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2LETTER S FR OM A STOICA DV ISOR Y EDITOR : BETTY R A DICELUCIUS A N N A EUS SEN ECA , sta tesm a n , ph i l sph e!, a "# $a te a n " m a n % l ette!s, &a s '!n a t C!"'a i n Spa i n a!( n " ) B*C*Despi te h i s !el a ti # el + ( n "i sti n ( i sh e" 'a $-!( n " a n " e# e!.!e$( !!en t i l l h ea l th , h e !se !a pi "l + t p!m i n en$e a t R m e,

p( !s( i n th e "( 'l e $a !ee! i n th e $( !ts a n " pl i ti $a l l i %e %! &h i $h h e h a " 'een t!a i n e"* /e 'ea n a l s 0( i $-l +t a $0( i !e$el e'!i t+ a s a n a ( th ! % t!a e"i es a n " % pl i sh e" essa + s, m !a l , l i te!a !+ a n " s$i en ti %i $* Sen ten $e" t "ea th '+ s($$essi # eem pe!!s 1Ca l i ( l a i n A *D* 3 a n " Cl a ( "i ( s i n A *D* )45, h e spen t ei h t + ea !s i n e6 i l e n th e i sl a n " % C!si $a , a l lee"l + %! a na %%a i ! &i th Ca l i ( l a 7s si ste!* R e$a l l e" i n A *D* )8, h e &a s m a "e p!a et!, a n " &a s a ppi n te" t( t! t th e '+ &h &as t 'e$m e, i nA *D* 9), th e em pe!! N e!* On N e!7s s( $$essi n Sen e$a a $te" %! sm e ei h t + ea !s a s a n ( n %%i $i a l $h i e% m i n i ste!*Th e ea !l + pa !t% th i s !ei n &a s !em em 'e!e" a s a pe!i " % s( n " im pe!i a l # e!nm en t, %! &h i $h , a $$!"i n t ( ! s( !$es, th e m ai n $!e"i tm ( st 'e i # en t Sen e$a * /i s $n t!l # e! a n i n $!ea si n l + $!( el em pe!! "e$l i n e" a s en em i es t( !n e" N e! a a i n sth im &i th!ep!esen ta ti n s th a t h i s pp( l a !i t+ m a "e h im a "a n e!, ! &i th a $$( sa ti n s % im m !a l i t+ ! e6 $essi # e &ea l th i l la ss!ti n &i th th e n 'l e Sti $ p!i n $i pl es h e p!%esse"* R eti !i n %!m p( 'l i $ l i %e h e "e# te" h i s l a st th !ee + ea !s t ph i l sph+ a n " &!i ti n ,

pa !ti $( l a !l + th e Le tte rs from a S toic* In A *D* 9, %l l &i n th e "i s$# e!+ % a pl t a a i n st th e em pe!!, &h i $h m ih t h a # e!es( l te" i n Sen e$a 7s el e# a ti n t th e th !n e, h e a n " m a n + th e!s &e!e $m pel l e" '+ N e! t $m m i t s( i $i "e* /i s%am e a s a nessa + i st a n " "!am a ti st l a ste" ( n ti l t& ! th !ee $en t( !i es a &h en , ( n a $$( n ta 'l + , h e pa sse" i n t l i te!a !+ 'l i# i n *R OBIN CA M;BELL l i # es i n Isl i n tn , Ln "n * A n e6 i l e" S$t, n & a 'a !!i ste!, h e "e$i "e" th a t Sen e$a &a s # e!"( e%! "i s$# e!+&h i l e a t


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th a t i n &h i $h i t i s p( 'l i sh e" a n " &i th ( t a sim i l a ! $n "i ti n i n $l ( "i n th i s $n "i ti n 'ei n im pse" n th e s('se0( en tp( !$h a se!9

CONT ENT SIn t!"( $ti nSEN ECA 7S LIFESEN ECA A N D ;/ILOSO;/YSEN ECA A N D LITER A TUR EHis le tte rs and othe r writingsHis styleHis inue nce and appe alN te n t!a n sl a ti n a n " te6 t;sts$!i ptLETTER SN tesBi 'l i !a ph +A ;;EN DI: Ta $i t( s7 a $$( n t % Sen e$a 7s "ea thIn "e6 % pe!sn s a n " pl a $es

INT RODUCT IONSENECAS LIFE

LUCIUS A N N A EUS SEN ECA &a s '!n a t C!"'a , th en th e l ea "i n t&n i n R m a n Spa i n , a t a '( t th e sam e tim ea s Ch !i st*4 /i s%a th e!, Ma !$( s A n n a e( s Sen e$a , &a s a n im pe!i a l p!$( !a t!2&h 'e$am e a n a ( th !i t+ n !h et!i $, th e a !t % p( 'li $ spea -i n

a n " "e'a te* /e &a s th e %a th e! n t n l + % ( ! Sen e$a , &h spea -s % h i s l ".%a sh i n e" st!i $tn ess7,)'( t a l s % N# a t( s, l a te!-n &n a s @a l l i , th e # e!n ! % A $h a ea &h "e$l i n e" t e6 e!$i se >( !i s"i $ti n # e! St ;a ( l 1A $ts V III, 4443 5, a n" % Mel a , l essam 'i ti ( s th a n h i s '!th e!s '( t a n a 'l e %i n a n $i e! 1a n " %a th e! % th e '!i l l i a n t + ( n pet L( $a n 5*Sen e$a s( %%e!e" se# e!el + %!m i l l h ea l th , pa !ti $( l a !l + a sth m a , th !( h ( t h i s l i %eG h e tel l s ( s th a t a t n e tim e the n l + th i n &h i $h h el " h im 'a $- %!m $m m i tti n s( i $i "e &a s th e th ( h t % h i s %a th e!7s i n a 'i l i t+ t 'ea ! th e l ss*9 /e spen ta pe!i " % h i sea !l + l i %e i n E+ pt 1&h e!e th e h ( s'a n " % a "e# te" a ( n t n am e" Ma !$i a &a s th e # i $e!+ % th e em pe!! Ti 'e!i ( s%!m A *D* 4 t45, th e!e a $0( i !i n e6 pe!i en $e i n m a tte!s % a "m i n i st!a ti n a n " %i n a n $e* /e a l s st( "i e" th e e!a ph + a n " ethn l + % E+ pta n " In "i a a n " "e# el pe" a l a sti n i n te!est i n n a t( !a l s$i en $e, spe$( l a ti # e !a th e! th a n em pi !i $a l 1a l th ( h ;li n + spea -s %h im a s a n a ( th !i t+ n el + , m a !i n e l i %e a n " m ete!l + , a n " th e!s h a # e a "m i !e" h i s !em a !-s n , %! e6am pl e, e# l ( t i n! th e e6 pl a n a ti n % !i n s !( n " th e s( n 5* /i s i n te!est &a s "!a &n a t a n ea !l + a e t ;+ th a !ea n m + sti $i sm a n "

# a !i ( s $( l ts% ea ste!n !i i n th en a i n i n a "h e!en ts i n R m e, 'e%!e h i s %i n a l a $$epta n $e, i n l a !e pa !t, % th e Sti $ ph i l sph+ *A %te! t!a i n i n %! th e 'a ! h e t- s( $$ess%( l l + t p( 'l i $ l i %e, 'e$m i n 0( a est! i n spi te % th e h a n "i $a ps % h i s hea l th , h i s%!ei n 'a $-!( n " a n " $m pa !a ti # e l a $- % %am i l + ! th e! $n n e6 i n s*


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essa + s t %!i en "s &h i $h h e $n ti n ( e" $m psi n "( !i n h i s 'a n i sh m en t*/i s %!t( n es t( !n e" "!am a ti $a l l + i n A *D* )8* Messa l i n a h a " 'een e6 e$( te" a n " th e em pe!!7s n e& &i %e, A !i ppi na , h a " Sen e$a!e$a l l e" t R m e, a ppi n te" t th e h i h %%i $e % p!a et! a n " m a "e t( t! t h e! t&el # e.+ ea !.l " sn L( $i ( s Dm i ti( sA h en 'a !'( s 1th e '+ &h &a s sh !tl + t 'e$m e th e em pe!! N e!5* A !i ppi n a 7s m ti # es, a $$!"i n t Ta $i t( s, apa !t %!m th ei n st!( $ti n % h e! sn , &e!e a $n %i "en $e th a t 'e$a ( se % h i s l i te!a !+ %am e7 th e m # e &( l " a i n th em pp( l a !i t+ ,a n " a 'el i e%

th a t h e &( l " p!# e a !el i a 'l e a l l + a n " a ( se%( l a "# i se! t h e!sel % a n " N e! i n th ei ! pl a n s %! %( t( !e p&e!*4Th e!e i s n e# i "en $e th a t Sen e$a &a s $n n e$te" &i th th e pi sn i n % Cl a ( "i ( s i n A *D* 9)* B( t h e &!te th e spee$hes &h i $h th ese# en teen .+ ea !.l " N e! "el i # e!e" a %te! h i s a $$essi n , a n " &a s p!'a 'l + th e a ( th ! % a &i tt+ , i % t ( s a l i ttl e tastel ess, a tta $- nth e "ea th !( l e!7s m em !+ 1th eApocolocyntosis ! ;( m p-i n i %i $a ti n 7, a n im a i n a !+ ta l e % th e !e'( %%s !e$ei # e" '+th e !e$en tl +"e$ea se" em pe!! &h en h e p!esen ts h im sel % a t th e p!ta l s % /ea # en a n " h i s a ppl i $a ti n %! a "m i ssi n i s "e'a te"'+ th e @"s5*N e! "i " m a -e a %!m a l spee$h i n h n ( ! % h i s p!e"e$ess!, &h i $h &a s sa i " t "i spl a + a !ea t "ea l % pl i sh 7 a n " t'e a "e6 am pl e % Sen e$a 7s a tt!a $ti # e st+ l e, &el l t( n e" t th e ea !s % h i s tim e7*44Th e n e& !eim e pen e" &el l a n " N e!7s %i !st %i # e + ea !s7 &e!e l a te! sp-en % a s a pe!i " % ( n e0( a l l e" " # e!nmen t, th eem pe!! T!a >a n e# en $a l l i n th em th e %i n est pe!i " i n th e h i st!+ % im pe!i a l R m e*42 F! th i s R m e &a s i n "e'te"t Sen e$a a n "a n a !m + %%i $e! n am e" B( !!( s* Th ese t&, th e m st i n %l ( en ti a l a s &el l a s th e m st en l i h ten e" % th e m en &h s(!!( n "e"

N e!7 1Di 5,4 &h se &i "e e6 pe!i en $e &a s $m m n -n &l e"e7 1Ta $i t( s5,4) p!e# en te" th e h t.h ea "e" + ( n m a n%!m $a !!+ i n ( t a l t % m ( !"e!s n h i s a $$essi n a n " a im e" a t $h a n n el l i n sm e % h i s en e!i es i n t pe!m i ssi 'l e pl ea s(!es7*49 On l + '!i e%l +a l a !m e" '+ th e pi sn i n % B!i ta n n i $( s a n " a $ti n th !( h ( t i n $m pl ete h a !m n + th e+ s( $$ee"e" i n -eepi n p( 'l i $'( si n ess ( t % A !i ppi n a 7s h a n "s a n " i n th ei ! &n * Ta $i t( s a s$!i 'es th e se$!et % th e i n %l ( en $e % Sen e$a t h i st( i ti n % N e!i n p( 'l i $ spea -i n , a n " h i s en a i n m a n n e!s a n " h i h p!i n $i pl es7, th a t % B( !!( s t h i s m i l i ta !+ !espn si 'i li ti es a n "a ( ste!i t+ % $h a !a $te!7*4Th e t& % th em t- # e! tta l p&e!, a n " e6 e!$i se" i t, t th e ( tm st % th ei ! a 'i l i t+ , i n th e 'est a n " >( stest &a + $n$ei # a 'l e,th ( s ea $h a l i -e a !( si n a l l m en 7s a pp!# a l 7 1Di 5*43


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!"s e6 .sl a # es&h h ea "e" "epa !tm en ts i n Cl a ( "i ( s7 a "m i n i st!a ti n G % e6 t!a # a a n $e, i n spi te % 1a l l ee"l + 5 i # i n 'a n 0( etsse!# e" a t %i # eh ( n "!e" i "en ti $a l ta 'l es % $i t!( s &" &i th i # !+ l esG a n ", a '# e a l l , % &ea l th *


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l ss % a l l h i s i n %l ( en $e # e! N e!, th e Spa n i a !" $( l " h a !"l + h a # e h pe" t 'e % ( se%( l se!# i $e a n + l n e! t the R m a n &!l ",a n " 1i n a n a e i n &h i $h m a n + l i # e" i n !e$( !!en t "!ea " % a $a p!i $i ( s em pe!!7s m essa e "em a n "i n , 'l i 0( el +! th e!&i se,th e !e$i pi en t7s s( i $i "e5 th e a l te!n a ti # e t h i s !eti !em en t &a s ( n "( 'te"l + "ea th * Ce!ta i n th e! Sti $s, i n "ee",st" ( p tem pe!!s a n " &e!e !e&a !"e" %! th ei ! ppsi ti n t m i s!( l e &i th m a !t+ !"m * Sen e$a $h se t spen " &h a t tim e &a s le%t t h im i nph i l sph + , a n " th e !ea "e! m a + 'e l e%t t "e$i "e, i n %a i !n ess n t %!etti n h i s $h !n i $ i l l h ea l th , &h eth e! h i s l a

$- % m !a l$( !a e ( tsi "e th e st( "+ 7 i n th i s ! ea !l i e! e# en ts "et!a $ts %!m h i s a $h i e# em en ts* S( !p!i si n l + , pe!h a ps, th e sati !i st % th e$en t( !+ , H( # en a l , "es n t pi $- n th e "i %%e!en $e 'et&een th i s p( 'l i $ %i ( !e7s $n "( $t a n " h i s ph i l sph i $a lp!%essi n s, %&h i $h a # a !i et+ % l a te! &!i te!s h a # e m a "e pl a + *28 Si !, a !e + ( s !ssl + i n !a n t % h ( m a n n a t( !e,7 a s-e" D!Hh n sn , a s n tt -n & th a t a m a n m a + 'e # e!+ si n $e!e i n " p!i n $i pl es &i th ( t h a # i n " p!a $ti $e7 Sen e$a , a l l th e sam e, ma + &el l 'eh i st!+ 7s m st n ta 'l e e6 am pl e % a m a n &h %a i l e" t l i # e ( p t h i s p!i n $i pl es*Th i s "es n t p!e# en t h im %!m 'ei n th e ( tsta n "i n %i ( !e % h i s a e* Sen e$a , i n th se "a + s ( n s( !pa sse" 'th i nth e %i el " %l ette!s a n " i n p&e! 1p&e! &h i $h a %te!&a !"s !e& t !ea t a n " !e$i l e" ( pn h i s &n h ea "5, &a s th e l a st m a n t 'eim p!esse"'+ th i n s &h i $h "i " n t $( n t,7 sa i " h i s $n tem p!a !+ ;l i n + * Mn e+ , p&e! ! a $h i e# em en ts i n p( 'l i $ l i %e ! lette!s a !e "espi te th e i n te!est % th e l i ttl e &e -n & % h i s $a !ee! n t th e th i n s &i th &h i $h Sen e$a &( l " &a n t t 'e $n ne$te" '+ pepl e

