Nutrition the activities by which organisms obtain and process material needed for energy, growth, repair, and to maintain homeostasis humans are ____________ — they have humans are ____________ — they have to get their food from somewhere, they cannot make it on their own. humans need food; which can be described as either _____________ or _____________ Why do humans need food? Animals make energy available using: food (glucose) oxygen Animals build bodies food Animals build bodies using: food for raw materials amino acids, sugars, fats, nucleotides ATP energy for synthesis O 2 ATP mitochondria How do some animals get their food? filter feeding living in your food fluid feeding bulk feeding NUTRIENTS ROUGHAGE ____________* ____________* ____________* ____________ ¤ ____________ ¤ ____________ ¤ complex carbos that cannot be broken down but is necessary for the digestive system to work; found in _______________ _______________________ ____________ _______________________ *carbos, lipids, and proteins MUST be _______ first; vitamins minerals and water can be absorbed without digestion ¤ vitamins, minerals, and water are not used for energy or building structures, but are needed!
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Nutrition
� the activities by which organisms obtain and process material needed for
energy, growth, repair, and to maintain
homeostasis� humans are ____________ — they have � humans are ____________ — they have
to get their food from somewhere, they
cannot make it on their own.� humans need food; which can be described as either _____________ or
_____________
Why do humans need food?
� Animals make energyavailable using:
� food (glucose)
� oxygen
� Animals build bodies
food
� Animals build bodiesusing:
� food for raw materials� amino acids, sugars, fats, nucleotides
2) esophagus� when you swallow, food goes into this
tube then to the stomach
� mucus is secreted here to lubricate
the food to ‘slide down’ easier
� __________________________
__________________________
Swallowing (& not choking)
A. epiglottis� when you swallow, this ___________
________________________________
(trachea) so that food will not go into
the lungs
� this momentarily stops
breathing!
3) stomach� a thick-walled,
muscular sac
(organ) whose main
job is to liquify the
food ingested
� the lining of the
stomach contains stomach contains
gastric glands
which secrete
gastric juices which
contain:a) gastric proteaseb) hydrochloric acidc) mucusd) water
3) stomach� gastric protease—an enzyme which begins
the digestion of ______________
� the hydrochloric acid (HCl) lowers the pH of the stomach… not to break down food, but to provide the ____________________ ____________________________________!
stomach
pepsin (protease)
pH
reaction
rate
7
3) stomach� the _________
protects the stomach walls from being eaten away away
� the water is used for chemical digestion ( __________ )
4) small intestine� partially digested food
then enters the small intestine
� is a long tube (over 20 feet!) where ______
____________________________________
Digestion/Absorption
____________________________________
� intestinal glands line the intestinal walls
and secrete lipase, maltase, and intestinal
protease to __________________________
� food is digested along with the help of
accessory organs
Accessory Digestive Organs A. liver
� produces ______
� ___________________; however it does
break down fats—big globs to little
‘globblets’—called ____________________
bile contains
colors from old red
blood cells
collected in liver =
iron in RBC rusts &
makes feces brown
Accessory Digestive Organs B. gall bladder
� ____________________________________C. pancreas
� secretes enzymes into the small intestine
such as intestinal amylase, intestinal
protease, and lipase
the pancreas
also produces
insulin and
glucagon to
regulate blood
sugar levels
protease, and lipase
5) large intestine� takes the undigested food
and ___________________
______________________
� solidifies the liquid wastes
into solid feces (includes
Absorption/Egestion
into solid feces (includes
undigested and
indigestible material—
roughage, bacteria, bile,
mucus, worn out cells)
� ______________________
______________________
You’ve got company!
� Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria
� Escherichia coli (E. coli)
� produce vitamins
� vitamin K; B vitamins� vitamin K; B vitamins
� generate gases
� by-product of bacterial metabolism
�methane, hydrogen sulfide
A. appendix� has no known function in modern humans,
however, if inflammed, can be life
threatening!
Vestigial organ B. rectum� where solid wastes are temporarily stored
REVIEW OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION� in organisms, this process is regulated by hydrolytic enzymes
a protease
� remember, the first part of the enzyme’s name tells you what the enzyme works
on ( _____________ )!
a protease
Digesting important polymers
glucose – glucose – glucose – glucose – glucose
Carbohydrates = digested to ______________
Proteins = digested to _______________Proteins = digested to _______________
Lipids = digested to _____________________
aminoacid
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
aminoacid–
ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED MATERIALS� ____________________________________________________________________________
� the intestinal wall is lined with millions of ______ which ___________________________
ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED MATERIALS� in each individual villi (shown below with their microvilli) there are capillaries (small blood vessels) and other small ducts (pipes) of the lymphatic system called lacteals
ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED MATERIALSI. CARBOHYDRATES:
� glucose (a _______________ ) is absorbed into the bloodstream by the capillaries
� it there can be sent to the liver to be stored temporarily as _________________ ____________________________________
when the body needs energy (more � when the body needs energy (more glucose) the glycogen can be broken back down and released into the bloodstream
ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED MATERIALS
II. PROTEINS:
� ____________________________________
____________________________________
� amino acids can be stored in the liver until
they are needed
� there are 20 different � there are 20 different
amino acids that
humans need to
make up proteins
� __________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
� Need to make sure you get enough protein
� 20 amino acids to make protein
� 12 amino acids humans can produce
� 8 we have to eat = “essential amino acids”
� Grains (like corn) have 6 (missing 2)
� Beans (like soybean & red beans)
Vegetarian Diets!
� Beans (like soybean & red beans)
have 6 (missing different 2)
� mix beans & grainsfor complete group of
amino acids
� rice & beans
� taco/tortilla & beans
� tofu & rice
� peanut butter & bread
ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED MATERIALS
III. LIPIDS:� the building blocks of lipids fatty acids
and glycerol are absorbed into the ______
and are passed along to the lymph (other
transport fluid—besides the blood)
� they _________________________ through � they _________________________ through