 3apagee 3Haer' KaK

oqeHr.rTr, -re wIr4l,IHLre sK3OTeqecKIte cBeAeHIIf,' KOTOpbIe 6yxyr npreeneHsl aBTOpoM

Aanee.ToecrbBCeOUeHKI{BKHUTeBIOJIHoorlpeAeneHHbl' ,ql{TareJlbxAsrux'tr 'BO3a-MbICJIyaBTOpa'AonxeHEMCJIeAOBarI ' 'cnegyvrorMerl{TbIIps3TOM'tITOOflucaHl' ,{qfeoprur (rar u ero npeAulecrBeHHrrKoB' r{bI4MI'l MarepraJIaMI'I oH noJlb3yerc?-:-1T*Ll

oTI{AeaJIH3aIII4I{I , tMeHeeBcerocneAyroTcxeMeoIII4caI{n'<<6naropogur'rxAI.IKape[>>.Tar, l'eopru Ha3blBaer x<lrrenefi poccnficrux oKpaIaH <3Bepoo6p€BI{bIMIr)>' roBoplrr'

qTo Ha Hllrx (<ra,qKo I4 cMo'rperb)>' qro <(crpeflHt y I{ux Mep3KaT \ Aylxu <<Tynble n yHbI-

rrbre>>, a.mo6orr no*oo"t"ttu cKorcKylo> tl;48' 71' 67'l4l' To ectr feopru ue co-

'u 3Aec" H aa,qee Bce BI'IAepx(n u3-coquHeHtll feopru 6yap aaBarbcq c yKa3anueM qacrl.l u crpaHull

;'ffiil#il1?""no'?anu., 1799), roropoe "*"".r"" ,uror* troo*torr flepeBo.u,oM c lreMeqKoro

tUJ

E. Iloeocnu

MHeBaerct I,I He fiblTaerct cKpbITb, .Iro o6texrorvf ero oflucaHl,It e 6o:$,uugcrBe cry-qaeB craHoBtrct AtrKapI{, oHI{ Heqllcro[JrorHbr, JreHr4Bbr, paBHoAyrrruhr x 6orarcrny raAocTrrXeHI'll[M \utBvuIv3ar\ul1' qacTo IIpeI{IIoqIlTaloT JryK orHecTpenbHoMy opyx[Io I{3y6br Hoxy, rryrnrrBbr u He nro6rr rroKr4Aar6 po,qHr,re Mecra lr, KaK 3To Boo6qe xapaK-TepHo AJI' Auxapefi, cKJIoHHbI K MeJIaHxoJII.ru. Eo:ree qrrBriJrrr3oBaHHbre HapoAbr, oco-6esno ec.nu oHH 3aHuMarorcr 3€MneAenr.reM, TpyAonro6rau, cpe4r.r Hr{x rrofiaAarorct3axl{ToqHbre ceMbrl I1 IrcKycHLI e peM ecneHHI{KX.

O4ua xaparreplrcrrrKa, o.4raKo, oco6enno 3aurrMaer feoprn: 6o:mtr.ruc:rno napo-AOB B ero Oru,rcaHrrri He 3Haror croefi ncroprll, a B rIeJroM prre cJryqaeB, noturrve npo-IIInoro y Hr{x orcyrcrByer BoBce. 3ro onpe4e.rrrerct reM, qro <<cq[cJreHl{e BpeMeHU I4X[pocrupagrcr roJrbKo Ha HhrHerrrHee, AaHa HeAaBHO flpolreArrree BpeMs. ErreIII?le xeAaBHo npol{clllecrBnfl onpeAenrror oHH no qe;roneqecrof xr.r3Hrr)> [I; 156]. I{ nlrenuoorHo[reHve HapoAa K cBoeMy npolrjroMy feopru ortrcbrBaer, B orJr]rq[e or noBce-AHeBHoro 6tnawtvt xog.tfictsenHofi 4erte.nruocrr{, KaK [poqecc r<pafine 4unarur.rvnrrfi..{rnalruxa npLt 3ToM BoBce He o3garraer 6ypnofi quBunr{3arlus (xax uoxuo 6u.noEpeAnonoxurL rlo rrreHr4u <flpeyne4olr.nenux>), Hanpor[B, AEHaMUireCKr.re xapaKTe-pacruKu cBr3aHbr c yrparof ucropruecxoi l.r ry,rrrypuoii ral/orru, Koropuu pa3pyua-ercx 6yrcna:nuo Ha Dra3ax Ha6lrogarenr-:rnorpa$a.

