-
62
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'lJffu,; .,, **
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1P1t1LiL~ftQft gradient searoh
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~~tlaP1tlaflt1'"'"1~iBw;a...,~;n;., 0.2
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tft111fllit11L~111ft1LUO"~
25 ' 1PIV~1J191i ~M'l~n~o...N'~t11'1j\1 24°c
L Ill §9u 5 U if!
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Lodut'iu
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-
63
Blackchrome Selective Surfaces on Aluminium Substrates
Preparation Techniques and Properties
* s. Visitserngtrakul
Abstract
** c. Koompat
* K. Kirtikara
Electroplating techniques used for preparing blackohrome
selective surfaces on aluminium substrates are described in this
paper.
The technique of gradient search was employed to determine
optimum
electroplating conditions; the objective function of the
gradient
search is maximisation of solar absorbtance ( & ) of
surfaces subject s
to the constraint that thermal emittance (Et) of surfaces is
less
than 0.2
Optimum eleatroplatinq ranges were found around the vicinity
of the following electroplating conditions : chromic acid
concentration
o! 312 g/l , 25 ' (by volume) of chromonyse additive, bath
temperature
of 24°c, current density of 25 A/dm2 and 5-minute plating time.
All
surfaces prepared under these conditions possessed ot larger
than 0. 9 s
and Et less than 0.07
Very good thermal and mechanical stabilities were exhibited
by the prepared surfaces. ot8
and Et remained basically unchanged after
being subjected to the heating at 200°0 for 2714 hours. Rubbing
of
surfaces by dry and wet clothes had negligible effects on the
volums
* School of Energy and Materials , KMITT.
-
64
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-
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,, : 1 \111'1 ll''3t1
1.1 + 3oii
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H+ + e )
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+ 3e
Al02
+ H2o + H+
H _,. !_H2 t 2
a,uftaau«~n:a1rlaa~'ua1ia:a1uLua.,.:au'u1u sn(oH>!-
ua:.,.:Ln,.t.lfin,u1K~
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'.·
.
.. ,.· ..
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-
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n'l:::"l.lt1\1fr\1n:::Jh'i''llt1ifl L
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L':lil'l~;11ua:::~am~Sltlt1®;v'l
1~L~VJJLDfl1t1nt~,j NaOH (g/l) 525
~"n :::ftat1n L'11'~ BnO ( g/ 1) 100
LWt!,PIPlilD Lift' FeC13 .6H20 (g/ 1) 1
1tJ«irL~tJJJ1irL~VJJ91'1;L91'1VI KNaC4H4o6 .4H20 (g/l) 10
1'1J'L~VJJLUL91iVI NaN03
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120
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1
66
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-
67
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-
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68
3.1.2 n11Y11f'l11"aza1ft~1va1,Lf'ln
;"~"1ua...,,ua11a::a1v1~LMv"
LD9'11anl~fl 5% ~~GM~fl 60-65°c L1a1u1::"1w 30-60 1u1~
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~11f'lv;"'Un1f'ILU9'1~n 50% Lt'luL1il1 30 ~U1~
3.1.4 Zine Immersion Lliun11Lf'l,tJ"~'ai!JLGw 'un11~n~1if
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.fiu'tla'3~\m::ft11'~::a::il~tJ'u 50% 'tla'3n1ri lufl~n
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2.2
• 4""0 .,
'if1UUil'2J'tl'O\tU'W11ll'39'1 Lf'l'VI (Zincate sdution)
Na OH 120 g/1
ZnO 20 g/1
Fe C13 .6H2o 2 g/1
KNaC4H4o6 .4H2o g/1
(Rochelle Salt)
NaN03
1 g/l
• a11a::a1unau ~"u1luu~"~'Ua11a::w1u NaOH, zno.
-
69 .
