OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION, CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE – AN INTRODUCTION By Dr. Sivaji Seepana BHEL Trichy EUROPEAN UNION & TREC-STEP & BHEL Training Programme on Climate Change, Clean Coal and Carbon Capture (3CC)
Dec 26, 2015
OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION, CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE – AN INTRODUCTION
By
Dr. Sivaji Seepana
BHEL Trichy
EUROPEAN UNION & TREC-STEP & BHEL
Training Programme on Climate Change,
Clean Coal and Carbon Capture (3CC)
OUTLINE OF THE TALK
Why to Reduce CO2 Emissions? - Introduction
Source of Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions
CO2 Abatement Options
Post Combustion CO2 Capture
Oxy-fuel Combustion
CO2 Storage Options
EnergyDemand
80 % from Fossil fuel
sources
Globaltemperat
ure
GLOBAL ENERGY SCENARIO
3
53 % 53 % 2-6oC
According to International Energy Outlook (2011) Energy demands may rise by 2035 as
ENERGY FROM FOSSIL FUELS
IEA Key Energy Statistics (2011)
In 1973 energy
production from fossil
fuel is 87%, the same
in 2009 is 81%.
World is more
dependent on fossil
fuels
ENERGY FROM FOSSIL FUELS
IEA Key Energy Statistics (2011)
Recent
developments forcing
to look for alternative
resource
What are alternative
resources?M
toe
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES
Renewable energy
resources Solar power
Wind
Biofuels
Hydropower
Geothermal
Tidal power
Nuclear power
LACK OF IMMEDIATE SOLUTION
None of the renewable resource are as successful
as thermal power plants
Another two decades research is needed to
implement on large scaleWhat is solution
??
Road ahead
??
CONTINUE WITH EXISTING SYSTEMS?
If the emissions
continue at the same
rate serious
consequences have
to be faced
Can we alter existing
systems for lower
CO2 emissions
WAYS TO REDUCE CO2
Possible options for CO2 reduction
• Removal of CO2 from atmosphere
• Capturing CO2 at the source of emission
• Developing high efficiency combustion technologies
Converting all “Carbon” into CO2 before being fed to
combustor
Concentrating on alternative technologies which doesn’t emit CO2 or other pollutants
REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM ATMOSPHERE
Mahmoudkhani & Keith , IJGGC (2009)
Using NaOH
15t-CO2/year/m2
Not cost effective
Sodium titanate cycle
Na2CO3 crystals
Oxycombustion for CO2
recovery
For 1Mt-CO2 capture 5
km length 10 m height slab needed
REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM ATMOSPHERE
The concept of ocean
fertilization
Phytoplankton
It needs Iron quantity
for its growth
11 trials conducted in
the subarctic North
Pasific
Estimated iron 2 to
2000 μmol/mol of C
CO2 REMOVAL OPTIONS FROM COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
Pre-combustion capture
Converting all “Carbon” into CO2 before being fed to
combustor
Post combustion capture
Using absorption or adsorption process
Oxy-fuel combustion & Chemical looping Combustion
• Conducting combustion process in presence of O2+CO2
rather than O2+N2.
POST COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE
Absorption
Amine solution, carbonate solution, aqueous ammonia, sodium hydroxide
Membrane
Metal oxides, Cao, Na2O, solid amines
Adsorption
Chemical adsorption
Metal oxides, Cao, Na2O, solid amines
Physical adsorption
Activated carbon, natural zeolite, zeolite-13x
POST COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE
Existing combustion
process is intact
Additional arrangements
have to be made
extracting energy from
flue gas
WHAT IS OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION?
Combustion process changes significantly
Conventional combustion reaction
Oxy-fuel combustion reaction
CoalO2 + 3.76 N2
CO2+H
2O+N2
Coal O2
CO2+H
2O
OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY
With Pure O2
Fuel fires faster reaction rate higher
High temperature flames due to absence of inerts
not recommended for materials of construction
Flue gas can recycled to the
combustion chamber to
maintain similar flame
temperature as air
APPEARANCE OF FLAMES
air–LPG oxy-LPG (30%) oxy-LPG (34%)
The brightness of air - LPG flames and oxy-LPG flames (34% O2) looks similar than oxy-LPG (30% O2)
OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION RETROFITTING
Retrofit oxy-fuel plant
Conventional power plant
S. Seepana, S. Jayanti, Fuel (2009)ASU
FGR
CC
OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION - O2 SEPARATION
Oxygen will be
separated from air
Pressure swing
Adsorption (PSA)
Cryogenic distillation
Membrane separation
It is an expensive
process
www.redmn.com
CRYOGENIC AIR SEPARATION
Air is pressurized
Through expansion air is
cooled
Send into fractional
distillation column
Pure O2 and N2 will be
separated
Argon is removed at the
end
ADDITIONAL SYSTEMS FOR RETROFIT
Air Separation unit –
Pre combust
or arrangem
ent
Flue gas
recirculation
system
CO2 compression unit
CO2 transport
ation system
for storage
ADVANTAGES OF OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION
NOx production can be reduced
Volume of the flue gas reduces Plant size can be
reduced
Facilitates complete and easy CO2 capture
Energy penalty is lesser than post combustion CO2
capture
Easy retrofitting to the existing systems such as
furnace, boilers, kiln, etc.
CHALLENGES IN OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION
Will the flame be stable in CO2 environment instead
of N2 environment?
What is recycle ration of flue gas?