$m i n a $!ss h i s n am e t"a + * Th a t h e "i " n t e6 pe$t t 'e %!tten &e -n & 1i n n e l ette! h e a $t( a l l + p!m i sesL( $i l i ( sim m !ta l i t+ th !( h h a # i n $!!espn "e" &i th h im 5G '( t &h a t h e &( l " h a # e l i -e" t 'e !em em 'e!e" %! &( l "h a # e 'een th e# a l ( e % th e i "ea s &h i $h , s h e tel l s L( $i l i ( s i n h i s ei h th l ette!, h e &a s $m m i tti n t &!i ti n i n th e h pe th a tth e+ m i h t 'e %( se t l a te! en e!a ti n s7*SENECA AND PHILOSOPHY

Sti $i sm , %! $en t( !i es th e m st i n %l ( en ti a l ph i l sph + i n th e @!a e$.R m a n &!l ", h a " a l n h i st!+ 'e%!e Sene$a * F( n "e"'+ ?en 1'!n % ;h en i $i a n "es$en t i n C+ p!( s $* K9 B*C*5 &h h a " ta ( h t ! l e$t( !e" i n a &el l .-n &n stoa 1a $ln n a "e !p!$h 5 h en $e th e n am e i n A th en s, i t h a " 'een "e# el pe" a n " m "i %i e" '+ a s( $$essi n % th i n -e!s &h se pi n in s n # a !i ( sl i $a l , eth i $a l ! $sm l i $a l 0( esti n s sh &e" sm e %a i ! "i # e!en $i es* A s a m !a l $!ee", h &e# e!, i t &a s 'a se"th !( h ( t nth e %l l &i n %!am e&!- % 'el i e%*Th e Sti $s sa & th e &!l " a s a si n l e !ea t $m m ( n i t+ i n &h i $h a l l m en a !e '!th e!s, !( l e" '+ a s( p!em e p!# i "en$e &h i $h$( l " 'e sp-en %, a l m st a $$!"i n t $h i $e ! $n te6 t, ( n "e! a # a !i et+ % n am es ! "es$!i pti n s i n $l ( "i n th e "i# i n e !ea sn ,$!ea ti # e !ea sn , n a t( !e, th e spi !i t ! p( !pse % th e ( n i # e!se, "esti n + , a pe!sn a l ", e# en 1'+ &a + % $n $essi n tt!a "i ti n a l!el i i n 5 th e "s7* It i s m a n 7s "( t+ t l i # e i n $n %!m i t+ &i th th e "i # i n e &i l l , a n " th i s m ea n s, %i !stl + , '!i n i n h i s l i %e i n t l i n e&i th n a t( !e7s l a &s7, a n " se$n "l + , !esi n i n h im sel % $m pl etel + a n " ( n $m pl a i n i n l + t &h a te# e! %a te m a +sen " h im * On l + '+l i # i n th ( s, a n " n t setti n t h i h a # a l ( e n th i n s &h i $h $a n a t a n + m m en t 'e ta -en a &a + %!m h im , $a n he "i s$# e! th a tt!( e, ( n sh a -ea 'l e pea $e a n " $n ten tm en t t &h i $h am 'i ti n , l ( 6 ( !+ a n " a '# e a l l a # a !i $e a !e am n th e !eatest 'sta $l es*Li # i n i n a $$!"a n $e &i th n a t( !e7 m ea n s n t n l + 0( esti n i n $n # en ti n a n " t!a i n i n ( !sel # es t " &i th( t a l l e6 $ept th en e$essi ti es 1pl a i n %", &a te!, 'a si $ $l th i n a n " sh el te!5 '( t "e# el pi n th e i n '!n i %t % !ea sn &h i $h m a !-s ( s%% a s"i %%e!en t %!m th e a n im a l &!l "*


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&i s"m 1! m !a l i n si h t5, $( !a e, sel %.$n t!l a n " >( sti $e 1! ( p!i h t "ea l i n 5* It en a 'l es a m a n t 'e sel %.s( %%i$i en t7,im m ( n e t s( %%e!i n , s( pe!i ! t th e &( n "s a n " ( psets % l i %e 1%ten pe!sn a l i Je" a s F!t( n a , th e ""ess % %!t( ne5* E# en asl a # e th ( s a !m e" $a n 'e $a l l e" %!ee7, ! i n "ee" ti tl e" a -i n 7 si n $e e# en a -i n $a n n t t( $h h im * A n th e! e6 ampl e % th esepa !a "6 es7 %! &h i $h th e Sti $s &e!e $el e'!a te" i s n e "i !e$te" a t th e # a n i t+ % &!l "l + pssessi n s: th e sh !test !(te t &ea l thi s th e $n tem pt % &ea l th *74

Th i s eth i $, teth e! &i th i ts 'a $-i n i n a s+ stem % ph + si $s a n " l i $, h a " %i !st 'een i # en sh a pe i n th e m i n "s % thi n -e!s &h ,a l th ( h @!ee-.spea -i n , &e!e %! th e m st pa !t n t % E( !pea n "es$en t, $m i n %!m pl a $es i n A si a Mi n ! ! th eLe# a n t l i -eTa !s( s, C+ p!( s, a n " Ba '+ l n * Th i s "es n t seem t h a # e !e"( $e" th e a ppea l i t m a "e t e"( $a te" R m a n s &h en , a!( n " th em i ""l e % th e se$n " $en t( !+ B*C*, i t %i !st $am e t th ei ! n ti $e* Th e "( ti es i t i n $( l $a te" $( !a e a n " en "( !a n $e,sel %.$n t!la n " sel %.!el i a n $e, ( p!i h t $n "( $t a n " >( st "ea l i n , sim pl e a n " ( n l ( 6 ( !i ( s h a 'i ts, !a ti n a l i t+ , 'e"i en $et th e sta te &e!esel %.e# i "en t t m a n + R m a n s, $!!espn "i n 0( i te $l sel + t th e t!a "i ti n a l i "ea % virtus* Th e "e# el pm en t % thejus naturae'+8th e R m a n >( !i sts a n " ;si "n i ( s7 i "en ti %i $a ti n % th e Sti $ &!l " $m m ( n i t+ ! cosmopolis &i th th e R m a nEm pi !e m a "e i tsa $$epta n $e e# en ea si e!* A t a l a te! "a te th e Sti $ # i e& % th e !( l e! 1th i s te!m i n $l ( "i n # e!n !s, m a i st!a tes a n "a "m i n i st!a ti # e %%i $i a l s52 a s a m a n &h se a $ti n s $( l " 'e $!i ti $i Je", a n " e# en a s a m i n i ste! ! se!# a n t, &a s t'e "i sl i -e" '+

em pe!!s, sm e % &h m !epl i e" '+ e6 pel l i n th e ph i l sph e!s7* B( t Sti $s &e!e ( s( a l l + %a ! %!m h sti l e t m n a!$h + a s s( $h ,h &e# e! pen l + th e+ "e$l a !e" th a t !a n - $( n te" %! n th i n a a i n st th e "( t+ % a l l m en , &h a te# e! th ei ! sta ti n ,t pl a + th ei !pa !t i n l i %e &el l *Despi te i ts &i "e a $$epta n $e i n e"( $a te" $i !$l es, ea !l + Sti $i sm h a " a %!'i ""i n a spe$t &h i $h &en t %a ! t e6 pl a i n its %a i l ( !e ti n %l ( en $e th e m a sses* Th e!e &a s sm eth i n ( n !ea l ! %i $ti n a l a '( t th e sapie ns, th e &i se m a n ! ph i l sph e!*Th i s i "ea l %i ( !eseem e", %!m th e &a + th e Sti $ l e$t( !e!s ta l -e", t h a # e sm eh & 'e$m e pe!%e$t i n sm e s( ""en t!a n s%!m a ti n l n a G!a "( a l sel %.im p!# em en t &a s h a !"l + "i s$( sse"* Th e ta !et i t set seem e" t h i h %! !"i n a !+ m en * It sti %l e" a n "!ep!esse"!"i n a !+ h ( m a n em ti n s i n st!i # i n a %te! apathe ia, im m ( n i t+ t %eel i n G Ca t, th e !ea t Sti $ sa i n t, i s !ep!te"t h a # ee6 p!esse" !e!et a t h a # i n -i sse" h i s &i %e i n a m m en t % "a n e!* It h el " th a t i n $e!ta i n $i !$( m sta n $es a m a n 7ssel %.!espe$tm i h t i n # i te, a s a n a $t % s( p!em e n 'i l i t+ , h i s s( i $i "e* In p( !s( i n th e i "ea l % autare ia, sel %.s( %%i $i en $+ , i tseem e" t m a -eth e pe!%e$t m a n a pe!sn "eta $h e" a n " a l % %!m h i s %el l &s, s( pe!i ! t th e &!l " h e l i # e" i n * A l teth e! th e imp!essi n i t$n # e+ e", %! a l l i ts i "ea l i sm a n " si n $e!i t+ , $( l " 'e $l ", "m a ti $ a n " ( n !ea l i sti $* Sen e$a 7s $n t!i '( ti n t an $i en tph i l sph + l a + i n th e h ( m a n i Ja ti n % th i s $!ee", $n ti n ( i n a p!$ess 'e( n l n 'e%!e i n R h "es a n " R m e'+ ;a n a eti ( sa n " ;si "n i ( s*A l th ( h Sen e$a &!te %! a !el a ti # el + n a !!& $i !$l e % e"( $a te" pe!sn s 1( s( a l l + a ""!essi n h i s $m psi ti n s ta pa !ti $( l a !%!i en " ! !el a ti # e a s i % h e &e!e th a t pe!sn 7s spe$i a l spi !i t( a l a "# i se!5 h i s l ette!s a n " essa + s sh & a Sti $i sm m !e$l sel +!e$n $i l e" &i th th e %a $ts a n " %!a i l t+ % h ( m a n n a t( !e* Th e i "ea l % apathe ia i s m ( $h m "i %i e"* Sel %.s( %%i $i en t th( h h e i s, th esapie ns $a n n & h a # e %!i en "s a n " $a n !i e# e, &i th i n l im i ts, a t th e l ss % n e* It h a s 'e$m e h i s "( t+ t 'e -i n " an " %!i # i n t&a !"s th e!s, i n "ee" t l i # e %! th e th e! pe!sn 7* In h i s &a + % l i # i n h e sh ( l " a # i " 'ei n sten ta ti ( sl + "i

%%e!en t %!mth se h e t!i es t &i n %!m m !a l i n !a n $e* /e h a s t 'a ttl e l i -e th e !est a a i n st h i s %a i l i n s, i n a l n a n " pa i n%( l p!!esst&a !"s pe!%e$ti n i n &h i $h a l l $a n " &i th h el p %!m a '# e ! th e i n spi !a ti n % th e!s7 e6 am pl e* Sen e$a h im sel %,&e 'se!# e,$$a si n a l l + m a -es im m "est sta tem en ts $n $e!n i n h i s &n p!!ess, '( t i s $a pa 'l e % h ( m i l i t+ , a s i n n e"es$!i pti n %h im sel % a s a l n &a + %!m 'ei n a tl e!a 'l e, l et a l n e a pe!%e$t h ( m a n 'ei n 7*)In sta tem en ts % m a n 7s -i n sh i p &i th a 'en e%i $en t, e# en l # i n " a n " % a 'el i e% i n $n s$i en $e a s th e "i # i n el + i nspi !e" i n n e!l i h t % th e spi !i t7, h i s a tti t( "es a !e !el i i ( s 'e+ n " a n + th i n i n R m a n sta te !el i i n , i n h i s "a + l i ttl e m !eth a n a &i th e!e"s( !# i # a l % %!m a l &!sh i p pa i " t a h st % a n $i en t "s a n " ""esses* Ch !i sti a n &!i te!s h a # e n t 'een sl & t


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!e$n i Je th e!em a !-a 'l + $l se pa !a l l el s 'et&een i sl a te" sen ten $es i n Sen e$a 7s &!i t i n s a n " # e!ses % th e Bi 'l e*9 On th e th e!h a n " th e&!" @"7 ! th e "s7 &a s ( se" '+ th e ph i l sph e!s m !e a s a tim e.h n ( !e" a n " $n # en i en t e6 p!essi n th a n a ssta n "i n %!a n + i n "i spen sa 'l e ! e# en s( !el + i "en ti %i a 'l e $m pn en t % th e Sti $ s+ stem * A n " th e ten "en $+ % Sti $i sm &a s al &a + s t e6 a l tm a n 7s im p!ta n $e i n th e ( n i # e!se !a th e! th a n t a 'a se h im 'e%!e a h i h e! a ( th !i t+ * Th e h pe % im m !ta l i t+&a s $$a si n a l l +

h el " ( t '( t Sen e$a "es n t pl a + n i t* T h im a s t m st Sti $s # i !t( e &a s t 'e l -e" n a s i ts &n !e&a !" a n " # i$e a s i ts &np( n i sh m en t* Th e !el i i ( s h ( n e! % th e m a sses % h i s "a + &a s t 'e m et n t '+ ph i l sph + '( t '+ th e $( l ts % Isis a n " Mi th !a sa n " Ch !i sti a n i t+ *F! th e a n $i en t &!l ", th en , a pa !t %!m !e# i # i n ph i l sph + i n La ti n l i te!a t( !e, h e spi !i t( a l i Je" a n " h ( m a n iJe"7 Sti $i sm *( st en te!ta i n i n *73 E# en spe$( l a ti n n th e n a t( !e ! m ea n i n % th e ( n i # e!se&a s % se$n "a !+ im p!ta n $e, sm eth i n &h i $h th e ph i l sph e! m i h t ! m i h t n t, a s h e $h se, ta -e ( p i n l ei s(!e m m en ts* Aph i l sph e!7s &!"s sh ( l " 1a s a ( a -e! m i h t p( t i t5 spea - t ( ! $n "i ti n 7* Fi el "i n 7s 'se!# a ti n th a t %e&pepl e i n th epsi ti n % 'ei n # e!l a "e" &i th p!spe!i t+ ! a "# e!si t+ 7 $( l " 'e t &i se ! t %l i sh n t t a i n %!m !ea "i n Sen e$a m i h th a # e !a ti %i e" h im n t m e!el + a s a n i n "i $a ti n th a t h i s &!i ti n s &e!e p!# i n % ( se7 t l a te! en e!a ti n s, '( t a ls a s sh &i n th a t a ph i l sph e! $( l " sti l l 'e !ea !"e" a s sm en e t 'e t( !n e" t %! a "# i $e ! $n sl a ti n * T Sen e$a , a s Lette!C a n " th e!l ette!s pl a i n l + sh &, th e ph i l sph e! a n " th e &i se m a n &e!e th e sam e pe!sn *e$t % st( "+ spee$h es,pem s, l ette!s, "i a l ( es a l l s( !# i # i n *7 M( $h % th i s i s l st, i n $l ( "i n a l l h i s spee$h es 1pl i ti $a l a n " %!en si $5,a 'i !a ph + %h i s %a th e!, a n " essa + s ! t!ea ti ses n m a !!i a e, s( pe!sti ti n a n " a # a !i et+ % th e! s( '>e$ts, m a i n l + s$i en ti %i $*Th e &!-s !em a i n i n t ( s 1a pa !t %!m '!i e% pem s ! epi !am s &h se a tt!i '( ti n t Sen e$a i s sm etim es "( 't%( l 5a !e % t&m a i n -i n "s* Th e!e a !e, %i !st, th e ph i l sph i $a l l ette!s a n " essa + s, i n $l ( "i n t!ea ti ses &i th s( $h ti tl es a s $heHappy Life % $heS hortne ss of Life % &rovide nce % Ange r% 'le me ncy% &roble ms in (atural S cie nce a n " l i te!a !+ consolatione s tpe!sn s i n'e!ea # em en t* A n " se$n "l + th e!e a !e th e t!a e"i es, p!'a 'l + n e# e! sta e" a n " i n ten "e" n l + %! !ea "i n ! !e$i tati n am n a!el a ti # el + sm a l l $i !$l e*