Hau6o.nee nacrofiqrno feoprn roBopr{T o pa3pyrrreHr.rrr HarlLroHaJrbubrx r3brKoB."f,grrru, Koropbre o[ucbrBaer feopru, KaK npaBrrJro np[Mrrrr,rBubre ra rpy6rre. Tar, na-flpl'rMep, qq)eMr.rcbl ue-:a rpyoocrft cBoero r3brKa, floror xpaine <<HecKJraAHO>), A n1na-pH (<BCe CnOrfi npou3Hoctr <...> crorL xecroKo, qro neHr{e nx, no cefi nplrvune, 6rt-raer no4o6no Boro 14 Jraro Ha[nporl,rBuefiurervry". Hecrura4nocrr u rpy6ocrr,3brra Mo-xer [IrpBoAltrb K ToMy, lITo caMr.r ero HocureJru pas6zparor cMbrc;r roro, qro roBoprrr-cs' c rpyAoM' I{ <<cJryltrarcql4e noureBeJlllBarcT ycraMu raK ToqHo, KaK il Te, xor.r 4eftcr-BrrreJrbHo pa3roBaprfBarct>>. -f,grrxr raK llpvMl{rllBlrbr, qro B HeKOTopbIX I,I3 Hr{t( OTCyr-crByror Aa)Ke xeHcKne DMeHa, r'r AO 3aMyXeCTBa (<AeByrrrKr4 He peAKo 6rrsalor n 6e:rr-MTHHLT>> [I :29,4,73).

Ho r:rasHoe na6lro4enue feoprlr cocrorrr B ToM, qro r3brKrl orrr4cblBaeMbrx nM gr-Hr,rlrecKr4x rpyrrrr ]rMeror reHAeHrl[rc K pac[brJreur4ro na 6o,ree MeJ'rKfie Hapequr u cMe-ITIeHI'IO C AplrrrMH, KaK poAcrBeHHbIMI4, TaK V 3HaqI4TeJr6IrO OTJTt'qaIOUIUMncf, oT Htrxt3brKaMr{. Te xe rouapt, HarlpnMep, roBoprr Ha r3brKe, <<3araMcrByronleM Haqilro cBoeor Quncxoro>>. Ho npu 3ToM B lD( r3BrKe cyrqecrByer croJrbKo uapeuui,t, <<qro n caMrrJIO[apE C TpyAoM BCeX CBOnX OAHO[neMeHHbrx cJloBa pa3yMeror). rlynauru (u, :aue-rvu, 6o.nr[ruHcrBo r.I3 HLIX xpllcrr,raHe c rrerpoBcKnx rperuen) <<oqeHE MHoro r3bIK cBo-efi cMe[ranu c rarapcKl,rM>>. Kax u vyaaurcxr.rfi, t3brK MopABr,I <<BeCbMa C TaralpcKr.rM[epeMerrran>> n <<Hapequ{ TaK Me)KAy co6orc pa:urrcr, r{To [oxoArr Ha lra oco6lurrre{3bIKa>. Haxoueq, y rypiulr.rHrleB Her <<rlopfroqHErx rrrKoJr)>, a noroMy <<Mauro no MilTynpuuno y Hrix B ynorpe6nenue oco6.nzeoe, A)?HOe rr co MHorrrMr{ pocczficrulru u no-rynrcKrrMr.r crroBaMrr nepeMerrraHnoe Hapeqlre> [I; 4, 35, 42;II,251.