~\ 3.1.5 copper Strike Lda~;,tN';~~'tJ\JOLnQ~~;~un•n,wLi'.}uni"
\ . ., .. . "- . \ ~~1i::a:::a1v-l~n::ltl" l4~91'fl~'fl.J
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fl L •1u..1~::•1Jfiti.IV1tNLLft~l'dtJ, lu,I
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an,wn ,,,"li::tf ft~hn ::11 ri«~mi,-m i1
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Na2co
3
Rochelle Salt
41.3
48.8
30
60
38-43 °c
10.2-10.s
. ft1~m.l,LLUUn1::LLil 2.6
.. . LLQ1Q"ft1~'HU,LLUUni::u.w 1.3
9/l
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-
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UV-Visible Spectro-photometer Varian DMS-80 Lfla weight
fi"laiuiln"l1:: air mass 2 n"latu~1\1
fl1'11JV"l1fld'U 350 a\1 850 mm.
70
~. fl"lTI"l1trnri~av'"'"'"l"~a'U, ET 1°'flft1VLfl~a\1 Infrared
Reflecto-
meter Gier and Dunkle DB-100
Lda\1~1a~fllil'"~~~.,"'""~a"~'l"1"";~~uan~1::tun~1'q\!Lfl§aun"l1~n'11if~"
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L~ai..;i;~,~tt~MN"~
~"l\1 '"ft~fift~" L flai.-lf L \'li'l\lfl gradient search u uu
direction of Steepest ascent.
LtiuLMa1~un"l1~n~"lL~a\1n"li'i,(1.ILf'lftau~1lfti"";U1.1L~~n(l)
u~LtRfrN«'1ftl.ILtl"l~".,a(y)
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lfl!J!l~a~1~,.~~tut1m::LMa1~'Uft"ltrnftuaaa s
ll\1tl'U
Objective function y = max. ot s
Constraint 0.2
xl fl1'11JL"ll"irutta'1nifl1ftfifl I
-
71
n,,~,,aa~~" A0
~~Ltiu,,,L;";u !lun,1::n,i"q\11fli"",«'lrt1'~a x1 = 312g/e
x2 = 2S%, x3 = 24°c, x4 = 2s A/dm2
, xs = s u,~ Ldalifi.i~,u~"q\JR1ll'li"",
LLa1u,1~,,,;,"ltua'2:lil'~~,~LLU~,,,,;, ~ LL'il:' T ,;,;, ~ = 0
.973 LL'il:: ~T= 0 .074
(lif~!l,j~lii Lnu o .2)
n,,~,,aa~~" A1 Ltiun,,,,,,;,fN'fl\J y lflt1Ltr.luuf'i~«1uui x1
~,n 312 g/e
L\'Ju 324 g/l ~1u«1uui~Ufl~(l; ~U;~,j~ °';;= 0.973 LL'il:: CT=
0.072 lif~tni LMu~tlun,,~,,aa~~" A
0
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-
72
... fl 1 "'Jl'l fl ilfN a' fl'l") :: fl'l "'J'fU '!Jt1.r'2 L
fl91
s ET
"IJ'fl~ ~'21u L a'1if xl x2 x3 x4 xs g/1 \ oc A/dn? min
A 17 312 25 24 25 5 0.973 0.074 "°l\11 L ~1.IYIU 0
18 0.972 0.078
19 0.974 0.079
22 0.974 0.070
Al 36 324 25 24 25 5 0.971 0.068 Lfillfl"'J?l 11'li!li'l
37 0.974 0.068
38 0.974 0.060
39 0.970 0.068
A2 40 312 23 24 25 5 0.975 0.071 'il?lil'l1 L~1.I
41 0.976 0.079
42 0.973 0.080
43 0.978 0.090
A3 21 312 25 22 25 5 0.974 0.076 'il?l~tlM\]fl
23 0.975 0.084
24 0.971 0.078
25 0.974 0.074
A4 27 316 25 24 22 5 o. 969 0.073 'il\1lfl'5ZUiJ1 vh~~
28 0.971 0.067
29 0.971 0.071
30 0.971 0.074
AS 32 316 25 24 25 5 0.975 0.072 'ilVI L 'l iin
33 0.972 0.073
34 0.963 0.063
35 0.968 0.063
Bl 44 329 23.5 24 22 3 0.898 0.067 L tJri t.JU 9f '2 5 \fr 'HL
th
45 0.943 0.070
-
73
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200°CLthJn1"JD\J'\uui1u1n1fl~D\1D101~6"J"J""~ ,,~
L' a1~\1'11"" 2714 ~' L"\1
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tiui::u::li'\1LLilft\1'\ue.ian1i
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Lda~n~"~i1;,u!Jn'l11D~fl;,rJN1
A1~::n~n'lffll::Ltfllluutu fla~u~u;,~~~,.a~iuuu ~
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f'l~"~~Vl~\1LLi1\1'tlD\1~1~::LtmUULLUQ\1.,,1nlJ
(as plated)
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LL~Ltlu\J,L1W'\na ~· ~\J,flL;"~u ~1f'ltllif""O'I
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LtiuL1w,U"l\.I
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tliWLLtl&'4tlV,'4iI\ltJil1Ktyirn LL~~, . . ., .