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Th e n e h ( n "!e" a n " t&en t+ %( ! l ette!s t L( $i l i ( s $m p!i se sm eth i n en ti !el + n e& i n l i te!a t( !e* F! i n th ese,&h i $h &e!e h i sm st $n spi $( ( s a n " im m e"i a te l i te!a !+ s( $$ess, Sen e$a i % a n + n e i s th e %( n "e! % th e Essa + * A s F!a n $i s Ba$n p( t i t t;!i n $e /en !+ i n th e "e"i $a ti n % h i s &n Essays: Th e &!" i s l a te, '( t th e th i n i s a ( n $i en t* F! Sen e$a es Epi stles t L( $i l i ( s,+ % n e m a !-e th em &el l , a !e '( t Essa i es, th a t i s, "i spe!se" Me"i ta $i n s, th ( h e $n # e+ e" i n th e %!m e % Epi stles*7 Th e EpistulaeMorale s a !e essa + s i n "i s( i se* It h a s 'een sa i "8 th a t th e+ &e!e !ea l l ette!s e"i te" %! p( 'l i $a ti n * It seem s m st l i

-el + th a tth e+ &e!e i n ten "e" %!m th e %i !st %! p( 'l i $a ti n , pssi 'l + p!e$e"e" '+ a n i n te!# a l % p!i # a te $i !$( l a ti n * N !epl ies h a # e $m e"&n t ( s*Th e a tm sph e!e # a !i es %!m th a t % l i # el + , n t t sa + $l l 0( i a l , $n # e!sa ti n t th a t % th e se!i ( s t!ea ti seG i t i s$$a si n a l l +!a i se" t h i h e! l e# el s,)'( t en e!a l l + !em a i n s i n %!m a l * Th e tea $h i n 7 i s en e!( sl + e$l e$ti $G th e %i !st th i !t+ lette!s ea $h$n ta i n sm e 0( ta ti n %!m ! !e%e!en $e t &!i ti n s % th e m a i n !i # a l ph i l sph i $a l s$h l , th e Epi $( !ea n s* Th ei n t!"( $ti n %im a i n a !+ 0( e!i es ! '>e$ti n s 1%ten s$a th i n i n tn e5 %!m th e $!!espn "en t ! a n th e! i n te!>e$t! a n " th e %!e0(en t a n "( !en t e6 h !ta ti n % th e l i sten e! t sel %.im p!# em en t s( est th e a tm sph e!e % th e "i a t!i 'e, &h i l e $n %i "en $es a'( t th e&!i te!7s &n $h a !a $te! a n " th e n t ( n $m m n $h i $e % $n sl a ti n ! %!i en "sh i p a s a th em e se!# e t -eep ( p th e ai ! % th e l ette!*;e!sn a l h a ppen i n s ! s( !!( n "i n s a !e !e( l a !l + m a "e th e $$a si n %, ! th e p!el im i n a !+ t, se!i ( s !e%l e$ti ns i n th e

a 'st!a $t* Th e!e a !e a l s 'i ti n $n "em n a ti n s % &a + s % l i %e a !( n " th e &!i te!, pa !ti $( l a !l + am n th e '!e" a n" pl ea s( !esee-in R m a n a !i st$!a $+ * R m i s %( n " t %! $( l t( !e, i n a n a ssim i l a 'l e %!m , i n 'a l a n $e" "i s$( ssi n s % tim e.hn ( !e"ph i l sph i $a l ! eth i $a l p!'l em s,)4 ! i n th e "e# el pm en t % th ( h ts n , %! e6 am pl e, pet!+ , ! ph + si $a l ph enm en a , ! st+ l e*His styleSt+ l e, &i th Sen e$a , i s % $n si "e!a 'l e im p!ta n $e* N t&i th sta n "i n h i s &n $n "em n a ti n )2 % pepl e &h i # e less a tten ti n t&h a t th e+ h a # e t sa + th a n t how th e+ &i l l sa + i t, h e i s a si n a l e6 am pl e % a &!i te! t &h m %!m m a tte!e" a s m ($h a s $n ten t*In &!i te!s l i -e h im 1i n &h a t h a s $m m n l + 'een $a l l e" th e Si l # e! A e % La ti n l i te!a t( !e5, $n sta n t st!i # i n a %te!te!sen ess a n "!i i n a l i t+ % e6 p!essi n a # e !i se t a n a !!esti n a n " n t ea si l + "i este" st+ l e*Th e!e &e!e !ea sn s %! th e "e# el pm en t % th i s pi n te"7 st+ l e* e$ts5 a n " "el i 'e!a te $( l ti # a ti n % th e ea s+ ,$n # e!sa ti n a l m a n n e! a !e sm eh & !e$n $i l e" &i th el em en ts % st+ l e, e# en i n th e Lette!s, &h i $h t ( s seem h i h l+ &!( h t

a n " pl i sh e"* Th e e6 pl i ta ti n % s( $h %i ( !es a s a n ti th esi s, a l l i te!a ti n , h m etel e( ta a n " a l l m a n n e! % the! pl a + s ( pn&!"s, pa !a "6 a n " 6 +m !n , a ppsi ti n a n " a s+ n "etn , th e ( se % $a ses a n " p!epsi ti n s i n ( n $m m n $n nta ti n s, a l l$n t!i '( te t th e t&i n a im s % '!e# i t+ a n " spa !-l e*Th e !es( l t m a + !ea " m !e n a t( !a l l + i n La ti n th a n i t e# e! $( l " i n En l i sh , '( t i s n n e th e l ess a pt t l ea # e th e!ea "e! "a JJl e"a n " %a ti ( e"7*)A l l th e &ea l th a n " i n en ( i t+ % epi !am a n " i l l ( st!a ti n "es n t p!e# en t ( s %!m %eel i n th a tth e sen ten $es44%ten sim pl + !epea t th e sam e th ( h t, $l th e" i n $n sta n tl + "i %%e!en t ( i ses, # e! a n " # e! a a i n 7, a s F!n t $mpl a i n e" i n th e$en t( !+ %l l &i n * A n " th i s !el ( $ta n $e, a s i t a ppea !s, t sa + &h a t n e h a s t sa + a n " th en h a # e "n e &i th i t i n


9/93

stea " %$n ti n ( i n th e !estl ess m a n ( %a $t( !e % + et 'l "e!, m !e h a !".h i tti n ! m !e %i n i sh e" sen ten $es ! p!# e!'s, smetim esa !( ses th e im pa ti en $e % m !e m "e!n !ea "e!s* Th e!e i s Ma $a ( l a + 7s $el e'!a te" sta tem en t i n a l ette! t a %!i en ": I$a n n t 'ea !Sen e$a /i s &!-s a !e m a "e ( p % m ttes* Th e!e i s h a !"l + a sen ten $e &h i $h m i h t n t 'e 0( te"G '( t t !ea " h imst!a i h t%!&a !" i s l i -e "i n i n n n th i n '( t a n $h # + sa ( $e*7 ( i n ti l i a n )) $n si "e!e" th a t Sen e$a , &h m '+ an " l a !e h e!espe$te" a n " a "m i !e", &ea -en e" th e %!$e % h i s tea $h i n '+ h i s m a n n e! % &!i ti n , a n " th e!s h a # e &n "e!e"

&h eth e! h i sst+ l e i s n t ( n &!th + % h i s s( '>e$t*It i s i n te!esti n t h ea ! ( i n ti l i a n spea -i n % h i s st!( l e t &i n h i s st( "en ts a &a + %!m s( $h m "el s a s Sen e$a1&h , h e sa i ",p!a $ti $a l l + a l n e am n a ( th !s &a s t 'e %( n " n th e sh el # es % e# e!+ + ( n m a n a t th a t tim e75* A s a n a $a"em i $i a n &h st"%! !th "6 + a n " a !et( !n t th e l "e! ! Ci $e!n i a n m a n n e!, h e $( l " n t '!i n h im sel % t i # e th e sea l % h i s app!# a l t a na ( th ! &h se &!i ti n sh &e", i n h i s pi n i n , a "e!ee % $!!( pti n a l l th e m !e "a n e!( s th !( h th e # e!+ a tt!a$ti # en ess %th e %a ( l ts i n &h i $h i t a '( n "s7, a n " &h h a " a $t( a l l + # i $e" th e h e!es+ : Th e!e a !e n %i 6 e" !( l es % st+ l e*7 )9His inf luence and appeal( !n a l , t!em em 'e! th a t l i %e &a s sh !t, t st( "+ ;l a t a n " Sen e$a , l # e h i s &i %e, a n " "i s!ea !" th e &!l "7s pi n i n 7* ( eenEl i Ja 'eth I "i "m ( $h a "m i !e Sen e$a 7s &h l esm e a "# i si n s7, sa + s h e! "sn , Si ! Hh n /a !i n tn , &h sa & m ( $h % h e! t!a n sl ati n th e!e%7*9A l th ( h !ea t l i te!a !+ %i ( !es h a # e ( s( a l l + 'een %n "est % th e l ette!s, i t &a s h i s pl a + s &h i $h , &i th a l l th ei ! %a (l ts, h a " th e!ea test e%%e$t n E( !pea n l i te!a t( !e* I% + ( see- Sen e$a 7s m em !i a l , l - !( n " n th e t!a i $ sta e % En l a n ", F!a


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n $e a n "Ita l + *794Th e l a te El i Ja 'eth a n a e a n " ea !l + se# en teen th $en t( !+ &e!e th e h i h .&a te! m a !- % Sen e$a 7s i n %l ( en $e, a s a &!ite! &el l -n &na n " im i ta te" am n l + !i $ pets a n " essa + i sts a s &el l a s "!am a ti sts*92 /i s pp( l a !i t+ l a ste" %! sm e tim e i n F!a n$e, &h e!e h i sa "m i !e!s i n $l ( "e" Des$a !tes, C!n ei l l e, La Fn ta i n e, ;( ssi n , R ( ssea ( , Di "e!t, Ba l Ja $ a n " Sa i n te.Be( # e, '( t"i sa ppea !e"a l m st a l teth e! i n En l a n "* Th e en th ( si a sm %, %! e6 am pl e, De ( i n $e+ 1A n 'l e! m a ste! % th i n -i n ;a a n i

sm h a s n t tsh e&, n !, &h en th e $a n t % $!i ti $i sm h a s "n e i ts &!st, a m !e '!i l l i a n t m a ste! % $m psi ti n 75 i s e6 $epti n a l , an " Sen e$a , a tth e p!esen t tim e, m a + 'e $a l l e" a %!tten a ( th !*NOTE ON TRANSLATION AND TEXT

T!a n sl a ti n s, a n " th e a im s a n " m eth "s 1&h en th e+ a !e # en t( !esm e en ( h t p!%ess th em 5 % i n "i # i "( a l t!a nsl a t!s, a !e42sel "m h a !" t $!i ti $i Je* B( t h &e# e! %a ! m en % l ette!s m a + %i n " th em sel # es %!m a !eem en t n th e p!i n $i pl es %t!a n sl a ti n%!m a $l a ssi $a l a ( th !, th e i n tel l i en t !ea "e! $a n n l n e! 'e sa ti s%i e" &i th ei th e! a l i te!a l !en "e!i n n th e pai n %( l m "el% th e l ".%a sh i n e" s$h l $!i ' ! a n i n spi !e" pa !a ph !a se h &e# e! a tt!a $ti # e th e !es( l t h a s sm etim es 'een&h en pet h a s!en "e!e" pet* Sm e&h e!e 'et&een th ese t& -i n "s % %%e!i n l i es th e i "ea l t!a n sl a ti n , th e a im % &h i $h I sh ( l ""e%i n e a s th ee6 a $t !ep!"( $ti n % th e !i i n a l &i th ( t m i ssi n ! a ""i ti n , $a pt( !i n i ts s( n " 1%!m , st+ l e5 a s &el l a s i tssen se 1$n ten t,

m ea n i n 5*R ep!"( $ti n % th e st+ l e p!esen ts, e6 $ept &i th !"i n a !+ $n # e!sa ti n a l ! $l l 0( i a l p!se, %!m i "a 'l e p!'l em s*Th ep!a $ti ti n e! %eel s th a t th e a ttem pt i s n e &h i $h sh ( l " 'e m a "e, e# en , i n th e $a se % pet!+ , &i th s "i %%i $( l t a %eat( !e % i t a s i tsm et!i $a l pa tte!n s* Y et th e !es( l t m ( st n e# e! 'e En l i sh s ( n n a t( !a l ! $n t!i # e" 1( n l ess th e !i i n a l i tsel % $l ea!l + set ( t t'ta i n s( $h e%%e$ts5 th a t th e !ea "e! $a n n t stm a $h i t* A n " th i s $n si "e!a ti n h a s tem pe!e" m + %eel i n th a t th e'!e# i t+ !!h et!i $ ! th e! el em en ts % Sen e$a 7s m a n n e! sh ( l " ea $h 'e $l sel + im i ta te"* It i s h a !"l + pssi 'l e, %! i n sta n $e,t !ep!"( $eth e $m p!essi n % s( $h a sen ten $e a s Habe re e ripitur% habuisse num/uam ! Magis /uis ve ne ris /uam /uo intere st* In th i s %i el "% st+ l e i t i s n e# e! pssi 'l e t $l a im th a t a t!a n sl a ti n l ses n th i n 7 % th e 0( a l i ti es % th e !i i n a l *F! &h en a l l i s sa i " a n " "n e a t!a n sl a ti n % a l i te!a !+ &!- m ( st 'e !ea "a 'l e* T spa !e th e !ea "e! th e >a !s &h i $h!em i n " h imth a t h e i s !ea "i n a t!a n sl a ti n , a l l '( t th e %e& tim el ess # e!si n s % th e $l a ssi $a l a ( th !s n ee" t 'e !e# i se" !"n e a %!eshpe!h a ps e# e!+ h a l % $en t( !+ * Th e sam e p!i n $i pl e i n $i "en ta l l + s( ests th a t 's$( !i ti es 1a l l ( si n s, %! e6 am pl e,&h i $h n l + aLa ti n i st &( l " n ti $e ! a pp!e$i a te5 m a + 'e $l a !i %i e" ! !em # e" '+ sl i h t e6 pa n si n , a n " I h a # e a "pte" th i sp!a $ti $e # e!+$$a si n a l l + a s a n a l te!n a ti # e t a "i st!a $ti n !e%e!en $e t a n te*Th e %!m a l 'ei n n i n a n " en "i n % ea $h l ette! 1S e ne ca Lucilio suo salute m a n " 0ale 5 i s m i tte"* Cl l 0( i a l ism s 1i n $l ( "i n th e%!m s i t7s7, &( l "n 7t7, et$* a n " th e e# e!+ "a + h a 'i t % en "i n sen ten $es &i th p!epsi ti n s5 &i l l 'e n ti $e" h e!e a n "th e!eG th e+h a # e 'een ( se" n l + &h e!e Sen e$a 7s l a n ( a e i s th !( h l + $l l 0( i a l ! &h e!e h e i s a !( i n i n th e se$n "pe!sn &i th a nim a i n a !+ i n te!>e$t!*I% a n ea !l i e! t!a n sl a t! h a s h i t n a ph !a se &h i $h n e 'e$m es 1( n &i l l i n l + 5 $n # i n $e" $a n n t 'e 'ette!e", i t i ss( !el + a 's( !" th e m !e s i % n e 'el i e# es th a t th e!e i s a l m st a l &a + s n l + n e 'est !en "e!i n i n th e l a n ( a e % th e t!a n sl at!7s "a + tp!$ee" &i th a p!e! ! l ess a $$( !a te n e m e!el + %! th e sa -e % !i i n a l i t+ * I am i n "e'te" i n th i s &a + i n a n ( m 'e!