Ho oco6euuo 3aMeruo pac[brnenI'Ie t3brroB na Kaexa3e. 9:rrr uecru<-lro HaceJre-Hr{t 3Aec6 pa3Aenlilrct Ha raKo€ KoJ'rrrqecrBo MeJrKt{x uapevrfi, qro Aaxe ne6olturueAepeBHu yr(e roBoprr Ha cBoeM orAeJrBHoM nrme. feoprr4 nrrrxgT: <<Bepoxrno Kaxer-ct' r{To fl3brKuLrIJape.]va yMHoxI'IJIHcb ̂tyToTycruuslae7ocaHe]eJtecmea <...>, TaKxe

104

Hapodat Poccuu e amuoepaQuqecKw onucaHunx

ofl ucnopqeHHoeo sdeo]opy cJIoB I{3O BCefO ropna. qpe3 qTo A€JIarcTCt OHI'I raK He-

CKJIaAH6T, qTO LIHbIx 6yrnanrn HaruI,lML H BbIpa3I{Tb HIlKaK He MOXHO' a OTqacTL MoXeT

6rnt tt oT Hapovumoil nopau cJto6, B BOpoBcKOM Itjllt IIHOM KaKI'IM HaMepeHI'llI, TaKI'IM

xe nogrr{ o6pasou, KaK AeJraror rlbrraHbr, BrroBaprrBarl cJIoBa Ha I{3Bopor, nepecraHaB-

lunar 6yxru> [II; 671. Ilpruuuofi piBpyueHI.IrI t3bIKoB' KaK MbI BI'IAIIM' tBrlterct no

MHSHHIS I-eOprr.r. Bo-flepBblx. oTcyTcTBUe nucbMeHHOcrH I'I luKonbHoro o6paroeaHr'u;

,3brK <<ArlrKlrx>) HapoAoB, TaKrrM o6pa3oM, o6peqeH Ha TO, qT66br 6urr pa:pyureHHblM.

BO-nrOprx, 3TA cwTy A\uA ycyry$nteTgfi 3nOHaMepeHHLIMI{ [pOI4cKaMI'I caMIIx <<AI4Ka-

pefi>, Koropble nopr.rr cBoii t3ErK c <BopoBcKIlM> HaMepeHI{eM.

orcyrcrnue [rrcbMeHHOCTI,I, IIO feopru, ecrecrBeHHo, BeAeT K yTpare <'npe4aHli>.

paccKa3oB O npoilInoM TOro I,LII{ I{HOI-O HapoAa. Tax, vepeuuCbl <<3a IIeI{MeHIIeM 6yKB)),

He ItMelOT <<HII [ItCbMeHHLIx, HI{ IIeqaTHLIx A9JI>, a ITOTOMy HeT y HID( I'r <<npeAaHl4fr O

6rrsuux c [peAKaMI4 Hx [pI4KJIIOqeH]Itx)>; TaKat xe c1g5yal\ng y rlyBalxefi' KoTopble

<<He 3HarOT HLI fpaMOTbI, HLI 6yKB>. Orrxu, KoTOpEIe ToXe He 3HaIoT fpaMOTbI' loMHrIT

ToJrbKo Ha Aec{Tb neT Ha3aL a nOToMy <<cKoMopqxl,t ux IOIOT I'l UrpaIoT 6O.nrrue no

cBo€fi BbrAyMKe, LI cr'IeAoBar elrb1o noqmu sce y Hux Ho6oe>> [l; 26, 35. 67 ' 731. Cnoco6-

gi1eTb CoCmA7Itmb ileCHu vrIV 1;A)Kg UMnponu3uposAmb COOTHeQeHa y feopru C HOBL3-

HOfi Kynbrypbl, I4, cooTBercrBeHHo, c AI4KOCTbIO.