n,,uaftUDtltJ~'4ftft~'"W,t1UDft,w9la~t1il"ft',
11''4LLifft'4 LUM,,1'4~ 3 Lrla LoU~,u ..;'4 't'l~o~, L tlun L
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LtltlwL~tJ'4L'1luouL~~u
cl..5 6t
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Li11l L '2ffl,j'I tJ~,LL ..;'4 0.95 0.11
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'il'?lu·m1W'Vl.,'3i'l111J iai.i Lrle>a1.1sf~C1M1,lil 200 c
~iu1i.i~1L1J\'lfl'~'un~iau~ 200°c
~\'l"'l~L~~ 0 94 208 256 346 514 754 1156 1970 2714
&s 6t ols et ols et ols Gt ols 6t ols e·t oLs Et o1,,s 6t
ot.s Gt ~ (S-t ........ ~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~ -·---
22
36
37
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40
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21
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.974 .070 .976 .065 .976 .066 975 067 976 066 974 068 976 071
975 068 974 068 .975 .059
.971 .068 ;~3 .067 .~73 .065 .97~ 063 972 065 971 068 973 066
972 068 970 070 .972 .058
.974 .068 .975 .068 .974 .067 974 069 976 066 975 070 977 066
976 068 975 066 .976 .069
.974 .060- .976 .061 .973 .062 974 061 975 061 974 064 976 064
975 064 973 064 .975 .063
.975 .0-71 .9.75 .068 .975 .072 975 068 976 069 975 072 975 075
976 073 ' 974 073 .974 .070
.976 .079 .976 .oso .975 .oa2 977 079 977 000 976 083 971 084
977 011 975 084 .976 .osl.
.973 .oao .974 .011 .975 .016 978 018 975 016 973 011 975 011
975 001 973 000 .975 .011
.974 .076 .974 .072 .974 .073 974 074 975 074 974 075 975 075
975 069 975 076 .975 .073
.975 .084 .976 .074 .975 .078 975 075 9-77. 076 976 077 9-77 079
977 075 976 077 .977 .065
.971 .01a .912 .0-10 .973 .016 911 013 9-n 016 912 011 973 080
973 081 971 015 .973 .011
.969 .073 .970 .072 .968 .072 968 070 969 069 967 074 970 073
970 077 968 074 .969 .077
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0.1 mg Zn per sq in 0 23 mg Zn per sq in · 0.39 mg Zn per sg
in
(Cl) (b)
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1. 1(1l"l'Wiiw "S~to:ti«\191'1:.:t;ia , n"l111"li1'1l"l•::ff
L111J"l::i1'11i.1..1n"l1'l\Hl'llatJf.l·u Gan,..,,11fl11Jf1'1
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S~"l~UL~fl1u1aEwi::~~1JLna~ ;~V"lL~91tN~,,
2. Metal Finishing Guidebook. and Directory Issue'82, Metals
and
Plastics Publications, Ina., Volume 80, No. lA, JAN 1982.
3. s.WERNICK, R. PrtnmR, The Surface Treatment and Finishing
of
Aluminium and Its Alloys, Fourth Edition, Robert Draper Ltd.,
1972,
pp. 898-976.
4. F .A. LOWENHEIM, Modern Eleatropla ting, John Wiley &
Sons, · Ina • ,
1963, pp. 556-564 •
5. .,. . .
Uu~ a.,,,..,,Q, ,n"l1~~9les1u«1 (private conmunication)