NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS Neethu liza jose Msc nursing
INTRODUCTION• Nutrition is the selection
of foods and preparation of foods, and
their ingestion to be assimilated by the
body. By practicing a healthy diet, many
of the known health issues can be
avoided. The diet of an organism is what
it eats, which is largely determined by the
perceived palatability of foods.
• HEALTH – It is the state of complete physical, mental and emotional well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• NUTRIENTS – These are the components of food that help to nourish the body. The basic nutrients are CHO, proteins, vitamins, lipids (fats), minerals and water.
• NUTRITIONAL STATUS – It is the condition of the body as it relates to
consumption and utilization of food.
• Malnutrition – defined as a pathological state
resulting from a relative or absolute deficiency or
excess of one or more essential nutrients
• Undernutrition - condition that results when
insufficient food is consumed over an extended
period of time
• Overnutrition – pathological state resulting from
the consumption of excessive quantity of food over
an extended time
• Imbalance – pathological state resulting from
disproportion among essential nutrients with or
without the absolute deficiency of any nutrient
• Specific deficiency – pathological state resulting
from a relative or absolute lack of specific nutrients
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
(PEM)
MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
CHRONIC DISEASES
EATING DISORDERS
NUTRITION PROBLEMS IN INDIA
WHO IS AT RISK??
PREGNANT WOMEN LACTATING WOMEN INFANTS PRESCHOOL CHILDREN ADOLESCENT GIRLS ELDERLY
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Vijayaraghavan
PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
• Protein–energy malnutrition (or protein–calorie malnutrition) refers to a form of malnutrition where there is inadequate protein and calorie intake
• It is considered as the primary nutritional problem in India
• PEM is due to the “food gap” between the intake and requirement
• Causes childhood morbidity and mortality
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Inadequate intake of food
Diarrhea
Respiratory infections
Measles
Intestinal worms
Infants and pre schoolers
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS
Poor envt. Hygiene
Large family size
Poor maternal health
Failure of lactation
Premature termination of breast feeding
Delayed supplementary feeding
Use of over diluted cow’s milk
KWASHIORKOR
Kwashiorkor is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in developing countries. It is a form of malnutrition caused by not getting enough protein in the diet.
MARASMUS
• Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition that consists of the chronic wasting away of fat, muscle, and other tissues in the body.
• Malnutrition occurs when the body does not get enough protein and calories.
• This lack of nutrition can range from a shortage of certain vitamins to complete starvation.
• Marasmus is one of the most serious forms of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in the world.
MARASMIC KWASHIORKOR
A malnutrition disease, primarily of children, resulting from the deficiency of both calories and protein.
The condition is characterized by severe tissue wasting, dehydration, loss of subcutaneous fat, lethargy, and growth retardation
KWASHIORKOR AND MARASMUS – A COMPARATIVE CHART
KWASHIORKORAcute
illness/infections, measles, AGE, trauma, sepsis are some causes
Protein is principal nutrient
18 months to 3 years Rapid, acute onset Some weight lossHigh mortality
MARASMUS Severe prolonged
starvation, chronic/recurring infections
Calories and protein are principal nutrients
6 months to 2 years Chronic, slow onset Severe weight loss Low mortality unless
related to underlying disease condition
COMPARISON OF CLINICAL FEATURES KWASHIORKOR
Edema, pot belly, swollen legs
Mild to moderate growth retardation
Weight masked by edema
Low subcutaneous fat
Muscle atrophy
Round face (moon face)
Dry, flaky peeling skin
Thin dry easily plucked hair
Enlarged liver
Xerophthalmia
Anemia, diarrhea, infection
MARASMUSNo edema
Weight loss upto 40%
Severe growth failure
Severe emaciation
Severe loss of subcut fat
Severe muscle atrophy
Wrinkled face (old man’s face)
Rare skin changes
Common hair changes
Mildly enlarged liver
Anemia, diarrhea, infection
ASSESSMENT OF PEM
Gomez Classification
• Weight for age (%) = Weight of child 100
Wt. of normal child of same age
Between 90 – 110%Normal Nutritional Status
Between 75 – 89% Mild malnutrition (1st degree)
Between 60 – 74% Moderate Malnutrition (2nd degree)
Under 60% Severe Malnutrition (3rd degree)
WEIGH CALCULATION FORMULAE
• Infant – Weight (Kg) = Age in months + 9
2
• Pre schooler – Weight (Kg) = 2 x (Age in years) + 5
PREVENTION
• Oral rehydration therapy helps to prevent dehydration caused by diarrhea
• Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months there after supplementary foods may be introduced along with breast feeds
• Immunization for infants and children
• Nutritional supplements
• Early diagnosis and treatment
• Promotion and correction of feeding practices
• Family planning and spacing of birth
• Periodic surveillance
• Nutritional rehabilitation
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
An LBW newborn is any newborn with a birth weight of less than 2.5kg (including 2.499kg) regardless of gestational age.
RISK FACTORS
o Maternal malnutrition
o Anemia
CAUSES
o Illness/infections
o Short maternal stature
o Very young age
o High parity
o Close birth intervals
o IUGR
o Hard physical labor during pregnancy
o Smoking
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
PRE TERM BABIES
SGA BABIES
SPONTANEOUS PRE TERM
BIRTH
PROVIDER INITIATED PRE TERM BIRTH
PREVENTION• Identification of mothers at risk –
malnutrition, heavy work load, infections, disease and high BP
• Increasing food intake of mother, supplementary feeding, distribution of iron and folic acid tablets
• Avoidance if smoking
• Improved sanitation methods
• Improving health and nutrition of young girls
• Early detection and treatment of medical disorders – DM HTN
• Controlling infections – UTI, rubella, syphillis, malaria
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCYOverweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. A crude population measure of obesity is the body mass index (BMI), a person’s weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of his or her height (in meters). A person with a BMI of 30 or more is generally considered obese. A person with a BMI equal to or more than 25 is considered overweight.