OrCyrCrrue [CTOpIrqeCKOfi fiAM.ATIT, OAHaKO, BOBCe He O3HaqaeT OTCyTCTBI'I,I IICTO-

prryrecK6ro npo111ngro: HapoAbI, KoTopble y feOprn noloT <<HoBbIe> flecHu' -f,B;1tloTct

Hapo.qaMr.r ApeBHgMr.r. Ka.{[ucxue TaTaphr, Hanpr.rMep, (cTpaHorc cBoelo <...> Bna.(ercT

C AaBHUX neT, AO KOLIX u 6rrrOngCasUe O CIIX MeCTax He npOCT1lpaeTCt>. 06 3ToM cBll-

AeTenbCTByIOT pa3BUILtHbI, IIO COC9ACTBy C KOTOp6IMII OHI4 xI'IByT. <<lIOnaAarOrCq, -

[urrreT feoprrE, - ptBHLIe [pLI3HaKIr rOpHbIx pa6oT u II]'IaBLIJIrHrIx 3aBOAoB ApeBHIIx

nIOAefi, TaKXe MHO)K9CTBO CTapLIHH6IX OTqaCTII 6Orarr,rx MOTIIJI LI (ypIaHOB. HeOepO-

rrHo Kaxerct, rITo6bI B prBpa6arbIBaHI'IU rop ynpaxrunl{cb <...> ux npeAKn)' TeU He

MeHee, <<MoruJrbr npucBoqloT KeqeHuLI CBOI{M UpelU{aM>), a BoT apeBHee I'lcKyccTBo

<<ropHbtx pa6or> ogr 3a6burn 6eccleAuo. Toquo rax xe o ApeBHefi uI{BI4II'I3aIII4I'! orq-

xos u (<6larofloIyvHoM cTapIIHHbIx xI4TeJIefi cocToqxl{fi>> cBIIAeTeJIbCTByIoT <<ocTaTKI{

ApeBHr.rx cefi ceBepHoii crpaHbl ropoAoB>> lIl:, 1 49 ; I; 67 1.

Buecre c [aMrTbro o cBoefi rrcTopr.ru, HapoAbr ylpaq[BaroT I.r coquanblryrc u€pap-

xuro, KoToparr y Hlrx HeKorAa 6bUIa. Y lonapefi, HanpI,IMep, oua I4Cqe3Ia BO BpeMeHa

IrrBeAcKoro BJIaAbIqecTBa, I.l <<TeIIepb Hem y ru$ u navtnmu ABoptHCKItx ceMefi>. I{epe-

MHCLr HeKorAa <<IIM9JII{ cO6CTBeHHbIx xagoB, 6yAf{t4y)Ke v nog POCCUficKOIo Aepxa-

BOrO, HO IOKOJT9HIe OHbrx npeceK;rocb <...> r{ Tenep6 HeT y HLIX Hp1 KHt3efi, HI,l .qBo-

pxx>. {eopancKrre ceMbu <<AaBHO yx(e nepeBenr,rcb> y MopABr,I, a y BoT'KOB <<XaHCKne

I4 Upoqfie ABOpSHCKI,Ie ceMb'I>> oTqacTH <<IlepeBe.rlucb>)' a oTqacTI',I <<BbIlIIi]I'I H3 qecTl4)>

[ r ;3 ,26 ,42 ,481.Bonpexr.r npeAcTaBneHr4ro o ToM, irTo HapoALr POCCUICKOfi I,IMlepUu, oTxoAg oT

ALIKOTO COCTOTHIU{, I6KLIAaIOT <<3BepOJIOBCTBO)> II KOqeBOfi O6pa3 Xfi3HH' OCSAaIOT Il

O6paqatOrCx K 3eMne.4enl{rc (nCnOlrUnlt, XOr.s 6rt, (<CTeflrl 3aCeJIeHHbIe>> B II'ICLMe IIO-

