O USO DO PROGRAMA PRAAT PARA COMPREENSÃO DO “JEITINHO BRASILEIRO” DE FALAR INGLÊS Maria Lucia de Castro Gomes UTFPR
O USO DO PROGRAMA PRAAT PARA
COMPREENSÃO DO “JEITINHO
BRASILEIRO” DE FALAR INGLÊS
Maria Lucia de Castro Gomes
UTFPR
Study Group
• Partnership – UTFPR and BRAZ-TESOL
Pronunciation RIG
• 15 members (English teachers and
students)
Theoretical basis
• Usage-based phonology (Bybee, 2003,
2010)
• Exemplar Theory (Pierrahumbert, 2001,
2002, 2003)
• English as a Lingua Franca (Jenkins,
2000; Seidlhofer, 2010; Walker, 2010)
• Acoustic Analysis (Kent & Read, 2002;
Russo e Behlau, 1993)
Inner circle
e.g. USA, UK
320-380 million
Outer circle
e.g. India, Singapore
300-500 million
Expanding circle
e.g. China, Russia
500-1,000 million
KACHRU’S “CIRCLES” THEORY
Crystal, 2010
• Grammar is viewed as the cognitive organization of one’s experience with language. (Bybee, 2008)
• Teachers and their learners, it is widely agreed, need to learn not (a variety of) English, but about Englishes, their similarities and differences, issues involved in intelligibility, the strong link between language and identity, and so on. (Jenkins, 2006)
• “I believe that the optimum pronunciation models for EIL are those of (‘NNS’) fluent bilingual speakers of English. These are both more realistic and more appropriate than L1 models…” (Jenkins, 2000)
Studies about “Brazilian English”
• Vowel sounds (Rauber, 2006; Bion, 2007)
• Stop consonants (Bettoni-Techio, 2005; Cohen, 2004; Arantes, 2007; Zimmer & Alves, 2007)
• Fricative consonants (Reis, 2006)
• Liquid consonants (Baratieri, 2006; Moore, 2008)
• Nasal consonants (Becker, 2007, Kluge, 2004)
Studies about “Brazilian English”
• L1 Interference, Interphonology (Zimmer &
Bittencourt, 2008; Bettoni-Techio &
Koerich, 2006)
• VOT (Sancier & Fowler, 1997; Bandeira &
Zimmer, 2011)
• Paragoge (Ferreira, 2007; Cruz, 2008)
• Vowel duration (Alves & Zimmer, 2008)
Studies about “Brazilian English”
• Final consonants (Silva Filho, 1998; Koerich, 2002; Martins, 2005; Cardoso, 2007)
• Initial /s/ clusters (Rabello, 1997; Rauber, 2002; Cornelian Jr, 2003)
• ED Morpheme (Alves, 2004; Delatorre, 2006; Frese, 2006; Gomes, 2007)
• Vowel Reduction (Watkins, 2001)
• Stress (Braweman, 2006; Bertochi, 2009)
// F1 327.282286 F2 2289.024383
V D 0,1934
// F1 428.346869 F2 2264.804634
V D 0,1033
Vowels
quality and
quantity
F1 283.4242 F2 2655.6146
F1 391.74357 F2 2541.4374
V D 0,09899
V D 0,1215
NS - AM NNS - BR
// F1 694.556748 F2 2106.042227
V D 0,1353
V D 0,2192
// F1 954.293528 F2 1903.933654
F1 709.2795 F2 2095.2895
F1 845.8366 F2 2036.7481
V D 0,1759
V D 0,1545
NS - AM NNS - BR Vowels
quality and
quantity
// F1 418.737099 F2 1238.714577
V D 0,1621
V D 0,1478
// F1 603,427295 F2 1255.668307
NNS - BR NS - AM
F1 359.00363 F2 1065.9830
V D 0,1225
F1 419.3839 F2 984.9506
V D 0,1258
Vowels
quality and
quantity
American speaker
American speaker
British speaker
Nuclear stress
Where did all this money come from?
References • ALVES, U. K. (2004). O papel da instrução explícita na aquisição fonológica do
Inglês como L2: Evidências fornecidas pela teoria da otimidade. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
• ARANTES, V.T.P. Perception and production of English final stops by young Brazilian EFL students. Dissertação de Mestrado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2007.
• BARATIERI, J. P. Production of /l / in the English coda by Brazilian EFL learners: An acoustic-articulatory analysis. Dissertação de Mestrado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2006.
• BECKER, M. R. Análise acústica da produção de nasais bilabiais e alveolares em codas de monossílabos por aprendizes de inglês. Dissertação de Mestrado. Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2007.
• BERTOCHI, M. M. Padrão acentual dos compostos e sintagmas do inglês: A percepção do aprendiz brasileiro. Dissertação de Mestrado. Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2009.
• BETONNI-TECHIO, M. Production of final alveolar stops in Brazilian Portuguese/English interphonology. Dissertação de Mestrado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2005.