XEROPHTHALMIAXerophthalmia i.e., dry
eyes refers to all the ocular
manifestations of vitamin A
deficiency in man
It is the most widespread
and serious nutritional
disorder leading to
blindness
RISK FACTORS
Poor SE status
Faulty feeding practices
Weaning
PEM
Infections
1-3 years
CLINICAL FEATURES
Corneal ulcers
Softening of cornea
Keratomalacia
Bitot spot
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Administering large doses of vitamin A orally on a periodic basis
Regular and adequate intake of vitamin A
Fortification of certain food with vitamin A –sugar, salt, tea and skimmed milk
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
Nutritional anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin content of blood is lower than normal as a result of a deficiency of one or more essential nutrients, regardless of the cause of such deficiency.
RISK FACTORS Infants and children
Pregnant women
Pre menopausal women
Adolescent girls
Older adults
Alcoholism
Chronic/ critically ill
Excessive exercise
CAUSES
Inadequate diet
Insufficient intake of iron
Iron malabsorption
Pregnancy
Excessive menstrual bleeding
Hook worm infestation
Malaria
Close birth intervals
GI bleed
EFFECTS OF ANEMIA
• Increases risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality
• Abortions, premature births, PPH, low birth weight are associated with anemia during pregnancy
PREGNANCY
PREVENTIONEstimation of Hb to assess degree of anemia
Blood transfusion in severe cases of anemia (<8g/dL)
Iron and folic acid supplements
Food fortification with iron
Changing dietary habits
Control of parasites
Nutritional education and awareness
IODINE DEFICIENCY
DISORDERS (IDD)
IDD leads to a much
wider spectrum of
disorders commencing
with the intrauterine
life and extending
through childhood to
adult life with serious
health and social
implications
DISORDERS
Goiter
Hypothyroidism
Subnormal intelligence
Delayed motor milestones
Mental deficiency
Hearing defects
Speech defects
Mental retardation
Neuromuscular weakness
Endemic cretinism
Intrauterine death
PREVENTION
• Iodized salt
• Iodine monitoring
• Public awareness and education
COMPLICATIONS
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Iodide goiter
• Iodinism
• Lymphocytic thyroiditis
ENDEMIC FLUOROSIS
In many parts of the world where drinking water contains excessive amounts of fluorine (3-5mg/L), endemic fluorosis has been observed.
DENTAL FLUOROSIS
• It occurs when excess fluoride is ingested during the years of tooth calcification – first 7 years of life
• Characterized by molting of dental enamel which has been reported above 1.5mg/L intake
• Fluorosis seen on the incisors of upper jaw
SKELETAL FLUOROSIS
• Associated with life time daily intake of 3-6mg/L or more
• Heavy deposition of fluoride in skeleton
• Crippling occurs leading to disability
PREVENTION
• Changing the water sources
• Chemical defluorination
• Preventing use of fluoridated toothpaste
• Fluoride supplements not prescribed for children consuming fluoridated water
LATHYRISM• It is a paralyzing disease of
human and animals• Also referred to as
Neurolathyrism as it affects the nervous system
• Lathyrus Sativus is commonly known as ‘khesari dhal’, a good source of protein but its toxins affects the nerves
• The toxin present in lathyrusseed has been identified as BETA OXALYL AMINO ALANINE (BOAA) which has blood brain barrier
STAGES OF LATHYRISM
• Latent stage
• No stick stage
• One stick stage
• Two stick stage
• Crawler stage
INTERVENTIONS
• Vitamin C prophylaxis
• Banning the crop
• Removal of toxin
• Education and awareness
• Genetic approach – producing low toxin variety of crop
• Socio economic changes
NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMS
• Vitamin A Prophylaxis Program
• Prophylaxis against Nutritional Anemia
• IDD Control Program
• Specific Nutrition Program
• Balwadi Nutrition Program
• Integrated Child Development Scheme
• Mid – day Meal Program
• Mid – day Meal Scheme
OBESITY
Obesity is an epidemic diseases, which consists of body weight that is in excess of that appropriate for a person’s height and age standardized to account for differences, leading to an increased risk to health related problems
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. A crude population measure of obesity is the body mass index (BMI), a person’s weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of his or her height (in metres). A person with a BMI of 30 or more is generally considered obese. A person with a BMI equal to or more than 25 is considered overweight.
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
• Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by immoderate food restriction, inappropriate eating habits or rituals, obsession with having a thin figure, and an irrational fear of weight gain, as well as a distorted body self-perception.
BULIMIA NERVOSA
• Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging, or consuming a large amount of food in a short amount of time followed by an attempt to rid oneself of the food consumed (purging), typically by vomiting, taking a laxative, diuretic, or stimulant, and/or excessive exercise, because of an extensive concern for body weight.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS• Amenorrhea
• Obvious, rapid, dramatic weight loss at least 15% under normal body weight[
• May engage in frequent, strenuous, or compulsive exercise
• Perception of self as overweight despite being told by others they are too thin
• Intolerance to cold and frequent complaints of being cold. Body temperature may lower in an effort
• Bradycardia or tachycardia
• Depression: may frequently be in a sad, lethargic state
• Solitude: may avoid friends and family; becomes withdrawn and secretive
• Swollen joints
• Abdominal distension
• Halitosis (from vomiting or starvation-induced ketosis)
• Dry hair and skin, as well as hair thinning
• Fatigue
• Rapid mood swings