TSMKHHa), feOpru IIOJIaragr, qTo 11poqegc 3ToT Moxer I4ATS KaK B o,$toM' ra6 I'I B Apy-

rOM HallpaBnelrl{u. TaK, qepeMllcbt y HerO <<cAeItuIIlicL' noApaKat poccuqHaM' L no

npqqr4ge CT9CHSHI,Iq M9CT, 3eMJleAeJIbUaMI{)>. JlaruurU, HanpOTI'IB, HeKOrAa 6rr,ra lna-

r05

E. [Iozocxu

MeHzrbl cBoLiMn HaBLIKaMU 3eMJIeAenn r, u Aal*e Ha3BaHLIe ilon]'.rnilfi oT cr-roBa <<!rluAe,TO ecrb y406pa* 3eMJrro>. O4naro, <<oT noMerrlt4KoB yr'ere're>> ,,prlBeJro K TOMy, qrooHlr craJrlr <(nesaJrbHLl>)' <ynprMbl, neHEBLr, Heorrp.rrHbr)>, <(rpq3HBr> (ro ecrr o6pearrNPII3HAKI' KOTOPEIE fEOPrrE CB'3bIBAET C OTCYTCTBI{EM IIIIBI,INIT3AIIIW), U,I{AK PE3YNb-r-, yrparvnu rr3ApeBrre [3BecrHyro r{M B'rcoKyro Kynbrypy o6pa60rrn seu,'n rr; 26,2y2rl.

Bruecre c r3ErKoM' ncroprvecxoi u ry:*rypHoi [aMrrbro, HapoAbr, Hace,rrloul'ePoccuro, yrpatlr4Baror ,' [aMrr6 xonQeccuonanrnyro. rlpuuepbr cMerrreHL'Bep Mox*o,'ainn y feoprr B onvca*'n floqrrr KaxAor-o HapoAa: MHOrne u3 HHX rrp'H,,n. Xpr.rcr._aHcrBo, Ho npoAoJDKaror noKJroHrrrbc, a.qoJraM. Ho n prge cn)^{aeB no csoefr AvKocrrloHn He roJrbKo cMeI[I'IBaIor' Ho H Haqncro yrpaqlrBarcT Bepy, np^reM r(a* crapyn.o6rrqno r3brrrecKyrc, TaK r.r HoByro, xplrcrvaHcKyro.

Hapo4rr, Hacenrpq'e Kasras, rBJrrrorcr rgecr oco6enHo ,pKrrM upuuepov. <BAerrax' AO Bep6r Kacarcruwxc,fr, - firurer o nux feoprr, -

"paa"","ufiHo He3HaroilIu, n o3aKOHe CBO.M Il cavu uedoyttteaqtum, a noroMy i e,'s y HL'X MHOZO npu3HaKo6 xpu_cmuaucxoil 6epd, Ho He MeHbute u btvecKozo cyeseput>>. B geprecna <Bepy rpeqe-

cKoro l{crloBe,{alJurfl>> BBeJTU eilIe <<rpy3ErrrlLr U qapb tr4sau Bacanr,eB]rrr>, Ho rerleob<<ocraJr'ncf, or Hee o.qHH TO]r6KO [pIt3HaKLI CTapr{HHbrx o6sanusu[xcr qepxseff r.r co_rHuBIIrr4X na xlraA6zryax KpecroB>, a HapoA <<He [Meer y ce6n novmu uuxaxoil sepbt>>.<Kynno co Bcelo lpyszero> np:alrrrwxpncruaHcrBo a ocerbr. ..Ho, _ go6an,rxer feop_r"' - npu o6'refi neo6ysgauuocrn Hapona, 6epa ctrfl y Hux no,mlt ucmpe6u,taca, H Bnu._H6r roJr'KO OAHH CJre,4br npex'?rx qeprneft; uoeoil erce 6epu oHLr uurcixoil He npuHrJ,tu>>[feopnr 1799 rr, 73, 55,50, 53]. ronyraercr, qro KaK u B cn)^{ae c r3brKoM, Bepa Hecro!.IbKo HeAocrylrl{a HapoAaM no lrx Ar.rKocru, a, ."anpo'rvrB, Ar'Kapnn panpyrlaror ee ca-Mrr, B oAHrX Cnyqffrx He[pon3BonbHo, HO ]rHOrAa r,r npeAHaMepeHHO.