% pl a $es t@( m m e!e a n " Ba !-e!, th e t!a n sl a t!s i n th e Le' 14843 295 a n " Cl a !en "n ;!ess 14825 # e!si n s !espe$ti # el + *Th e t!a n sl a ti n , !i i n a l l + 'a se" n Bel t!am i 7s te6 t 14845, h a s 'een '!( h t i n t l i n e &i th th e O6 %!" Cl a ssi $a lTe6 t 14895 %M! L* D* R e+ n l "s, t &h m I am !a te%( l %! h el p n se# e!a l pi n ts % "i %%i $( l t+ * M+ a pp!e$i a ti n i s e6 ten "e" a l st # a !i ( s%!i en "s &h m a + n t &el l !e$a l l th e h el p ! i n te!est a n " en $( !a em en t a t n e tim e ! a n th e! i # en '+ th em , a n" am n th emt m + %!m e! t( t!s M! T* C*


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It m a + 'e a s-e" &h a t $!i te!i a h a # e 'een a ppl i e" i n "e$i "i n &h i $h l ette!s sh ( l " 'e i n $l ( "e" ! m i tte"* Th e %i !sth a s 'een th ei !i n te!est a s th e+ set ( t a ph i l sph + a n " $n t!i '( te t a pi $t( !e % a m a n a n " % h i s tim es* Th e se$n " h a s 'een the a # i "a n $e %( n "( e !epeti ti n % pa !ti $( l a ! th em es ! tpi $s % a m !a l i st &h ten "s t&a !"s !epeti ti # en ess* F! sim i l a ! !ea sns n e ! t& %th e l ette!s h a # e 'een sh !ten e" '+ th e m i ssi n % a %e& pa ssa es 1a t pl a $es i n "i $a te"5* M+ ( l tim a te "e%en $e m ( st'e th ea n th l i st7s pl ea , ! $n %essi n , th a t th e $h i $e h a s 'een a pe!sn a l n e*

POSTSCRIPT TO INTRODUCTIONIt i s pe!h a ps h a !" t !esi st 0( ti n h e!e 1i n n &a + see-i n t "i sa !m $!i ti $i sm 5 %!m th e p!e%a $e a n " psts$!i pt tth e a n th l +S e ne ca+ s Morals by 2ay of Abstract p( 'l i sh e" '+ Si ! R e! L7Est!a n e i n 43 :Sm e th e! Ma n , i n m + ;l a $e, &( l " pe!$h a n $e, m a -e + ( t&en t+ A pl i es, %! h i s &a n t % S-i l l , a n " A ""!ess, i n# e!n i n th i s A %%a i !, '( t th ese a !e 3ormal, a n " &e danti/ue 3oole rie s: A s i % a n + Ma n th a t %i !st ta -es h im sel % %! a C6 $m 'i n h i s &n/ea !t, &( l " a %te!&a !"s m a -e h im sel % n e i n ;!i n t t* Th i sAbstract, s( $h a s i t i s, + ( a !e e6 t!em el + &el $m e tGa n " I am s!!+i t i s n 'ette!, 'th %! + ( ! sa -es a n " m + &n : %! i % i t &e!e &!i tten ( p t th e Spi !i t % th e Original, i t &( l " 'e n e %th e m st# a l ( a 'l e ;!esen ts th a t e# e! a n + p!i # a te Ma n 'est&7" ( pn th e ;( 'l i $-:B-s, and Di sh es have this 'ommon 3ate 4 the re was ne ve r a n + On e, of Ei th e! of the m% that ple as+ d A l l ;a l ates*And% in $ruth% it is aTh i n as little to be


12/93

"i %%e!en t th ( h ts, pi $- ( t n e t 'e "i este" th !( h l + th a t "a + * Th i s i s &h a t I " m + sel %G ( t % th e m a n + 'i ts Ih a # e 'een!ea "i n I, l a + h l " % n e* M+ th ( h t %! t"a + i s sm eth i n &h i $h I %( n " i n Epi $( !( s 1+ es, I a $t( a l l + m a -e ap!a $ti $e % i n # e! t th e en em + 7s $am p '+ &a + % !e$n n a i ssa n $e, n t a s a "ese!te!5* A $h ee!%( l p# e!t+ ,7 h e sa + s, i s a n h n (!a 'l e sta te*7B( t i % i t i s $h ee!%( l i t i s n t p# e!t+ a t a l l * It i s n t th e m a n &h h a s t l i ttl e &h i s p!, '( t th e n e &h h a n-e!s a %te! m !e*


13/93

e i # e + ( ,th ( h , th i s n e pi e$e % a "# i $e: !e%!a i n %!m %l l &i n th e e6 am pl e % th se &h se $!a # i n i s %! a tten ti n , n tth ei ! &nim p!# em en t, '+ "i n $e!ta i n th i n s &h i $h a !e $a l $( l a te" t i # e !i se t $m m en t n + ( ! a ppea !a n $e ! &a + %l i # i n en e!a l l + * A # i " sh a ''+ a tti !e, l n h a i !, a n ( n -em pt 'ea !", a n ( tsp-en "i sl i -e % si l # e!&a !e, sl eepi n n th e!( n " a n " a l lth e! m i s( i "e" m ea n s t sel %.a "# e!ti sem en t* Th e # e!+ n am e % ph i l sph + , h &e# e! m "est th e m a n n e! i n &h i$h i t i s p( !s( e",

i s ( n pp( l a ! en ( h a s i t i s: im a i n e &h a t th e !ea $ti n &( l " 'e i % &e sta !te" "i ss$i a ti n ( !sel # es %!m th e$n # en ti n s %s$i et+ * In &a !"l + e# e!+ th i n sh ( l " 'e "i %%e!en t '( t ( ! ( t&a !" %a $e sh ( l " $n %!m &i th th e $!&"* O( ! $l th essh ( l " n t 'ea ( "+ , + et th e+ sh ( l " n t 'e "&"+ ei th e!* ( st l i -e th e! pepl e Is th e!e t 'e n "i sti n $ti n 'et&een ( s a n " th em 7 Mst $e!ta i nl + th e!e i s*A n + $l se 'se!# e! sh ( l " 'e a &a !e th a t &e a !e "i %%e!en t %!m th e m '* A n + n e en te!i n ( ! h m es sh ( l " a "m i!e ( s !a th e!th a n ( ! %( !n i sh i n s* It i s a !ea t m a n th a t $a n t!ea t h i s ea !th en &a !e a s i % i t &a s si l # e!, a n " a m a n &h t!ea ts hi s si l # e! a s i % i t&a s ea !th en &a !e i s n l ess !ea t* Fi n "i n &ea l th a n i n tl e!a 'l e '( !"en i s th e m a !- % a n ( n sta 'l e m i n "*B( t l et m e sh a !e &i th + ( a s ( s( a l th e "a + 7s sm a l l %i n " 1&h i $h t"a + i s sm eth i n th a t I n ti $e" i n th e Sti $ &!ite! /e$a t5*Lim i ti n n e7s "esi !es a $t( a l l + h el ps t $( !e n e % %ea !* Cea se t h pe,7 h e sa + s, a n " + ( &i l l $ea se t %ea !*7 B( t h&,7 + ( &i l la s-, $a n th i n s a s "i # e!se a s th ese 'e l i n -e"7


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m e sta !t t %eela s( !e! %a i th i n th e %!i en "sh i p th a t e6 i sts 'et&een ( s, th a t t!( e %!i en "sh i p &h i $h n t h pe n ! %ea ! n ! $n $e!n %!pe!sn a la "# a n ta e e# e! s( n "e!s, th a t %!i en "sh i p i n &h i $h a n " %! &h i $h pepl e a !e !ea "+ t "i e* I $a n i # e + ( pl en t+ % e6am pl es %pepl e &h h a # e n t 'een l a $-i n a %!i en " '( t %!i en "sh i p, sm eth i n th a t $a n n e# e! h a ppen &h en m ( t( a l i n $l in a ti n "!a &st& pe!sn a l i ti es teth e! i n a %el l &sh i p % "esi !e %! a l l th a t i s h n ( !a 'l e* + i n l ea !n i n i s th a t i tp( ts m e i n apsi ti n t tea $h G n th i n , h &e# e! ( tsta n "i n a n " h &e# e! h el p%( l , &i l l e# e! i # e m e a n + pl ea s( !e i % th e -n&l e"e i s t 'e %!m + 'en e%i t a l n e* I% &i s"m &e!e %%e!e" m e n th e n e $n "i ti n th a t I sh ( l " -eep i t sh ( t a &a + a n " n t "i # ( l e it t a n + n e, Ish ( l " !e>e$t i t* Th e!e i s n en >+ i n th e pssessi n % a n + th i n # a l ( a 'l e ( n l ess n e h a s sm en e t sh a !e i t &ith * I sh a l l sen "49+ ( , a $$!"i n l + , th e a $t( a l '-s th em sel # es, a n " t sa # e + ( a l t % t!( 'l e h ( n ti n a l l # e! th e pl a $e %! passa es l i -el + t 'e% ( se t + ( , I sh a l l m a !- th e pa ssa es s th a t + ( $a n t( !n st!a i h t a &a + t th e &!"s I a pp!# e a n " a "m i !e*;e!sn a l $n # e!se, th ( h , a n " "a i l + i n tim a $+ &i th sm en e &i l l 'e % m !e 'en e%i t t + ( th a n a n + "i s$( !se* Y( sh ( l "!ea l l + 'e h e!e a n " n th e spt, %i !stl + 'e$a ( se pepl e 'el i e# e th ei ! e+ es !a th e! m !e th a n th ei ! ea !s, a n " se$n "l +

'e$a ( se th e!a " i s a l n n e i % n e p!$ee"s '+ &a + % p!e$epts '( t sh !t a n " e%%e$t( a l i % '+ &a + % pe!sn a l e6 am pl e* Cl ea n th es&( l " n e# e!h a # e 'een th e im a e % ?en i % h e h a " m e!el + h ea !" h im l e$t( !eG h e l i # e" &i th h im , st( "i e" h i s p!i # a te l i %e, &at$h e" h im t seei % h e l i # e" i n a $$!"a n $e &i th h i s &n p!i n $i pl e* ;l a t, A !i sttl e a n " a h st % th e! ph i l sph e!s a l l "esti n e" tta -e "i %%e!en tpa th s, "e!i # e" m !e %!m S$!a tes7 $h a !a $te! th a n %!m h i s &!"s* It &a s n t Epi $( !( s7 s$h l '( t l i # i n ( n "e! th esam e !% a sEpi $( !( s th a t t( !n e" Met!"!( s, /e!m a !$h ( s a n " ;l + a en ( s i n t !ea t m en * A n " + et I " n t s( m m n + ( tm + si "e sl el + %!th e sa -e % + ( ! &n p!!ess '( t %! m + &n a s &el l , %! &e sh a l l 'e % th e ( tm st 'en e%i t t ea $h th e!*Mea n &h i l e, si n $e I &e + ( th e "a i l + a l l &a n $e, I7l l tel l + ( &h a t t- m + %a n $+ i n th e &!i ti n s % /e$a t t"a + *


15/93

e# e!+ th !( st th e+ l a ( n $h ets h m e* A !ea t m a n + spe$ta t!s p!e%e! th i s t th e !"i n a !+ m a t$h es a n " e# en t th espe$i a l ,pp( l a ! "em a n " n es* A n " 0( i te n a t( !a l l + * Th e!e a !e n h el m ets a n " n sh i el "s !epel l i n th e &ea pn s* ( st m a -es th e "ea th sl &e! i n $m i n * In th e m !n i n m en a !e th !&nt th e l i n sa n " th e 'ea !s: '( t i t i s th e spe$ta t!s th e+ a !e th !&n t i n th e l ( n $h h ( !* Th e spe$ta t!s i n si st th a t ea $h n -i l l in h i s m a nsh a l l 'e th !&n a a i n st a n th e! t 'e -i l l e" i n h i s t( !n G a n " th e e# en t( a l # i $t! i s !ese!# e" '+ th em %! sm e th

e! %!m %'( t$h e!+ G th e n l + e6 i t %! th e $n testa n ts i s "ea th * Fi !e a n " steel -eep th e sl a ( h te! i n * A n " a l l th i s h a ppen s&h i l e th ea !en a i s # i !t( a l l + em pt+ *B( t h e &a s a h i h &a + !''e!, h e -i l l e" a m a n *7 A n " &h a t % i t @!a n te" th a t a s a m ( !"e!e! h e "ese!# e" th i s p( n ish m en t, &h a th a # e + ( "n e, + ( &!et$h e" %el l &, t "ese!# e t &a t$h i t =i l l h im Fl h im B( !n h im !i t+ * A S$!a tes, a Ca t ! a La el i ( s m i h t h a # e 'een sh a -en i n h i s p!i n $i pl es '+ a m ( l ti t("e % pepl e"i %%e!en t %!m h im sel %: s( $h i s th e m ea s( !e % th e i n a 'i l i t+ % a n + % ( s, e# en a s &e pe!%e$t ( ! pe!sn a l i t+ 7s a ">(stm en t, t&i th sta n " th e n set % # i $es &h en th e+ $m e &i th s( $h a m i h t+ %l l &i n * A si n l e e6 am pl e % e6 t!a # a a n $e !!ee" "es a l t% h a !m a n i n tim a te &h l ea "s a pam pe!e" l i %e !a "( a l l + m a -es n e s%t a n " %l a ''+ G a &ea l th + n ei h '( ! p!#-es $!a # i n si n n eG a $m pa n i n &i th a m a l i $i ( s n a t( !e ten "s t !( ' %% sm e % h i s !( st e# en n sm en e % a n i n n $en t a n" pen .h ea !te"n a t( !e &h a t th en " + ( im a i n e th e e%%e$t n a pe!sn 7s $h a !a $te! i s &h en th e a ssa ( l t $m es %!m th e &!l " a t l a!e Y (m ( st i n e# i ta 'l + ei th e! h a te ! im i ta te th e &!l "* B( t th e !i h t th i n i s t sh ( n 'th $( !ses: + ( sh ( l " n ei th e!'e$m e l i -e th e'a " 'e$a ( se th e+ a !e m a n + , n ! 'e a n en em + % th e m a n + 'e$a ( se th e+ a !e ( n l i -e + ( * R eti !e i n t + ( !sel % a s m( $h a s + ( $a n *A ss$i a te &i th pepl e &h a !e l i -el + t im p!# e + ( *