Decrease in NOx level?
Does SO2 emissions decrease?
Will the same boiler design work for oxy-fuel?
How to reduce ASU cost?
CCS PLANTS ACROSS GLOBE
S.No
Project Name and Country Description
1 Schwarze Pumpe, Vattenfall, Germany
30 MWth coal fired plant
2 CIUDEN - Spain's city of energy
20 MWth coal fired plant and CFBC
3 Doosan, UK 40 MWth coal based plant, Burner developed
4 COMPOSTILLA, Endesa,Spain 30 MW oxy-fuel CFB5 Porte Tella, ENEL Post-Combustion in 660
MWe plant, 40% slip stream used for CO2
sequestration6 Total, Lacq, Italy7 Callide Oxyfuel Project -
Australia30 MWe coal fired plant
8 Jupitor Oxygen, USA 15 MWth power plant
WHAT TO DO WITH SEPARATED CO2?
CO2 must not emit into atmosphere
Making
Chemicals
Enhanced Oil recove
ry
Permanent
Storage
DIRECT UTILIZATION OF CO2
As an additive in beverages
As a fire extinguisher
Can be used as solvent
In water treatment and as a fumigant
Moulding and soldering agent
CO2 FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR)
Usually N2 or other inert gases are used for
EOR
Now CO2 can be used
It enhances
Recovery oil from
Oil wells by 5 to 15%
CO2 FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR)
EnCana Weyburn
project is injecting
>2.2 Mt-CO2
If plant locates near
to oil wells, it is a
beneficial
CO2 has to be
transported
CARBON DIOXIDE PHASE DIAGRAM
oCarbon dioxide must be stored above its critical point for permanent storage
CO2 STORAGE OPTIONS
Geological storage
Ocean storage
Mineral storage
Terrestrial ecosystems
o CO2 will be compressed to liquid form to store permanently
GEOLOGICAL STORAGE
Seals and cap rocks
Combination of porous structure and hard rock allows to
store CO2
www.co2geonet.com
GEOLOGICAL STORAGE
Saline aquifers
permeable rocks that
are saturated with salt
water, called brine.
Liquefied CO2 may be
injected into a saline
aquifer
It may dissolve or react
with minerals and get
trapped (IEA, 2008).
Image: Alligator film / BUG / StatoilHydro
CO2 STORAGE RESEARCH WORK ACROSS GLOBE
S.No Description of Project Project Name
Location
1 In situ R&D Laboratory for Geological Storage of CO2
CO2SINK Ketzin, Germany
2 Network of Excellence on Geological Sequestration of CO2
CO2GEONET UK
3 Monitoring and Verification of CO2 Storage and ECBM in Poland
MOVECBM Poland, Europe and China
4 CO2 Geological Storage: Research into Monitoring and Verification Technology
CO2REMOVE Sleipner, In Salah (Algeria) and the proposed injection projects of Snohvit (Norway) and Ketzin (Germany).
5 Assessing European Capacity for Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide
EU GEOCAPACITY
Inventory and mapping of major CO2 emission
point sources in 13 European countries
6 CO2 Capture and Storage Networking Extension to New Member States
CO2NET-EAST
knowledge transfer, dissemination and public awareness creation,
CO2 INJECTION & MONITORING
Impact of CO2 injection
will be monitored
3D/4D seismic imaging methods
Soil chemistry
CO2 spreading
DEEP OCEAN STORAGE
CO2 will be compressed to above its critical point i.e.
110 bar, 30 oC
It will be stored in deep oceans below 1 km
www.global-greenhouse-warming.com
WORLD CO2 STORAGE FACILITY
All over the world, CO2 storage capacity is estimated to be
between 2000 and 10000 Giga Tons
IPCC special report, 2001
CO2 STORAGE OPTIONS & CAPACITIES
Storage facility Billion tonnes
o Depleted oil & gas reservoirs 105
o Unminable coal seams 103 to 105
o Deep saline aquifers 105 to 106
o Deep ocean storage 106
o Terrestrial biospheres 103 to 105
o Utilization per year 102
MINERAL STORAGE
Ca and Mg oxide will be used in mineralizing the
CO2 to carbonate and store forever
Sodium carbonate will be used to store as bi-
carbonate
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
Photosynthesis
Calvin cycle
Agricultural carbon
storage
Manipulating processes
of soil, changing land
use, etc
www.hartnell.edu
BIOLOGICAL CAPTURE
Consumption of CO2 by Algae, Tetraselmis suecica
Micro-algae based consumption of CO2
CO2 Uptake by Algae in Hawaii to Produce Spirulina
GREENHOUSE GAS REMOVAL CHALLANGE
IPCC
Virgin Earth Challenge of worth $25 million on commercially viable atmospheric anthropogenic greenhouse gas removal
http://www.virgin.com/subsites/virginearth/
This was created by Sir Richard Branson during 2007
BHEL ACTIVITY - OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION
Currently BHEL is having collaborative project with EU and TREC-STEP towards developing oxy-fuel technology for high ash Indian colas
BHEL is planning for 400 kWth oxy-fuel demonstration plant at Coal Research department
Towards developing carbon neutral technology bio-mass co-firing with coal also planned
SUMMARY
CO2 capture and storage is one of the best option available to reduce the
pollutant emissions
Oxy-fuel combustion is one of the best options available for CO2
capturing
Oxy-fuel combustion technology is easy to retrofit and readily
implementable
Huge reserves of CO2 available for geological, ocean storage