o4ny rs san6o,ree rp*i,rx xapaKrep'crr.r* I-eop*r Aaer HapoAy, roroprri oH Ha36r-Baer <<Te.ITepz>' Tenrepu npoll3o''m,n oT cMeIrreHrrJI Bcex Bo3Moxnrrx cr.r6upcrrx na-POAOS' Sror Hapo4 cocrorr Il3 <<... cBoJTOqr', KOTOpar B I.JIOBHHe lrrecroroHaAecrr'croJrerr'r, IIo cn)Fraro npuqr.rHe'Haro uapeM I40anuonr Bacr.r,rresrqeu Ka:aHcxolryIlapcrBy pa3pyueHrrrr, co6,pa,racr n3 qepeMrcoB, .ryBarrr, Bor.rrgoB Lr rarap, e ypane<'..>. cuu JrroAlr, ynorpe6.rr,rx pasnrre, ,,o He oAr'HaKoBor cnoefi npupo4e,,3'rKrr, lrnptr TOM. 6ygyun MexAy co60ro pa:,rluHbr B HpaBax, a orqacrurl Bepe, nepe\retacuucb<"'>' TaK qro 'Hor,ua v Hapovumo mpyduo dosuamacn, om KaKoz, npoucxodnm ouun,e.veHu. our'r crryxar goKa3areJrbcrBoNa e Honefiune BpeMeHa roMy, qro npu zocydap_cmeeHHol4 CMtmeHuu MoryT Ho'bte uapodu u HoBbIe [oceJlelr't noryHumb ceoe 6a,mue>> lr;58]. Ternepu' KaK MBr B;lglrrM, geficrnurelruo rrporr3orrtnr or <<ooe.{ageHrir))PA3H6IX HAPOAOB B OAIIH. KAPTNTTA 3TA BO MHOTOM EAIOMI{HAET TO, O qEM }I3AATEJI' IIU-c'JI B yBe.{oMJIeHI'I[, - <<coeAIl'eHue qy.qecHoe Bo err{Ho reJro rz eru.y Aymy, u raKcK(..arL, cnraBreHz.q no I{cnonzna>>, 3a reM ToJrbKo rrcKJrroqe'r4eM, qro BMecro <<poc-ct'rH>> B pe3ynLTare 3Toro npoqecca ,'po]r3'r''en HapoA, roroprrfi feoprn xaparrep[_3yer KaK <<cBo,Iroqb)>. Ha ocHonanul{ TO.O, vro fe.rprn ,,u,,ler o re',Teprx, Mox'o o,,_peAene'Ho roBopltrb' qro oH paccMarpxBaer npoqeccbr, B pe3y,rbrare KoTopbrx <<Ho-BbIe HapoAbr)> MoryT [OnyqurE <<cBoe 6rrrue>> KaK HerorrrBurre. B rcoutexcre xe Bcero

106

Hapodu Poccuu e amuoepaQulecKux onttcaHltflx

TpyIA BfiAflO, qTo TaKHe npoqeccbl BeAyT' IIo ero MHeHI',IIO' KaK pa3 He K IIpOCBeIIe-

Hj,Ilto, a K o.uuqaH Hlo Hapo,IloB'

Becs Ayx xHurlr feoprr'r, raxurvr o6pa:oM, nporl'tBopeuul ll oQnqualrnofi KoHqe[-

Ar4n pa3BrrTtrfl HapOAOB, Hacelrqrcqnx OKpaI{HbI I,IMnepn[, B IIenoM' u <flpeyUe4onale-

En,rO> ge lr3AaTe,.u, B qacTHOcTI{. B ro xe BpeMs, .qnt CaMOIo feopru elo KHI'Ira, Ko-

HegHo xe, g1Brnere roJIbKo o6seKruenrlr,{ o[[caHreM cAeJIaHHbIx I{M I,I ero KoJIJIera-

Ur sa6,lrcAenufi. KOHUeuUut pa3pyllIeHllrr ryllrypHofi naMtTII Ee 3KSIUII4IIHpOBaHa B

KHI{re, u, cKopee Bcero, oua ne 6rr,ra oco3HaHa aBTopoM KaK rIoc,IIeAoBareJIbHaJI clrcTe-

l/1ay6eX4eP.ufi. I4ueHuo [OToMy, BI,IAIIMo, OH ee BOBC9 He cKpbIBaeT, Il KoHeqHo xe' He

BtI;1trT B CSOeft nOSuUUI,I HurIerO, qTO [pOTuBOpeqUnO 6lt 3aTIBJIeHI'ltM n3AaTeJIt.