16/93

$m es %!m th e m a >!i t+ 7s a pp!# a l * Th e m a n + spea - h i h l + % + ( , '( t h a # e + ( !ea l l + a n + !( n "s %! sa ti s%a$ti n &i th+ ( !sel % i % + ( a !e th e -i n " % pe!sn th e m a n + ( n "e!sta n " Y ( ! m e!i ts sh ( l " n t 'e ( t&a !" %a $i n *LETTER VIII

A R E + ( , % a l l pepl e7, + ( &!i te, !ea l l + tel l i n m e t a # i " th e $!&", t !eti !e %!m th e &!l " a n " %i n " $n ten tmen t i n a "$n s$i en $e


17/93

l i n es t 'e %( n " l + i n a '( t i n %a !$es a l n e Th i n - % th e n ( m 'e! % ;( 'l i l i ( s7 # e!ses th a t !ea l l + ( h t t 'esp-en '+ a $t!s&ea !i n th e t!a i $ '( s-i n s i n stea " % 'a !e%te" pa n tm im e a $t!s I7l l 0( te n e # e!se % h i s &h i $h 'el n s t ph il sph + , a n "th e sam e %a $et % ph i l sph + th a t I &a s $$( pi e" &i th >( st n &, a # e!se i n &h i $h h e p!$l a im s th a t i %ts &h i $h $h an $e '!i n s ( !&a + a !e n t t 'e !ea !"e" a s pssessi n s:I% + ( p!a + a th i n m a +A n " i t "es $m e + ( ! &a + ,

437Ti s a l n &a + %!m 'ei n + ( ! &n *I !e$a l l + ( ! e6 p!essi n th e sam e i "ea a " "ea l m !e h a ppi l + a n " s( $$i n $tl + :+ i n i s th e a !t7s en " p!"( $t, &h e!ea s i t &a s th e a !t i tsel % th a t h e en >+ e" &h i l eh e &a sa $t( a l l + pa i n ti n * S &i th ( ! $h i l "!en , th ei ! !&i n ( p '!i n s &i "e! %!( i ts '( t th ei ! i n %a n $+ &a s s&eete!*T $m e 'a $- t th e 0( esti n , th e &i se m a n , sel %.s( %%i $i en t a s h e i s, sti l l "esi !es t h a # e a %!i en " i % n l + %! th e p(


18/93

!pse %p!a $ti si n %!i en "sh i p a n " en s( !i n th a t th se ta l en ts a !e n t i "l e* N t, a s Epi $( !( s p( t i t i n th e sam e l ette!, %!th e p( !pse %h a # i n sm en e t $m e a n " si t 'esi "e h i s 'e" &h en h e i s i l l ! $m e t h i s !es$( e &h en h e i s h a !" ( p ! th !&n in t $h a i n s7, '( ts th a t n th e $n t!a !+ h e m a + h a # e sm en e '+ &h se si $-'e" h e h im sel % m a + si t ! &h m h e m a + h im sel % !el ease &h en th a tpe!sn i s h el " p!i sn e! '+ h sti l e h a n "s* A n + n e th i n -i n % h i s &n i n te!ests a n " see-i n ( t %!i en "sh i p &i thth i s i n # i e& i s

m a -i n a !ea t m i sta -e* Th i n s &i l l en " a s th e+ 'ea n G h e h a s se$( !e" a %!i en " &h i s i n t $m e t h i s a i " i %$a pti # i t+th !ea ten s: a t th e %i !st $l a n - % a $h a i n th a t %!i en " &i l l "i sa ppea !* Th ese a !e &h a t a !e $m m n l + $a l l e" %a i !.&eath e! %!i en "sh i ps*A pe!sn a "pte" a s a %!i en " %! th e sa -e % h i s ( se%( l n ess &i l l 'e $( l ti # a te" n l + %! s l n a s h e i s ( se%( l * Th i se6 pl a i n s th e$!&" % %!i en "s th a t $l ( ste!s a '( t s( $$ess%( l m en a n " th e l n el + a tm sph e!e a '( t th e !( i n e" th ei ! %!i en "s !(n n i n a &a +&h en i t $m es t th e testi n pi n tG i t e6 pl a i n s th e $( n tl ess s$a n "a l ( s i n sta n $es % pepl e "ese!ti n ! 'et!a + i n th e!s ( t %%ea ! %! th em sel # es* Th e en "i n i n e# i ta 'l + m a t$h es th e 'ei n n i n : a pe!sn &h sta !ts 'ei n %!i en "s &i th + ('e$a ( se i t pa + sh im &i l l sim i l a !l + $ea se t 'e %!i en "s 'e$a ( se i t pa + s h im t " s* I% th e!e i s a n + th i n i n a pa !ti $( l a ! %!i en "sh i pth a t a tt!a $ts am a n th e! th a n th e %!i en "sh i p i tsel %, th e a tt!a $ti n % sm e !e&a !" ! th e! &i l l $( n te!'a l a n $e th a t % th e %!i en"sh i p* e$t, n t &i th ( t th e h pe, t, th a t th e a %%e$ti n &i l l 'e m ( t( a l * /& th en $a n th e n 'le! stim ( l ( s %%!i en "sh i p 'e a ss$i a te" &i th a n + i n 'l e "esi !eY ( m a + sa + &e a !e n t a t p!esen t $n $e!n e" &i th th e 0( esti n &h eth e! %!i en "sh i p i s sm eth i n t 'e $( l ti # a te"%! i ts &nsa -e* B( t th i s, n th e $n t!a !+ , i s e6 a $tl + &h a t n ee"s p!# i n m stG %! i % %!i en "sh i p i s sm eth i n t 'e s( h t ( t%! i ts &nsa -e, th e sel %.$n ten te" m a n i s en ti tl e" t p( !s( e i t* A n " h & "es h e a pp!a $h i t In th e sam e &a + a s h e &( l " a n+ '>e$t %!ea t 'ea ( t+ , n t "!a &n '+ a i n , n t ( t % a l a !m a t th e # i $i ssi t( "es % %!t( n e* T p!$( !e %!i en "sh i p n l + %!'ette! a n " n t %!&!se i s t !' i t % a l l i ts "i n i t+ *Th e &i se m a n i s $n ten t &i th h im sel %*7 A l t % pepl e, L( $i l i ( s, p( t 0( i te th e &!n i n te!p!eta ti n n th i s sta temen t* Th e+!em # e th e &i se m a n %!m a l l $n ta $t &i th th e &!l " ( tsi "e, sh ( tti n h im ( p i n si "e h i s &n s-i n *


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&i l l 'e l i -e th a t % H# e &h i l e n a t( !e ta -es h e! !est, % '!i e% "( !a ti n , &h en th e ( n i # e!se i s "i ssl # e" a n " th e "sa !e a l l m e!e"i n n e, %i n "i n !epse i n h im sel %, a 's!'e" i n h i s &n th ( h ts* S( $h i s m !e ! l ess th e &a + % th e &i se m a n : h e!eti !es t h i si n n e! sel %, i s h i s &n $m pa n + * S l n i n %a $t a s h e !em a i n s i n a psi ti n t !"e! h i s a %%a i !s a $$!"i n t h i s&n >( "em en t, h e!em a i n s sel %.$n ten t e# en &h en h e m a !!i es, e# en &h en h e '!i n s ( p h i s $h i l "!en * /e i s sel %.$n ten t a n " + et h e&( l " !e%( se tl i # e i % h e h a " t l i # e &i th ( t a n + h ( m a n $m pa n + a t a l l * N a t( !a l p!m pti n s 1n t th ( h ts % a n + a "# a n ta

e t h im sel %5 im pelh im t&a !"s %!i en "sh i p* ( st, a " a n " a n en l i h ten e" $h a !a $te!,a n " i n "ee" th e# e!+ %a $t % n t !ea !"i n a s # a l ( a 'l e a n + th i n th a t i s $a pa 'l e % 'ei n ta -en a &a + *


20/93

&a s !e$# e!i n h i s sel %.pssessi n , h e $( l " s$a !$el + et # e! h i s em 'a !!a ssm en t a l &a + s a " si n i n a + ( n m a n s "eep ha " th e 'l ( sh'een th a t s( %%( se" h i s %a $e* Th i s I !a th e! s( spe$t &i l l !em a i n &i th h im e# en &h en h e h a s '( i l t ( p h i s $h a !a $te! an " st!i ppe" i t% a l l &ea -n ess e# en &h en h e h a s 'e$m e a &i se m a n * F! n am ( n t % &i s"m en a 'l es n e t " a &a + &i th ph +si $a l ! m en ta l&ea -n esses th a t a !i se %!m n a t( !a l $a ( sesG a n + th i n i n '!n ! i n !a i n e" i n n e $a n '+ "i n t % p!a $ti $e 'e a l l a +e", '( t n t

# e!$m e* ( st &i el "s h e! p&e! a n " ( ses th e pa !ti $( l a ! &ea -n ess t m a -e e# en th est!n est$n s$i ( s % h e!* On e % th ese th i n s I &el l -n & i s a 'l ( sh , &h i $h h a s a h a 'i t % s( ""en l + !e""en i n th e %a $es %m en % e# en th em st "i n i %i e" "em ea n ( !* It i s % $( !se m !e n ti $ea 'l e i n th e + ( n , &i th th ei ! h tte! 'l " a n " sen si ti # e $mpl e6 i n sGn e# e!th el ess sea sn e" m en a n " a ei n m en a l i -e a !e a %%e$te" '+ i t* Sm e m en a !e m !e t 'e %ea !e" n th e $$a si ns &h en th e+%l ( sh th a n a t a n + th e! tim e a s i % i n s "i n th e+ l et l se a l l th ei ! i n h i 'i ti n sG S( l l a &a s a t h i s &i l "est &h enth e 'l " h a "!( sh e" t h i s # i sa e* N %ea t( !es &e!e m !e s( s$epti 'l e th a n ;m pe+ 7s: h e n e# e! %a i l e" t 'l ( sh i n $m pa n + , a n "pa !ti $( l a !l + a t

p( 'l i $ m eeti n s* I !em em 'e! Fa 'i a n ( s 'l ( sh i n &h en h e a ppea !e" t i # e e# i "en $e 'e%!e th e Sen a te, a n " th i s'a sh %( l n essl -e" &n "e!%( l l + &el l n h im *


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&n 7t m a -e th e $!-e" st!a i h t*LETTER XII

( st l "* Bet&een + ( a n " m e, n &, I h a " pl a n te" th em m + sel % a n " seen th e %i !st l ea % a ppea !i n n th em m + sel %*Th en , t( !n i n t&a !"s th e %!n t "!, I sa i ": + i t* It i s %( l l % pl ea s( !e i % + ( -n & h & t ( se i t* F!( i t ta stes m st "el i $i ( s >( st &h en i ts sea sn i s en "in * Th e $h a !m s% + ( th a !e a t th ei ! !ea test a t th e tim e % i ts pa ssi n * It i s th e %i n a l l a ss &h i $h pl ea ses th e i n # ete!a te "!i n -e!, the n e th a t setsth e $!&n i n t( $h n h i s i n t6 i $a ti n a n " sen "s h im %% i n t 'l i # i n * E# e!+ pl ea s( !e "e%e!s ti l l i ts l a st i ts !eatest "el i h ts*Th e tim e % l i %e &h i $h %%e!s th e !ea test "el i h t i s th e a e th a t sees th e "&n &a !" m # em en t n t th e steep "e$l i ne a l !ea "+'e( n G a n " i n m + pi n i n e# en th e a e th a t sta n "s n th e '!i n - h a s pl ea s( !es % i ts &n ! el se th e # e!+ %a $t % nte6 pe!i en $i n th e &a n t % a n + pl ea s( !es ta -es th ei ! pl a $e* /& n i $e i t i s t h a # e ( t&!n n e7s "esi !es a n " l e%t them 'eh i n "It7s n t # e!+ pl ea sa n t, th ( h ,7 + ( m a + sa + , t h a # e "ea th !i h t 'e%!e n e7s e+ es*7 T th i s I &( l " sa + , %i !stl + , tha t "ea th ( h tt 'e !i h t th e!e 'e%!e th e e+ es % a + ( n m a n >( st a s m ( $h a s a n l " n e th e !"e! i n &h i $h &e ea $h !e$ei # e ( !s( m m n s i sn t "ete!m i n e" '+ ( ! p!e$e"en $e i n th e !ei ste! a n ", se$n "l + , th a t n n e i s s # e!+ l " th a t i t &( l " 'e 0( i te (n n a t( !a l %!h im t h pe %! n e m !e "a + *E# e!+ "a + , th e!e%!e, sh ( l " 'e !e( l a te" a s i % i t &e!e th e n e th a t '!i n s ( p th e !ea !, th e n e th a t !( n "s ( t a n "$m pl etes ( !l i # es* ;a $( # i ( s, th e m a n &h a $0( i !e" a !i h t t S+ !i a '+ p!es$!i pti n ,9&a s i n th e h a 'i t % $n "( $ti n a m em!i a l $e!em n +%! h im sel % &i th &i n e a n " %( n e!a l %ea sti n % th e -i n " &e a !e %am i l i a ! &i th , a n " th en 'ei n $a !!i e" n a 'i e! %!mth e "i n n e!ta 'l e t h i s 'e", &h i l e a $h a n ti n t m ( si $ &en t n % th e &!"s /e h a s l i # e", h e h a s l i # e"7 i n @!ee-, am i " th e appl a ( se % th e+ ( n l i 'e!ti n es p!esen t* N e# e! a "a + pa sse" '( t h e $el e'!a te" h i s &n %( n e!a l * + %( l n ess a n " $h ee!%( l n ess a s &e !eti !e t ( ! 'e"s,I h a # e l i # e"G I h a # e $m pl ete" n & th e $( !seTh a t %!t( n e l n a a l l tte" m e*I% @" a ""s th e m !!& &e sh ( l " a $$ept i t >+ %( l l + * Th e m a n &h l -s %! th e m !!& &i th ( t &!!+ i n # e! i t-n &s a pea $e%( li n "epen "en $e a n " a h a ppi n ess 'e+ n " a l l th e!s*


