After the BSE crisis in the EU in late 2001, processed animal proteins (PAPs) were banned from utilisation in feeds for aquaculture and livestock. Some products were re-introduced in 2005 (blood products, milk products, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) as they did not pose any risk of transferring BSE to consumption animals. Meanwhile the bulk of processed animal proteins was used for other applications and exported to markets outside Europe.
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March | April 2013
Transforming aquaculture production using oxygenation systems
The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
After the BSE crisis in the EUin late 2001, processed animalproteins (PAPs) were bannedfromutilisationinfeedsforaqua-
culture and livestock. Some products werere-introducedin2005(bloodproducts,milkproducts, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) astheydidnotposeanyriskoftransferringBSEtoconsumptionanimals.Meanwhilethebulkof processed animal proteins was used forotherapplicationsandexportedtomarketsoutsideEurope.
The ever-increasing cost of fishmeal hascausedimportantincreasesinfishfeedprices.It isthereforelogicalthatfishfeedproducerscontinuouslylookforalternatives,butallotherpotentialproteinsourcesarebecomingscarceand expensive. The re-introduction of PAPsintoEuropeanaquafeeds,effectiveonJune1,2013, would help the European aquacultureindustry to solve part of the raw materialproblem.
SustainabilityIt would also reduce considerably the
carbon footprint of aquafeeds, since theseprotein sources are locally available and willpartially substitute imported soybean mealfrom the Americas and fishmeal from PeruandChile.
The carbon footprint of PAPs is muchlower than the footprint of vegetablemeals(Figure1).Alsotheemissionsrelatedto landuseandlandusechange(LULUC)arehigherforvegetablemeals.Thecarbonfootprint of poultry meal originates fromtheproductionof theby-products (based
on a allocation according to economicvalueofmeatandby-products),plusener-gy for transporting the by-products anddryingofthematerial.
Aquaculture is often criticised for usingmore fish thanproducing fish (FIFO>1).There-introductionofPAPsprovidesachancetolowertheFIFOconsiderably.
PAPsandisaffectedbyqualityofrawmateri-alsbeforedryinganddryingmethod.WecanobservethatgoodqualityPAPsshowdigest-ibility levelswhich are as high as thehighestqualityfishmeals.(Table2)
amounts of water soluble proteins, in theform of peptides or longer chains. Thesewater soluble proteins are highly digestible,but also will improve the attractibility and
Table 1: Table of composition of feather meal, poultry meal and meat and bone meal in comparison with the requirement of gilthead sea bream, rainbow trout and salmon
Feather meal Poultry meal Meat and
bone meal Salmonids Gilthead sea bream
Crude protein 85 63 50 35-45 38-46
amino acids (in % of CP)
arginine 7,0 6,7 6,9 3.3-5,1 5.0
Histidine 0,8 1,8 1,7 1,6-1,8
Isoleucine 4,9 3,5 2,8 2,0-2.3
leucine 8,2 6,3 5,3 3,6-4.0
Valine 7,4 4,9 3,7 2.9-5,3
lysine 2,4 5,7 5,0 4.0-5,0 5.0
Phenylalanine 4,9 3,6 3,3 4,1-5,3
Meth+Cyst 4,9 3,0 2,1 2,4-4,0 4.0
threonine 4,8 3,6 3,0 1,8-2,2
tryptophan 0,7 0,9 0,6 0,5-1.4 0.6
Nutritional benefits of using Processed Animal Proteins (PAPs) in European aquafeeds
palatability of aquafeeds. Highly digestibleprotein sources are essential in formulatinglarval and starterdiets for fish. Palatabilityofdiets becomes increasingly important whendietsare formulatedtocontain less fishmeal,butmorevegetableproteins.
Presence of digestible P and Ca Phosphorus digestibility is a major prob-
lem in aquafeed formulation. The phospho-rus present in vegetable proteins is mostlytrappedinphytineandisnotavailableforthefish. Utilisation of phytase can be a solution
to increase the availability of phosphorus.The phosphorus present in meat and bonemeal and poultry meal has a higher avail-ability. As a consequence, the faeces of fishcontaining more animal proteins will containless phosphorus which will find its way intothe environment. This excreted phosphoruscancauseeutrophication.Thisisparticularlyaproblemforcagefarming,andtroutfarminginflowthroughponds.
Low fibre contentMost commercial fish species, cultured in
Europe forhumanconsumptionarecarnivo-rous species. Their ability to digest fibers islimited.Vegetableproteinsourcearegenerallyhigh in fiber content, while animal proteinscontainverylittleamountsoffibers.
Lipid content as energy source, but not as source of essential fatty acids
One disadvantage of PAPs could be thepresence of lipids with saturated fatty acidscomparedtounsaturatedfattyacidsinfishmeal.Lipids in fishnutritionhave a role forprovid-
Figure 1: Carbon footprint of poultry meal and three vegetable meals per tonne of products (Ponsioen &
Blonk, 2010)
14 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2013 March-April 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 15
ingessentialunsaturated fattyacids(linolenic,EPAandDHAfor salmonids and EPA andDHA for marine fishes) andasenergysource.
For fish species that cantolerate higher amounts oflipidsintheirdiet,likesalmo-nids,seabreamandseabass,acombinationofanimal,veg-etableand fishoilcansatisfyboth requirements, withoutalteringthefattyacidcontentofthefishflesh.
Presence of some nutrients which still need to be investigated
Replacing fishmeal by PAPs gener-ally results in better results than replacingfishmeal by vegetable proteins. There areprobably some unknown nutrients still tobe discovered, which are present in ani-mal proteins but not in vegetable proteins.Hydroxyproline,taurineandnucleicacidsaresome nutrients that has attracted attentionrecently by researchers, but their require-ments still need further investigation. Thereare probably more nutrients to be discov-eredinthenearfuture.
ConclusionPAPs are high quality protein sources.
Their re-introduction into European aqua-feeds will facilitate the formulation of highproteins fish feeds, since their availabilityis better than fishmeal.This will also helpthe strive towards more sustainable aqua-culture. PAPs contain a lot of interestingnutrients and are a better alternative toreplace fishmeal than vegetable proteinsources. ■
Diets contained 17 % Fish oil, 12 % fish oil + 5 % poultry oil or porc bone oil. In
treatment Poultry oil/Fish oil, the fish receive first the diet with poultry oil and than the
diet with only fish oil
Table 2: Overview of Apparent Digestibility Coefficients (ADC) and Apparent Digestibility of Proteins (ADP) observed for Rainbow trout and Gilthead seabream compared to other protein sources