Ilprlreaerr.r eue oAI{H npaMep <emorpa$ruecxofi>> KoHllenuilfi' antop xoropofr.

rar u feopru, oTpa3lrn C cBOeM cotIIIHeELI[ rOr tparr, qTo pa3BLITLIe <<HapOAoB)> I'IA9T

BoBce He no nyru npocBeIIIeHI.It I4 flporpecca. B 1192 r. 6rtno BnepBble u3AaHo <llyre-

ruecrBr,re Ar. II. Orepuxoncroro no o3epaM Jla4oxcxouy, Ouexcrolry n roxpyr I'Ils-

ueHx>> (nropoe rr3AaHlre BburrJro n l8l2 r.). Bo.nrrrar qacrr srofi KHIITU [ocB{ilIeHa

O11ucaHrrtq 6rrra u HpaBoB MeCTHOTo HaceJIeHIIt - Qunuon, q]xoHIIeB, Kapenbl, CyMII I'I

sNar.L frasHoe, rITo orJrfiqaer OsepuxoncKoro or feoprur, 3To ro, iITo oH o[ucblBaer

reppr.rropl.ru, 6,rrlsxue r< Ilerep6ypry, r,I scxrllil ql'IrareJlb 6es oco6oro rpyAa u 6onr-

rurrx 3aTpaT, Mox(gT 3To rryTeIIIecTBIre noBToprTr. Kporr,re r9ro, 9TO co6crseHHlte Ha-

6nroAenlrr aBTopa, cAeJIaHHbIe HelOcp€AcTBeHHo IIepeA rry6nr.maquefi KHurI{, O:epU-

rOscKr,rfi paccKa3blBaer o ITT9IIIecTBIITa cO scefi nogpo6nocurc, O[ucLIBarI AepeBHIO 3a

gepenneft, y[OMIIHaeT IOCTO{JI1,Ie ABOpbI I{ MeCTH6IX CBqIqeHHLIKOB, TaK sTo caMo no-

BecrBoBaHr4e npoI,r3BoAI{T Blleqarlleurre a6conrorno AocroBepHoro orqera o BI'IAeHHoM.

IIpu srorra, oAHaKo, paccKa3 Oaep{xoncxoro ol(a3blBaercr xpatrHe KoHqenryuuIbHLIM, Ir

Muoroe B ero [OB9cTBOBaHI{Ii BocnpoII3BOAI4T KoHllenqurc, nocTpoeglryro feopru.

BCe tlecrnue HapoAbI B perIIOHe, rA€ nyreulecrnyer OrepUroecr[ft, - xpl{crllaHe'

uO C;ryx6a B I,Ix UepKBsx IrAer Ha pyCcKoM f,3blKe, a pyCCKOro f,3blKa HI,IKro He rroHl'l-

Magr. CerUeHHr{KI{ M9CTHT1X qeprrefi <TOJIKy}OT)> CSqqeHHOe rlaoalr6e Ha t3blKax

CBOrlrx 1rpUXOXaH, HO 3TO1O, KOH9qHO, He ,{OCTaTOqHO 41t HagTotrqeft replt. Zl-:a

t36rroBoro 6aprepa, KaK ng!'IaraeT rD/TeIiIecTBeHHaK, MecTHoe HaceJIeHUe nce er{e [Po-

AOJIlKaer TIOKJIOHTITbC' CB{U{eHHbIM KaMIUIM.