22/93

%!ee"m th e!e %! th e ta -i n * Let ( s th a n - @" th a t n n e $a n 'e h el " a p!i sn e! i n l i %e th e # e!+ $n st!a i n ts $a n'e t!am pl e"( n "e! %t*It &a s Epi $( !( s &h sa i " th a t,7 + ( p!test* ( m pi n ei th e! h i h .>( m pi n ! l n .>( m pi n ! th e -i n " i n "( l e" i n '+ th e p!i ests % Ma!s, i % n e m a + s"es$!i 'e i t, ! t 'e !a th e! m !e "i s!espe$t%( l , '+ th e l a ( n "!ess* ;i $- ( t a n + % th ese %! ea se a n " st!a i h t%!&a !"ness* B( t&h a te# e! + ( ", !et( !n %!m '"+ t m i n " # e!+ sn * E6 e!$i se i t "a + a n " n i h t* On l + a m "e!a te am ( n t % &!- i sn ee"e" %! i t24t th !i # e a n " "e# el p* It i s a %!m % e6 e!$i se t &h i $h $l " a n " h ea t a n " e# en l " a e a !e n 'sta $l e* C( l ti # a te an a sset &h i $h th epa ssi n % tim e i tsel % im p!# es*I7m n t tel l i n + ( t 'e a l &a + s 'en t # e! '- ! &!i ti n .ta 'l ets* Th e m i n " h a s t 'e i # en sm e tim e %%, '( t i ns( $h a &a + th a ti t m a + 'e !e%!esh e", n t !el a 6 e" ti l l i t es t pi e$es* T!a # el l i n i n n e7s $a !!i a e sh a -es th e '"+ ( p a n " "esn 7t in te!%e!e &i thi n tel l e$t( a l p( !s( i tsG + ( $a n !ea ", "i $ta te, spea -, ! l i sten n ! "es &a l -i n , %! th a t m a tte!, p!e$l ( "e a n + % these a $ti # i ti es*N ! n ee" + ( l - "&n n # i $e.t!a i n i n , th ( h I &i l l n t h a # e + ( p!a $ti si n a n + % th i s a s$en "i n a n " th en"es$en "i n a a i n '+ "e!ees th !( h set s$a l es i % + ( sta !t th a t, + ( 7l l 'e i n n t ta -e l essn s i n &a l -i n On $e l et i n t +( ! h ( se th es!t % pe!sn th a t h ( n e! tea $h es ( n h ea !".% $$( pa ti n s a n " + ( 7l l h a # e sm en e !e( l a ti n th e &a + + ( &a l- a n " &a t$h i n th e &a + + ( ( se + ( ! >a &s a s + ( ea t, a n " i n %a $t i n >( st a s %a ! a s + ( ! pa ti en $e a n " $!e"( l i t+ l ea " h i s a ( "a$i t+ n * A !e + ( t$n $l ( "e %!m &h a t I7# e >( st sa i " th a t + ( ! # i $e sh ( l " sta !t i ts e6 e!$i ses &i th im m e"i a te sh ( ti n a t %( l l %!$eTh e n a t( !a lth i n i s t l ea " ( p t i t th !( h ea s+ sta es, s n a t( !a l i n %a $t th a t e# en pe!sn s i n # l # e" i n a 0( a !!el 'ei n i n $n# e!sa ti n a ltn es: n l + l a te! " th e+ n t !en " th e a i !* N n e m a -es a n im pa ssi n e" a ppea l %! th e h el p a n " s( pp!t % a l lt!( e m en %R m e7 a t th e # e!+ ( tset* O( ! p( !pse i n a l l th i s i s n t t i # e th e # i $e, e6 e!$i se, '( t t m a -e i t i # e ( s e6 e!$ise*


23/93

I h a # e !el i e# e" + ( , th en , % n l i ttl e 'th e!* T th ese %a # ( !s th e!e sh a l l 'e a ""e" th e %l l &i n sm a l l $n t!i '( tin , a st!i -i n m a 6 im th a t $m es %!m @!ee$e* /e!e i t i s: Th e l i %e % %l l + i s em pt+ % !a ti t( "e, %( l l % a n 6 i et+ : i t i s %$( se" &h l l+ n th e%( t( !e*7 e$t % pa ssi n th e "a + i n a n en te!ta i n i n s!t % &a + a n " ta -i n th e'!e"m ( t % l ei s( !e* It m ( l "s a n " '( i l "s th e pe!sn a l i t+ , !"e!s n e7s l i %e, !e( l a tes n e7s $n "( $t, sh &s n e&h a t n esh ( l " " a n " &h a t n e sh ( l " l ea # e ( n "n e, si ts a t th e h el m , a n " -eeps n e n th e $!!e$t $( !se a s n e i stsse" a '( t i npe!i l ( s sea s*


24/93

m a n -i n " a !e tsse" a n " '( %%ete" h a ph a Ja !"l + '+ $h a n $e, i t i s ph i l sph + th a t h a s th e "( t+ % p!te$ti n ( s* Sh e&i l l en $( !a e( s t s( 'm i t t @" &i th $h ee!%( l n ess a n " t %!t( n e &i th "e%i a n $eG sh e &i l l sh & + ( h & t %l l & @" a n " 'ea !&h a t $h a n $em a + sen " + ( * B( t I m ( stn 7t pa ss n h e!e t a "i s$( ssi n % th e p!'l em &h a t i s &i th i n ( ! $n t!l i % th e!e i s a #e!n i n p!# i "en $e, &h eth e! &e a !e $a !!i e" a l n enm esh e" i n a t!a i n % %a te" h a ppen i n s, ! &h eth e! &e a !e a t th e m e!$+% th e s( ""ena n " th e ( n %!eseea 'l e* F! th e p!esen t I 'a $- t th e pi n t &h e!e I &a s 'e%!e, t a "# i se a n " ( !e + ( n t t a l l &

+ ( ! spi !i t( a l22en th ( si a sm t $l %% ! %a l l a &a + * =eep a h l " n i t a n " p( t i t n a %i !m %ti n , s th a t &h a t i s a t p!esen t a n en th( si a sm m a +'e$m e a settl e" spi !i t( a l "i spsi ti n *I% I -n & + ( , + ( 7l l h a # e 'een l -i n a !( n " %!m th e # e!+ sta !t % th i s l ette! t see &h a t i t7s i n t '!i n + ('+ &a + % a l i ttl ep!esen t* Sea !$h th e l ette! a n " + ( 7l l %i n " i t* Y ( n ee"n 7t th i n - m + -i n "n ess a l l th a t !em a !-a 'l e: I am n l + 'ei n en e!( s, sti l l ,&i th sm en e el se7s p!pe!t+ * ( st &h en th e $!&" a !e a l l n pl ea s(!e 'en t* I% th es( l s( $$ee"s i n a # i "i n ei th e! h ea "i n ! 'ei n $a !!i e" a &a + i n th e "i !e$ti n % th e tem pta ti n s th a t l ea " peple i n te6 t!a # a a n t l i # i n , n s( !e! p!% % i ts st!en th % p( !pse $a n 'e # ( $h sa %e" i t* R em a i n i n "!+ a n " s'e! ta -esa " "ea lm !e st!en th % &i l l &h en e# e!+ n e a '( t n e i s p( -i n "!( n -G i t ta -es a m !e "e# el pe" sen se % %i tn ess, n th eth e! h a n ", n tt m a -e % n esel % a pe!sn a pa !t, t 'e n ei th e! i n "i sti n ( i sh a 'l e %!m th se a '( t n e n ! $n spi $( ( s '+ n e7s"i %%e!en $e, t "th e sam e th i n s '( t n t i n 0( i te th e sam e m a n n e!* F! a h l i "a + $a n 'e $el e'!a te" &i th ( t e6 t!a # a a n t %esti # i t+*


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a n " en em i es*It i s a pa ssi n , th ( h , &h i $h %l a !es ( p a a i n st a l l t+ pes % pepl e* It i s '!n % l # e a s &el l a s h a te, a n " i s a s l i a'l e t a !i se i n th e$( !se % sp!t ! >esti n a s i n a %%a i !s % a se!i ( s -i n "* Th e %a $t! th a t $( n ts i s n t th e im p!ta n $e % th e $a ( se%!m &h i $h i tsp!i n s '( t th e -i n " % pe!sn a l i t+ i t l a n "s i n , i n th e sam e &a + a s &i th %i !e &h a t m a tte!s i s n t th e %i e!$en ess % the %l am e '( t&h e!e i t $a t$h es sl i " '>e$ts m a + !esi st th e %i e!$est %l am e &h i l e, $n # e!sel + , "!+ a n " i n %l am m a 'l e m a tte! &i l ln ( !se a m e!e

spa !- i n t a $n %l a !a ti n * It i s t!( e, m + "ea ! L( $i l i ( s* Th e ( t$m e % # i l en t a n e! i s a m en ta l !a # i n , a n " the!e%!e a n e! i st 'e a # i "e" n t %! th e sa -e % m "e!a ti n '( t %! th e sa -e % sa n i t+ *LETTER XXVI

IT7s n l + a sh !t tim e si n $e I &a s tel l i n + ( I &a s i n si h t % l " a e* N & I7m a %!a i " I m a + h a # e l e%t l " a e 'eh i n" m ea l teth e!* Sm e th e! te!m &( l " 'e m !e i n -eepi n n & &i th m + + ea !s, ! a t l ea st m + p!esen t ph + si $a l sta te, si n$e l " a e$n n tes a pe!i " % "e$l i n e, n t "e'i l i t+ * ;( t m e i n th e l i st % th e "e$!epi t, th e n es n th e # e!+ '!i n - /&e# e!, I$n !a t( l a tem + sel %, m i n " + ( , n th e %a $t th a t m + a e h a s n t, s %a ! a s I7m a &a !e, '!( h t a n + "ete!i !a ti n i n m + spi !i t, $ns$i ( s a s I am% th e "ete!i !a ti n i n m + $n sti t( ti n * On l + m + # i $es a n " th ei ! a $$ess!i es h a # e "e$a + e": th e spi !i t i s %( l l % l i%e, a n " "el i h te"t 'e h a # i n n l + l im i te" "ea l i n s &i th th e '"+ * It h a s th !&n %% a !ea t pa !t % i ts '( !"en * It7s %( l l % # i ( !, a n" $a !!+ i n na n a !( m en t &i th m e n th e s( '>e$t % l " a e, m a i n ta i n i n th a t th ese a !e i ts %i n est + ea !s* Let7s a $$ept &h a t i t sa+ s, a n " l et i t

m a -e th e m st % i ts 'l essi n s* It tel l s m e t sta !t th i n -i n a n " e6 am i n e h & %a ! I &e th i s se!en i t+ a n " s'!i et+t ph i l sph + ,a n " h & %a ! I &e i t sim pl + t m + + ea !s, a n " t i n # esti a te &i th sm e $a !e &h a t th i n s I !ea l l + am !e%( si n t " an " &h a t I7msim pl + i n $a pa 'l e % "i n a n " i t7s p!epa !e" t a $$ept &h a te# e! I7m !ea l l + pl ea se" t %i n " m + sel % i n $a pa 'l e %"i n a se0( i # a l en t t !e%( si n t " th em G a n " &h a t $a ( se $a n th e!e 'e %! $m pl a i n t, a %te! a l l , i n a n + th i n th a t &a s al &a + s '( n " t$m e t a n en " %a "i n !a "( a l l + a &a + ( st s m a n + &!"s, a n " &h eth e! ! n t th e"e%i a n t$h a l l en es I7# e h ( !l e" a t %!t( n e h a # e 'een m e!e p!eten $e a n " pa n tm im e* A &a + &i th th e &!l "7s pi n i n % + ( i t7s a l &a + s( n settl e" a n " "i # i "e"* A &a + &i th th e p( !s( i ts th a t h a # e $$( pi e" th e &h l e % + ( ! l i %e "ea th i s i n t "el i #e! th e # e!"i $t i n+ ( ! $a se* Y es, a l l + ( ! "e'a tes a n " l ea !n e" $n %e!en $es, + ( ! s$h l a !l + ta l - a n " $l l e$ti n % m a 6 im s %!m th etea $h i n s %ph i l sph e!s, a !e i n n &a + i n "i $a ti # e % en ( i n e spi !i t( a l st!en th * Bl " &!"s $m e e# en %!m th e tim i "est* It7sn l + &h en+ ( 7!e '!ea th i n + ( ! l a st th a t th e &a + + ( 7# e spen t + ( ! tim e &i l l 'e$m e a ppa !en t* I a $$ept th e te!m s, a n " %eeln "!ea " % th e$m i n >( "em en t*7 Th a t7s &h a t I sa + t m + sel %, '( t a ss( m e th a t I7# e sa i " i t t + ( a s &el l * Y ( 7!e + ( n e! th a nI am , '( t &h a t"i %%e!en $e "es th a t m a -e N $( n t i s ta -en % + ea !s* H( st &h e!e "ea th i s e6 pe$ti n + ( i s sm eth i n &e $a n n t-n &G s, %!+ ( ! pa !t, e6 pe$t h im e# e!+ &h e!e*2)I &a s >( st i n ten "i n t stp, m + h a n " $n si "e!i n i ts $l si n sen ten $e, '( t th e a $$( n ts h a # e sti l l t 'e m a "e ( ta n " th i s l ette!i ss( e" &i th i ts t!a # el l i n e6 pen ses Y ( m a + a ss( m e th a t I &n 7t 'e a n n ( n $i n th e s( !$e I i n ten " '!!&i n


27/93

%!m + ( -n &&h se %( n "s I7m "!a &i n n @i # e m e a %!a $ti n m !e tim e a n " pa +m en t &i l l 'e m a "e ( t % m + &n p$-et* In th em ea n tim eEpi $( !( s &i l l 'l i e m e, &i th th e %l l &i n sa + i n : R eh ea !se "ea th 7, ! th e i "ea m a + $m e a $!ss t ( s !a th e!m !esa ti s%a $t!i l + i % p( t i n th i s %!m It i s a # e!+ " th i n t %am i l i a !i Je n esel % &i th "ea th *7 Y ( m a + pssi 'l + th i n- i t( n n e$essa !+ t l ea !n sm eth i n &h i $h + ( &i l l n l + h a # e t p( t i n t p!a $ti $e n $e* Th a t i s th e # e!+ !ea sn &h +&e ( h t t 'e

p!a $ti si n i t*


28/93

'!ea - "&nh a l %&a + th !( h a &!"* Sa tel l i ( s ( a "!a t( s, &h !ea !"e" st( pi " m i l l i n a i !es a s %a i ! am e t 'e spn e" %%, an "$n se0( en tl + a l s %a i ! am e %! %l a tte!+ , a s &el l a s a n " th i s es &i th th e th e! t& th i n s %a i ! am e %! %a $eti( sn ess a tth ei ! e6 pen se, s( este" t h im th a t h e sh ( l " -eep a team % s$h l a !s t pi $- ( p th e 'i ts7* On Sa 'i n ( s7 l etti n i t 'e-n &n th a tth e sl a # es h a " set h im 'a $- a h ( n "!e" th ( sa n " seste!$es a pi e$e, h e sa i ": Y es, %! l ess th a n th a t + ( $( l " h a # e'( h t th e

sam e n ( m 'e! % '-$a ses*7 Sa 'i n ( s &a s n n e th e l ess 0( i te $n # i n $e" th a t &h a t a n + n e i n h i s h ( seh l " -ne& h e -n e&pe!sn a l l + * It &a s Sa tel l i ( s, a a i n , &h sta !te" ( !i n Sa 'i n ( s, a pa l e a n " s-i n n + i n "i # i "( a l &h se h ea l th&a s p!, t ta -e ( p&!estl i n *