• BION, R.A.H. The role of listeners’ dialect in the perception offoreign-accented vowels. Dissertação de Mestrado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2007.
References • BRAWERMAN, A. Uma análise de erros de estudantes brasileiros de inglês na acentuação de
palavras com sufixos. Dissertação de Mestrado. Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2007.
• BYBEE, Joan. Phonology and Language in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
• CARDOSO, W. The variable development of English word-final stops by Brazilian Portuguese speakers: a stochastic optimality theoretic account. Language variation and change. V. 19, p. 219-248, 2007
• COHEN, G.V. The VOT dimension: Abi-directional experiment with English and Brazilian Portuguese stops. Dissertação de Mestrado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2004.
• CORNELIAN JR, D. Brazilian learners’ production of initial /s/ clusters: Phonological structure and environment. Dissertação de Mestrado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2003.
• CRUZ, N. C. Vowel Insertion in the speech of Brazilian Learners of English: a Source of Unintelligibility? In: SILVEIRA, R.; BAPTISTA, B. O.; KOERICH, R. D. Ilha do Desterro a Journal of English Language, Literatures in English and Cultural Studies, No. 55, p. 133-152, 2008.
• CRYSTAL, David. English as a Global Language. (2.ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
• DELATORRE, F. (2006). Brazilians EFL learners’production of vowel epenthesis in words ending in –ed. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
• FERREIRA, A.P.P. Pet ou petty? Diferenças entre sequências CVC e CVCV do inglês por aprendizes brasileiros: Uma análise acústica. Dissertação de Mestrado. Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2007.
References • FRESE, R. A. (2006). The relation between perception and production of words
ending in -ed by Brazilian EFL learners. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
• GOMES, M.L.C. A produção de palavras do inglês com o morfema –ed por falantes brasileiros: uma visão dinâmica. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba.
• JENKINS, Jennifer. The Phonology of English as an International Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
• _______________. Current Perspectives on Teaching World Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca. Tesol Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2006.
• KENT, R.D.; READ, C. (2002) Acoustic Analysis of Speech. 2nd Ed. Albany: Singular – Thomson Learning.
• KOERICH, R.D. Perception and production of word-final vowel epenthesis by Brazilian EFL students. Tese de Doutorado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2002.
• KLUGE, D. C. Perception and production of final nasals by Brazilian learners of English. Dissertação de Mestrado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2004.
• MOORE, D. H. The perception of English word-final / l / by Brazilian learners. Dissertação de Mestrado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2008.
References • PIERREHUMBERT, Janet B. What people know about sounds of
languages. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, v. 29(2), p. 111-120. Urbana-Champaign, 2000.
• RAUBER, A. Perception and Production of English vowels by Brazilian EFL speakers. Tese de Doutorado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2002.
• REIS, M.S. The perception and production of English interdental fricatives by Brazilian EFL learners. Dissertação de Mestrado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2006.
• RUSSO, I.; BEHLAU, M. Percepção da Fala: Análise Acústica do Português Brasileiro. São Paulo: Editora Lovise, 1993.
• SANCIER, M.L.; FOWLER, C.A. Gestural drift in a bilingual speaker of Brazilian Portuguese and English. Journal of Phonetics, V. 25, p.421-436, 1997.
• SEIDLHOFER, B. Giving VOICE to english as a Lingua Franca. In: FACCHINETTI, R.; CRYSTAL, D.; SEIDLHOFER, B. From International do Local English and Back Agein. Cambridge, 2001
References • SILVA-FILHO, J. The production of English syllable-final consonants
by Brazilian learners. Dissertação de Mestrado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 1998.
• WALKER, R. Teaching Pronunciation of English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford, 2010.
• WATKINS, M.A., Variation in vowel reduction by Brazilian speakers of English. Tese de Doutorado. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2001.
• ZIMMER, M.C.; ALVES, U.K. A dessonorização terminal na aprendizagem da L2: evidências do continuum fonética-fonologia. Letras de Hoje, V. 42, No. 3, p. 56-68, 2007.
• _______________________ _On the Status of Terminal Devoicing as an Interlanguage Process among Brazilian Learners of English. In: SILVEIRA, R.; BAPTISTA, B. O.; KOERICH, R. D. Ilha do Desterro a Journal of English Language, Literatures in English and Cultural Studies, No. 55, p. 41-62, 2008.
My final remarks • The status of English as an international language forces
a change in the way of teaching.
• The dichotomy British English/American English is not important for a model choice anymore.
• This new way of thinking requires a new concept of language acquisition; one that is not restrict to right/wrong or possible/impossible.
• The use of a language is much more complex than that, and the teaching/learning process requires that both teachers and learners be flexible to deal with that complexity.
• The Brazilian way of speaking English should be dealt with not as problem but as a set of characteristics, that, depending on the objective of the learner can be treated differently, focusing on EFL or ELF. Either one or the other, intelligibility should be the focus.