gyxOnqen, S6rxon q Kapeny O:epqxoaCXa[ nOqrr1 Bcer4a o[[cLIBaeT B cpaBHe-

Hlllr B pygCKI,IMII Myx[KaMn. Tax, egnu pyCCK]re ,qepeBHII BCerAa HaxoAtTcfl Ha oTKpbI-

T6rX MeCTax, AOMa BbICTpOeHbI 3.qecb IIo [opq.{Ky, Bo BceM B}IAHO AOBOnbCTBO I',I 3axl{-

TOqHOCTb, TO <<STHI,lqeCKoe>) HaceJleHne xI'IBeT <<B BbICOKOM I',I ryCToM JIeCy <" '> HeKO-

rOprre nOo6rUe [peAnOrIHTaIoT xl4Tb B r,uy111u, TaK qTO 6er yrasarelr He cKOpO lx TaM

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a:r. Cn6.. 1812. C.52.42.

107

E. ffozocnu

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nexy!> Eonee roro, MeABeAb 3a cBoro KoporKyro xrl3Hr, Moxer Bhr) {rlrbc.{ oqeHb MHo-roMy, a MHorrre nroAn yqarcr 6et ycnexa Bcro xt 3Hb, Koropar MHoro AJurHHee MeA-sexrefi. <<Bepoxrno, - 4o6an.naer aBTop, - rrro Bce MeABeAr.r porylcfl c oAr,rHaKoBhrMr.Icnoco6nocrqN{I{, a JIIoAn c pasubruuo25. KoHevxo, paccyxreHrre o MeABeArx BoBce Heoruocr.rrcr K qrrcJry 3aMeroK Orepuxorcroro-Harypanucra. 3ro cyr(Aeur4e [oABoAnruror <<sTHorpa0u.recKnM>> na6:uo4enrlxu [yrerrrecrBeuHr,rKa: pa3ubre HapoAbr poxAa-Iorcf, c pa3HblMrr cnoco6Hocrsr4Lr, rr Hv! Bepa, Hlr npocBerrlenlte, HrI coceAcrBo c reMLI,KTO yMeeT XpaHItTI' n nepeAaBaTb II3 IIOI(OJI€HI'II B IOKOJIeHI4O TpyAOBbIe HaBbIKlI, HeMoryT I,I3MeH[Tb BpoxAeHnrrx cuoco6socrefi .nro4eii, nprdHaAJrexarrlrrx K roit wttulluofi srnnqecrofi rpynne.

[ucrauuu.r MexAy qrirarereM r{ TeM, qro onucbrBaer aBTop, KaK yxe 6hrno orMe-rleHo, MaKcIrMiInrHO CoKparqena: BCe OnUCbIBaeMOe IIpoHcxOAItT <<Cefiqac>>, B HaqaJre1790-x rr., Lr <3Aecb>>, He rAe-ro n Cu6upu, a prAoM c flerep6yproM. To ecr6 <<ArrKa-pu> xrrByr coBceM HeAtu'reKo or croJrr,rrlbr, u 6ur nx He roJrbKo He AeMoHcrpnpyer pac-

" Tau xe. C. 38-39.2 tTarxe . C.52-53.2a Tau xe. C. I14.tt Ta" xe. C.518-519.

1 0 8

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pa3Bw'ttll <<HapoAoB>) B fpaHullax lrMnepnu' Ho, B TO '(e BpeMt, STO 6bl'|a KOHUeIIUWI

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26 Io.ocqH E. Pycr u Poc'd e r.rcropnqecKux coquHeHrsx 1730 1780-x rr. l/ Poccus - Russia' M'-

Benequ-s, 1999. Bun. 3 (11). C. 3-12.t-;;;;; *orru""u",o y*"'"o

"p"r" ccbrrKl pe3Ko orpearlrpoBan PaAlrues B cBorx rarncxax o Cu-

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onrua"u l/ Ttt',,'osc.,ni c6opuux. Bsrn. 1l: .{emrlre THHqnoscKue qre'ul. I4cc,'IeAosaHI4's' Mare-

pua,ru. M., 2Cf.2. C.67J9.).

109