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@i # en a %!ee$h i $e % psti n , th ( h , I sh ( l " %l ee a l n &a + %!m th e # i $i n i t+ , l et a l n e th e si h t % th e Ci t+ * F! i n th e same &a + a s th e!ea !e ( n pl ea sa n t $l im a tes &h i $h a !e t!+ i n e# en t th e m st !'( st $n sti t( ti n s, th e!e a !e th e!s &h i $h a !e n n et &h l esm e%! th e m i n ", e# en th ( h i t 'e a s( n " n e, &h en i t i s sti l l i n a n im pe!%e$t sta te a n " '( i l "i n ( p i ts st!en th * I "n t a !ee&i th th se &h !e$m m en " a st!m + l i %e a n " pl ( n e st!a i h t i n t th e '!ea -e!s, &a i n a spi !i te" st!( l e a a i n st&!"l +

'sta $l es e# e!+ "a + % th ei ! l i # es* Th e &i se m a n &i l l p( t ( p &i th th ese th i n s, n t ( t % h i s &a + t m eet th em G he &i l l p!e%e! asta te % pea $e t a sta te % &a !* It "es n t p!%i t a m a n m ( $h t h a # e m a n a e" t "i s$a !" h i s &n %a i l i n s i % h e m (st e# e! 'e a tl e!h ea "s &i th th e! pepl e7s* S$!a tes,7 th e+ &i l l tel l + ( , h a " th e Th i !t+ T+ !a n ts sta n "i n # e! h im a n " + et the+ $( l " n t'!ea - h i s spi !i t*7 ( "ea n " %i n a l l + % pl ea "e! i n m i ti a ti n * Be h a !sh &i th + ( !sel % a t tim es*LETTER XXXIII

Y ( %eel th a t m + p!esen t l ette!s sh ( l " 'e l i -e m + ea !l i e! n es a n " h a # e "" sa + i n s % l ea "i n Sti $s a ppen "e"t th em * B( tth e+ n e# e! '( si e" th em sel # es &i th ph i l sph i $a l em s* Th ei ! &h l e s+ stem i s t # i !i l e %! th a t* e$ti n t + ( ! i n spe$ti n th e$m pn en ts i n "i # i "( a l l + p!# i "e" + ( " s &i th ( t "eta $h i n th em %!m th e pe!sn a l i t+ th e+ a $t( a l l + 'el n tG a &m a n i s


30/93

n t 'ea ( ti %( l &h en h e! a n -l e ! a !m &i n s $m pl im en ts, '( t &h en h e! tta l a ppea !a n $e "i # e!ts a "m i !a ti n %!mth e i n "i # i "( a lpa !ts % h e! '"+ *Sti l l , i % + ( p!ess m e I &n 7t t!ea t + ( s m ea n l + pen h a n "e" en e!si t+ i t sh a l l 'e* Th e!e i s a m a ss % s( $h th i ns, a nen !m ( s m a ss % th em , l + i n a l l # e! th e pl a $e, n ee"i n n l + t 'e pi $-e" ( p a s "i sti n $t %!m a th e!e" ( p* Th e+$m e, n t i n"!i 's a n " "!a 's, '( t i n a $l sel + i n te!$n n e$te" a n " $n ti n ( ( s st!eam * I h a # e n "( 't, t, th e+ m a + 'e # e!+ h elp%( l t th e

( n i n i ti a te" a n " th se &h a !e sti l l n # i $es, %! i n "i # i "( a l a ph !i sm s i n a sm a l l $m pa ss, !( n "e" %% i n ( n i ts!a th e! l i -e l i n es% # e!se, 'e$m e %i 6 e" m !e !ea "i l + i n th e m i n "* It i s %! th i s !ea sn th a t &e i # e $h i l "!en p!# e!'s a n " &h a t th e@!ee-s $a l lchriae t l ea !n '+ h ea !t, a $h i l "7s m i n " 'ei n a 'l e t ta -e th ese i n a t a sta e &h en a n + th i n m !e &( l " 'e 'e+n " i ts $a pa $i t+ *B( t i n th e $a se % a !&n m a n &h h a s m a "e i n $n testa 'l e p!!ess i t i s "i s!a $e%( l t h ( n ti n a %te! em s % &is"m , a n "p!p h im sel % ( p &i th a m i n ( te n ( m 'e! % th e 'est.-n &n sa + i n s, a n " 'e "epen "en t n h i s m em !+ a s &el l G i t i stim e h e &a ssta n "i n n h i s &n %eet* /e sh ( l " 'e "el i # e!i n h im sel % % s( $h sa + i n s, n t m em !i Ji n th em * It i s "i s!a $e%(l th a t a m a n&h i s l " ! i n si h t % l " a e sh ( l " h a # e a &i s"m "e!i # i n sl el + %!m h i s n te'-* ?en sa i " th i s*7 A n " &ha t h a # e + (sa i " Cl ea n th es sa i " th a t*7


31/93

a s i t sh ( l " th e+ a th e! st!en th a n " sh t ( p&a !"s* Y es, p!e$epts h a # e th e sam e %ea t( !es a s see"s: th e+ a !e % $mpa $t"im en si n s a n " th e+ p!"( $e im p!essi # e !es( l ts i # en , a s I sa + , th e !i h t s!t % m i n ", t !a sp a t a n " a ssim i l ate th em * Th e23m i n " &i l l th en !espn " '+ 'ei n i n i ts t( !n $!ea ti # e a n " &i l l p!"( $e a + i el " e6 $ee"i n &h a t &a s p( t i n t i t*LETTER XL

T/A N = + ( %! &!i ti n s %ten * B+ "i n s + ( i # e m e a l im pse % + ( !sel % i n th e n l + &a + + ( $a n * I n e# e! eta l ette! %!m

+ ( &i th ( t i n sta n tl + %eel i n &e7!e teth e!* I% pi $t( !es % a 'sen t %!i en "s a !e a s( !$e % pl ea s( !e t ( s, !e%!esh i n th e m em !+a n " !el i e# i n th e sen se % # i " &i th a sl a $e h &e# e! i n s( 'sta n ti a l a n " ( n !ea l , h & m ( $h m !e s a !e l ette!s,&h i $h $a !!+m a !-s a n " si n s % th e a 'sen t %!i en " th a t a !e !ea l * F! th e h a n "&!i ti n % a %!i en " a %%!"s ( s &h a t i s s "el i h t%(l a '( t seei n h im a a i n , th e sen se % !e$n i ti n *Y ( sa + i n + ( ! l ette! th a t + ( &en t a n " h ea !" th e ph i l sph e! Se!a pi &h en h i s sh i p p( t i n &h e!e + ( a !e* /i s&!"s,7 + ( sa + ,ten " t 'e t( m 'l e" ( t a t a t!em en "( s pa $e, p( n "e" a n " "!i # en a l n !a th e! th a n p( !e" ( t, %! th e+ $m e i n a# l ( m e n n e # i $e $( l " $pe &i th *7 I " n t a pp!# e % th i s i n a ph i l sph e!, &h se "el i # e!+ l i -e h i s l i %e sh ( l " 'e &el l.!"e!e"Gn th i n $a n 'e &el l .!e( l a te" i % i t i s "n e i n a '!ea -n e$- h ( !!+ * Th a t i s &h + i n /m e! th e im pet( ( s t+ pe % el0( en $e &h i $h h e$m pa !es t sn & th a t -eeps n $m i n "&n &i th ( t a '!ea -, i s i # en t th e !a t!, &h i l e %!m th e l " m a n th e!e$m es a en tl eel 0( en $e th a t %l &e" s&eete! th a n h n e+ 7*Y ( sh ( l " ta -e th e # i e&, th en , th a t th i s $pi ( s a n " im pet( ( s en

e!+ i n aspea -e! i s 'ette! s( i te" t a h a &-e! th a n t sm en e &h "ea l s &i th a s( '>e$t % se!i ( s im p!ta n $e a n " i s a l s a tea$h e!*Y et I am >( st a s m ( $h a a i n st h i s &!"s $m i n i n a t!i $-l e a s i n a st!eam * /e sh ( l " n t -eep pepl e7s ea !s n th est!et$h a n +m !e th a n h e sh ( l " s&am p th em * F! th e th e! e6 t!em e % th i n n ess a n " p# e!t+ m ea n s l ess a tten ti # en ess n th epa !t % th el i sten e! a s h e 'e$m es ti !e" % th i s sl &n ess &i th a l l i ts i n te!!( pti n s* N n eth el ess &h a t i s &a i te" %! "es si n - i nm !e !ea "i l +th a n &h a t es %l + i n pa stG n e spea -s i n a n + e# en t % i n st!( $ti n a s 'ei n h a n "e" n t th se 'ei n ta ( h t, a n "sm eth i n th a tes$a pes th em i s h a !"l + 'ei n h a n "e" n *La n ( a e, m !e# e!, &h i $h "e# tes i ts a tten ti n t t!( th ( h t t 'e pl a i n a n " ( n a "!n e"* Th i s pp( l a ! st+ l e h as n th i n t "&i th t!( th * Its '>e$t i s t s&a + a m a ss a ( "i en $e, t $a !!+ a &a + ( n p!a $ti se" ea !s '+ th e %!$e % i ts n sl a ( h t * It n e#e! s( 'm i tsi tsel % t "eta i l e" "i s$( ssi n , i s >( st &a %te" a &a + * Besi "es, h & $a n a th i n pssi 'l + # e!n th e!s &h en i t $a n n t 'e# e!n e"i tsel % A n " a pa !t %!m a l l th i s s( !el + l a n ( a e &h i $h i s "i !e$te" t th e h ea l i n % m en 7s m i n "s n ee"s t pen et!ate i n t n eMe"i $i n es " n " ( n l ess th e+ stp sm e l en th % tim e i n n e* Th e!e i s, m !e# e!, a !ea t "ea l % %( ti l i t+ a n " empti n ess a '( tth i s st+ l e % spea -i n , &h i $h h a s m !e n i se a '( t i t th a n e%%e$ti # en ess* Th e!e a !e m + te!!!s t 'e 0( i ete", i n $item en ts t 'e0( el l e", i l l ( si n s t 'e "i spel l e", e6 t!a # a a n $e t 'e $h e$-e", !ee" t 'e !ep!im a n "e": &h i $h % th ese th i n s $a n'e "n e i n ah ( !!+ ( "e 1&h i s n t ( n $m m n l + , t, i n e6 pe!i en $e" a n " ( n 0( a l i %i e"5 'e e6 pe$te" t -eep ( p &i


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th i t E# en n th e$$a si n s &h en a n a "# $a te i s $a !!i e" a &a + '+ a n ( n # e!n a 'l e pa ssi n ! a "esi !e t "i spl a + h i s p&e!s, h e sh (l " n t i n $!ea seh i s pa $e a n " pi l e n th e &!"s 'e+ n " th e $a pa $i t+ % th e ea !*Y ( &i l l 'e "i n th e !i h t th i n , th e!e%!e, i % + ( " n t t l i sten t pepl e &h a !e m !e $n $e!n e" a '( t th e 0(a n ti t+ th a nth e 0( a l i t+ % &h a t th e+ sa + , a n " $h se + ( !sel % i % + ( h a # e t t spea - i n th e m a n n e! % ;( 'l i ( s V i n i $i ( s*e!-i n th e &!"s ( t n e '+ n e, a s i % h e &e!e "i $ta ti n !a th e! th a n spea -i n , e6 $l a im e", I $a l l n th e spea -e! t spea -*7 The pa $e %( i n t( s /a te!i ( s, a $el e'!a te" spea -e! % h i s "a + , i s sm eth i n I sh ( l " h a # e a sen si 'l e m a n -eep &el l $l ea ! %:&i th h im th e!e&a s n e# e! a h esi ta ti n ! a pa ( se, n l + n e sta !t a n " n l + n e stp*B( t I a l s th i n - th a t $e!ta i n st+ l es a !e s( i ta 'l e i n a !ea te! ! l esse! "e!ee t "i %%e!en t n a ti n a l i ti es* In a @!ee- ne &i l l tl e!a teth i s l a $- % "i s$i pl i n e, &h i l e &e h a # e a $0( i !e" th e h a 'i t % p( n $t( a ti n &h a t &e sa + , i n &!i ti n a s &el l a sspee$h * O( ! &nCi $e!, t, %!m &h m R m a n !a t!+ !ea l l + sp!a n , &a s a stea "+ e!* R m a n "i s$( !se i s m !e i # en t sel %.e6 ami n a ti n ,a pp!a i si n i tsel % a n " i n # i ti n a pp!a i sa l * Fa 'i a n ( s, &h a ""e" ( tsta n "i n !a t!+ t th se m !e im p!ta n t "isti n $ti n s % h i s,

h i s &a + % l i %e a n " h i s l ea !n i n , &( l " "i s$( ss a s( '>e$t &i th "i spa t$h !a th e! th a n &i th h a ste* Y ( m i h t "es$!i'e h i s !a t!+a s 'ei n n t !a pi " '( t %l ( en t* Th i s I am !ea "+ t see i n a ph i l sph e!, '( t I " n t i n si st n i tG h i s "el i # e!+ i s n t t'e h a l ti n , '( tI sh ( l " !a th e! h a # e th e &!"s i ss( e" %!th th a n %l &i n %!th * A n " a %( !th e! !ea sn I h a # e %! &a !n i n + ( a a in st th a t"i sea se i s th e %a $t th a t + ( $a n n l + a $0( i !e i t s( $$ess%( l l + i % + ( $ea se t %eel a n + sen se % sh am e* Y ( !ea l l + n ee"t i # e th e2s-i n % + ( ! %a $e a " !( ' a n " th en n t l i sten t + ( !sel % F! th a t ( n ( a !"e" pa $e &i l l i # e !i se t a l t % e6p!essi n s % &h i $h+ ( &( l " th e!&i se 'e $!i ti $a l * Y ( $a n n t, I !epea t, s( $$ess%( l l + a $0( i !e i t a n " p!ese!# e + ( ! m "est+ a t th e same tim e* On en ee"s, m !e# e!, $n sta n t "a i l + p!a $ti $e %! i t* It !e0( i !es a s&i t$h % a tten ti n , t, %!m s( '>e$t.m a tte! t &!"s* A n" e# en i % i t"es t!a n spi !e th a t th e &!"s $m e !ea "i l + t th e tn ( e a n " a !e $a pa 'l e % !eel i n %% i t &i th ( t a n + e%%!t n + (! pa !t, th e+&i l l sti l l n ee" t 'e !e( l a te"* A &a + % spea -i n &h i $h i s !est!a i n e", n t 'l ", s( i ts a &i se m a n i n th e sam e &a + a sa n( n a ss( m i n s!t % &a l - "es* Th e ( psh t, th en , % &h a t I h a # e t sa + i s th i s: I am tel l i n + ( t 'e a sl &.spea -i n pe!sn *LETTER XLI

Y OU a !e "i n th e %i n est pssi 'l e th i n a n " a $ti n i n + ( ! 'est i n te!ests i %, a s + ( sa + i n + ( ! l ette!, + ( a !epe!se# e!i n i n+ ( ! e%%!ts t a $0( i !e a s( n " ( n "e!sta n "i n * Th i s i s sm eth i n i t i s %l i sh t p!a + %! &h en + ( $a n &i n i t %!m+ ( ! &n sel %*Th e!e i s n n ee" t !a i se ( ! h a n "s t h ea # en G th e!e i s n n ee" t im pl !e th e tem pl e &a !"en t a l l & ( s $l se t the ea ! % sm e!a # en im a e, a s th ( h th i s i n $!ea se" th e $h a n $es % ( ! 'ei n h ea !"* @" i s n ea ! + ( , i s &i th + ( , i s i n si "e +( * Y es, L( $i l i ( s,th e!e !esi "es &i th i n ( s a "i # i n e spi !i t, &h i $h ( a !"s ( s a n " &a t$h es ( s i n th e e# i l a n " th e " &e "* A s &e t!ea th im , s &i l lh e t!ea t ( s* N m a n , i n "ee", i s " &i th ( t @" i s a n + n e $a pa 'l e % !i si n a '# e %!t( n e ( n l ess h e h a s h elp %!m @" /e i ti s th a t p!m pts ( s t n 'l e a n " e6 a l te" en "ea # ( !s* In ea $h a n " e# e!+ " m a nA " 1&h a t " &e a !e ( n $e!ta i n 5 "&el l s*I% + ( h a # e e# e! $m e n a "en se &" % a n $i en t t!ees th a t h a # e !i sen t a n e6 $epti n a l h ei h t, sh ( tti n ( t a l lsi h t % th e s-+&i th n e th i $- s$!een % '!a n $h es ( pn a n th e!, th e l %ti n ess % th e %!est, th e se$l ( si n % th e spt, + ( ! sen se %&n "e!m en t a t%i n "i n s "eep a n " ( n '!-en a l m ( t % "!s, &i l l pe!s( a "e + ( % th e p!esen $e % a "ei t+ * A n + $a # e i n &h i $hth e !$-s h a # e'een e!"e" "eep i n t th e m ( n ta i n !esti n n i t, i ts h l l &i n ( t i n t a $a # e!n % im p!essi # e e6 ten t n t p!"($e" '+ th el a '( !s % m en '( t th e !es( l t % p!$esses % n a t( !e, &i l l st!i -e i n t + ( ! s( l sm e -i n " % i n -l i n % th e "i # i n e*


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a !e '>e$ts % &!sh i pG th e "a !-n ess ! ( n %a th m a 'l e "epth % pl s h a s m a "e th ei ! &a te!s sa $!e"* A n " i % + ( $m ea $!ss a m a n&h i s n e# e! a l a !m e" '+ "a n e!s, n e# e! a %%e$te" '+ $!a # i n s, h a pp+ i n a "# e!si t+ , $a l m i n th e m i "st % st!m , # ie&i n m a n -i n "%!m a h i h e! l e# el a n " th e "s %!m th ei ! &n , i s i t n t l i -el + th a t a %eel i n &i l l %i n " i ts &a + i n t + ( % # en e!a tin %! h im Isi t n t l i -el + th a t + ( &i l l sa + t + ( !sel %, /e!e i s a th i n &h i $h i s t !ea t, t s( 'l im e %! a n + n e t !ea !" i t a s'ei n i n th esam e s!t % $a te!+ a s th a t p( n + '"+ i t i n h a 'i ts*7 In t th a t '"+ th e!e h a s "es$en "e" a "i # i n e p&e!* Th e s( l th a

t i s el e# a te"a n " &el l !e( l a te", th a t pa sses th !( h a n + e6 pe!i en $e a s i % i t $( n te" %! $m pa !a ti # el + l i ttl e, th a t sm i l es a t a ll th e th i n s &e%ea ! ! p!a + %!, i s im pel l e" '+ a %!$e th a t $m es %!m h ea # en * A th i n % th a t s( l 7s h ei h t $a n n t sta n " &i th ( tth e p!p % a"ei t+ * /en $e th e !ea te! pa !t % i t i s si t( a te" &h e!e i t "es$en "s %!m G i n th e sam e &a + a s th e s( n 7s !a + s t( $h th e ea!th '( t a !e!ea l l + si t( a te" a t th e pi n t %!m &h i $h th e+ em a n a te, a s( l pssesse" % !ea tn ess a n " h l i n ess, &h i $h h a s 'eensen t "&n i n tth i s &!l " i n !"e! th a t &e m a + a i n a n ea !e! -n &l e"e % th e "i # i n e, a ss$i a tes &i th ( s, $e!ta i n l + , '( t n e# e! lses $n ta $t &i thi ts s( !$e* On th a t s( !$e i t "epen "sG th a t i s th e "i !e$ti n i n &h i $h i ts e+ es t( !n , a n " th e "i !e$ti n i t st!i # es t $l im' i n G th em a n n e! i n &h i $h i t ta -es pa !t i n ( ! a %%a i !s i s th a t % a s( pe!i ! 'ei n *( st et a n i "ea % i ts $n ten ts* Th e n e6 t th i n I -n e& th e '- i tsel % h a " $h a !m e" m e i n t a"eepe! !ea "i n % i tth e!e a n " th en * /& l ( $i " i ts st+ l e i s + ( m a + a th e! %!m th e %a $t th a t I %( n " th e &!- l i h t !ea "i n , a l th ( ha %i !st l a n $e28m i h t &el l $n # e+ th e im p!essi n th a t th e &!i te! &a s sm en e l i -e Li # + ! Epi $( !( s, i ts '( l - 'ei n !a th e! ( n l i -e+ ( ! m e It&a s s en >+ a 'l e, th ( h , th a t I %( n " m + sel % h el " a n " "!a &n n ( n ti l I en "e" ( p h a # i n !ea " i t !i h t th !( ht th e en "&i th ( t a '!ea -* A l l th e tim e th e s( n sh i n e &a s i n # i ti n m e ( t, h ( n e! p!m pti n m e t ea t, th e &ea th e! th !eaten i n t '!ea -,'( t I ( l pe" i t a l l "&n i n n e si tti n *It &a s a >+ , n t >( st a pl ea s( !e, t !ea " i t* Th e!e &a s s m ( $h ta l en t a n " spi !i t a '( t i t I7" h a # e sa i " %!$e%( l ness7, t, i % i t h a "'een &!i tten n a 0( i ete! pl a n e n & a n " th en a n " pe!i "i $a l l + !a i se" n t a h i h e! n eG a s i t &a s th e!e &a s n s($h


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%!$e%( l n ess, '( t i n stea " th e!e &a s a s( sta i n e" e# en n ess % st+ l e* Th e &!i ti n &a s p( !e a n " # i !i l e a n " + et n t la $-i n i n th a t$$a si n a l en te!ta i n i n t( $h , th a t 'i t % l i h t !el i e% a t th e a pp!p!i a te m m en t* Th e 0( a l i t+ % n 'i l i t+ , % s('l im i t+ , + ( h a # eGI &a n t + ( t -eep i t, a n " t $a !!+ n >( st th e &a + + ( 7!e "i n *Y ( ! s( '>e$t, a l s, $n t!i '( te" t th e !es( l t &h i $h i s a !ea sn &h + + ( sh ( l " a l &a + s sel e$t a %e!ti l e n e, n e th at &i l l en a eth e m i n "7s a tten ti n a n " stim ( l a te i t* B( t I7l l &!i te a n " sa + m !e a '( t th e '- &h en I7# e n e # e! i t a a i n * A tth e m m en t m +

>( "em en t i sn 7t !ea l l + a s( %%i $i en tl + settl e" n e i t7s a s i % I7" h ea !" i t a l l !a th e! th a n !ea " i t* Y ( m ( st l et m e in t i tth !( h l + , t* Y ( n ee"n 7t 'e a pp!eh en si # e, + ( 7l l h ea ! n th i n '( t th e t!( th * /& %!t( n a te + ( a !e i npssessi n n th i n $a pa 'l e % i n "( $i n a n + n e t tel l + ( a l i e # e! a "i sta n $e a s !ea t a s th e n e th a t sepa !a tes ( s e6 $ept th a t e#en i n th ese$i !$( m sta n $es, &h en a l l !ea sn %! i t i s !em # e", &e sti l l %i n " h a 'i t a !ea sn %! tel l i n l i esLETTER XLVII

I7M l a " t h ea !, %!m th ese pepl e &h 7# e 'een # i si ti n + ( , th a t + ( l i # e n %!i en "l + te!m s &i th + ( ! sl a # es* It i s>( st &h a t n ee6 pe$ts % a n en l i h ten e", $( l ti # a te" pe!sn l i -e + ( !sel %* Th e+ 7!e sl a # es,7 pepl e sa + * N * Th e+ 7!e h ( m a n 'ei ns* Th e+ 7!esl a # es*7 B( t th e+ sh a !e th e sam e !% a s ( !sel # es* Th e+ 7!e sl a # es*7 N , th e+ 7!e %!i en "s, h ( m 'l e %!i en "s* Th e+ 7!e sla # es*7 St!i $tl +spea -i n th e+ 7!e ( ! %el l &.sl a # es, i % + ( n $e !e%l e$t th a t %!t( n e h a s a s m ( $h p&e! # e! ( s a s # e! th em *Th i s i s &h + I l a ( h a t th se pepl e &h th i n - i t "e!a "i n %! a m a n t ea t &i th h i s sl a # e*


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# el ti es $a ntem pt h i s stm a $h &h en i t i s 'e$m i n 0( ea s+ , &h a t "i sh es h e &i l l p( sh a si "e &i th th e e# en t( a l $m i n % sh ee!sa ti et+ , &h a th e &i l l h a # e a $!a # i n %! n th a t pa !ti $( l a ! "a + *Th ese a !e th e pepl e &i th &h m a m a ste! $a n n t tl e!a te th e th ( h t % ta -i n h i s "i n n e!, a ss( m i n th a t t si t"&n a t th esam e ta 'l e &i th n e % h i s sl a # es &( l " se!i ( sl + im pa i ! h i s "i n i t+ * Th e # e!+ i "ea 7 h e sa + s* Y et h a # e a l - a tth e n ( m 'e! %m a ste!s h e h a s %!m th e !a n -s % th ese # e!+ sl a # es* Ta -e Ca l l i st( s7 n e.tim e m a ste!* I sa & h im n $e a $t( a l l + sta n

"i n &a i ti n a t Ca l l i st( s7 "! a n " !e%( se" a "m i ssi n &h i l e th e!s &e!e i n i n si "e, th e # e!+ m a ste! &h h a " a tta $h e" a p!i$e.ti $-et t th em a n a n " p( t h im ( p %! sa l e a l n &i th th e! !e>e$ts %!m h i s h ( seh l " sta %%* Th e!e7s a sl a # e &h h a s pa i " h i s ma ste! 'a $- n e &h &a s p( sh e" i n t th e %i !st l t, t, th e 'a t$h n &h i $h th e a ( $ti n ee! i s m e!el + t!+ i n ( t h i s # i $e N & it &a s th e sl a # e7st( !n t st!i -e h i s m a ste! %% h i s l i st, t "e$i "e th a t he 7s n t th e s!t % pe!sn h e &a n ts i n his h ( se* Ca l l i st( s7 m aste! sl " h im ,+ es, a n " l - h & m ( $h i t $st h im /& a '( t !e%l e$ti n th a t th e pe!sn + ( $a l l + ( ! sl a # e t!a $es h i s !i i n 'a $- t th e sam e st$- a s + ( !sel %, h a s the sam e "s-+ a '# e h im , '!ea th es a s + ( ", l i # es a s + ( ", "i es a s + ( " It i s a s ea s+ %! + ( t see i n h im a %!ee.'!n m a n as %! h im tsee a sl a # e i n + ( * R em em 'e! th e V a !( s "i sa ste!: m a n + a m a n % th e m st "i sti n ( i sh e" a n $est!+ , &h &a s "i n h i s m i l i ta !+se!# i $e a s th e %i !st step n th e !a " t a sea t i n th e Sen a te, &a s '!( h t l & '+ %!t( n e, $n "em n e" '+ h e! t l - a

%te! a stea "i n ,%! e6 am pl e, ! a %l $- % sh eep* N & th i n - $n tem pt( ( sl + % th ese pepl e7s l t i n l i %e, i n &h se # e!+ pl a $e, %! a l l +( ! $n tem pt,+ ( $( l " s( ""en l + %i n " + ( !sel %*I "n 7t &a n t t i n # l # e m + sel % i n a n en "l ess tpi $ % "e'a te '+ "i s$( ssi n th e t!ea tm en t % sl a # es, t&a !"s &h m&e R m a n s a !ee6 $epti n a l l + a !!a n t, h a !sh a n " i n s( l ti n * B( t th e essen $e % th e a "# i $e I7" l i -e t i # e i s th i s: t!ea t + ( ! i n%e!i !s i n th e &a +i n &h i $h + ( &( l " l i -e t 'e t!ea te" '+ + ( ! &n s( pe!i !s* A n " &h en e# e! i t st!i -es + ( h & m ( $h p&e! + ( h a #e # e! + ( !sl a # e, l et i t a l s st!i -e + ( th a t + ( ! &n m a ste! h a s >( st a s m ( $h p&e! # e! + ( * I h a # en 7t t a m a ste!,7 + ( sa +* Y ( 7!e + ( n + etG th e!e7s a l &a + s th e $h a n $e th a t + ( 7l l h a # e n e* /a # e + ( %!tten th e a e a t &h i $h /e$( 'a 'e$am e a sl a # e,! C!es( s, ! th em th e! % Da !i ( s, ! ;l a t, ! Di en es Be -i n " a n " $( !te( s i n + ( ! "ea l i n s &i th a sl a # eG '!i n h im i n t + (! "i s$( ssi n sa n " $n # e!sa ti n s a n " + ( ! $m pa n + en e!a l l + * A n " i % a t th i s pi n t a l l th se pepl e &h h a # e 'een spi l t '+ l( 6 ( !+ !a i se a n( t$!+ p!testi n , a s th e+ &i l l , Th e!e $( l "n 7t 'e a n + th i n m !e "e!a "i n , a n + th i n m !e "i s!a $e%( l 7, l et m e>( st sa + th a tth ese a !e th e # e!+ pe!sn s I &i l l $a t$h n $$a si n -i ssi n th e h a n " % sm en e el se7s sl a # e*Dn 7t + ( n ti $e, t, h & ( ! a n $est!s t- a &a + a l l "i ( m %!m th e m a ste!7s psi ti n a n " a l l th a t seem e" i n s( lti n !"e!a "i n i n th e l t % th e sl a # e '+ $a l l i n th e m a ste! %a th e! % th e h ( seh l "7 a n " spea -i n % th e sl a # es a s mem 'e!s % th eh ( seh l "7 1sm eth i n &h i $h s( !# i # es t th i s "a + i n th e m im e

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